VAN HOA - LiCH SU
MOT SO TAG DONG KHAGH QUAN MANG Y NGHIA TICH ClTC GUA GHiNH SAGH THlTG DAN TAY BAN NHA DOI Vdl GAG THUOG DIA Of TRUNG VA NAM MY
PGS. TS. LUcrng Thi Thoa ThS.Pham Thi Thanh Huyen Khoa Lich Sii: - Triidng DH SiC pham Hd Ndi
^ ^ ^ rong bai vie't ''Chinh sdch thiic
£w\ ddn cua Tdy Ban Nha dd'i vdi
^mJy ca ddn da dd tren luc dia chdu My vd hau qud cua nd (the ky XV-XVD" dang tren tap chi Nghien cflu Lich sif sd' 6 (331) thang XI - XII nam 2003, chung tdi da de cap de'n nhflng tac ddng tieu ciic eua chinb sach thflc dan do Tay Ban Nha gay ra eho cic thudc dia d khu vfle Trung va Nam My. Trong bai vie't nay, chung tdi neu nhflng t i e ddng khach quan ed y nghia nhat dinh ddi vdi eac thudc dia, n i m ngoai y thflc chu quan eua bon thflc dan.
Cd the ndi, chinb sach thfle dan cua Tay Ban Nha ddi vdi cac qud'e gia d Trung va Nam My da de lai nhieu hau q u i tieu cflc cho cae dan tdc nay:
dd la sii buy diet ve dan so cua chau My, sfl khai thae bdc lot kiet que cae ngudn tai nguyen thien nhien cung nhfl thanh qua lao ddng eua ngfldi dan cac nflde hi xam chiem, dd la sfl buy diet eic nen van boa truyen thd'ng eiia ban dia va chinh sach phan biet chung toe da man ddi vdi ngfldi da mau, cude sd'ng eua ngfldi dan d cic qud'e gia bi thiic dan Tay Ban Nha chiem ddng h i u nhfl khdng cd sii cai thien nao d i n g ke. Alvin M.Joseph da nhan xet: ''Sa khai hod cda ngadi
chdu Au dd'i vdi My Latinh diidc coi Id giai doan den td'i nhdt trong lich sd
lodi ngadi, bdi vi nhang ngiidi khai hod dd dp ddt quyen lUc cua minh len cude sd'ng, len lanh tho, ton gido, phiidng thae sinh hoat vd phUdng thae ton tai cua tdt cd nhang nhdm ngadi bdn dia, khong mdt ai biet diidc dd cd bao nhieu bd tdc bi no dich, bi hdnh ha, bi sa ngd vd bi giet che't"^^\
Tuy nhien, cung cin phai nhan thay ring: cdng cude khai thae thude dia eua thflc dan Tay Ban Nha d Trung va Nam My da tad nen mdt sd tac ddng khach quan cd y nghia nhfl: tao ra sfl pha trdn chung tdc, tao ra mdt sd' ye'u to' mdi trong nen kinh te thudc dia cung nhfl sfl tiep xue, giao Iflu van boa gifla eac nflde phfldng Tay vdi Tan the gidi... 6 mdt khia canh nao dd, nhflng tac ddng nay cung mang lai nhflng thay ddi Idn, can ban cho khu vfle Trung va Nam My, gdp phin tao ndn mdt My Latinh vdi nhflng'dac trflng kinh te - van boa ddc dao, rieng cd cua nd.
Tao ra sxi pha tron chung toe Day la tac ddng d i u tien ed y nghia ma sfl nhap cfl cua thfle dan chau Au vao chau My da mang lai. He qua nay la ta't nhien, khdng the tranh khdi kbi
nhflng ngfldi da t r i n g t r a n sang xam Iflde thude dia d mot vflng da't vd'n la lanh thd ciia ngfldi da do.
Theo thd'ng ke cd khoang 750.000 ngfldi Tay Ban Nha da nhap cfl de'n Tan the gidi trong thdi ky thude dia'''.
Ho h i u bet deu de'n tfl nhflng vung ndng nghiep lac bau d phia Nam Tay Ban Nha. Tfl chd la lanh thd rieng eua ngfldi Indian (ngfldi da dd), chau My da trd t h a n h chdu luc cua nhdng ngadi nhap ca. Chinh sfl nhap cfl eua ngfldi Tay Ban Nha ndi rieng, ngfldi
chau Au ndi chung, cung vdi viec dUa ngUdi nd le da den tfl chau Phi sang da tao ra sfl pha trdn chung toe d eac thudc dia chau My. Trai qua qua trinh sinh sd'ng, ba t h a n h phan dan cfl chinh d thuoc dia la ngfldi da t r i n g , ngfldi Indian va ngfldi da den da boa trdn vdi nhau, tao ra nhflng nhdm ngfldi lai, chu ye'u la ngfldi mestizo, zambo va mulatto. Cd the minh boa sfl pha trdn chimg tdc dd b i n g sd do dfldi day:
Trong sd' cic nhdm ngfldi lai, ngfldi mestizo trd thanh thanh p h i n dan cfl chu ye'u d nhieu ndi nhfl Mexiee, Trung My va khu vfle cao nguyen Andes."
Mac dfl sfl xam Iflde cua thfle dan Tay Ban Nha da tan sat va buy diet ngfldi da dd, nhflng vao cudi thdi ky thudc dia, dan sd' Indian da cd da'u hieu tang trd lai. Theo fldc tinh d i u the ky XIX, tdng dan sd' d eac thudc dia chau My ciia Tay Ban Nha la 17 trieu ngfldi, trong sd' dd khoang 7,5 trieu la ngfldi Indian (chiem 44,1%); 3,2 trieu la ngfldi da t r i n g (18,8%); ngfldi da den chiem khding 0,75 trieu ngfldi (4,7%); va 5,5 trieu cdn lai la so' ngfldi lai vdi nhieu loai khac nhau (mestizo, zambo, mulatto) chiem 32,4%'^'.
Trong so' 3,2 trieu ngfldi da t r i n g cd khoang 150.000 ngfldi thuoc nhdm peninsular (nhflng ngfldi Tay Ban Nha sinh ra d Tay Ban Nha) (chiem 4,69%)), cdn lai 3,05 trieu ngfldi la thudc nhdm criollo (nhflng ngfldi Tay Ban Nha sinh ra d ehau My (chiem hdn 95%)*'". Sfl phan biet gifla ngfldi peninsular va ngfldi criollo khdng
phai bdi ddng mau ma bdi ndi sinh.
Nhflng trdng xa hoi d thudc dia, sfl phan biet dang ca'p gifla hai nhdm ngfldi nay tfldng ddi rd ret. Nhflng ehfle vu cao quy nhfl tdng tra'n, tdng giam muc, chu tich Hoi ddng ed'va'n...
danh cho ngfldi peninsular. Trong khi dd, ngfldi criollo thi lai gifl vai trd quan trong trong boat dong kinh te:
chii md, ebu xfldng, thfldng nhan, chu
cae hacienda (dien trang)... Do vay, ngfldi criollo ludn ludn dau tranh de nam chinh quyen. Cude dau tranh gifla ngfldi criollo va ngfldi peninsular la mdt trong nhflng nguyen nhan d i n den cude dau tranh giai phdng dan tdc d My Latinh the ky XIX-XX.
Nhfl vay, cude xam lUde thiie dan ciia Tay Ban Nha da tad ra d chau My mot cdng ddng dan eU da chimg tdc.
Su boa trdn chimg tdc nay la cd sd tao ra sil giao lUu kinh te, van hoa gifla ngfldi b i n dia, ngfldi da t r i n g va ngUdi da den. Dd cflng chinh la dieu kien hinh t h a n h nen van boa da sac tdc d chau My nhfl hien nay.
Tao ra mot so yeu to mdi trong nen kinh te t h u o c dia
Ben canh tac ddng mang tinh chat tfl nhien la sfl boa trdn chiing tdc, chinh sach thflc dan eua Tay Ban Nha edn tao ra d chau My mdt sd' ye'u td mdi trong nen kinh te thude dia.
Trflde khi hi ngfldi Tay Ban Nha xam chiem, nen kinh te eua ngfldi da dd mang tinh chat tfl nhien tfl cip ti^ tue.
Nhflng tinh chat dd da thay ddi bdi nhflng boat ddng kinh te phuc vu eho rnue dich thfle dan cua ngfldi Tay Ban Nha. Cflng vdi qua trinh xam Iflde va khai t h i e thude dia, ngfldi Tay Ban Nha da mang de'n chau My nhflng gid'ng cay trdng, vat nudi mdi la ma d dd ehfla he biet de'n.
Ngay trong chuyen tham hiem lan thfl hai eiia minh (1493), Christopher Colombus da mang sang thude dia mdt sd' gid'ng rau va eon vat nudi.
Trong q u i trinh khai thae va nhap cU, ngUdi Tay Ban Nha mang theo nhflng ddng vat cung cap thiic pham nhfl p , ..Idn, cflu, de, bd_sfla...; nhflng gid'ng
cay trdng mdi: lua mi, liia mach, mach den va ven mach, nho (de s i n xuat rfldu vahg).... Thed thd'ng ke, ed
khoang 170 loai gid'ng rau va cay trdng dflde ngfldi Tay Ban Nha dfla sang chau My''", trdng sd' dd ed nhieu ldai hien nay trd thanh ngudn thu chinh eua san xuat ndng nghiep d chau My. Mdt sd' ddng vat ed sflc keo nhu la, ngUa, bd... cflng dflde ngfldi Tay Ban Nha dem de'n chau My.
Trflde khi ed sfl xuat bien eua nhflng ldai ddng vat nay, ngfldi ban dia d chau My thudng dung lUng ngudi de mang vac nhflng hang hea nang (goi la cac tameme), va chi ed lac da khdng bfldu la ddng vat ed sflc keo duy n h i t dflde sif dung d vflng Andes.
Ngfldi Tay Ban Nha cung da mang de'n chau My tat c i nhflng kinh nghiem eua ho ve trdng trot, trong dd cd nhieu dieu ho hoe tfl nhflng ngfldi Hdi giao.
Ho edn gidi thieu eho ngfldi Indian biet de'n hanh xe, thfl ma ngfldi Indian tham chi ehUa be dUde nhin thay. Banh xe da cho phep ngUdi Indian che tao ra xe bd, xe ngUa thay the cho .sUc keo ciia con ngUdi trUde day.
"'NgUdi Indian rdt thich thu nhdng sdn phdm cua nen cong nghe chdu Au.^
Nhdng mui ten dUdc gdn kim loai to ra Uu viet hdn hdn so vdi nhdng mdi ten gdn dd. Viec sdn bdn trd nen hieu qud hdn vdi sii xudt hien cua sung"'^\
Ben canh dd, ngUdi Tay Ban Nha trong qua trinh khai thae kinh te da tao ra nhflng yeu td' mdi trong nen kinh te thudc dia. Mae du thflc dan Tay Ban Nha ludn thi hanh chinb sach kim ham ddi vdi nen kinb te cua ngfldi ban xfl, nhflng d i u sao nen kinh te dd v i n phat trien theo mdt ed eau da dang hdn trUde, bad gdm nhieu nganh nhu khai t h i e md, chan nudi, cdng nghiep, budn ban vdi chau A va Tay Ban Nha...
Trong cae nganh kinh te mdi xuat hien vao thdi ky thude dia Tay Ban Nha, khai md da ddng mdt vai trd ebu
ye'u trong sU phat trien eua nen kinh te thude dia. O ndi dau ed khai md, ndi dd t h a n h phd' moc len va phat trien thinh vUdng. Vi du nbU t h a n h phd' Potosi (Peru) - ndi cd md bac Potosi - ed dan sd' len de'n 160.000 ngudi vad gifla the ky XVIL^', trd t h a n h t h a n h phd' Idn nhat d chau My, bd xa ca t h u dd Mexico. Nhflng de'n d i u the ky XIX, khi Mexico trd thanh ngudn cung ca'p khoang s i n chinh thi Potosi d i n thu nhd lai thanh mot lang vdi dan sd' ehi khoang 8000 ngfldi (nam 1800)'".
Thu nhap tfl boat ddng khai md la ngudn tai chinb chu ye'u nudi dfldng toan bo bo may h a n h chinh thudc dia.
De'n nam 1800, cae thude dia cua Tay Ban Nha va Bd Dao Nha d chau My da cung cap hdn 90%) ngudn kim ldai quy eua the gidi'®'.
Nen kinh te eua Tan the gidi nhanh ehdng b i t kip va canh tranh vdi nen kinh te d chinh qud'e. Trong sud't the ky XVI, Tay Ban Nha van tiep tue yeu c i u ngudn cung ca'p Ifldng thfle, da thude, thud'e nhuom va nhflng kim loai quy hiem... tfl thuoc dia. Nhflng cho de'n eudl the ky XVI, ngoai trfl bac va mot sd' mat hang khac, bang hoa eiia thude dia va eua Tay Ban Nha deu da bao boa. Cdng nghiep eiia Tay Ban Nha dang giam sut. Viec budn ban len, lua va nhflng s i n pham ndng nghiep deu kem hdn thdi ky trflde nam 1550. Vai det, ngu ed'c luc d i u dflde chd de'n thuoc dia tfl Seville (Tay Ban Nha), ve sau dflde s i n xuat tai chinh thude dia vdi so'Ifldng Idn.
Cdng nghiep thude dia dxiCc xay dflng dfla tren nhflng lang nghe cua ngfldi Indian - bo vd'n la nhflng ngfldi thd lanh nghe trong viec det v i i cotton va len, lam dd gd'm, cham k h i e d i , che t i e kim loai. Cdng nghiep det phat trien sdm nha't va nhanh ehdng
t h a n h cdng nha't trong t a t ea eac nganh cdng nghiep. Nhflng nha may len va cotton moc len ngay eang nhieu d Peru va Mexico. Cdng nghiep s i n xua't td lua sdm b i t d i u d Mexico va thinh vfldng chd de'n nam 1580, khi sfl canh t r a n h eiia lua Trung Qud'e re hdn da gay ra sfl suy giam cua nd. O Mexico, Peru va Chile, thiie dan Tay Ban Nha da xay dflng nhflng nha may san xua't cdng eu s i t , giay, ao giap, yen efldng ngiia va thuy tinh.
Ngoai ra, nghe lam ngdi cdn ra't phat trien d Mexico, s i n xua't phao va chudng nha thd d Peru. Ecuader s i n xua't nhflng s i n pham tfl da. Cdng nghiep ddng t a u sdm trd t h a n h nganh cdng nghiep quan trpng, d i u tien la d Havana va Panama, sau d Guayaquil va cho de'n eudl thdi ky thudc dia la d Buenos Aires.
Cho de'n nam 1800, nen cdng nghiep d cac thuoc dia chau My eua Tay Ban Nha da dflde thiet lap kha td't, chiem vi tri quan trong thfl ba sau ndng nghiep va khai md. Theo bao eao ciia Baron von Humboldt, d Mexico nhflng nam d i u the ky XIX, san xua't ndng nghiep dat 30.000.000 peso, khai md: 25.000.000 peso va cdng nghiep:
7.000.000 de'n 8.000.000 peso''"'.
Nhfl vay, ro rang dfl tap trung vao muc dich khai thae tai nguyen d thuoc dia la chil ye'u, thflc dan Tay Ban Nha da tao ra nhflng ye'u to' mdi lam da dang h o i nen kinb te ban dia eua ngfldi Indian trUdc day vd'n la nen kinh te t h u i n ndng. Nhflng ed sd kinh te ban d i u ma ngfldi Tay Ban Nha xay dflng nen da tao ra nen mdng cho sii phat trien sau nay cua khu vfle Trung va Nam My.
Tao ra s\i giao lifu v a n h o a
Nhfl tren da ndi, sii nhap cfl la ed sd cho sii giao Iflu, tiep xue van hoa
gifla cac chau luc. Trong qua trinh xam chiem va thd'ng tri d Trung va Nam My, thflc dan Tay Ban Nha da tan pha nen van minh cua ngfldi da dd, nhflng ddng thdi cung tad ra nhflng dien mao mdi trong nen van h o i cua khu viie nay. De qud'e thudc dia Tay Ban Nha d chau My tdn tai khoing ba the ky (XVI-XVIII), g i n b i n g khoang thdi gian cai tri cua de' che Reme ddi vdi Tay Au. Trong sud't thdi gian nay, ngdn ngfl, tdn giao, van boa va the che chinh tri cua Castile da tran sang vflng dat Idn gap 20 l i n chinb qud'e.
"Mac du cd nhdng phan khdng vd xung dot, nhiing d hau he't moi ndi, cude sdng cua ngUdi da do deu thay ddi bdi sii cd mat cua ngUdi da trdng.
Sung phun Ida, thep vd hdng hod cdng nghiep dd Idm cho cude sd'ng cua nhieu bd tdc trd nen ddn gian hdn, gidu cd hdn vd ngiia Id mot ye'u tdmdi
quan trong dot vdi sii ton tai cua ddn du muc. d bdt ky ndi ddu cd thUdng nhdn da trdng, ngadi da dd rdt sdn long trao ddi hdng hod vdi ngUdi da trdng... Nhdng nhd truyen gido cd vai trd Idn trong viec thuyet phuc ngadi da dd mac quan do cua ngadi da trdng, hoc cdc ky thuat trong trot vd ky thuat cd khi, hoc doc, vie't chd vd cdc con so', cat tdc, td bd che do da the, thich nghi vdi phong tue vd phUdng thae sinh hoat cua ngadi da trdng"^^^\
Cin phai thay r i n g , sfl chuyen giao nhflng ye'u td' van boa chau Au de'n Tan the gidi la mdt cdng viec phfle tap eua thdi ky thudc dia, la phan sfl dflde nha thd dam nhiem. Ngay tfl diu, viec cai dae ngfldi ban dia dflde cdi la mdt trong nhflng ddng ed thd'ng tri cua thflc dan Tay Ban Nha. Td ehfle nha thd la mdt bd may rat hoan thien, la diem tfla' trong chinh sach cai tri cua nha vua Tay Ban Nha d thudc dia.
Triidc he't, cd nhd vua vd nhd thd deu rdt quan tdm de'n viec gido due d thudc dia. Nhflng t h i y tu eua ddng Franciscan d Mexico vdi sfl img hd eua Phd vfldng Mendoza da xay dflng nhflng trfldng hoc ben canh mdi nha thd. Nhflng eau be Indian dflde day de trd thanh thd may, thd mdc, thd ren, thd lam giiy va thd sdn. Nhflng nha truyen dae Tay Ban Nha tin rang giao due se giup ngfldi Indian nhan thflc td't hdn ve van boa Tay Ban Nha.
TrUdng hdc d i u tien chd ngudi Indian dUde thanh lap d Texcoeo vao nam 1523 bdi Pedro de Gante, mdt thiy tu ddng Franciscan. Ong trile tiep lanh dao nha trUdng hdn 40 nam, mdi nam chieu nap tfl 500 de'n 1000 hoe sinh Indian (chu ye'u la nam). Trfldng hoc cua dng day eho ngfldi Indian ve nghe thuat Tay Ban Nha va dao tao ho thanh nhflng ngfldi thd thu cdng lanh nghe de trang tri nha thd. Mdt sd trfldng bdc khac dflde thanh lap danh cho eon trai cua eac tu trfldng ngfldi Indian. Nam 1547, Phd vfldng Mendeza thanh lap trfldng hoc San Juan de Letran, ndi nhflng dfla tre la cen lai dflde giao eho cae linh muc Franciscan day dd.
Sfl ddng gdp d i nhan thay nhat cua Tay Ban Nha ddi vdi nen giao due thude dia dd chinb la he thd'ng trfldng dai hoe. Sfl thanh lap nhflng trfldng dai hoc d eac thude dja chau My eua Tay Ban Nha dUde b i t d i u vao nam 1551 khi Charies I thanh lap bai trudng dai hoe cua "Nha vua va Giao hoang" (Royal and Pontifical Universities) d Mexico va Lima. Hai trudng dai hoc nay la cd sd de eac trudng dai hdc khac dUde thanh lap d k h i p thude dia. Trdng sudt thdi ky thude dia, Tay Ban Nha da thanh lap 10 trudng dai hoe Idn va 15 trUdng nhd hdn'"'. Tat c i nhflng trfldng nay
deu do cae giao si cai quan. Nhflng trUdng dai hoc d thude dia deu dUde xay diing md phdng theo m i u binh eua trUdng dai hoc Salamanca cd lich sif lau ddi d Tay Ban Nha. The ky XIII, Salamanca dUdc xep ngang hang vdi Paris, Bologna, va Oxford, la mot trong bd'n trung tam giao due d chau Au thdi trung ed. De'n gifla the ky XVI, Salamanca dat de'n dinh cae eua nd vdi 7000 sinh vien de'n tfl khap mei ndi d chau Au'^^'. Trfldng dai hoc thfl hai d Tay Ban Nha sau Salamanca ed anh hfldng ddi vdi nen giao due chau My la Dai hoc Alcala de Henares, thanh lap nam 1498 bdi Cardinal Jimenez de Cisneros.
D i u the ky XVIII, Dai hoe Lima dflde thanh lap, ed g i n 2000 sinh vien va khding 180 giao sfl t h i n hoc, luat dan sfl, dflde bdc va nghe thuat. Sii cd mat cua ddng Ten ddng gdp ra't nhieu vao cdng viec giio due thflc sfl d chau My. Cic giio si da thanh lap nhflng trfldng cao dang, ndi tieng la eao dang Juli, g i n khu vfle hd Titicaea.
Chinh nhflng trfldng dai hoe va eao dang nay da dao tao ra ra't nhieu hoc gii ngfldi ban dia ndi tieng treng nhieu linh vfle khoa hoe, cu the nhfl dflde bdc, giii phau hoc, ngdn ngfl hoe, lich sif va nhan chung hoc. Trong so' dd phai ke de'n nhflng nha sii hoc ngfldi Mexico nhfl Toribio de Motolinia vdi "Historia de los Indios de Nueva Espdnd"; Duran vdi
"Historia de las Indias de Nueva Espdnd". Nhflng hoe gia ndi tieng nha't ngfldi Peru la Acosta, nha svi hoc, tac gia eiia "Natural and Civil History of the Indies"; Garcillasso de la Vega, ngUdi viet ve de ehe Inca va cude tham hiem eua De Soto;
Sandoval, t i e gia eua nhflng cud'n sach d i u tien ve chau Phi d chau My;
Antonio Leon Pinelo la ngfldi chau My
d i u tien sflu t i m thfl mue va be thd'ng hda nhflng luat tue ciia ngfldi Indian.
Tha hai, ben canh nhang ddng gdp ve mat gido due, Gido hdi cdn nghien cdu ngdn nga cdc tdc ngadi bdn xa, cha viet, phong tue, nghi le vd viec td chdc hdnh le cua ngadi bdn xa. Nhd dd, ngay nay chung ta cd tai lieu de tim hieu ve nen van minh eua ngfldi Indian.
Bernandino de Sahagun sinh nam 1499, de'n Mexico nam 1529 va danh g i n 60 nam cho cdng viec truyen giao eua mot tinh thuoc dia phan ddng Franciscan (Trung Mexico). Ong trd thanh mdt trong nhflng linh muc ndi tieng Nahuatl gidi nha't va d Tlateloleo, dng tiep tue phat trien ke hoach vie't sach giao khoa ve van minh Aztec b i n g ngdn ngfl ban dia.
Ket qua la cud'n "Historical General"
ra ddi, dflde coi la mot sfl trflng bay vi dai ve tdn giao, xa bdi, phong tue tap quan, ngdn ngfl cua ngfldi Aztec.
Landa cung la mot linh mue ddng Franciscan. Tac pham "Relacidn de las cosas de Yucatdn" dflde dng vie't vao nhflng nam 1560, tuy khdng ehi tiet b i n g tac pham cua Sahagun nhflng day la tac pham nghien cflu nen van minh Maya tren cd sd nghien cflu toe ngfldi. Cobo, sinh ra d Tay Ban Nha, de'n Lima vao 1599 vao tudi 70, dng da di nhieu ndi vung cao nguyen Andes va vie't t i e pham "Historical del Nuevo Mundo" trong khoang thdi gian tfl
1612 de'n 1613. Ong chinh la ngfldi nghien cflu d i u tien ve xa bdi ngfldi Inca. Tac pham cua dng la mot luan an ve dia ly, lich sii tfl nhien va nhflng ngfldi thd dan d Peru.
Nhu c i u hieu biet nhflng each thflc va tap tue h a n h l i cua ngfldi ban xfl de chd'ng lai nd, coi dd nhfl di giao ddi vdi Cd dd'e giao cung da buoc cae nha truyen giao phai hoc ngdn ngfl va
phong tue tien Tay Ban Nha. Vi vay, cdng cude chinh phue tinh t h i n g i n lien vdi sfl ra ddi eua nhflng cdng trinh nghien cflu dan tdc hoc d Tan the gidi.
Treng nhflng nam d i u eua the ky XVI, nhflng nha truyen giao Tay Ban Nha da trien khai nhieu boat ddng manh me trong viec nghien cflu ngdn ngfl eic toe ngfldi ban xfl. Nhieu tec ngfldi khdng cd cbfl. Ngfldi ta nghien cflu ca'u true eua nhflng ngdn ngfl chu ye'u, he thd'ng cae tfl vflng quan trong vdi viec giai nghia chinb xac tflng ngdn tfl. Ngoai ra ho edn dich nhieu tic pham tdn giao sang tieng ban dia, mot so' t i c pham dich da dflde in. Nha in da trd t h a n h mdt cdng cu rat hflu ich trdng viec truyen giao eho ngfldi b i n dia.
Cic linh mue Tay Ban Nha cflng nghien cflu rat cbi tiet ve pheng tue, nghi le va viec td chflc hanh l i eua ngfldi ban xfl. Trdng nhflng nghien cflu nay, cdng trinh quan trong nha't la ciia hnh muc Bernardino de Sahagun, dng da kien tri thu thap trong mfldi nam nhflng dfl lieu thdng tin ve ngfldi ban xfl. Sau dd dng da tap hdp thanh mdt nghien cflu hoan chinh ve ddi sd'ng va tdn giad cua ngfldi Mexiee, nd che phep nhflng nghien cflu sau nay tai bien dflde mdi mat eua ddi sd'ng ngfldi ban xfl.
Tha ba, cdc thay tu dade sii dong y cua Nhd vua vd sii hd trd cua Phd vUdng dd cho xay diing rdt nhieu cong trinh kien true, chu ye'u la nha thd.
Chinh sfl c i n thiet phai quy dao cho mdt so' ddng ngfldi da khie'n nhflng nha truyen dao dfla vao trong thiet ke cae cdng trinh tdn giio mdt yeu td kien true hoan toan doe dio: nha nguyen md. Vdi kieu kien true nay, ngfldi ta ed the td chflc ngay le thanh tren nhflng khoing san rdng md, d
san trdng eua toa thanh ndi ed the tap hdp mdt sd' tin do ddng hdn nhieu so vdi sd' tin do thfldng hdi hop d ben trong nha thd.
Hau bet nhflng cdng trinh xay dflng thdi thudc dia deu mang phong cich tdn giao, tieu bieu nhfl nha thd Aeolman (ddng Thanh Augustinian) d Trung Mexiee, nha thd Quito (Ddng Franeiscian) d Ecuador va hang tram nha thd edn tdn tai tren k h i p chau My thudc Tay Ban Nha.
Nha thd Chinh toa Idn nha't d Mexicd City dflde xay dflng trong vdng mdt the ky, tfl nhflng nam 1560 de'n nhflng nam 1660. Mdt vai nha thd xay dflng mudn hdn nhfl Ocotlan gin Tlaxeala d Mexico, hay Zapita d phia Bie hd Titicaea d Peru. 6 nhflng ndi nay, "truyen thdng cua ngUdi Indian hau nhu dd bi lang quen, tham chi d nhdng ndi vdn thuoc nhdng nen vdn minh phdt trien nhdt cua ngUdi Indian, kien true ton gido cua nhd thd cdn nhieu hdn cdc cong trinh kien true cua ngadi bdn did'^^'*\
Cd khding 12000 nha thd dflde xay dflng trdng sud't ba the ky Tay Ban Nha thd'ng tri d thudc dia"^'. Tren mdi vflng lanh thd, mdi ddng Thanh de l^i mdt da'u an khac nhau. Nhflng kien true kieu phao dai ddn giin cua ddng Thanh Francisco vdi eac rning tfldng trang tri mau xam bac kieu nifa dau the ky XVI va nhUng kien trUc ciu ky cua ddng Thanh Dominican da dUde xay dung tai nhflng ndi tap trung dan cfl. Sau dd, dd qua trinh suy giam nhanh ehdng dan sd ngfldi b i n xfl, nhieu diem dan cfl da khdng cdn ngfldi d, vi the nhflng nha thd trd nen each biet hdn trflde.
Cflng vdi viec xay dflng nha thd, thfle dan Tay Ban Nha trong qua trinh cai tri cua minh cung da .rriy
diing rdt nhieu thdnh phd, dac biet chu trong xay dflng cae t h a n h phd' ven bien, vi day vfla la cae trung tam thfldng mai hang bai, vfla la hang rao quan sfl ehd'ng lai sfl ta'n cdng cua nflde ngoai. Vi du Santo Domingo la mot trong nhflng t h a n h phd' d i u tien eua Tay Ban Nha d thudc dia chau My dvi(ic xay dflng mang tinh cha't quan sfl. Ve sau, khi sfl lien ket gifla nhflng vflng da't thude dia dflde xac lap, va khi Caribbean trd t h a n h sfl tranh gianh qudc te va nhflng cude ta'n cdng cua bon cfldp bien, Havana da thay the Santo Domingo va trd thanh trung tam thfldng mai Idn nhat cua vflng Caribbean, ddng thdi la mdt thanh phd' quan sii dflde cimg cd' vflng chic nha't thudc dia. Cang Havana la mot trong nhflng bai cang td't nha't tren the gidi luc ba'y gid.
Mot so' thanh phd' ven bien khac la St. Augustine d Florida, Veracruz d bd bien Ddng Mexiee, Portobello d Panama, va Cartagena d bd bien Nam My. Nhflng thanh phd' nay deu ed quan ddi ddng va la ndi tap trung hang hoi trong the ky XVII-XVIII. St.
Augustine, mot thanh phd' tfl hao la kho eua cai eua Tay Ban Nha, Veracruz - eang xuat nhap khau chinb eua xfl Mexico, Portobello, nhd bdn Veracruz nhflng dflde bao ve bdi hai phao dai. Chi ed Cartagena, trong so' ta't ea eac thanh phd' ven bien cua vung Caribbean va vinh Mexico la cd the so sanh vdi Havana ve tinh chat quan sii.
Khu vfle thanh phd' eua nd dflde bao hoc bdi nhflng tfldng rao dflde cung cd' vflng chic, cd thap cao, bao sau va Iflc Ifldng phao binh yem trd. Mac du dflde trang hi quan sfl ky eang, nhflng ta't ca nhflng thanh phd' ven bien nay deu da tflng it nha't mot lan bi ngfldi Anh, P h i p hay ngfldi Ha Lan ta'n cdng.
Khac vdi nhflng t h a n h phd' ven bien, Tenochtitlan (Mexico) la mot t h a n h phd' b sau trong da't lien, dan so' ddng va nhieu ngfldi Indian cdn song sdt da tao ra cho t h a n h phd' nhflng diem dac biet. Tham ehi ngay ea Puebla, ndi thiie dan Tay Ban Nha thanh lap chi danh rieng cho nhflng ngfldi da t r i n g dinh cfl van mang dang dap ciia "cd tinh bdn dia"'^^^\
Trong cac t h a n h phd' d Peru, Lima ndi bat len vdi vai trd vfla la thu dd chinb tri (thude tdng tra'n), vfla la trung tam thfldng mai. Day la ndi phan phdi bang boa eiia cae flota (eac ham ddi) de'n eang eudl cflng eua Tay Ban Nha, va thdng qua nhflng eon dfldng eua ngfldi Inca trong giai doan
"tien Tdy Ban Nha" (trflde khi Tay Ban Nha xam chiem), nhflng flota nay chd bang boa tdi Chile, Ecuador, Argentina va vung phia tren Peru.
Thanh phd' thfl hai cua Peru, Potosi, thanh, phd' md ndi tieng, da tflng la thanh phd' Idn nha't trong so' ta't ca cae thanh phd' ciia thuoc dia chau My.
Mot trong nhiing dac diem cua cac thanh phd' d thuoc dia ehau My la cac quang trfldng dflde bao xung quanh bdi nhiing cabildo (toa nha ciia Hdi ddng thanh phd), nha thd va trung tam thfldng mai chinb, ta't ca deu danh chd ting Idp quy tdc da tring. Mdi thanh phd' deu cd nbutag dfldng phd' chuyen lam hanh, • chuyen lam moc, chuyen thudc da... Thanh phd' ehau Au thdi trung cd thfldng cd nbutng dfldng phd' hep, ching chit, nhiJng eon phd'hi gidi ban bdi bang rao bao quanh, nhUng d nhiJng thanh phd' chau My mdi dflde dinh cfl, ngfldi Tay Ban Nha da xay dflng nhiJng dfldng phd'dai, t h i n g noi vdi nhau thanh nhiJng hinh ehfl nhat. Kien true quy hoach thanh phd' d ehau My ve sau nay ngay eang dflde hoan thien hdn.
Tren day la mdt so' nhflng tac ddng khach quan tfl cdng cude khai thdc thudc dia eiia thflc dan Tay Ban Nha d Trung va Nam My. Nhflng tac ddng nay khdng n i m trong y dd chu quan cua ke di xam Iflde. Nhflng trong khi xay dflng cac ed sd eua nen kinh te thudc dia, thfle dan Tay Ban Nha da tao ra dien mao mdi eho nen kinh te ehau My, tinh chat t h u i n ndng d i n d i n bi thay ddi bdi nen kinh te hang h o i vdi cd eau da dang (cdng nghiep, thfldng nghiep, ndng nghiep...). Ddng thdi, Tay Ban Nha cung xay dflng mdt sd' cdng trinh kien true, chu ye'u la nha thd, trUdng bdc, tao ed sd eho sU p h i t trien eua nen van boa My Latinh sau nay. Ngay nay, chung ta dUde tiep can vdi nhflng thanh tflu cae nen van minh ed xfla cua ngfldi da dd qua rat nhieu cdng trinh nghien cflu eua cac giao si va thfle dan Tay Au, trong dd cd p h i n ddng gdp khdng nhd eiia Tay Ban Nha.
Nhflng tac ddng nay cua chinh sach thflc dan Tay Ban Nha ddi vdi khu vfle Trung va Nam My tuy khdng phai luc nao cung dflde d i n h gii cdng bing, khach quan, nhflng rd rang chung ed y nghia nha't dinh ddi vdi khu vfle nay cua the gidi •
Chu thich:
1. Alvin M. Joseph, Jr, The Indian Heritage of America, Houghton Mifflin Company,
1991, tr 278.
2. Robert A. Divine, J.H. Breen, George M.
. Fredrickson, R. Hal Williams and Randy Roberts, America, past and present (.\ division of Scott, Foresman and Company Glenview, Illinois, London, England), 1990, tr 8.
3. Charles Gibson, Spain in America, The University Library Harper & Row, Publishers, New York, Evanston and London, 1966, tr 117.
4. Simon Collier, Thomas E. Skidmore, The Cambridge Encyclopedia of America and the Caribbean, Cambridge University Press, 1992, tr 203.
5. Hubert Herring, A history of Latin America from the beginnings to the present. Alfred A
Knopf Publisher, New York, 1967, tr 411.
6. Robert A. Divine, J.H. Breen, George M.
Fredrickson, R. Hal Williams and Randy Roberts, Sdd. tr 4.
7. Charles Gibson, Sdd, tr 125.
8. 9. Hubert Herring, Sdd. tr 199.
10. Hubert Herring, Sdd, tr 204.
11. Alvin M. Joseph, Sdd, tr 284 12. 13. Hubert Herring, Sdd, tr 210.
14. Charles Gibson, Sdd, tr 88.
15. Michael C. Meyer, William L. Sherman, The course of Mexican history, Oxford University Press, 1987, tr 199.
16. Charles Gibson, Sdd, tr 125.
