Tgp chi Ddn tdc hgc sd4 - 2008
T I E P C A N N O N G T H O N VIET N A M T l /
M A N G L i r O l X A H O I VA VON XA HOI C H O P H A T TRIEN
NG(!) Dire THINH
1. Dat van de
- R h u mgi ngudi deu rd, eau true xa hoi CO ban eua Viet Nam truyen thdng la NHA -
L A N G - NUCJC, dieu nay da duge Nguyen Dang Thue neu ra va sau nay 6uqc Tran Qude Vugng khang dinh lai (Nguyen Dang Thue, 1998). Trong ba trij cdt xa hoi co' ban neu tren, GIA DINH, LANG XA la hang sd, cdn N U d C la bien sd. Dieu do eat nghTa, trong sudt lich sii' ehe do phong kien, nha nude ludn eoi viec quan ly ndng thdn nhu la trung tam ciia viec quan ly xa hdi va qude gia.
- x a hdi loai ngudi ed nhieu dang lien kit, tap hgp con ngudi thanh cac loai edng ddng khae nhau, trong dd cd ba dang lien ket CO ban. Dd la: a) Lien ket theo huyet thdng (gia dinh, ddng hg); b) Lien ket theo cu tru (lang xa, quoc gia...); va c) Lien ket theo loi ich (giai cAp, nghiep doan...). Tuy nhien. hon tat ca cae dang lien ket hien ton. thi gia dinh (nha) va lang xa la su kit hgp tap trung nhat eac moi quan he huyet thdng, cu tni vd Igi ich. Trong do. gia dinh, gia tdc va md rdng ra ddng ho la mdt dang lien ket mang tfnh sinh hgc. huylt thdng, lien ket tren eo sd ciing cu tru va igi fch; edn lang xa la dang lien kit dua tren ea sd ciing eu trii va lgi fch.
Do vay, gia dinh, ddng hg va lang xa la ba dang lien kit ddc trung cho xd Iwi ndng nghiep, ndng thdn, hinh thanh tir lau ddi ngay trong Idng xa hgi nguyen thuy, tdn tai trong cae hinh thai xa hdi cd giai cap tien
cdng nghiep va chirng muc nao dd trong xa hdi edng nghiep va hau cdng nghiep.
- Tir ba dang lien ket. ba hinh thu'c td chirc xa hdi ndng thdn co' ban neu tren tao nen cdc mgng ludi xd hdi khd da dgng eiia ndng thdn. Theo tdi, mgng ludi xd hdi duoc hieu nhir Id mdi lien he giira cdc cd nhdn, cdc nhdm xd hdi khdc nhau trong mdt thirc the xd Iwi nhdt dudi. dii dd Id chinh thdng hay phi chinh thdng, thudng xuyen hay bdt thudng, cdc mgng lirdi xd hdi "chuyen cho"
cdc mdi quan he qua lgi ve kinh te, xd hdi vd vdn hod giira cdc cd nhdn hay nhdm xd hdi, ddm bdo tinh lien thdng, cdn bdng, dn dinh, gan ket ciia mdt thue the xd hdi. Mang ludi xa hdi nay thudng lien quan tdi tinh xd hdi, gdn ket xd hdi va vdn xd hdi.
The che xa hdi cd anh hudng quan trgng ddi vdi su hinh thanh cac mang xa hdi.
Trong mdt thue the xa hdi nhat djnh, ludn ludn ed sir hien dien ciia hai he thdng mang ludi xa hdi. mdt loai mang tfnh phi chinh thdng (phi quan phuang). Thf du, trong ndng thdn Viet Nam ed truyen, cac mang ludi lien quan tdi viec mua ban, tuong trg ve ndng san, he thdng thuy ndng ciia mdt lang hay lien lang, eac quan he bieu xen, qua cap, cac mang ludi lien quan tdi nghi le, hdi he, tang ma, cudi xin, mang ludi lien quan den cac nhdm ngudi ddng nien, ddng khoa... Mdt loai mang ludi xa hdi khae mang tinh chinh thdng (quan phuong), nhu quan he quyIn lire (ehinh quyen, dang phai), cae td chirc
doan the. hdi doan... Giira hai he thdng mang ludi xa hdi mang tfnh chfnh thdng va phi chfnh thdng nay thudng xuyen xen trdn. hoa quyen. tuong tac. tham chf xung dot nhau.
- Cac thue the xa hdi va ciing vdi nd la cac mang ludi xa hdi tao nen cai ggi la "vdn xd hdi' (Social Capital). Theo Pier Bourdieu (1980). vdn xa hgi duge xay dung va tai he thdng vdi su ddng gdp ciia 3 dang: Vdn kinh te cd duge tir thu nhap, nam giir va luu thdng kinh te. tai chfnh: vdn vdn hod vdi viec xay dung va tai tao cac gia trj. cac bieu trung.
cac di san; va vdn xd hdi la toan bd cae ngudn. cae tiem nang lien quan den cac quan he ben virng ciia mdt thue the xa hdi. tao nen niem tin. sir cam thdng, sir gan ket. hgp tac va nhirng hanh ddng mang tinh tap the. Vdn xa hdi nay nam ngoai tai san. vdn tu ban. ma no nam trong cac quan he ciia con ngudi.
cua cae chii tai san va an dau trong eac mdi quan he giua cae chu tai san. Nd the hien ra ngoai bang: 1) Niem tin. sutin cay lan nhau;
2) Su tuong hd. cd di cd lai: 3) Cac quy tac.
cae hanh vi mau muc va eac che tai: va 4) Su ket hgp vdi nhau thanh mang ludi (Nguyin Quang A. 2008).
Thf du. hinh thirc choi hui d ndng thdn (bang thde hay tien), cac hinh thirc mirng tien trong cudi xin. tien phiing vieng trong tang le. cac quan he eiia eac hd ndng dan eiia mot lang hay lien lang trong viec phan ehia ngudn nude... deu la cae mdi quan he eiia eac mang xa hdi dua lai lgi ich .xa hgi. kinh te. tao ra von xa hdi cho phat triln.
Khai niem ""mang xa hgi"" va "'vdn xa hdi"" la khae nhau, nhung chiing lai lien he chat che vdi nhau. Tren mot phuong dien nao do. mang xa hgi gdp phan tao nen von xa hdi va ngugc lai, vdn xa hdi gdp phan cung ed virng ehae hon cac mana xa hdi.
Mang ludi xa hdi va vdn xa hdi la mdt thue the khach quan. la di san cua truyen thdng, tuy hinh thanh trong trudng ky ljch sir.
nhung nd ludn bien ddi, cap nhat vdi su bien ddi xa hdi, 6ugc con ngudi nhan thirc va sir dung nham dn djnh va phat trien xa hdi. Thf du. the ky XV. thdi Hdng Dire, ciing vdi viec bien soan "Lugt Hdng Dire", liie dd trude viec cae lang xa soan thao Huong udc thi vua Le Thanh Tdng ra ehieu chi cam cac lang xa lam viec nay. vdi ly do, nha nude da ed luat rdi, thi lang xa can gi phai soan thao huong udc nira. Nhung ngay sau do, nhan ra mdt thue te la Huong udc chinh la mdt dang ciia
"vdn xa hdi"" can thiet hd trg cho luat nha nude, nen nha vua anh minh ay da rut lai lenh eu va ban hanh lenh chi cho phep cac lang .xa soan thao huong udc va nd da tdn tai sudt 500 nam qua vdi tu each la edng cu quan ly ndng thdn hQ-u hieu (Ngd Dire Thinh, 2004).
Ba dang lien ket tao ra cac mang ludi va vdn xa hdi tren khdng chi san xuat va tai san xuat ra eon ngudi. eac quan he xa hdi, cac ngudn lire phat trien. ma nd edn la moi trudng kha an toan ciia ngudi ndng dan trude nhirng bien ddng va va dap xa hdi. Do vay, cd the ndi, gia dinh, ddng hg. lang xa va ciing vdi nd la cac mang ludi xa hdi va von xa hdi la nhung rudng cdt, linh hdn eua xa hdi ndng thdn va ndng dan Viet Nam. Dieu do eung cd nghTa. ai nhan thue duge nd, tac ddng de cai rudng cdt, linh hdn dd bien ddi theo ehieu hudng tieh cue thi se lain ehu duge xa hdi ndng thdn.
2. Sy bien doi cua cac mang xa hoi va von xa hgi a nong thon
Nhu da ndi d phan tren, cac mang ludi xa hdi va vdn xa hgi ludn bien ddi dudi tac ddng true tiep ciia cae the che xa hdi. Xa hdi Viet Nam, trong dd cd xa hgi ndng thdn.
Tgp chi Ddn tdc hgc sd4 - 2008 5
sudt mdt the ky qua, dae biet la tir nira cudi the ky XX, dudi tac ddng ciia cac nhan td chinh trj, kinh te, da va dang dien ra sir bien ddi to Idn, mdt sir bien ddi kep\ trong dd cac dang tap hgp, td chirc, cac hinh thirc lien ket, mang xa hdi va vdn xa hdi da va dang trai qua nhung thay ddi. Van de dat ra la nd da va dang thay ddi nhu the nao? va lam sao phat huy duge cac vdn xa hdi, ngudn lire xa hoi dd trong phat trien ndng thdn Viet Nam theo hudng cdng nghiep hoa, hien dai hoa?
- Til' thap ky 50 den thap ky 80, ndng thdn Viet Nam, do tac ddng cua chien tranh, trong dd chii yeu la do cac chfnh sach kinh te, xa hdi ciia chiing ta, nhat la chfnh sach ve ndng thdn, ndng nghiep, khien cac cau true xa hoi (gia dinh, lang xa) bj dao Ign. Thdi ky nay, d mien Bac, he thdng tap the hoa ndng nghiep, ma ve mat ea cau, cac "hgp tac xa nong nghiep"^ bac thap hay bac cao da bao triim len mgi mat ddi sdng xa hdi ndng thdn thi cac mang ludi xa hdi va cac ngudn vdn, ngudn lire xa hdi truyen thdng bj triet tieu, khien cho ndng thdn khiing khoang ve kinh te, tri tre ve xa hdi va dieu tan ve van hoa. Bai hgc nay can phai duge nhan thire mdt each rd rang, nghiem khae, de hien tai va tuong lai chiing ta khdng bao gid tai pham nua.
Ndng thdn Viet Nam thue su thay ddi tfch cue til' sau Ddi mdi 1986, ma cung ky dieu thay dd chfnh la tii' sir thay ddi lien quan tdi gia dinh \'h Icing xd. Cm nut bam quan
' Hi^u khai niem biin doi kep la sir bien doi tir nong thon ti^u nong phong kien sang cong nghiep hoa, hien dai hoa va cung vai no la tir nhirng bSt thuang cua nong thon quan lieu bao cap sang nong thon phat trieii lanh manh. hien dai.
• Toi .\in thanh minh cho cai ten -hop tac .\a nong nghiep". bai vi HTX ra dai tir sir hgp tac giua cac chu thg ho ca the. con cai xua kia goi la -hgp tac xa nong nghiep" thi do la chg dp ""tap tha hoa"" nong thon.
giong nhir "cong xa nong thon" 6 Trung Quoc va
""nong trang tap thi"" cua Lien X6 truac day ma thoi.
trgng nhat trong su ddi mdi ndng thdn la chinh sdch khoan ho, lay hg ndng dan lam chii the kinh te. Tir hd gia dinh duge giai phdng va tai xac lap, thi lang xa, cai mdi trudng xa hdi khdng the thieu ciia hd gia dinh, ciing duge hdi sinh tii' su sup dd ciia ehe do "tap the hoa ndng nghiep"". Va dieu ky dieu da den. khi ma cac thiet ehe gia dinh, lang xa duge hdi phue, cac mang ludi xa hdi duoc tai xac lap, cac ngudn luc xa hdi, vdn xa hoi bj "cam tii"' thi nay duoc giai phong. He qua la chii truong dd khdng nhung ciru duge nen ndng nghiep trude nguy co' chet ddi, sau nay da tien len dii an va xuat khau gao; ma cdn cd "hieu qud kep" Va. lam phue hung nen van hoa truyen thdng dang tren dudng mai mdt. Bai hgc "hieu qud kep" cua mdt chinh sach kinh te ciia thdi ky md dau ddi mdi, nay van ndng hdi tfnh thdi su.
- Su thay ddi d ndng thdn tir sau ddi mdi, tuy mang tfnh dot pha, each mang so vdi "dem trude ddi mdi", nhung nd van ed cai gi dd mang tinh "trd ve cdi nd vdn cd", tire la trd ve vdi md hinh ndng nghiep tieu ndng vdi eac mdi lien he lang xa, gia dinh va ddng toe. Cho tdi tan ngay nay ndng thdn Viet Nam eo' ban van la ndng nghiep tieu ndng, tuy tfnh san xuat hang hoa da xuat hien va phat trien d mdt sd dja phuang, mdt sd ITnh vuc. Lang xa ciing cd nhieu thay doi tieh cue. nhung nd van la Idng xd thdi ky tien cdng nghiep. Theo chiing tdi, hien tai va tuong lai den nam 2020, khi ma muc tieu Viet Nam trd thanh nude cdng nghiep phat trien, thi cae thue the xa hdi nhu gia dinh, dong hg, lang xa va ciing vdi nd la cac mang ludi ,xa hdi, cac vdn va ngudn lire xa hoi van edn dong vai trd tich cue.
Ciing vdi su trd lai ciia hd ndng dan, dii van la hd ndng dan tieu ndng, trd lai ciia
lang xa, dii dd co' ban van la lang xa ed truyen, nhung chirng do thdi da giiip eho viec hdi phue va phat trien eua eac mang ludi xa hdi dudi mgi hinh thire. Theo khao sat eiia chiing tdi d lang Trang Liet thude huyen Tir So'n (Bac Ninh) da hinh thanh va hoat ddng tren 20 hinh thue hdi doan phi quan phuong. Cdn theo thdng tin ciia PGS.
TS. Mai Van Hai (Vien Xa hdi hgc) thi d lang Tam Son. Tii' Son (Bac Ninh) ed tdi 58 td chire hoi doan (ca quan phuong va phi quan phuong) vdi eac mdi quan he rat da dang ea tren phuo'ng dien xa hdi, kinh te va van hoa. Cac mdi quan he da ehieu ay ehae chan se tao ra cac ngudn vdn xa hdi gdp phan thiic day xa hdi ndng thdn. Nhu vay, so vdi xa hoi ed truyen. eac td chire xa hdi va eiing vdi nd la mang xa hdi. tuy cd thu da mat di (nhu td chirc gidp), nhung nhilu td ehuc mdi lai phong phu ho"n trude kia.
Tdi khdng ddng tinh vdi mdt sd nha nghien ciin "cap tien'" ludn khdc than eho cai gia dinh tieu ndng va lang xa cd truyin va ehi muon tong tien nd di cang nhanh cang tdt.
Hon ai het, ehiing tdi eung hilu duge tfnh tieu cue ciia kieu gia dinh tilu ndng va lang xa ed truyen nay. nhung cai ca clu gia dinh. ddng tdc va lang xa ay van hang ngay det nen nhirng mang ludi xa hdi, tao ra vdn va nguon luc xa hoi cho phat triln ndng thdn. Thu hdi tir ddi mdi den nay. cai lam nen su thay ddi eua ndng nghiep va ndng thdn. ea vl kinh tl va van hoa la gi va ai. nlu khdng phai vln la gia dinh tieu ndng va lang xa ly?
3. Mot so van de dat ra lien quan toi mang xa hgi va von xa hgi d ndng thdn hien nay
van de la hien nay va xa hon trong mot thap ky nua. din nam 2020, trong khung
canh xa hdi Viet Nam day manh cdng nghiep hda va hien dai hda thi cau true xa hdi ndng thdn va ciing vdi nd la eac mang xa hdi va vdn xa hdi tiem tang, can phai duge tiep tuc giai phdng va phat huy nhu thi nao?
- Trude het, do luat dat dai va sir phat trien eiia nen cdng nghiep va do thi, gia dinh tieu ndng hien nay se rat khd trd thanh ngudi ehu trang trai san xuat ndng pham hang hoa.
Nhd lai, the ky XVI khi each mang cdng nghiep d ndng thdn Anh, thi hang loat ndng dan mat dat, tap trung vao tay cac chii trang trai kinh doanh ndng nghiep theo huting hang hoa, ndng dan mat dat ra dd thi tham gia vao ddi ngu cdng nhan cdng nghiep. Vdi chiing ta, ca hdi dd khdng edn nira. Do vay, ben canh viec lap cae trang trai d nhu:ng nai ed dieu kien, nhu Nam Bg hay mien niii, de san xuat kinh doanh ndng nghiep theo md hinh trang trai nhu d phuong Tay, cdn ndng thdn Bac Bd thi qua trinh hien dai hoa ndng nghiep theo md hinh trang trai la rat kho khan. Theo chiing tdi, mdt mat, vln la lam sao bien cac hd tieu ndng tu cap tu tiic thanh hd ndng ddn san xuat hdng hod; mat khae, ed chinh sach dat dai hgp ly, tao dieu kien cho nhirng hd kinh doanh ndng nghiep co nang luc md rdng quy md san xuat thich hgp, ben canh do phat trien nganh nghe thii edng va dich vu d ndng thdn. Do vay, til' nay den nam 2020, hd ndng ddn kinh doanh ndng nghiep theo huong hdng hod (hd tieu ndng hay hd trang trai) van la cau true xa hgi CO' ban, van la nhdn vat ciia ndng thdn. Bdi vi suy cho ciing vdi ddi tugng sinh hgc la cay trdng, thi ca cau xa hdi mang tinh sinh hgc la gia dinh van la phii hgp hon ca.
Mudn lam duge dieu nay, Nha nude co hang loat chfnh sach. nhu chfnh sach dat dai.
quy hoach san xuat hang hoa, tieu thu san
Tgp chi Ddn tdc hgc sd4 - 2008
pham, hd trg vdn va ky thuat.... trong dd van de rudng dat vdi ndng dan van la ndng bdng va mau chdt nhat. Tir day se tao ra cac mang xa hdi lien quan tdi hd gia dinh va dd eiing la vdn xa hdi tao ra ngudn lire cho phat trien ndng thdn.
- Ddng hg va lang xa, eiing vdi gia dinh van la nhiing hang sd cua xa hdi ndng thdn Viet Nam trong xa hdi cd truyen va ehiing nao ea trong xa hdi hien dai. Bdi vi suy cho eiing, trong khung eanh xa hdi ndng thon hien tai va tuong lai gan, gia dinh khd ton tai va phat huy duge tac dung eiia minh neu thieu mdi trudng ddng tdc va lang xa.
Lien ket ddng tdc va tam thirc "mdt gigt mau dao hon ao nude la" cir nghT la nd ehi cd gia trj trong xa hdi tieu ndng va lang xa khep kin, ma chii yeu la cac quan he xa hoi, khdng ngd trong mdi trudng kinh te thj trudng thi sir lien ket va tam thue nay lai ndi len incit each manh me hon ca ve phuong dien xa hdi, van hoa va kinh te nua. Ddng ho, huyet thdng cd hai mat, mdt mat, no tao nen sir ed ket, hd trg ea ve vat chat, tinh than, bao tdn truyen thdng ddng hg, xay dung nhan each eon ngudi; nhung mat khae, nhat la hien tai su ddi trgng kieu sdng sao eho em am "trong hg ngoai lang"" cd nguy eo bj pha va, thi ddng hg ciing bdc Id rd hon nhilu mat ban ehl, nhu tao nen sir cue bd ddng hg, bao che kieu "mdt ngudi lam quan ea hg duge nhd", ken eua ganh dua kieu "ehi bo hg ta", "uy ban hg ta"". tao nen su chia re d ndng thdn.
- Lang va tam thiic cdng ddng lang, tuy da cd nhilu thay ddi so vdi trong xa hdi co truyin, nhung theo chiing tdi nd vln cdn cd vai trd nhlt djnh trong ddi sdng ndng thdn hien tai va tuong lai. Ai dd da tudng lang xa
da bj "khai tii"" vao thdi td chire tap the hoa ndng nghiep lam mua lam gid hay gan day chi mong lang xa vdi cac mat trai cua nd bien mat cang nhanh cang tdt, thi thue te cho thay cai thdi diem dd edn kha xa vdi. Chiing tdi da ed djp di khao sat ndng thdn Nhat Ban d Phuedaea, thi cac lang hay la cac diem dan eu nai sinh sdng eiia cac hd ndng dan canh tac ndng nghiep theo hudng hang hoa d trinh do rat cao, thi quan he lang xa, cdng ddng lang xa tren eac phuong dien kinh te, xa hoi va van hoa van edn rat manh me.
Cdng ddng lang xa, ve phuo'ng dien kinh te - xa hdi chfnh la cai ""ddi trgng"" vdi ddng ho, dam bao su lien ket huyet thdng khdng vugt trdi pha vd quan he lang gieng.
dam bao quan he thang bang theo kieu
"trong hg ngoai lang"'. giam thieu su xung dot qua miic o' ndng thdn. Vdi cac gia dinh trong xa hdi phong kien - thude dja xua kia Cling nhu trong xa hdi ngay nay. lang xa cdn cd vai trd nhu la "chiec ao giap" giam thieu nhirng va dap kinh te, xa hdi. khien ngudi nong dan, nhat la ngudi ndng dan eac dan tdc thieu sd bi thua thiet. sirt me trong eon Idc cua CO' che thj trudng. Day la chua ke vai trd khdng nhd ciia lang xa tren cac phuong dien lain phong phu, thang bang ddi sdng tinh than, tam linh va van hoa, ma thue te ddi sdng ndng thdn may thap ky qua da the hien rd. Van de lam sao phai lam nang ddng hoa mdi quan he lang xa, coi do nhu la mdi trudng de phat huy cae ngudn lire xa hdi phue vu cho phat trien.
Trong cai each hanh chfnh hien nay, trcinh viec hdnh chinh hod co cent lang, thdn, chua nen coi nd la don vj hanh chfnh co sd, ma nen la don vj ""xa hgi tu quan"". nhu vdn nd la nhu vay sudt may nghin nam nay.
Khdng nen chinh tri hod, quan phuong hod cac mang ludi xa hdi vdn rat phong phu.
da ehilu d lang xa, khien mang xa hdi ngay cang mang tinh mdt ehieu, ap dat tir tren xudng. Dilu nay tac hai vira chinh vdi ngudi ndng dan. vira lam mat di tfnh hieu qua eiia mang ludi quan ly Nha nude. Cac mang ludi xa hoi vira mang tinh truyen thdng. phi quan phuong, vira mang tinh chinh thdng. quan phuong. the hien tinh lien ket kinh te thdng qua vay von. hd trg san xuat kinh doanh.
phan phdi san pham. bao hiem. trao ddi kinh nghiem va ky thuat san xuat. quan ly va dieu phdi he thdng thuy ndng.... lien ket va hd trg xa hdi tren cac phuong dien hdn nhan gia dinh. khuy en hge, xay dimg va sira sang nha cua.... dac biet la cae mdi lien ket ve ddi sdng tinh than, tam linh. tdn giao tfn ngudng. phong tue va le hdi. Cae mdi quan he xa hdi nay da duge hien thue hoa mdt phan trong cac huong udc. luat tuc xua va quy udc buon lang mdi ngay nay. Day la chira ke cae mang ludi xa hdi mang tfnh chfnh thdng, quan phuong lien quan vdi cac mat cua ddi sdng kinh te, xa hgi va van hoa ciia nong thon hien nay. Cd the hinh dung, mot mang luoi xa hdi vd eiing phong phu.
phire tap dang det nen cae quan he ndng thdn hien tai. Van de -lam sao thdn lang. thdng qua viec van hanh va giai quyet cac mdi quan he ay. thue su la khdng gian sinh tdn cua ngudi ndng dan. vi ngudi ndng dan. cho ngudi ndng dan. khien hg la chii the eiia mgi thue the kinh te. xa hdi. van hoa. Lam tdt duge dieu nay. se khdi ddng lai tinh chii ddng sang tao eiia ngudi dan, ma lau nay hg da trd nen thu ddng va y lai vao Nha nude.
4. Ket luan
Torn lai. gia dinh. ddng hg va lang xa la CO cau xa hdi ca ban ciia ndna thdn. thi
hien tap trung nhat su lien ket mang tfnh huyet thdng, cu tru va Igi fch. ciing vdi nd la cac mang xa hgi chuyen tai nhirng lgi ich ve kinh te. xa hdi va van hoa giira nhting ngudi ndng dan; tir day. tao nen cac vdn xa hdi khdng the thieu eho viec phat trien ndng thdn trong xa hdi ed truyen eiing nhu xa hdi hien dai hoa, edng nghiep hoa. Van de la lam sao chiing ta nhan thirc rd tinh tat yeu cung nhu tinh hai mat ciia cac ca cau xa hoi.
mang ludi xa hdi va ngudn lire nay, lam nang ddng hoa chiing phue vu cho su nghiep phat trien ndng thdn hien nay.
Tiep can ndng thdn. ndng dan Viet Nam tir cac hinh thirc lien ket cac mang ludi xa hdi va vdn xa hdi la each tiep can mdi kha dT cd the phat hien va khoi thdng cac ngudn lire ndng thdn vdn tiem an thanh ngudn lire cho phat trien trong thdi dai cong nghiep hoa, hien dai hoa. Dd eung la trach nhiem ciia cac nha nghien ciru Nhan hgc va Xa hdi hge nude ta hien nay.
Tai lieu tham khao
1. Nguyen Quang A (2008). "Vin va vdn .xa hdi", Tgp chi Tia sdng, Bd Khoa hgc va cdng nghe, Chu nhat 18/6.
2. Nguyen Ngge Bfch (2008), "Vdn .xa hdi va phat trien"". Tgp chi Tia sdng, Bd Khoa hge va edng nghe, Chu nhat 18/6.
3. Pier Bourdieu (1980). "LeCapital social: Notes provisoires"". In: Actes de la recharche en sciences sociales.
4. Ngd Dire Thinh (2004). Tim hiiu lugt tuc cdc tdc ngirdi o Viet Nam, Nxb Khoa hgc Xa hgi, Ha Ngi.
5. Nguyen Dang Thue (1998), Lich su tu tudng Viet Nam, 6 tap (Tai ban), Nxb Tp.
Hd ehf Minh.
