Q
ua trinh cai each chinh trj noi rieng va phat trien cua Trung Qud'c noi chung nhflng nam gdn day bi anh hfldng cua nhieu nhan to' tieu cflc. Noi bat la tham nhung, mpt te nan mang tinh toan cdu.Nhin tfl khia canh cai each chinh tri, ngoai nhflng da'u an chung ciia can benh the gidi, tham nhung cd nhflng dac diem rieng, "dac sac Trung Quo'c".
Cdng cuoc cai each chinh tri tai Trung Qud'c khong the dat dfldc ket qua nhfl mong muon neu nan tham nhung van tiep tuc "phat trien" vdi nhjp dp nhfl hien nay. Trong cai each chinh iri. Ban lanh dao Trung Qud'c hien tai so phai lam nhflng gi de suy giam, chfl chua noi tdi viec tieu diet te nan nay la van de ldn ddi hdi mpt no lUc toan he tho'ng va vdi sU nha't tri cao cua toan dan tpc.
I. Mot sd nhan td chinh trj la "cha de" cue tham nhung tai Trung Qudc.
Dinh nghia cua nfldc ngoai ve tham nhung dfldc Trung Qud'c ap dung la:
"Tham nhung la sU lam dung quyen lUc dfldc giao vi ldi I'ch rieng" (Corruption is the misuse of entrusted power for
private benefit)*^'. Trung Qud'c cung tham khao dinh nghla tham nhung theo Phap lenh Chong tham nhung do Quo'c hpi nfldc Cpng hda xa hpi chu nghia Viet Nam thdng qua tfl nam 1998 nhU sau:
"Tham nhung la hanh vi cua ngfldi cd chflc vu, quyen han, de ldi dung chflc vu, quyen ban dd de tham 6, hoi 15, hoac co'y lam trai phap luat vi dpng cd mflu ldi gay thiet hai cho tai san cua nha nUdc, tap the va ca nhan, xam pham boat dpng dung dan cua cd quan, td chflc"'^'.
Tfl hai djnh nghla tren cd the tha'y, the che chinh tri b Trung Quo'c hien tai chi'nh la mpt trong nhflng nguyen nhan can ban lam nay sinh va "nuoi dfldng" sU ldn manh khong ngflng va nhflng "manh khoe" ngay cang tinh vi hdn cua tham nhung. Chinh che dp tap trung quyen luc, nhflng tap doan kinh te khdng id mdi dfldc hinh thanh va khang dinh
"quyen hanh" cd tinh "dpc quyen" cao cung nhflng nhan td^ tap trung quyen lUc khac... da va dang lam cho cuoc chien chd'ng tham nhung tai Trung Quo'c gap khd khan.
Tham nhung nhflng nam gdn day b Trung Qud'c da budc vao lan sdng thfl ba.
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NGHIEN CUfU TRUNG QUOC so 3(103) - 2010Tham nhung va cai each chinh tri a Trung Qudc
Theo bao cao cua Vien Kiem sat tdi cao nUdc nay, chi tinh rieng trong nam 2008 cd tdi 33.546 vu tham 6, mua quan ban chflc, dinh liu tdi 41.179 ngUdi. Trong dd so' vu tham 6 ldn len tdi 17.594 vu, tang 4,6% so vdi- nam trUdc dd. Trong cac vu ldi dung chflc quyen cd 29.836 ngfldi bi ket an, tang 12,6% so vdi nam 2007"'.
Chi tinh rieng tinh Ha Nam trong nam 2008 da dieu tra ra hdn 2.600 can bp tham nhung, trong dd khdng It ngfldi gifl cac trpng trach quan trpng''^'.
Thong bao cua Trung Udng Dang Cpng san Trung Qudc thang 4-2009 chi ro, khoang 881.000 quan chflc bj trflng phat bdi cac hanh dpng sai trai. So' quan chflc tren lien quan tdi 852.000 vu ^ham nhung va cac hanh dpng phi phap khac'^'.
29.836 trong tdng sd 33.456 vu tham 6, ban chflc bj ket an vi ldi dung chflc quyen hau nhU chiem tdi 90% so' vu trong nam 2008. 852.000 trong sd 881.000 vu thang 4 nam 2009 hen quan tdi quan chflc, cung la mpt ty le ra't cao.
Mpt cau hdi dat ra la, neu mpt ngfldi khong cd chflc quyen (trong he tho'ng Dang va Nha nfldc) thi ngfldi dd cd the tham nhung dfldc khdng?
Trong so' nhflng "tdi dd" tham nhung cd ra't nhieu vj trfldc khi bj xet xd van dUdng chflc dfldng quyen, la "can bp cao cap" cua Dang va chinh quyen. Tieu bieu nha't la Tran LUdng Vfl, BI thfl Thanh uy ThUdng Hai. Cd nhflng y kien cho rdng, nguyen nhan cd ban ma Tran Lfldng Vu bj xif la nguyen nhan chinh trj. Day lai la mpt khia canh khac ciia tham nhung
tai Trung Qudc trUc tiep lien quan den he thdng chinh trj.
Nhan dien nhflng nhan to' chinh trj hien nay tai Trung Qud'c la mpt trong nhflng vj "cha de" cua tham nhung tai nfldc nay la mpt trong nhflng bfldc di quan trpng trong cai each chinh trj sau nay lien quan trflc tiep den te nan tren.
2. Tham nhung lam tdn hai uy tin chinh trj Trung Qudc
Nhflng vu tham nhung, da phan lien quan den quan chflc chinh quyen tai Trung Quo'c dfldc phanh phui trong nhflng nam gan day, khong loai trfl ca nhflng quan chflc cao cap thupc Trung Udng, mot mat, cho tha'y quyet tam. ddng thdi la thanh qua chong tham nhung cua nfldc nay, mat khdc, cdn the hien khia canh khac cua thanh qua tren.
'Trfldc nhflng thdng tin "o at" ve cac vu tham 6, hdi loi, vu sau ldn hdn vu trfldc, bao gdm nhieu vu ma quan chflc chinh quyen la ddi tfldng da lam cho dU luan xa hpi trong nUdc "kinh ngac" trUdc quy md cua te nan tham nhung. Chien djch chd'ng tham nhung cila Dang Cong san va Chinh phu Trung Qudc mpt thdi da lam day len phong trao chdng tham nhung trong ca nfldc. Rat nhieu ngUdi hang hai tham gia chdng tham nhung.
Khi Website chdng tham nhung cua Chi'nh phu Trung Qudc ra ddi, nhflng ngay dau da bj tdc nghen do cd qua nhieu ngfldi truy nhap, vdi hy vpng ddng gdp sflc minh vao cong cudc chdng tham nhung chung cua toan dan tpc, lam trong sach bp may chinh quyen.
NGHIEN Clin) TRUNG QUOC so 3(103) - 2010
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Tuy nhien, sau do, tinh hinh nay ldng diu. Niem tin ciia nhan dan vao cong cuoc chdng tham nhung cua Chinh phu da khong cdn nhfl trUdc nfla. Va'n de la b cho, nhieu ngfldi dflng ra to' cao tham nhung da khong dUdc bao ve.
Nam 2007, sau khi Bi thfl tinh uy tinh Ha Bdc Trinh Duy Cao sa ludi, ngfldi to' cao la Quach Quang D u i n da bj de doa thii tieu. Tham chi cd trUdng hdp ngfldi to' cao bj tra thu tan bao. Lfl Tinh dflng ra to' cao Bi thfl Uy ban Chinh tri phap luat t h a n h pho' Binh Dinh Sdn (tinh Ha Nam). Ong nay da bi each chflc va bi bat giam vdi toi lam dung cong quy, sau do lai hi vay danh den cha'n thUdng nang, con vd thi bi sat hai.
Vien Kiem sat n h a n dan toi cao da tho'ng ke tha'y so' vu ngfldi to' cao hoac nhan chflng hi tra thu dan den tan tat, tif vong khdng ngflng tang. Trong nhflng nam 1990, con so' nay binh quan chUa den 500 vu moi nam, nay da tang len hdn 1.200 vu. Phd Giam do'c Sd Cong tac to cao (Vien KSND tdi cao) Bach Hpi Dan ndi: "Moi ngfldi to' cao la rapt lUdng tam cua thdi dai. Mdi vu tra thu ngUdi to' cao la mpt lan ta'n cong chinh nghia. Ra't nhieu ngUdi cd y dinh to' cao, nhUng khi nhin tha'y hau qua cua nhflng ngfldi to' cao di trfldc ma tfl bd y dinh"*^\
Thang 7 nam 2009, 3.000 ngfldi dan thi tran Thach Bd thupc tinh Chiet Giang da bieu tinh to cao chinh quyen xa ndi hp cU t n i do che gia'u cap tren de tham nhung tien thue da't da bi 300 canh sat chd'ng bao dpng ngan can lam 10 ngUdi bj thfldng.
Nhan dan ndi day da het tin tudng vao chinh quyen dia phUdng*^.
Giam ddc Cd quan nghien cflu chu nghia Mac dfldng dai thupc Ban bien dich Trung Udng Trung Quoc, ong Ha Tang Khoa CO nghien ciiu ve van de ngfldi to' cao tham nhung tai Trung Quoc hi tra thu khang dinh, trong 30 nam cai each den nay cfl 10 ngfldi to' cao tham nhiing b Trung Qudc thi CO 9 ngUdi bi tra thu'*. Con so' nay lam nhflc nhoi xa hpi Trung Quo'c trong boi canh tham nhiing dang ngay cang nghiem trpng va tinh vi hdn.
TrUdc tinh t r a n g tren, gidi chuyen gia chinh tri Trung Quoc ra't e ngai va da de nghj Chinh phii nen dUa viec bao ve quyen ldi cua ngUdi to' cao tham nhung trd t h a n h luat, de ngUdi dan cd cd sd phap ly va niem tin khi thUc hien nghia vu cong dan.
Nan tham nhung tai Trung Quo'c cung lam giam uy tin quo'c te cua nUdc nay. Lien tuc trong nhflng nam gan day, trong bang phan hang tham nhung quo'c te do To chflc Minh bach quo'c te td chflc hdng nam, Trung Quo'c luon chiem rapt vi tri kha "khiem ton" trong cac nUdc cd tham nhung tren the gidi.
Nam 2008 Trung Quoc xep thfl 12 trong vung, va dflng thfl 72 tren toan cau, vdi 3.6 diem. Nam 2009, thfl hang ciia Trung Quo'c khong thay ddi nhUng vdn cdn tha'p - thfl 79 trong bang xep hang*^'.
"Thanh tich" qua khiem nhUdng nay cua Trung Quo'c trong cong tac phdng chong tham n h u n g lam cho uy tin chinh trj cua nUdc nay tren trUdng quo'c te
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NGHIEN CUU TRUNG QUOC so 3(103) - 2010Tham nhung va cai each chinh tri a Trung Qudc
hoan toan trai ngfldc vdi nhflng thanh tich noi bat ve kinh te, quo'c phdng, doi ngoai V... ma nfldc nay dat dfldc trong hdn 30 nam cai each va md cifa.
Trong rapt tham dd du luan xa hpi do Nhat bao-China Daily cua Chinh phu cong bo' mdi day cho tha'y gan 60%
nhflng ngfldi dfldc hdi cho rdng nan tham nhung dang gay hai nhieu nha't do uy tin cua Trung Quo'c d nUdc ngoai, nghiem trpng hdn ca viec lam hang nhai, bang dia lau va o nhiem""'.
Rd rang, tham nhung da gay tdn hai cho uy tin chinh tri cua Trung Quo'c ca b trong nUdc va ngoai nUdc.
Viec hang van can bp chinh quyen bi xif ly vi toi tham nhung va lien quan true tiep den tham nhung da gay khd khan ldn cho viec quan ly ciia Dang va Nha nUdc Trung Quo'c trong nhflng nam gdn day.
Viec thay ddi mpt loat can bp cao ca'p ciia Dang va Nha nUdc tai mpt dja phUdng hay rapt ddn vi hanh chinh, thi du viec thay ddi BI thfl thanh uy ThUdng Hai, va rapt loat chflc vu cao ca'p tai thanh phd nay nara 2006, 2007 khdng chi lara ngfldi dan mat long tin vao cd che dieu hanh chinh quyen cua thanh phd hien tai ma ddi hdi Dang va chinh quyen khong chi cua thanh phd' nay ma la tfl Trung Udng phai td'n nhieu cong sflc. Khdng the tinh thanh vat cha't nhflng tdn that nay, bdi le dao tao dfldc rapt can bp cao cap nha nfldc, Trung Qud'c phai chi tra mpt khoan tien khong nhd, chUa ke thiet hai kinh te, xa hpi do
nhflng tham quan nay gay nen. Nhflng cudc hpp, nhflng tranh luan, nhflng cuoc bau ban cung lam thiet hai ve thdi gian, vat chat va tinh than cho nhieu ngUdi, ke ca viec cd nhflng chia re nhat djnh trong nhflng nhdm ngUdi, nhdm ldi ich cu the trong nhflng cd quan va dja phfldng cd ngfldi tham nhflng.
Tren binh dien qud'c te, chi so tham nhung cua Trung Qud'c hang nam gifl d mflc 70 gan 80 trong so' gdn 200 qudc gia dfldc dieu tra ve tham nhung, lam tdn hai uy tin chinh trj cua qud'c gia, nUdc cd chan trong Hpi ddng Bao an Lien Hdp Quo'c va trong mpt so' to chflc qud'c te ldn khac. Ngoai ra, tham nhung tai cac doanh nghiep Trung Qud'c cung lara giam uy tin cua Trung Quoc trong kinh doanh ndi rieng va trong cac chinh sach cua Trung Quo'c ndi chung.
Mpt bai viet cua Trung Quo'c neu mpt trUdng hdp ldi dung chflc quyen te nhj tai Trung Qude: "Phd Giam do'c marketing mpt tap doan da qud'c gia tien hanh lUa chpn ngUdi phu trach mdi cho bp phan dU an tai Trung Qud'c ra't ngac nhien trfldc flng xif cua cac nhan vien thupc cong ty do minh phu trach. Ong du dinh chpn mpt trong hai ngUdi Trung Qud'c ma ong dU kien lam can bp lanh dao cho cong ty. Mpt flng vien la lanh dao cu cua bp phan nay, mpt ngUdi khac la chuyen gia cd nhieu nam kinh nghiem trong Hnh vUc marketing nhUng chUa tflng cong tac tai ddn vi nay. Vj Phd Giam ddc yeu cdu toan bp 80 nhan vien cua ca bp phan bd phieu sau khi nghe
NGHIEN CIJU TRUNG QUfiiC so 3(103) - 2010
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man trinh bay chien lUdc kinh doanh cua hai flng vien. Ong ta tin tfldng hoan toan rdng ngfldi Trung Quo'c cd the tU quyet djnh ai se trd lanh dao phu hdp.
NhUng ong da nham"*"'. Bai viet nhan xet: viec dfla hoi 16 kha pho bien trong cac moi quan he lam an tfl do'i tac den khach hang, ca cap tren va ca'p dUdi.
Dieu nay, d mflc dp nao dd, cdn nguy hiem hdn ca nan tham nhung trong Chinh phu"'^^'. Viec tham nhung hay dUa hdi 16 la nghiem trpng trong boat dpng kinh doanh. He qua cudi cung cua hien tUdng nay se dan den sU lUa chpn sai doi tac, lam thiet hai cho nen kinh te, ihi&t hai cho uy tin ciia chinh tri Trung Quo'c.
Nhflng bai hpc tham nhung lam hai chinh tri, tham chi la nguy cd sup dd cua chinh quyen tren the gidi da tflng xay ra.
Cuoc "each mang mau" d mpt vai nUdc cpng hoa Trung A nhfl Grudia, CurdgUxtan... lam sup dd chi'nh phu hien hanh lap nen chinh phu mdi, hoac de doa nen an ninh d Tuo'cmenixtan, Cadacxtan...*"'deu xua't phat tfl nguyen nhan chinh la tham nhung.
Day la nhflng bai hpc quy gia de Trung Qud'c khong lap lai trong qua trinh cai each chinh tri sau nay.
3. Nhufng cai each chi'nh tri lien quan true tiep den tham nhung va cuoc chien chdng tham nhung.
Nhan thflc ve sU nguy hai cua nan tham nhung ddi vdi he tho'ng chinh trj trong nUdc da dfldc cac nha lanh dao Dang va Nha nUdc Trung Quo'c tflng thdi ky khac nhau the hien ra't ro rang.
Dang Tieu Binh, da coi tham nhung la nguyen n h a n sd^ mpt dan den tinh trang, "khien mot bg phdn qudn chung mat long tin vdo Ddng vd Chinh phu"^^*\
Theo nguyen Tong Bi thU Dang Cpng san va Chii tich nfldc Trung Quo'c Giang Trach Dan thi: "Hien tiigng tham nhung dd lan rdng vdo mgi linh vUc ddi sdng xd hpi, dgc biet Id dd gam nhdm sdu vdo hdng ngd cdn bg cdc cO quan Ddng, chinh quyin..., neu khdng tiep tuc chd'ng tham nhiing chung ta se phdi ddi mat vdi nguy ca mdt Ddng, mdt nUdd'^^'^K Cdn Tong Bi thU Dang Cpng san Trung Quo'c va Chii tich nUdc Trung Qudc Hd Cam Dao thi coi tham nhung la ke thu so' mpt cua da't nfldc. Ong khang djnh:
"Kien quyet vd phdng ngiia chdng tham nhilng la mpt nhiem vu chinh tri quan trgng cua todn Ddng. Khdng kien quyet triing tri tham nhung thi mdi lien he mdu thit giiia Ddng vd qudn chung se bi tdn thuang nghiem trgng cd nguy ca ddnh mdt vai tro cdm quyin ciia Ddng, Ddng cd the di den chd tii huy diet.. ."'^^'^'.
Xuat phat tfl nhflng nhan thflc tren, cac nha lanh dao Trung Quo'c tflng thdi ky da dUa ra nhflng tU tudng va mpt so' quyet sach de phong chd'ng te nan nay.
TrUdc tien, do la nhflng "dot pha" ve tu tUdng mang tinh ly luan va chinh tri cao.
Co the coi quan diem cai each va md cita do Dang Tieu Binh de ra nam 1978 la mpt vu nd "Big Bang" lam thay ddi hoan toan xa hoi Trung Quo'c. Cung vdi
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NGHIEN CliU TRUNG QUOC so 3(103) - 2010Tham nhung va cai each chinh trj d Trung Qudc
nhflng "dot pha" mang tinh chien thuat ve tfl tfldng khac nhfl quan diem dfldc ndi theo each dan gian "meo trdng meo den", quan diem de rapt bp phan, mpt khu vflc hoac nhflng ca nhan trong nfldc
"giau trfldc" lam dau tau ldi keo phdn cdn lai, cai each va md cifa da giai phdng sflc lao dpng va sflc sang tao cua ta't ca mpi thanh vien cpng ddng cac dan tpc Trung Hoa thuc day da't nfldc phat trien nhanh manh ve mpi mat.
Cuoc cai each va md cifa, vi the, da la mpt sU choi tfl nhflng quan diem dpc tdn trUdc day ve chii nghla xa hpi thay bdng quan diem linh boat hdn, ket hdp nhan thflc phat trien xa hpi theo quan diem xa hpi chu nghla cdn ve kinh te cd the tiep thu va ap dung nhflng quy luat kinh te thj trfldng cua chu nghla 'tfl ban. Su thay ddi nay ddn den sU thay ddi trong phfldng thflc quan ly xa hpi cua cac nha lanh dao va nhflng ngfldi san xuat trong nUdc.
Cai each va md cifa giup Trung Quoc tao ra mpt lUdng ldn GDP, nhieu vung, nhieu ngUdi giau len. Nhd dd, thdi gian dau sau cai each va md cifa, tinh trang tham nhung trong nUdc da giam dang ke.
Tuy nhien, vdi sU phat trien nhanh cua dat nUdc va sU giau len trUdc cua mpt so' vung, mpt so' ngUdi, tinh trang tham nhung, theo quy luat cua vdng trdn xoay d'c lai phat trien trd lai va b mflc dp cao hdn. Mpt so'ngfldi giau van mud'n giau hdn, nen da ldi dung chflc quyen, lara giau bat chinh bdng nhflng bien phap tham nhung.
Mpt so' can bp chinh tri khac nang Iflc
"kiem tien yeu" cung mud'n gia nhap hang ngu "giau cd" nen "tranh thii" cua cai cdng lam giau cho minh.
Ngay tfl cudi nhflng nam 1990, khi Giang Trach Dan ket thuc hoat dong cua minh tren cfldng vi ngUdi dflng ddu nha nfldc thi sU say sUa vdi nhflng thdng ldi da dfldc thay bang nhan thflc ve nhflng van de chinh trj, xa hpi thdi sfl ndng bdng. Triet ly "meo trang, meo den"
khdng cdn dfldc ap dung ca trong canh ta va canh hflu, dac biet la trong tang ldp mdi xua't hien rat manh cua cac chu sd hflu va cac nha quan ly. Uy tin cua Dang Cpng san Trung Qud'c vdi tren 70 trieu dang vien bj lung lay.
Vao nam 2000-2001, tai cac hpi nghj Bp Chinh trj Trung Udng Dang Cpng san Trung Quo'c, Giang Trach Dan ndi mpt each gay gat ve quy mo nguy hiem cua tham nhung va nguy cd ba't dn dinh trong nfldc. Cuoc da'u tranh chd'ng tham nhung dfldc coi la mpt trong nhflng nhiem vu chinh cua Dang. Mpt trong nhflng muc tieu cua quan diem "Ba dai dien" do dng de xua't trong cai each chinh tri trong nfldc chinh lam nham giam bdt tinh trang tham nhung. "Ba dai dien" lam "loang hoa" quyen Iflc
"tuyet ddi" trfldc day cua Dang Cpng san Trung Qud'c. Cha'p nhan ket nap dang cho cac doanh nhan, md rong dien xa hpi trong hang ngu Dang, la "xa hpi hda"
Dang Cpng san. Cdng nhan ta't ca mpi thanh vien trong cpng ddng la nhflng
NGHIEN ClilU TRUNG QUOC so 3(103) - 2010
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ngfldi xay dflng xa hpi xa hpi chu nghla d Trung Qudc, giup cho ta't ca mpi ngfldi c6 trach nhiem hdn doi vdi xa hpi vi the phdn nao dd han che dfldc tfl tfldng "ldi dung chflc quyen" lam giau ba't chinh cua mpt so' ca nhan nha't dinh.
Vao thdi ky Giang Trach Dan con tren cfldng vi nha lanh dao cao nha't cua Dang Cpng san va Nha nfldc Trung Qud'c, theo nghien cflu cua rapt so' chuyen gia ve nan thara nhung b nfldc nay, tham nhung tai Trung Quo'c budc vao giai doan cao trao, hay la da budc sang lan sdng thfl hai cua nan tham nhung.
Chinh vi vay, da'u tranh chong tham nhung trong thdi ky nay khong chi bang
"dflc tri" ma song hanh cung "phap tri", phap tri tren nen dflc tri, "nam hai tay, hai tay deu phai ran", dUdc thUc hien tfl thang 10 nam 2000*"'.
Sau nay, tuy cupc chien chd'ng tham nhung tai Trung Qud'c da dat dfldc nhieu thanh tUu, nhUng ket qua dat dUdc khdng nhu mong mud'n. Trong boi canh mdi, khi hpi nhap ciia Trung Quo'c vao nen kinh te the gidi va cac linh vUc qudc te khac ngay cang sau hdn thi tham nhung tai nUdc nay cung tim ra dfldc nhflng phfldng each kin dao va "te nhj"
hdn, ke ca viec co sU hd trd cua nhflng nhan to'ben ngoai.
Trong boi canh mdi nay, ngfldi dflng dau Dang Cpng san va Nha nUdc Trung Qud'c la Hd Cdm Dao da dUa ra "Quan diem phat trien mpt each khoa hpc", nang nhan thflc ly luan phat trien da't
nfldc noi chung, n h a n thflc ve viec chd'ng tham nhung ndi rieng len tam cao mdi.
Thang 12-2003, Tong Bi thfl Dang Cpng san Trung Quo'c Ho Cdm Dao tuyen bo', trong thdi gian tdi, Trung Quo'c se c6 bfldc dot pha mdi manh me hdn trong cuoc da'u t r a n h choang tham nhung, trung tam chu y hfldng vao dpi ngu can bp ca'p cao, cap lanh dao, se khong co tinh trang "nhe tren, nang dUdi". "Ddng khdng diigc mem long triidc nhiing cdn bg tham nhung"^^^\
Ve mat cd ca'u td chflc chinh tri trong nUdc, xuat hien rapt loat cd quan va nhflng hpi nghi chuyen trach ve chd'ng tham nhung. Mpt loat can bp Dang va nha nfldc dfldc dieu dong cho boat dpng nay. Nhieu thdi gian hdn dUdc danh cho cupc da'u tranh phdng va chong thara nhung cung nhu cho viec xif ly "hau qua"
te hai ciia nan nay.
"Trung Quo'c coi cai each the che la bien phap chd'ng tham nhung tfl go'c"''^'.
Nhflng cai each nay dfldc thUc hien theo ba phUdng cham: mot Id, xay dilng che dp chd'ng tham nhung; hai la, dpng vien toan Dang va cac lUc lUdng trong xa hpi cflng xay dflng he tho'ng xif ly va phdng chd'ng tham nhung; ba Id, coi trpng hdp tac quo'c te trong phdng chdng tham nhung.
Nhflng phfldng cham tren dfldc cu the hda bdng nhflng h a n h dpng.- mpt Id, cai each kinh te sau rong hdn theo hudng kinh te thi trUdng, cai td doanh nghiep nha nudc (de giam quyen lUc cua quan
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NGHIEN Clinj TRUNG QUOC so 3(103) - 2010Tham nhung va cai each chinh trj a Trung Qudc
chflc); hai Id, cai each chinh tri tien den dan chu; 6a Id, cai each hanh chinh theo hudng dan chii hda, minh bach hoa; bdn la, thiet lap hay tai thiet lap cac td chflc chong tham nhung cua Dang va Nha nUdc.
Nhu vay, cd the ndi, trong nhflng nam cai each va md cifa cho den nhflng nam gan day, tham nhung la mpt trong nhflng nguyen nhan ddn den nhieu cai each chinh trj va hanh chinh cu the khac nhau tai Trung Quo'c. Cd ca'u cac cd quan chinh trj va hanh chinh trong nUdc dUdc md rdng, nhieu can bp dUdc dieu dpng chuyen trach lam cdng tac quan trpng phdng chdng tham nhung va xd ly hau qua do tham nhung de lai.
Tren thUc te, nhflng cai each chinh trj, kinh te, xa hpi... nham muc tieu phat trien sflc manh td'ng hdp qudc gia cua Trung Qud'c noi chung deu c6 phdn danh rieng cho phdng chdng tham nhung.
4. Trien vong phong chdng tham nhung trong cai each chinh tri thdi gian tdi.
Trong nhflng dU bao ve trien vpng phat trien cua Trung Qud'c trong tUdng lai gan thi kjch ban dUdc cho la cd kha nang nha't la kjch ban, Trung Qud'c tiep tuc dudng ldi va con dfldng cai each va md cifa nhfl hien nay. Viec cai each chinh trj trong thdi gian tdi se dfldc day manh hdn nfla, cupc chien chd'ng tham nhung se dUdc tiep tuc theo tinh than nhan djnh dUdc ghi trong Bao cao Chinh
trj cua Dai hpi XVII (10-2007): "Phdi nhdn thiic ddy dii tinh Idu ddi, tinh phdc tgp, tinh gian khd cua ddu tranh chdng tham nhung, ddt viec ddu tranh chdng tham nhilng, xdy dUng liem chinh len vi tri ndi bat han.."^'^°' .
Nhu vay, cupc chien chd'ng tham nhung se dfldc nhan dan Trung Qudc cung vdi ban lanh dao hien nay cung nhu cua the he lanh dao ke tuc sau nay ciia da't nUdc dac biet coi trpng. Tuy nhien, trong cdng cupc cai each chinh tri, cung giong nhU nhieu linh vUc xa hpi khac, cupc chien nay se va'p phai nhieu kho khan phflc tap.
1. Do cung co' uy tin va quyen Iflc cua . Dang Cpng san Trung Qudc trong thdi
gian tdi, phfl hdp vdi tinh hinh mdi nen sfl "loang hda" quyen Iflc tam thdi nhfl trong thdi ky thflc hien quan diem "Ba dai dien" se dfldc that chat hdn, ddng thdi, cac tap doan kmh te tai Trung Qud'c manh len rat nhieu. Nhflng sfl kien tren cho tha'y, quyen Iflc tai Trung Qud'c lai dfldc tap trung va hau qua ta't yeu se diin ra la: ben canh viec cimg cd sflc manh tdng hdp qudc gia thi sfl tap trung quyen Iflc cung lai se la "ba dd"
hay "cha de" cho nhflng "dfla con" tham nhung mdi ra ddi.
2. Chinh trj vdn la tho'ng soai, cpng them nhu cdu kinh te: ve ngudn nguyen nhien Heu va nang lfldng nen cupc chien chdng tham nhung vdn chi gifl "vi tri ndi bat han" chfl chfla phai thupc loai "hgt nhdn" ciia cong cupc cai each chinh tri va
NGHllN CUU TRUNG QUOC so 3(103) - 2010
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phat trien toan dien tai Trung Qud'c hien nay va trong tUdng lai gan. Chinh sach kinh te doi ngoai va cac hoat dpng ngoai giao hien nay cua Trung Quo'c tai nUdc ngoai, dac biet la d chau Phi, chau A, chau My LatinH phan nao cho tha'y cpi ngudn cila tham nhung van cdn rat sau va chdc. Nhflng hoat dpng mang ti'nh "tfl thien", "vien trd nhan dao", "trd giup van hda" v.v... cua Trung Qud'c tai cac ndi ke tren dUdc nhiet liet hoan nghenh trong thdi gian dau, nhUng dan dan trong thUc tien, sau nhflng hoat dpng mang tinh
"nhan van" a'y lai la nhflng hdp ddng kinh te mang lai ldi Ich cao cho Trung Quoc da bi nhieu nUdc nhin nhan theo mpt each khac. Do chinh la mpt hinh thflc "dUa hoi 16", tie^p tay cho nhieu quan chflc dia phfldng tai nfldc ngoai tham nhung.
Ro rang, vi ldi ich phat trien trfldc het, mpt s6' chu trUdng, chi'nh sach hien nay va trong tfldng lai gan trong cai each chinh trj Trung Qu6'c van "Id" di mot khoang md trong bflc tranh chung eho'ng tham nhung ma Trung Quo'c "kien quyet" lam cho bdng dUdc.
Nhflng nam gan day. To chflc Mmh bach quo'c te', da ghi nhan mpt so tien bp nha't djnh trong cuoc chie'n eho'ng tham nhung cua Trung Qudc. Tuy nhien. td chflc nay van khong the dfla Trung Quo'c len tam cac nUdc ch6'ng tham nhung thuoc hang tren trung binh trong s6 ta't ca cac nfldc eho'ng tham nhung tren the gidi.
Nhflng kho khan trong cupc chie'n chong tham nhung noi rieng trong cai
each chinh tri va phat trien sflc manh tdng hdp cua Trung Qu6'c ndi chung trUdc mdt chi la tam thdi. Vdi dU bao tich cUc ve trien vong phat trien cua Trung Quo'c trong thdi gian tdi, tinh hinh chung cua cupc chie'n nay se sang siia hdn.
Viec dan chii hoa trong Dang Cpng san Trung Quo'c va trong xa hpi Trung Qu6'c ndi chung se dUdc day manh hdn nfla. Xa hpi cong dan d Trung Qud'c se dfldc tang cUdng. NhU vay, quyen lUc tuyet ddi cua chinh tri, cu the hdn la cua Dang Cpng san Trung Quo'c se khdng qua tap trung nhU trfldc. Nhan thflc chung ve chinh trj, quyen lUc ciia chinh quyen se dUdc chia se cho nhieu nhdm quyen ldi trong xa hpi. dac biet la tang ldp trung lflu. Cac dang phai khac tai Trung Quo'c khong chi dUdc Dang Cpng san thfla nhan nhU hien nay ma cac dang phai nay se co nhflng quyen ldi va quyen ban nha't djnh trong sinh hoat chinh tri va xa hpi cua da't nU6c. Mpt khi nhieu ngUdi dUdc gpi la "hai quy" dUdc nam gifl cac vj tri va trong trach cao trong cd ca'u Dang va chinh quyen, khi do se cd nhflng thay ddi khdng chi ve nhan thflc tU tfldng ma con ca ve mat td chflc cd ca'u cac cd quan quyen lUc trong nfldc. Chung ta biet, moi mpt the he lanh dao dUdc thay the tai Trung Qudc lai dUa ra mpt hay nhieu tU tudng, quan diem mdi, thdi luong gio mdi vao sU phat trien tU tfldng cung nhfl sU phat trien tong the cua Trung Qudc, the he sau co nhflng budc tien cao hdn, cha't lUdng hdn
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NGHIEN ClilU TRUNG QUOC so 3(103) - 2010Tham nhung va cai each chinh trj a Trung Qudc
ve mpi m a t . Tdi day, k h i t h e h e l a n h dao thfl n a m bfldc len v u dai c h i n h t r i d T r u n g Qudc, c h u n g t a se chd dpi rapt sU
"dot p h a " ve tU tUdng mdi gid'ng nhU Q u a n diem p h a t t r i e n mpt each k h o a hpc ma C h u tich Hd Cdm Dao, thupc t h e h e l a n h dao thfl tfl d a de xua't tfl Dai hpi XVII D a n g Cpng s a n T r u n g Qudc. Cai each chinh trj se n h a n dUdc nhflng t h a n h tUu tich cUc hdn, cupc chien chd'ng t h a m n h u n g c u n g se cd nhflng t r i e n vpng tien bp hdn so vdi h i e n tai.
Cd ca'u c h i n h trj va c h i n h q u y e n t r o n g nUdc se c6 n h U n g t h a y ddi d a n g ke.
Nhiem vu chd'ng t h a m n h u n g c u n g gid'ng n h u n h i e m vu ve bao ve mdi trUdng..., khdng chi dUdc xac l a p t h d n g q u a nhflng dieu cu t h e m a n g t i n h l u a t p h a p t r o n g cac van b a n c h i n h thflc cua D a n g va N h a nUdc n h u L u a t p h d n g chd'ng t h a m n h u n g va nhflng dieu k h o a n k h a c dfldc ghi vao Hien p h a p h a y V a n kien c h i n h thflc cua Bao cao chinh trj tai Dai hpi D a n g Cpng san T r u n g Qud'c m a se dfldc chi tiet va cu the hda h d n t r o n g b a t ky chu trUdng chinh sach h a y nhflng dfl a n k i n h te q u a n trpng nao m a n g tinh qud'c gia cila T r u n g Qud'c. Dieu nay lam de d a n g hdn cho cupc chien chdng t h a m n h u n g sau nay.
Cai each k i n h te dUdc day m a n h , n h a n thflc xa hpi cua cdng d a n t i e n bp hdn, l u a t p h a p c h a t che hdn, ddi sd'ng vat cha't va t i n h t h a n cua ngfldi d a n dUdc n a n g cao hdn se la nhflng dieu k i e n tien quyet lam cho t h a m n h u n g it cd cd hpi p h a t h u y sflc m a n h cua m i n h .
Do c u n g la h y vpng c h u n g cho cdng cupc cai each c h i n h trj va sfl p h a t trien sflc m a n h tdng hop cua T r u n g Quo'c.
CHU THICH:
(1), (2) Nguyen Quang A. Ve vai tro chong tham nhung eua truyen thong d Trung Quo'c ngay nay. www.vnn.vn, ngay 14/11/2005; trich theo; "Vai tro cua truyen th6ng trong viee eho'ng tham nhung va thue day phat trien lanh manh khu vUe kinh te tU nhen: Kinh nghiem Trung Qudc [The Role of the Media as a Watchdg for Corruption and Promoter of 'Clean' Private Sector Development: China's Experience cua G.S.
Hu Zhengrong, Giam d6c Trung tam nghien cflu Phat thanh va Truyen hinh Quoc gia Trung Quo'c)
(3) http://vn.news.yahoo.eom/tno/2009 0727/ twl-trung-quoc-trung-phat-quan-tham- 271 7892.html
(4) http://vn.news.yahoo.com/tno/20090 727/ twl-trung-quoe-trung-phat-quan-tham- 2717892.html
(5) http://vietinfo.eu/646/18602/trung- quoe-to-eao-tham-nhung-duoe-thuong-10-tai- san.htm
(6) To' cao tham nhung d Trung Quoc - NgUdi to' eao chUa dUdc bao ve tdt http://tintuc.xalo. vn/031093929114/to_cao _tham_nhung_o_trung_quoe_bai_3_nguoi_to _eao__chua_duoc_bao__ve_tot.html
(7) Hdn 3000 dan lang d Trung Quoc bieu tinh eho'ng tham nhung. http://www.rfa.org/
vietnamese/VietnameseNews/International News/3000-villagers-protest-in-eastern- chma-07262009141809.html.
(8) Trung Qudc ngai to' cao tham nhung http://vn.news.yahoo.com/tto/20090318/twl- dan-trung-quoe-ngai-to-cao-tham-nhung- 5727bc2.html.
NGHIEN CUU TRUNG QUOC so 3(103) - 2010
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(9) Chau A xep thfl hang tha'p ve eho'ng tham nhiing. http://www.bayvut.com.au/
s%El% BB%Bl-ki%El%BB%87n/eh%C3% A 2u-%C3%Al-x%El%BA%BFp-th%El% BB%
A9-h%El%BA%Alng-th%El%BA% A5p-v%
El%BB%8i-ch%El%BB%91ng-tham-nh% C 5%A9ng
(10) Nan tham nhung d Trung Quo'c tang http://www.bbc.eo.uk/vietnamese/world/2010 /01/100108_china_corruptionincrease.shtml
(11) Tham nhung d Trung Quo'c lam kho doanh nhan phUdng Tay http://www.
vnexpress.net/ GL/Kinh-doanh/Kinh-nghiem / 2009/10/3BA 147A9/
(12) Tham nhung d Trung Qu6'c lam kho doanh nhan phUdng Tay http://www.
vnexpress.net/GL/Kinh-doanh/Kinh-nghiem/
2009/10/3BA147A9/.
(13) Bao "NgUdi dfla tin quan sU eong nghiep" (tieng Nga)., ngay 11/4/2005 ngay 18/4/2005; Bao "Dpc lap" (tieng Nga), ngay 8/4/2005, 7/5/2005, 13/4/2005. Xem them: Do Minh Cao. Trung Qu6'e eho'ng tham nhiing.
Nghien cflu Trung Qude.- 2006 thang 8 . - Sd 4 ( 6 8 ) . -Tr. 3-9
(14) Vdn tuyen Dgng Tieu Binh, 1994, tap 3, tr 297. Trieh theo: DUdng Danh Dy. Thfl nhin lai 30 nam chong tham nhung d Trung Quo'e. http://wwvv.diendan.org/the-gioi/trung- quoe-30-nam-ehong-tham-nhung/
(15) http ://www. diendan .org/the- gioi/
trung-quoc- 30-nam-chong-thaiTi-nhung/
(16) http://www.diendan.org/the-gioi/
trung-quoc-30-nam-ehong-tham-nhung/
(17) Hdng Vi: Cdc bien phdp chdng tham nhung Trung Qudc, Nxb Chinh tri Quo'e gia.
2004.
(18) Nguyen Van Thuy: Ddng khdng dugc mim long trUdc nhitng cdn bd tham nhiing.
Tap chi Cpng san, s6'61.
(19) Nguyen Quang A: Vi vai tro chd'ng tham nhUng cua truyen thdng a Trung Qudc ngay nay. www.vnn.vn, ngay 14/11/2005;
Trieh theo: "Vai tro cua truyen thong trong
viec eho'ng tham nhun|; va thuc day phat trien lanh manh khu vflc kinh te tfl nhen: Kinh nghiem Trung Quo'c [TJhe Role of the Media as a Watchdg for Corruption and Promoter of 'Clean' Private Sector, Development: China's Experience cua G.S. Hu Zhengrong, Giam do'c Trung tam nghien cflu Phat thanh va Truyen hinh Quo'c gia Trung Quo'c).
(20) Bdo cao chinh tri ciia Dgi Hdi XVII Ddng Cdng sdn Trung Qud'c (10-2007).
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
1. Bdo cao chinh tri ciia Dgi Hdi XVII Ddng Cdng sdn Trun^ Qud'c (10-2007)
2. Bdo "Ddc lap"; Bao "Ngfldi dfla tin q u a n sfl cdng nghiep" (tieng Nga)...2005
3. Dfldng D a n h Dy.Thd nhin Igi 30 ndm chd'ng tham nhiing d Trung Qud'c.
http://www.diendan.drg/the-gioi/trung- quoc-30-nam-chong-tham-nhung/
4. Dd M i n h Cao: Trung Qud'c chd'ng tham nhilng. Nghien cflu T r u n g Qud'c, so' 4- 2006
5. Hdng VI: Cdc bien phdp chd'ng tham nhiing d Trung Qud'c, Nxb Chinh trj quo'c gia. H a Npi, 2004.
6. M a r t i n Gainborough: Te tham nhiing vd tinh chinh tri cua phdn cdp kinh te d Viet Nam, Nxb Chinh trj qudc gia. Ha Npi, 2003. ' • '
7. N g u y i n V a n Thuy: Ddng khdng dugc mim long trudc nhiing cdn bd tham nhdng.
Tap cbi Cpng san, so'61
8. Nguydn V a n Thuy: Ve cudc ddu tranh chdng tham nhung d Trung Qud'c.
Nxb C h i n h trj qudc gia. Ha Npi, 2004.
9. N g u y e n Viet T h a n h : Bien phdp chdng tham nhung, Nxb C h i n h trj qud'c gia, Ha Npi, 2003.
10. http;//vneconomy.vn/200903250205 6589-POC 99 forbes-cong-bo-bang-xep-hang- tham-nhung.htm
