so KY NIEM 1.000
NAM THANGLONG •
HANOI
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LY THAI TO VOI SIT NGHIEP DINH DO THANG LONG
NGUYfiN QUANG NGOC*
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y Thai To ten buy la Cong U^n, sinh ngay 12 thang 2 Giap Tu^'t (8-3-974) tai hifdng Dien VKn (Thi xa Td Sdn, tinh Bdc Ninh). Tudi nho song trong chua cl que va ngay t ^ khi do da hoc 16 dilc do, tai n^ng cua mot "bdc minh chu trong thien hg," (1).Ldn len ong lam quan cho nha Tien Le 6 Hoa Lii. Khi nha Tien Le suy kiot, diidc sil ung ho cua gidi P h a t giao, quan lai, binh si trieu dinh va dan chiing trong thien ha, sang sdm ngay mong 2 thang 11 nSm Ky Dau (21-11-1009), ong len ngoi Hoang de lap ra Viidng trieu Ly. Chi khoang 9 thang sau, ong quyet dinh deli do tii Hoa Lii ra thanh Dai La va ddi ten la Thang Long, mcl ra giai doan phat trien huy hoang cua lich sii dsit nUdc.
1. Ddi d o tit Hoa Li^ r a D a i L a
Kinh do la trung tam chinh tri-hanh chinh va di lien vdi no la trung tam quan sii, kinh te, van boa ciia mot da't niidc. Ba't cii mot trieu dai, mot the che chinh tri nao khi n i m chinh quyen, cong viec d i u tien phai la xac dinh vi tri dong do. Viec dcii do va dinh do la cong viec co y nghia trong dai
"coi di mUu nghiep ldn, chgn d chP gida, ldm ke cho con chdu muPn van ddi, tren kinh minh trdi, dUdi theo y ddn, neu co chS tiin thi ddi doi, cho nin van nUdc ldu ddi, phong tuc gidu thinh" (2).
Ngay tu! thdi ky dau diing nvfdc, Cd Loa cl vao vi tri trung tam chau thd song Hong da tiing diidc An Diidng Viidng chon lam kinh do cua nha niidc Au Lac. Nhiing chinh quyen doc lap cua ngiidi Viet tii Ly Bi den ho Khiic, ho Diidng va Ngo Quyen cung deu dong do d khu viic Dai La hay Co Loa. Dinh Bo Linh mac dii da hoan t h a n h sii nghiep tho'ng nha't da't niidc, nhiing the va liic chua du manh, tinh hinh viing chau thd song Hdng vSn con phiic tap va quan Tong dang lam le xam la'n bd coi, nen buoc phai trd ve dong do tren da't ban bo Hoa Lu.
Trong thdi gian nay kinh do Hoa Lii da hoan t h a n h sii menh lich sii ciia no, tao dieu kien cho trieu Dinh va trieu Tien Le cung co' chinh quyen Trung lidng, bao ve nen doc Mp dan toe, danh bai cuoc chie'n t r a n h xam liidc cua quan Tong, giii vQng nen thdrig nha't quo'c gia, dat cd sd cho sii phat trien toan dien cua da't nUdc.
Hoa Lii vdi dia the niii non hiem trd da d i n d i n hoc 16 nhiing ban che, khdng cdn phii hdp vdi yeu cau xay diing da't niidc tren quy mo ldn, day manh sii nghiep phat trien kinh te, md mang van boa. Diidi con mat cua Ly Thai Td "thdnh Hoa LU dm thdp, chat hep, khong du ldm cho d cua di' vUdng" (3), khien ong "khong thi khong ddi" (4).
Ly Thai Td da "xem khdp nUdc Viif va n h a n thiiy chi co khu viic t h a n h Dai La mdi
•GS.TS. Dai hoc Qudc gia Ha Noi
Rghien curu Lich sit. s6 7.2010
"Id ndi thdng dia, thiic la cho hpi tu quan ye'u cua bon phUdng, dung Id ndi thUdng dp kinh sU mdi mudn ddi" (5). Theo ong, thanh Dai La "d gida khu vUc trdi ddt, dUdc the rong cupn ho ngoi, chinh gida nam bdc dPng tdy, tien nghi ndi song sau trUdc. Vung ddt ndy mat dd't rpng md bdng phdng, the ddt cao md sdng sua, ddn cU khong khd thdp trung toi tdm, muon vat hei sdc tUdi tdtphon thinh" (6). Nhii the, hdn ba't cii mot khu viic nao trong niidc, khu viic thanh Dai La, theo quan niem cua Ly Thai Td, da hoi du difdc ta't ca cac dieu kien, cac ldi the de xay diing mot de d6 lau dai.
c a c ngudn tii lieu ve cd ban th6'ng nha't cho r i n g Ly Thai Td da chon dudng thuy de tie'n h a n h ddi chuyen kinh do tii Hoa Lu r a t h a n h Dai La. Phiidng tien phuc vu cho cong cuoc ddi do chu ye'u bang thuyen.
Tut t h a n h noi Hoa Lii, doan thuyen theo dong sao Khe ra song Hoang Long vao song Day, ra deii song Chau va ngiidc len s6ng Hdng. Sach Dai Viet sd ky todn thU ch6p:
"Miia thu, thdng 7 (td 13-8 de'n 10-9-1010), vua td thdnh Hoa LU, ddi do ra kinh phu d thdnh Dai La, tam do thuyin dUdi thdnh, co rong vdng hien lin d thuyin ngU, nhdn do ddi ten thdnh ggi Id thdnh Thdng Lon^' (7).
Ngay sau khi ddi do, cong viec kie'n thiet Kinh do diidc tien h a n h khan triidng.
Thang Long trd t h a n h mot dai cong triidng xay diing. Dang voc mot Kinh do be the xiing t i m vdi vi tri trung tam cua qud'c gia doc lap va ciidng thinh d i n hinh thanh.
2. X a y d i i n g h e t h o n g c u n g d i e n , chvia g a c . . .
Sach Dai Viet sd ky todn thU cho biet kha cu the cac cong viec ma Ly Thai To trien khai ngay tii nhiing ngay mdi dat chan de'n Thang Long: "Lai xdy dUng cdc cung dien trong Kinh thdnh Thdng Long, phia trUdc diing diin Cdn Nguyen ldm cho
coi chdu, ben td ldm dien Tap Hien, ben
hdu dUng dien Gidng Vo. Lai md cda Phi Long thPng vdi cung Nghenh Xudn, cda Dan PhUdng thdng vdi cda Uy Viin. HUdng chinh nam dUng diin Cao Minh, deu co them rong, trong thim rong co hdnh lang ddn ra xung quanh bdn phia. Sau dien Cdn Nguyen lai dUng hai dien Long An, Long Thuy ldm ndi vua nghi. Bin td xdy diin Nhdt Quang, ben hdu xdy dien Nguyet Minh, phia sau dUng hai cung Thdy Hoa, Long Thuy ldm chP d cho cung nd. DUng kho tdng ddp thdnh ddo hdo... Lai d trong thdnh ldm chiia NgU Thiin vd tinh ldu Ngu PhUdng. Ngodi thdnh vi phia Nam
dung chua Thdng Nghiim" (8).
Nam sau, nam 1011, Ly T h i i Td lai cho xay diing mot loat cac cung, dien, chiia kho d Kinh thanh Thang Long nhii cung Dai Thanh d ben ta, chua Van Tud, kho Tra'n Phiic d ben hiiu trong thanh; chiia Tii Dai Thien Viidng va cac chiia C i m Y, Long Hiing, Thanh Tho d phia ngoai thanh (9).
Dac biet ben bd song Hdng, ndi doan thuyen ddi d6 ra cap ben, Ly Thai To cho xay diing t h a n h mot cang chinh cua Kinh thanh Thang Long. Tai day, ong cho diing dien Ham Quang la mot tda dien ldn ma nhieu l i n vua ngii xem dua thuyen (10).
Nam 1012, cung vdi viec siia lai hai dien Long An, Long Thuy, Ly Thai ,Td sach phong Hoang Thai tii Phat Ma lam Khai Thien Viidng va cho "ldm cung Long Ddc b ngodi thdnh chad, y mudn cho Thdi tdhiiu biet mgi viic cua ddn" (11).
Trong hdn mot chuc nam cudi ddi, Ly Thai Td cho xay diing trong Kinh thanh Thang Long nhieu kie'n triic Phat giao nhU chiia Thien Quang, Thien Diic (nam 1016), nha Bat giac chiia kinh (1021), kho Dai Hiing chiia kinh Tam tang (1023) chiia Chan Giao (1024)...
Co the noi dien mao Kinh d6 Thang Long thdi Ly da diidc thie't ke va thi cdng
Ly Th6i T6 vdi sir nghiep...
tren can ban diidi thdi Ly Thai Td (12). Cac tridu con chau cua ong ve sau xay diing mdi nhieu kien tnic quan trong khac d ca trong va ngoai Ca'm thanh (nha't la khu viic ngoai ca'm thanh) (13), nhiing trong thiic te nhiing kie'n true nay chi bd sung va hoan thien them quy mo, ca'u triic Kinh thanh vo'n da kha hoan chinh tii cac thap ky thii hai va thii ba cua the ky XI.
Khai quat khao cd hoc d khu Trung tam Hoang thanh Thang Long tai 18 Hoang Dieu tii nam 2003 de'n nay, cac nha khao cd hoc da phat hien dUdc nhieu di tich nen mdng kie'n triic, mong tiidng bao, gieng nUdc va he tho'ng diidng co'ng thoat niidc thdi Ly. Cac di tich nay cd moi quan he chat che vdi nhau, tao thanh mot q u i n the di tich lien hoan quy m6 ldn, the hien trinh do cao trong qui hoach d6 thi, ky thuat xay diing va nghe t h u a t trang tri kien triic (14).
3. Hoan t h i e n cau true Thang Long
"tam triing t h a n h quach"
Ddng thdi vdi viec xay ca^t cac cung dien, chiia gac la viec Ly Thai Td cho xay diing he thd'ng thanh quach bao quanh, chia tach Trieu dinh, Hoang gia vdi
cac khu viic h a n h chinh, quan sii, van hda khac...
Cac bo sit cii nhii Viet sd lUdc, Dai Viet sd ky todn thu, Viet sd thong gidm cUdng muc... deu chdp kha tho'ng nha't diidi thdi Ly cdng viec dap thanh chu yeu diidc td chiic vao hai thap ky d i u cua Viidng trieu. ( ,
Nam 1010, Ly Thai Td cho dap thanh Thang Long (toa thanh chinh d giQa, den thdi Le dUdc goi la Hoang thanh), dao hao, md 4 ciia Tiidng Phii d phia
Ddng, Quang Phiic d phia Tay, Dai Hiing d phia Nam, Dieu Diic d phia Bac.
Khoang 4 nam sau, nam 1014, ong lai cho "ddp thdnh ddt d bon mat kinh thdnh Thdng Long" (15). Sach Viet sd thong gidm cUdng muc giai thich them la "bon be xung quanh ngodi kinh thdnh diu sai ddp thdnh ddt cd" (16). Day chinh la vong thanh ngoai ciing va diidc goi la t h a n h Dai La.
Nam 1029, khi Ly Thai Td viia mdi qua ddi, Ly Thai Tdng len ngdi Hoang de da ngay lap tiic cho xay diing lai tda chinh dien cung mot so' cung dien d trung tam va
"ben ngodi dap mpt ldn thdnh bao quanh ggi Id Long Thdnh" (17). Vdng thanh nay theo chiing tdi la Ca'm thanh. Tuy nhien diidi thdi Ly Thai Td ciing da cd Long Thanh va khi do ciing da xua't hien ten goi Ca'm thanh cho vong t h a n h trong cung (18), nhiing co le kie'n triic cdn ddn sd va mang tinh hinh thiic.
Nhit the, Thang Long ba vdng thanh ma chiing ta biet hien nay, tren can ban da diidc xay diing va hoan chinh diidi thdi tri vi cua Ly Thai To.
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Rghien curu Lich sJr. sg 7.2010 ca'm thanh la toa thanh nam trong
Thang Long thanh, sud't thdi Ly (ke ca thdi T r i n va thdi Le) h l u nhii khong cd sii thay ddi dang ke nao ve ca pham vi va ca^u tnic.
Cd the xac dinh ciiaycanh Nam cua Ca'm thanh tiidng diidng vdi vi tri Cot Cd Ha Noi, cvfa/canh Tay d khoang diidng Hiing Viidng, -'id/'canh Bac va Ddng n i m g i n cac diidng Phan Dinh Phiing, Phung Hiing (19).
Khu cong triidng khai quat khao cd hoc d 18 Hoang Dieu n a m sat true trung tam Ca'm thanh, mac dii dien tich khai quat mdi chiem mot ty le nho (khoang 6,73%) so vdi Ca'm thanh, nhiing cung cho phep hinh dung diidc dien mao cua C i m thanh thanh Thang Long vdi nhiing di tich kien tnic dd so va nhiing di vat tieu bieu cho ddi sd'ng va sinh boat cung dinh.
Ve pham vi va vi tri cu the cua Thang Long thanh thdi Ly cho den nay v i n cdn nhieu y kien khac nhau. Can cii vao sii lieu va mot so' di tich cdn lai, cd the xac dinh ciia Tiidng Phii md ra chd Ddng va khu pho' budn ban t i p n^p cua phiidng Giang K h I u va den Bach Ma. Ciia Quang Phiic d phia Tay, cd nhieu kha nang n i m g i n chiia Kim Sdn tren diidng Kim Ma, tiidng truyen da'y cung la phap triidng thdi Ly. Cvia Dai Hiing d khoang phia trong Ciia Nam hien nay.
Cita Dieu Diic nhin ra triidc song Td Lich, khoang diidng Quan Thanh.
Hoang t h a n h Thang Long tii thdi Ly (ca thdi T r i n , Le) deu dUdc chia r a thanh hai khu tiidng ddi doc lap la Chinh tri va Quan sii. Khu Chinh tri cua Trieu cfinh la quan trong nha't, diidc bao ve nghiem ngat va miic do nghiem ngat cang ngay cang gia tang ciing vdi sii p h a t trien cua chd do Trung Udng tap quyen. Khu Quan sU la'y cac boat dong luyen tap, thao dien quan sii ciia quan doi la chinh, nhUng ciing cd cac cung dien, l l u gac, h a n h cung, chiia quan, kho tang, vUdn ThUdng uyen, danh lam
thang canh. Trong khu nay cdn cd cac dinh thu cua quan lai, khu gia binh, ca khu vUc sinh sd'ng va san xua't cua nhiing ngUdi lam viec va phuc dich trong Kinh thanh.
Nhu vay, trong g i n 20 nam tri vi cua minh, Ly Thai Td da bUdc d i u hoan chinh quy md, ca'u true thanh Thang Long "tam trung thdnh qudch". NhUng mo hinh nay hoan toan khong phai la sii sao ch6p theo nguyen m l u ciia Trung Qud'c, ma la sU tan dung va nUdng theo dia hinh gd bai, song nUdc, d i m hd ciia viing nga ba Nhi Ha-T6 Lich. Muc dich nha't quan ciia Ly Thai Td, VUdng trieu Ly va cac VUdng tridu tidp theo la tao diing kinh thanh t i m the, thoang rong d trung tam lam thu do lau dai, vinh vien cua da't nUdc.
Phia ngoai la cac ben chd, pho' phudng va ca nhiing thdn trai ndng nghiep. Thanh Dai La la vdng t h a n h ngoai cung, viia dUdc dap mdi, viia t a n dung mot p h i n La thanh ddi Dudng, bao hoc toan bo khu viic nay va CO chiic nang viia la thanh liiy bao ve, vda la de ngan lii lut. Tda thanh d phia ddng chay doc theo hiiu ngan sdng Nhi tii 6 Dd'ng Mac den Ben NUa, phia b i c diia theo bd sdng To Lich doan d phia nam Hd Tay, phia tay vSn diia theo bd sdng To Lich td Budi den 6 C i u Gia'y, phia nam tlieo song Kim NgUu qua Giang Vo, 6 Chd Diia, 6 C i u Den va chay tiep den 6 Ddng Mac.
4. Moi m a n g p h i i d n g p h o , chgf b e n . . . Ddng thdi vdi viec trien khai xay diing tdng the, tren quy mo ldn cac cung dien, chua, den, t h a n h quach la viec md mang chd biia, ben cang, phudng thd, phd xa...
khien bo mSt do thi Thang Long thay ddi b i n so vdi trUdc. C^a Ddng t h a n h Thang Long xUa md ra khu trung tam cua pho' cd Ha Noi bay gid, vdi nhieu phudng, phd, chd, ben, tren ben dUdi thuyen, budn ban ta'p nap. Hai cang quan trong va s I m ua't nha't cua Thang Long deu n i m d day la bdn
Ly Thai Td vdi s u nghiep...
Giang K h I u (khoang phd Hang Budm) va ben Trieu Ddng (Ddng Bo D i u , khoang dd'c Hoe Nhai). C^a Tay thanh Thang Long cd the md ra g i n khu viic Thu Le, C i u Gia'y.
Khu viic nay ciing vdi Budi va phu can ben Hd Tay, hd Tnic Bach d phia ngoai c^a Bic, khong chi la trung tam lam gily lau ddi ma cdn cd cac nghe ddt linh, det vai va buon ban ra't ndi tieng.
Khdng cd tU lieu tnic tidp, nhUng qua cac ngudn tU lieu gian tiep v i n cd the hinh dung khu viic "thi" cua Thang Long thdi Ly cung dUdc goi la "phudng" va ca'p phudng la ca'p quan ly h a n h chinh cd sd d dd thi (20).
Khd cd the thd'ng ke dUdc d i y dii ca 61 phudng d Kinh thanh Thang Long thdi Ly, nhUng tu lieu v i n cho ph6p xac dinh dUdc vi tri cua mot so' phUdng nhU Thai Hda, Ddng Tac, Giang KhIu, Thai Ciic, Toan Vien, Hac Kieu, Kim Cd, Khuc Phd', Ddng Ha, Bao Thien, Tang Kiem, Phuc Cd, Ta Nha't, Phong Van, Khang Tho, Ong Mac, Bd Cai, Tay Nhai, Vinh XUdng, Thinh Quang, Xa Dan, Cd Xa, Hoe Nhai, Giang Tan, Yen Hoa, Cac Dai, Nhai Tuan...
Thanh Thang Long tii trung tam chinh tri ciia nha nUdc quan chii da sdm phat trien thanh mot trung tam kinh te, van hoa, mot dd thi ddng due va phdn thinh.
N6t dgc dao cua kien tnic Thang Long thdi Ly la sU hoanh trang, be the va long lly cua cac kien tnic Phat giao hay cac kien tnic mang phong each P h a t giao. Le Van Huu ddi T r i n cho hay Ly Thai Td "xdy thdp cao ngdt trdi, dUng cpt chua dd, diin thd Phdt long Idy hem cd cung vua" va phe phan dng da ti§u phi cua cai siic liic vao viec thd moc khdng biet chiing nao ma ke.
Dieu nay, trai lai, gdp p h i n k h i n g dinh mot thiic te la Ly Thai Td da het miic da'n t h a n de cd mot Kinh do to dep, dang hoang cho VUdng trieu va cho d i t nUdc.
' . ' ' ' O v&a iyr, ieri ,;;•; si ' •
5. T a m n h i n v a sii n g h i e p ciia Ly T h a i To
Quyet dinh ddi dd va tao diing kinh dd mdi xdt theo Id gich thdng thudng la cong viec c i n lam cua cac ddi vua, nhUng nhin lai toan bo chang dudng trdn mot nghin nam dan toe ta da di qua, thi sii kien ddi dd Hoa Lu va dinh dd Thang Long cua Ly Thai To la mot sii kien lich sii trong dai, danh da'u budc phat, trien vUdt bac khdng chi cua Vudng trieu Ly ma ciia toan bo tien trinh phat trien cua lich sii Viet Nam. Nha Sii hoc Ngd Thi Si (thd ky XVIII) ca ngdi:
"Ly Thdi To len ngoi, chUa vpi ldm viic khdc, md trUdc tien mUu tinh viic dinh dd dat dinh, xet ve sU quye't dodn sdng sudt, mUu ke anh hung, thiic nhdng vua tdm thudng khPng the theo kip. Cho nin truyin ngoi hdn 200 ndm, ddnh gidc Tdng, dep gidc Chiem, nUdc mgnh ddn gidu, co the ggi Id ddi rdt thinh tri" (21).
T i t ca nhiing dieu kien tii nhien va ket qua phat trien cua lich sii da tao diing nhUng tien de cho khu viic t h a n h Dai La ddng vai trd Kinh dd cua da't nUdc thdi ky phuc hUng dan toe. Ly Thai Td khdng chi n h a n thUc sau s i c t i t ca nhiing tien de dd, ma dieu quan trong hdn la dng hoan toan ky thac niem tin ciia minh d siic manh cua da't nUdc, d tUdng lai p h a t trien ciia dan toe.
Quydt dinh ddi dd t ^ Hoa Lu ra t h a n h Dai La ciia Ly Thai Td la ket qua cua ca mot qua trinh c h u i n hi, t r u tinh, tim chon khdng chi cua rieng Ly Thai Td, ma la cua ca dan toe hang nghin nam, nen trd t h a n h tuyet dd'i diing, dap ting dUdc tron ven nhu c i u phat trien cua d i t nUdc, y chi cua Hoang de, VUdng trieu va nguyen vong tha thidt ciia toan dan.
Sach Dai Viet sd ky todn thU cdn cho biet sau khi tU tay viet Chii'u ddi dP, trinh bay ro rang muc dich, ly do, dia diem ddi do, Ly Thai To tii day long minh mud'n biet
Rghien curu Lich sit. s6 7.2010 phan ling cua n h a n dan da neu thanh cau
hoi: "Tram mudn nhdn dia ldi dy md dinh ndi d, cdc khanh nghi thi' ndo?' (22). Day thiic sU la mot m l u miic h a n h x i ciia ngUdi diing d i u chinh quyen t h a n dan, n i m viing xu the p h a t trien ciia dtft nUdc, tdn trong va de cao tieng ndi va ddng gdp cua dan trong nhiing quyet sach ldn ciia Trieu dinh.
Va dieu ma Ly Thai To mong ddi da dUdc dan chiing dap iing mot each tron v?n: "Bi ha vi thiin hg lap ki' ddi ldu, trin cho nghiep die dUdc thirih vUdng ldn lao, dUdi cho ddn chdng dUdc dong due gidu co, diiu ldi nhu thi', ai ddm khPng theo" (23).
Trong thiic te cung cd khdng it sii nghiep ldn khi mdi trien khai da khdng khoi gap phai sU p h a n iing gay g i t ciia ngUdi dUdng thdi, nhUng ve sau, dUdc t h i thach qua thdi gian thi chan gia tri cua nd mdi cd didu ki^n hoc 16. Sii nghiep ddi dd va dinh dd Thang Long cua Ly Thai Td, trai 1^, ngay tii khi mdi dUdc ban ra da trd thanh chan ly, thd hi§n mot each tuyet vdi t i m nhin xuyen tha'u khdng gian, xuyen sudt thdi gian cua mot nha chie'n lUdc di tnidc thdi dai.
NhUng Ly Thai Td trUdc sau khdng phai la mot ly luan gia. S i ch6p liic nhd dng "chi hgc kinh sd qua loa" (24) va liic nao ciing the hien la mot con ngudi hanh ddng "khdng khdi, CO chi ldn" (25). Tri tuS sieu viet cua dng
CHU THtCH
(1), (2), (3), (4), (5), (6), (7), (8), (9),. (10). Dai Viet sie ky todn thii, tkp 1. Nxb. Khoa hoc xa hpi, Kk Ngi, 1993, tr. 240, 241, 241, 241, 241, 241, 241, 241, 242, 243.
(11). Dai Viet sd ky todn thii, tkp 1, sdd, tr. 243.
Vj tri cua cung Long Dilc cl phfa ngoii O Chd Dita hifn nay.
(12). Sau khi Ly Thai To qua ddi, nfim 1029, 6 khu vi;fc Ca'm th^nh, ben c^inh di?n Thien An dvjgc xay dyng quy mo hdn thay cho di?n Ckn Nguyen,
p h i n nhieu la ket qua cua qua trinh lan ldn trong cuoc sdng, tdng hdp, tdng ket thiic tien, hidu ro "menh trdi', hieu t h i u "long ngUdi'.
Hanh dong cua Ly Thai Td sd di trd thanh quyen nang tm thUdng, vdi siic ddi non l i p be chinh la vi dng "dng menh trdi, thudn long ngUdi, nhdn thdi md van" (26), hay ndi theo each ndi ddi nay la dng da n i m viing va van dung diing quy luat van dong khach quan cua Hch s i . Nudc Dai Viet ngay dUdi thdi tri vi cua ong da nhanh chdng trd thanh mot qudc gia doc lap, thd'ng n h i t va cUdng thinh d Ddng Nam A, trong dd Thang Long la trung tam chinh tri, kinh td ldn nhit, ndi kdt tinh tinh hoa van hoa dan toe, than nhan, tiep bien va toa sang gia tri van minh nhan loai.
Ngay 1 thang 8 nam 2010, ngay ben thdm cua Dai le ky niem 1000 nam Thang Long-Ha Noi, Khu Trung tam Hoang thanh Thang Long-Ha Ndi do Ly Thai Td chon da't, thiet ke va thi cdng da dUdc UNESCO vinh danh la Di san Van boa nhan loai vdi cac gia tri ndi bat toan c i u cua nd (27). Day la mot ky tich cua lich s i nghin nam diing nUdc va giii nUdc cua dan toe Viet Nam ta ma Ly Thai Td la ngUdi cd cdng d i u tien va
vi dai n h i t . . Ly Thai To chi vdi cdng cuoc ddi dd va dinh
dd Thang Long ciing da du trd thanh vi Hoang dd kiet x u i t nha't cua hch s i Viet Nam, cd t i m nhin va sU nghiep thien nien ky.
L^ Thai Tong con cho dUng them mot so di^n, gac, iSu, \ku chuong, h&nh lang b san Long Tri... Ta't ca nhflng cong trinh kien true mdi diidc xay dUng hay tu svIa trong cac nkm 1029, 1030 deu nim trong thiet ke Kinh do cua Ly Thai To.
GS.TS Momoki Shiro trong cong trinh nghien cflu gin day ve thinh Thang Long cho ring c6 hai d(?t quy ho^ch ldn ve thanh Thang Long la dpt vko cac nam 1010-1011 va ddt vao cac nam 1029-1030, nhflng ca hai dpt nky deu c6 dac diem chung la
Ly Thai Td v6i sijr nghi|p.
cung difn va cac kien true khac deu dflpc bo tri theo kieu doi xflng ta hflu va cung difn dflpc xep thanh 3 hang, phia trfldc la ndi coi trieu, b givla la ndi nghe chfnh sfl va phfa sau la ndi an cl cua vua (xem them Momoki Shiro: Cdc cdng trinh diidc xdy ddp trong vd ngodi kinh dd Thdng Long thdi Ly).
(13). Nhfl dan Xa T^c (1048), chfla Dien Hflu (1049), thap Bao Thien (1057), Van Mieu (1070), dan Nam Giao (1154)...
(14). Tham khao Tong Trung Tin: Ddu dn Viidng triiu Ly sau 1000 ndm tii phdt hien cua Khdo CO hpc tai khu di tich Hodng thdnh Thdng Long, trong Ky yeu Hoi thao khoa hoc: 1000 ndm Viidng triiu Ly vd Kinh dd Thdng Long. Nxb. The gidi. Ha Npi, 2009, tr. 115-123.
(15), (17), (18). Dai Viet sd ky todn thii, tkp 1, sdd, tr. 244, 254, 248
(16). Viet svC thdng gidm ciidng muc, tkp 1. Nxb.
van Sfl Dia, Ha Npi, 1957, tr. 292.
(19). Nhfl the, c6 le nha Nguyen da sfl dung gin nhfl ca 4 canh cua Ca'm thanh Thang Long de xay dflng t h i n h Ha Npi (hay c6 the noi thanh Ha Npi thdi Nguyen gin trflng vdi Ca'm Thanh Thing Long thdi Ly, Trin, Le).
(20). Sach Dai Viet sd ky todn thii ch6p vio thang 3 nam 1230, T r i n Thai Tong cho "dinh cac phfl&ng ve hai ben ta hflu cua kinh thanh, bdt chiidc ddi triidc chia ldm 61 phUdng". Nhfl the.
Thing Long 61 phflcing la m6 hinh to' chflc Kinh do tfl deli Ly. Dieu nay cung dflpc phan anh trong cac nguon tfl li^u khac nhfl Ly ThflSng Kipt la ngfldi phfldng Thai Hoa, Thien sfl Dai Xa la ngfldi hp Hfla b phfldng Dong Tac...
(21). Dai Viet svl ky tiin bien. Nxb. Khoa hpc xa hpi, 1997, tr. 242.
(22), (23), (24), (25), (26). Dai Viet sd ky todn thii, tap 1, sdd, tr. 241, 241, 240, 240, 240.
(27). Khu Trung tam Hoang thanh Thang Long dfldc c6ng nhan la Di san Vin h6a The gidi vi n6 dap flng dfldc 3 tieu chf sau day de lam cd sd xac dinh va khing dinh gia tri ndi b i t toan ciu cua n6:
Tieu chi ii: Khu Trung tdm Hodng thdnh Thdng Long-Ha Ndi Id minh chiing duy nhdt vi
truyin thdng vdn hoa ldu ddi cua ngiidi Viet b chdu thd sdng Hdng vd la trung tdm quyin lyCc chinh tri trong sudt lich siC liin tuc 13 the ky cho den ngdy nay. Nhiing tdng vdn hda khdo cd, di tich kien true vd nghe thuat ciia di sdn phdn dnh mdt chudi lich sd ndi tiep nhau lien tuc cia cdc viidng triiu cai tri ddt niidc Viet Nam tren cdc mat tii tiidng, chinh tri, hdnh chinh, luat phdp, kinh ti vd vdn hda trong gdn mpt ngdn ndm. Trin thi gidi rdt hiim tim thdy mpt di sdn the hien diidc tinh lien tuc ldu ddi nhii vdy cua sii phdt trien chinh tri, vdn hda nhii khu vyCc trung tdm Hodng thdnh Thdng Long-Ha Ndi.
Tieu chi iii: Nhiing di tich trin mat ddt vd khai qudt diidc trong Ibng ddt tai Khu Trung tdm Hodng thdnh Thdng Long Id minh chiing ddc sdc vi qud trinh giao liiu vdn hoa ldu ddi, Id ndi tie'p nhdn nhiiu dnh hiibng vdn hoa tii bin ngodi, nhiiu hpc thuyi't, tii tiibng cd gid tri todn cdu cua vdn minh nhdn loai, ddc biet cua Phat gido, Nho gido, thuyit phong thuy, md hinh viidng thdnh phiidng Ddng, md hinh kie'n true qudn sii phiidng Tdy (thdnh Vauban), din tii Trung Hoa, Chdmpa, Phdp, de too diing nin nhiing net ddc ddo, sdng too cua mdt trung tdm chinh tri, kinh ti, vdn hda cda mpt qud'c gia viing chdu thd sdng Hong. Kit qud giao thoa, tiep biin vdn hda dd diidc biiu dat trong too diing cdnh quan, quy hoach cdc cung dien, trong nghe thuat kie'n triic vd nghi thuat trang tri cung dinh vdi diin biin vdn hda da dang qua cdc thdi ky lich sd.
Tieu chi vi: Khu Trung tdm Hodng thdnh Thdng Long-Hd Ndi diidc xdy diing mang tinh lich sd, minh chiing ro net vi mdt di sdn cd lien he triic tii'p vdi nhiiu sii kien trpng dai cua lich sd cua mdt qud'c gia ddn tpc vilng Ddng Nam A trong mdi quan he khu viic vd thi gidi. Di sdn di cd Id bang chiing thuyit phuc vi svCc sdng vd khd ndng phuc hiing cua mdt qud'c gia liin tuc phdi dot mat vdi cdc thi liic ngoai xdm. Di sdn di cd cbn ghi dam ddu dn thdng ldi cua mpt niidc thudc dia trong cudc ddu tranh chdng chu. nghia thiic ddn, gidnh dpc lap ddn tdc, cd dnh hiibng rpng ldn trong phong trdo gidi phdng ddn tdc trin thi gidi.
