Scenario 4: Enters travel agent to seek advice on
2. What is the difference between a CRS and a GDS?
Notes
5 This technique consists of ‘selling the right product, at the right time, for the right price, to the right customer’.
In some cases, as in air transport, the product may be the same, but different prices can include some benefits (e.g. points in the company’s mileage programme) or fee exemptions, such as not charging fees or fines if the ticket is changed or rescheduled.
6 According to Strickland (2001), the halo effect is a phe- nomenon that occurs when someone is influenced by the superiority, weakness, physical appearance, behaviour or any other determinant factor of a person. The halo effect commonly occurs when someone is responsible for evalu- ating a person and lets themselves be guided by a particu- lar characteristic that ends up dominating all the others.
Computer Reservation System 185
References
Buhalis, D. (2004) eAirlines: strategic and tactical use of ICTs in the airline industry. Information & Management 41, 805–825.
Davenport, T.H. (2013) At the Big Data Crossroads:
Turning Towards a Smarter Travel Experience.
Amadeus IT Group, Madrid, Spain.
Deng, S. and Ryan, C. (1992) CRS: tool or determinant of management practice in Canadian travel agents?
Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing 1, 19–38.
Freiberg, K. and Freiberg, J. (1998) NUTS! Southwest Airlines Crazy Recipe for Business and Personal Success. Broadway Books, New York.
French, T. (1998) The future of global distribution sys- tems. Travel and Tourism Analyst 3, 1–17.
GAO (1992) Computer Reservation Systems: Action Needed to Better Monitor the CRS Industry and Eliminate CRS Biases. General Accounting Office, Washington, DC.
O’Connor, P. (2001) Distribuição da Informação Eletrônica em Turismo e Hotelaria. Bookman, São Paulo, Brazil.
Page, S. (2005) Transport and Tourism: Global Perspectives.
Pearson Prentice-Hall, Harlow, UK.
Pemberton, J.D., Stonehouse, G.H. and Barber, C.E.
(2001) Competing with CRS-generated information in the airline industry. Journal of Strategic Information Systems 10, 59–76.
Poon, A. (1994) Tourism Technology and Competitive Strategies. CAB International, Wallingford, UK.
Shaw, S. (1993) Airline Marketing & Management.
Pitman Publishing, London.
Strickland, B.B. (ed.) (2001) The Gale Encyclopedia of Psychology, 2nd edn. Gale Group, Farmington Hills, Michigan.
Further Reading
Bang, S.O., Lee, J., Kim, K.W. and Lee, C. (2012) Review of CRS in the airline industry: new categorization with previous literatures. In: Yeo, S.-S., Pan, Y., Lee, Y.S. and Chang, H.B. (eds) Computer Science and Its Applications. Springer, The Netherlands, pp. 605–612.
Benckendorff, P.J., Sheldon, P.J. and Fesenmaier, D.R.
(2014) Tourism Information Technology. CAB International, Wallingford, UK, and Boston.
Gale, B.T. (1992) Monitoring Customer Satisfaction and Marketing-perceived Quality. American Marketing Association. Chicago, Illinois.
Iyer, V.R., Dey, N. and Chakraborty, S. (2015) Advent of information technology in the world of tourism. In: Ray, N.
(ed.) Emerging Innovative Marketing Strategies in the Tourism Industry. IGI Global, Hershey, Pennsylvania, pp. 44–53.
Xiang, Z., Magnini, V.P. and Fesenmaier, D.R. (2015) Information technology and consumer behavior in travel and tourism: insights from travel planning using the internet. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services 22, 244–249.
186 © G. Lohmann and A. Panosso Netto 2017. Tourism Theory (G. Lohmann and A. Panosso Netto) Peter Mariot’s (1983) model for tourist flows
between two locations, much like Campbell’s model (see ‘Campbell’s model of recreational and vacational travel’), is part of a group of tourist- travel models that focus on the ‘connection’ or
‘travel’ component of the tourism system. Mariot (1983) considered that tourists can use three paths to travel from their residence to a tourist centre: an access route, a return route (which may or may not be the same as the access route) and a recreational route (see Fig. 50). The first two routes provide a direct connection between the two locations, whereas tourists can use the third for only part of the trip, taking it or leaving it at a point between the origin and the destination (Pearce, 1995). The recreational route offers a few attractions to the traveller to capture their attention, which (in vari- ous ways) either competes with or complements the tourism destination. In this case, the concept of doing a tour is based on the tourist’s desire to visit multiple destinations to fulfil multiple motivations (Dredge, 1999).
Operationalizing
Navrátil et al. (2013) developed a study analysing the attractiveness of a territory, identifying ele- ments of physiognomy (e.g. land use, terrain type, natural and artificial attractions), culture and his- tory (e.g. architecture, memorials and monuments, mines, fortifications and agricultural facilities) and recreational attractions (e.g. areas for leisure and sports activities, botanical gardens, observatories).
Based on questionnaires given to visitors in the mountains of Sumava and the southern part of Bohemia (Czech Republic), the visitors’ spatial dis- tribution was obtained based on territorial attrac- tiveness. The study showed that the attractiveness of a territory also depends on visitor type, and it includes proposals to stimulate areas with little tourism while trying to relieve highly visited areas.
Exercise
Consider a tourism destination you have visited that is accessible via road and analyse the possible access and recreational routes. In your analysis, consider the main attractions of the recreational route and the time and distance advantages of the access routes.
References
Dredge, D. (1999) Destination place planning and design.
Annals of Tourism Research 26, 772–791.
Mariot, P. (1983) Geografia Cestovného Ruchu [Geography of Tourism]. Veda, Bratislava.
Navrátil, J., Pícha, K., Martinát, S., Knotek, J., Kucera, T., Balounová, Z., White Baravalle Gilliam, V.L., Švec, R.
and Rajchard, J. (2013) A model for the identification of areas favourable for the development of tourism: a case study of the Šumava Mts. and South Bohemia tourist regions (Czech Republic). Moravian Geographical Reports 21, 25–40.
Pearce, D.G. (1995) Tourism Today: A Geographical Analysis, 2nd edn. Longman, Harlow, UK.
Further Reading
Gregorová, B. (2014) Spatial model of tourism in high moun- tains: an example from the high tatras and the low tatras, Slovakia. Current Issues of Tourism Research 3, 28–36.
Mariot, P. (1969) Priestorové aspekty cestovného ruchu a otázky gravitacného zázemia návštevných miest.
Geografický Casopis 21, 287–311.
4.4 Mariot’s Model of Tourist Flows
Access route
Recreational route
Return route Place of
permanent residence
Tourist centre
Fig. 50. Mariot’s model of tourist flows between two locations. From Pearce (1995), based on Mariot (1983).
187
© G. Lohmann and A. Panosso Netto 2017. Tourism Theory (G. Lohmann and A. Panosso Netto) As with Mariot’s (1983) model (see Mariot’s model
of tourist flows’), Campbell’s (1967) model specifi- cally addresses tourist leisure travel. Campbell described three different groups of travellers leav- ing an urban centre, classifying them according to their travel motivation. The first is the recreationist, who travels radially from the city; that traveller’s primary motivation is the desire to participate in recreational activities. One example of this traveller is a city resident that travels to nearby destinations at the weekend to find recreational areas, such as a lake for a boat ride or a picnic to a national park.
The second is an intermediary group, called a rec- reational vacationist. This type of traveller goes to a recreation centre (vacationist travel), from which they take various recreational trips in the surround- ing area. Vacationism, in this sense, does not refer
to the traveller who does not spend the night at the place visited but instead the traveller who visits several places along the way, instead of being lim- ited to a single destination. The third is the vaca- tionist whose travel patterns have a linear or highway orientation. The travel or tour is the pri- mary activity and involves numerous stops on a circular journey.
Operationalizing
Flognfeldt (1999), using Campbell’s (1967) model, analysed data from visitors to the mountains of Jotunheimen, Norway, studying a sample of 2378 respondents. The study compared the travellers’
nationality and mode of travel, i.e. day trips, base holiday trips, resort trips and round trips (see Fig. 51).
4.5 Campbell’s Model of
Recreational and Vacational Travel
Resort
DAY TRIP (in the metropolitan recreational hinterland)
RESORT TRIP (to a recreational vacational regional complex)
BASE HOLIDAY TRIP (with many possibilities of day- trips out of the resort)
Routes (planned in advance) Recreational day trip roads Own car roads
City of origin Recreational centre/
main attractions (on round trips) Recreational places Other places
ROUND TRIP Base
(b) (a)
(c)
(d)
Fig. 51. Campbell’s models of recreational and vacational travel. (From Flogenfeldt, 1999, based on Campbell, 1967.)
188 Chapter 4.5
Exercise
The film Cars (2006, Pixar Animation Studios) allows the viewer to reflect on the impact of a high- way being built next to the small town of ‘Radiator Springs’, which was fictionally located on America’s famous Route 66. Considering the movie’s approach, reflect on a recreational route for road trips and analyse the difficulties of attracting travellers’ atten- tion and persuading them to stop and explore the tourist region. Which marketing proposals, for exam- ple, could be used for this purpose?
References
Campbell, C.K. (1967) An Approach to Research in Recreational Geography. B.C. Occasional Papers no. 7.
Department of Geography, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
Flognfeldt, T. Jr (1999) Traveler geographic origin and market segmentation: the multi trips destination case.
Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing 8, 111–124.
Mariot, P. (1983) Geografia Cestovného Ruchu [Geography of Tourism]. Veda, Bratislava.
Further Reading
Connell, J. and Page, S.J. (2008) Exploring the spatial patterns of car-based tourist travel in Loch Lomond and Trossachs National Park, Scotland. Tourism Management 29, 561–580.
Mercer, D.C. (1970) The geography of leisure – a con- temporary growth-point. Geography 55, 261–273.
Murphy, P.E. and Keller, C.P. (1990) Destination travel patterns: an examination and modeling of tourist pat- terns on Vancouver Island, British Columbia. Leisure Sciences 12, 49–65.
Pearce, D.G. (1995) Tourism Today: A Geographical Analysis, 2nd edn. Longman, Harlow, UK.