LjCH SUT QUAN HE VIET NAM - TRUNG QUOC THE KY XIX
THE CHE TRIEU CONG, THt/C VA HW
YUINSUN'
1. Ldi noi d a u
Lich sxl Viet Nam trong giai doan hai nghin n a m trvtdc can dai khong the K giai chinh xac ne'u khong gan v6i quan he ve mat chinh tri v6i Trung Quoc. Chung ta co the hieu ve dieu nay mot each de dang tii quan he hai nu6c dildc trinh hay dtfSi day.
Til cuoi the ky thii II trildc Cong nguyen de'n niia dau the ky thii X sau Cong nguyen, Viet Nam chiu sU thong tri triic tiep cua Trung Quo'c trong mot nghin nam cho den khi gianh dildc dgc lap. Mot nghin nam nay trong lich sii Viet Nam thUcfng dUdc goi la "thdi ki Bde thuoc". Tii sau khi thoat khoi ach tho'ng tri cua Trung Quo'c gianh doc Islp vao niia d i u the ky thCl X de'n trU6c khi rdi vao ach tho'ng tri ciia thUc dan Phap vao niia sau the ky XIX, trong mot nghin nam, Viet Nam da thie't lap quan he trieu co'ng dudi hinh thai nildc phien thuoc cua Trung Quo'c, viia duy tri quan he t h a n thien ve chinh tri viia dong thSi tie'p nh&n van hoa Trung Quo'c trong "trat tii the'gidi kieu Trung Hoa", theo each noi ciia ngifdi Trung Quo'c. Chiing ta co the goi giai doan nay la "giai dogn quan he trieu co'ng". Ta't nhien, d giai doan nay, Viet Nam da bi Trung Quoc xam lUdc nhieu lan, nhUng ngay sau khi day liii cac cuoc xam lUdc nay,
trieu dinh Viet N a m da giii ngay sii gia sang Trung Quo'c n h a m no liJc khoi phuc quan he hQu hao va t r a n h xung dot. Ngi dung nghien ciiu nay lay trgng t a m la "giai dogn quan he trieu co'ng" ma Viet Nam trieu co'ng T r u n g Quo'c, dac biet la du6i trieu Nguyen (1802-1945) dildc lap nen dau the ky XIX, n h a m xem xet quan he ciia Viet Nam vdi Trung Quoc t r e n quan diem cua Viet Nam.
Thuc te, nhieu nildc phvJdng Tay dUdc biet rang, quan he quo'c te cua Dong A giai doan trudc Can dai, tril6c khi tie'n len chu nghia de quo'c, ton tai t r a t tU quo'c te dUdc thie't lap bdi quan he trieu cong giQa Trung Quo'c va cac nudc xung quanh, lay Trung Quo'c lam t r u n g t a m . Quan he trieu co'ng, khong can noi ciing co the thay, diidc hinh t h a n h t r e n nen t a n g Uu viet ve chinh tri, van hoa ciia T r u n g Quo'c. Cac nU6c xung quanh cong n h a n t i n h Uu viet nay cua Trung Quo'c va bang viec dap iing nhiing yeu cau ciia T r u n g Quo'c da tao nen t r ^ t tU the gidi truyen tho'ng lay Trung Quo'c lam trung tam.
Tuy nhien, co mgt van de ma chiing ta khong the bo qua, do la, t r a t tU the gidi kieu Trung Hoa, t r e n phUdng dien nao do, chang qua chi la tU tucing ddn phUdng ciia 'GS. Dai hge Quo'c gia Seoul Han Quo'c
Tmli hinh ruQng d a t 6 h u y e n Chiam I;6a.. 39
(12). Ddi Xd xd, Dia bg Gia Long 4, TTLTQGl, 8079Fl:7.
(13). Kim Tuang xd. Yen Viin xd. Con Lon xd, Bd Vi xd, Khdc Phu xd, Xudn Huang xd, Thd Hodng xa, Hd Ldang xd. Mien Ddang xd, Vi sdn xd, Binh Long xd. An Ldng xd, Kim Md xd, Kim Bai xa, Ninh Duang xd, Khdnh Ninh xd, Khuon Hd xd, Thdn Xd xd, Bia bg Gia Long 4, TTLTQGl, 8081F1:9, 8097F1:8, 8084F1:8, 8088F1:8, 8074F1:10, 8089F1:8, 8096F1:10, 8073F1:10, 8082F1:10, 8080F1:10, 8077F1:7, 8086F1:8,
8075F1:10, 8092F1:10, 8076F1:10, 8098F1:10.
8083F1:8, 8099F1:8,
(14). Xudn Huang xd, Gia Than xd, Bia bg Gia Long 4, TTLTQGl, 8089F1:8, 8093F1:8.
(15). Kim Tdang xd, Bia bg Gia Long 4, TTLTQGl, 8081F1:9.
(16). Do Danh Huli'n. Nghien cdu ve ldng xd d chdu thd Bde Bo tren Tgp chi Nghien cdu Lich sd (1954 - 2008), Tap chi Nghien cdu Lich sd, so 393- 2009, t r 64, 65.
LjCH Sir QUAN HE VIET NAM - TRUNG QUOC THE KY XIX
(Tiep theo trang 29)
(31). Dgi Nam thdc luc, chinh bien, I, quyen 37, p. l i b ; quyen 55, pp. 6b~7a; Takeda Ryoji, <ten bki da dan> p. 497.
(32), Dgi Nam thdc luc, chinh bien, H, quyen 220, pp. 8a~b; Takeda Ryoji, <ten hki da din> pp.
496-497.
(33). Phan Huy Le, "Tinh tho'ng nha't trong da dang ciia lich s\l Viet Nam" cua Phan Huy Le, Tim vi coi ngudn, Tftp I. Nxb. The gidi, Ha Noi, 1998, p.
495.
(34). Dgi Nam thUc tuc, chinh bien, I, quyen 58, pp. l l a ~ b ; Takeda Ryoji, <ten bai da d&n> p. 498.
(35). Bgi Nam thdc luc, chinh bien, 11, quyen 79, pp. 17~18b; Woodside, op. cit, pp. 118-119;
Takeda Ryoji, <ten bM da d l n > p. 498.
(36). Bgi Nam thdc luc, chinh bien, II, quyen 85, p. 30a; Takeda Ryoji, <ten bai da dJn> p. 499.
(37). Bgi Viet sd ky todn thd (ban hieu hop) (Tokyo: Trung tam nghien ciiu van hda Dong DUdng Tru5ng dai hdc Dong Kinh, 1986), p.
845.
(38). Bgi Nam thdc luc, chinh bien, IV, quyen 50, p. 8a.
(39)- Bgi Nam thdc luc, chinh bien, I, quyen 54, p, 9b; Takeda Ryoji, <ten bki da dan> p, 532.
(40). Bgi Nam thdc luc, chinh bien. II, quyen 65, pp. 9b-10a; Takeda Ryoji, <ten bai da din> p.
498.
(41). Dgi Nam thdc luc, chinh bien, IV, quyen 1, pp. 31b-32a.
(42). Dgi Nam thdc luc, chinh bien, II, quyen 218, pp. 33a~34a.
(43). Woodside, op. cit., p. 267.
Lich 5iir qutin he Viet Ram - Trung Qu6c.. 21 ngUdi Trung Quo'c, lay ban than minh la
trung tam. Vi de dieu do trd thanh "sit that chinh tri mang tinh khaeh quan" thi cac nu6c trieu co'ng phai co ciing suy nghi vdi ngUdi Trung Quo'c, nhUng tren thUc te lai khong nhu vay (1). NgUdi Trung Quo'c noi rang, do hg co nen van hoa Uu viet va san vat phong phii nen cac nUdc nho xung quanh da phai tU de'n chau. NhSn dinh nay khong phai la khong co li, nhUng tren thUc te dieu nay co quan he mat thie't hdn vdi sQc manh quan sU ciia Trung Quo'c (2). Co the ndi rang, ne'u Trung Quo'c ye'u di thi the che' trieu co'ng da khd cd the duy tri. Trong trUdng hdp dd, cai ggi la trat tU the gidi kieu Trung Hoa chi la hU ca'u. Xin dSn ra mgt vi du: trong cugc chie'n Thanh - Phap nam 1884 - 1885 va cugc chie'n Thanh - Nhat nam 1894, trieu dinh nha Thanh bai tran da phai ki hi'ep Udc vdi Phap va Nhat, bie'n Viet Nam t h a n h nUdc bao hg ciia Phap va cong nhan nen dgc lap hoan toan ciia Trieu Tien. Mac dau vay, trong Dgi Thanh hdi dien, ban nam 1899, ghi lai rSng hai
• nudc v i n la nudc trieu co'ng ciia nha Thanh (3) cho tha'y ro rang tinh hu ca'u ciia trat tU the gidi kieu Trung Hoa ndi tren.
Nhu vay, de li giai tinh cha't cua t r a t tU the gidi Dong A giai doan trudc Can dai, viec khao sat quan he trieu co'ng ciia Viet Nam doi vdi Trung Qud'c tren thUc te nhu the nao, theo tdi, la dieu het sQc can thie't.
Thuc te, cac vi vua nha Nguyin Viet Nam chinh thQc cdng nhan minh la nUdc trieu co'ng cua nha Thanh, xUng la ha than, con d trong nudc thi tU xUng la hoang de'. Cd liic di xa hdn, hg coi nha Thanh la vUdng trieu di tgc, tham chi chi trich tinh di dich ciia che do a'y. Khong nhQng the con mo phong tu tudng thien ha kieu Trung Qud'c, ve mat ddi ngoai, vdi tU each la nUdc ba chu, tho'ng tri cac nUdc nhd xung quanh, hinh thanh
nen trat tU the gidi ciia rieng minh.
Ngay ca vdi thUc te nhu vay, song do cd ra't nhieu nghien cQu tQ trUdc de'n nay la'y Trung Qud'c lam trung tam (4), nen cd khong it khuynh hudng li giai khong diing ve nudc ba chu va nude thuoc dia ndi de'n trong che do trieu cd'ng, r i n g mdi quan he nay tUdng tU nhu quan he cua nUdc ba ehii thUe dan va nude thuge dia thUc dan trong thdi hien dai. Ngi dung nghien cQu nay de cap de'n va'n de quan he trieu co'ng giiJa Viet Nam va Trung Quo'c the ky XIX, nhUng tdi tin r i n g cung se cd ich trong viec 11 giai diing dSn ve quan he chinh tri giQa Han Qud'c va Trung Qud'c d cung thdi dai vdi bdi canh tUdng dong.
2. Svf t i e p n h a n t h e c h e trieu cong nha T h a n h ciia t r i e u dinh nha N g u y e n
Lich sii Viet Nam the ky XIX bat dau bang viec Nguyen Phuc Anh dap tat phong trao Tay Sdn, phong trao ndng dan cd quy md ldn n h a t trong lich sii Viet Nam, nSm 1802, lap nen trieu Nguyin. Chi de'n khi a'y, Viet Nam mdi la da't nUdc cd lanh tho nhu chung ta tha'y ngay hdm nay. Sau khi Mac Dang Dung cUdp ngdi nha Le (1428 - 1789) nam 1527 roi bi danh dud'i bdi the'luc phu Le nam 1592, Viet Nam budc ngay vao thdi ky Nam - Bae phan tranh ciia hai nha hg Trinh va hg Nguyen, vdn la hai the lUc ldn cua phong trao phii Le. Ta'm man Nam - Bae phan tranh nay dUde keo xudng bdi ba anh em hg Nguyen, nhQng ngUdi da gay dung phong trao ndng dan d Tay Sdn, mgt vung da't d Nam Trung Bg Viet Nam nam 1771. Ngudi eua nha Nguyen cdn sdng sdt 6 Phu Xuan (nay la Hue), sau vu tham sat bdi phong trad nong dan luc ba'y gid, la Nguyen PhQc Anh d? cliay den vung Me Kong lanh nah va da ben hi xay dung lyc ludng trong sud't hai mUdi nam gian kho'.
22 HghiSn cijru Lich si!r. s6 9.2009 De'n t h a n g 6 nam 1801, cud'i ciing, dng ciing
danh chiem dUdc t h a n h P h u Xuan la cd' do cua to' tien. Thang 6 n a m sau dng tien ra Bae, chi trong vdng mot thang, de'n ngay 20 thang 7, da hoan t h a n h viec thd'ng nha't da't nudc bang viec chiem t h a n h Thang Long.
Trudc khi ra Bae, t h a n g 5 nam 1802, Nguyin Phiic Anh da len ngdi vua d P h u Xuan, la'y nien hieu la Gia Long (5). Gia Long la chi tQ Gia Dinh (vung da't bao gdm t h a n h phd' Hd Chi Minh hien nay va khu VQc lan can) de'n Thang Long, mang y nghla la toan bg Viet Nam (6). Viec la'y nien hieu nay cho tha'y y chi quye't t a m thdng nha't da't nUdc tQ trUdc dd ciia ong.
Mgt mat xUng de, lap nien hieu, mat khac vao t h a n g 5, Nguyin Phiic Anh da cii Trinh Hoai DQc lam chanh sQ sang Quang Ddng de cau n h a T h a n h giup dd trong van de Tay Sdn cdn chUa giai quye't xong. Khi a'y, Trinh Hoai DQc da mang theo qud'c thu cua Nguyin Phuc Anh va vat pham, bao gdm ca sac t h u va kim a'n dUdc n h a n tQ trieu Thanh ma Nguyen Van Toan ciia trieii dinh Tay Sdn bd lai khi n i t lui, dong thdi giai theo ba hai tac ciia n h a T h a n h bi bat lam tu binh. Hg dat chan den Quang Ddng vao t h a n g 7 (7). Day la ldn tie'p xuc chinh thQc dau tien giQa trieu N g u y i n va trieu Thanh.
Ndi dung qud'c thu giii luc bay gid dUdc dich ra tie'ng Phap. Theo ndi dung nay, Nguyin Phuc Anh tU xUng la "Nam Viet qudc viiOng" (roi du royaume de Nam-Viet) (8). Suzuki Chusei cho rang, dich la "vUdng"
la sai va cd le trong nguyen van dUdc viet la Nam Viet qud'c chiia hay Nam Viet qud'c trudng (9). Vi khi a'y Nguyin Phiic Anh chUa chinh thQc dUde nha Thanh s i c phcng nen chua the xUng la vUdng, nen tdi nghi r i n g nhan dinh cua Suzuki Chusei cd li.
Mdt va'n de nQa la ve qudc hieu Nam Viet. Viec ggi la Nam Viet bao quat ca vUdng trieu mdi An N a m (la each ggi Viet Nam cua T r u n g Qud'c, ndi den k h u vUc chiu anh hudng ciia hg Trinh liic ba'y gid) va Viet Thudng (la lanh thd' ciia n h a Nguyin, bao gdm tQ phia Bae cua Hue' hien nay kdo dai tdi vung N a m Bd) cd tQ y nghia se thd'ng tri khu viic rdng ldn hdn nhieu so vdi nha T r a n (1225 - 1400) hay n h a Le trude dd (10).
• The n h u n g , k h i T r i n h Hoai DQc de'n Quang Dong, trieu dinh n h a T h a n h khdng de cap de'n va'n de qud'c hieu (11), chi cho biet r a n g hg N g u y i n chUa thorig nha't da't nudc, cung khdng thuge nUde phien thuge nen khdng the n h a n cd'ng vat. Vi vay, Nguyin Phiic Anh lai cQ N g u y i n Quang Dinh vdi tU each la sQ cau phong xin nha T h a n h phong qud'c hieu la N a m Viet va phong VUdng cho minh. Ddi vdi trieu dinh n h a Thanh, viec s i c phong khdng thanh va'n de, n h u n g tuyet dd'i khdng the cha'p n h a n dUdc ten nUdc N a m Viet. Li do, la.
Nam Viet t r u n g vdi ten N a m Viet ma Trieu Da diing nude trUde dd (207 t r . C n ~ l l l tr.Cn), ngam hieu la k h u vUc bao gdm tinh Quang Ddng den tinh Quang Tay nen mang nghia khdng lanh. Sau khi ban bae, n h a T h a n h dd'i cho hai chfl va de nghi ten Viet Nam. B i n g viec nay, n h a T h a n h mud'n the hien uy quyen la nUdc ba chii. Phia n h a Nguyen h a i long vdi cai t e n nay vi chii
"Viet" cua Viet Thudng la da't cua to' tien truyen lai dQng trUde, chQ "Nam" ddng sau nen cha'p t h u a n . Va'n de qudc hieu da dugc giai quye't xong (12).
va'n de qud'c hieu dudc giai quye't cung la liic quan he hQu hao giQa hai nude dUdc chinh thQc hda. Theo Dgi Nam thiic luc thi tQ khi dd (nam 1803), "Li bang giao" da dUdc hinh t h a n h (13). Trieu dinh nha
Ljch 5i> quan he Viet Ram - Trung Quoc. 23 Thanh ngay lap tQc da cQ sQ gia di tuyen
phong. Nguyen Phiic Anh da tie'n hanh nghi thQc tuyen phong tai Ha Ndi ngay nay vao thang 1 nam 1804 va len ngdi "Viet Nam qud'c vUdng" (14). Mac du thii dd eiia trieu Nguyen khi dd la Hue nhUng viec sic phong dude tie'n h a n h d Ha Ndi, sau nay trd thanh thdng le. De'n thdi vua Tii DQc (1848-1883), theo thinh cau ciia vua T Q DQc, nghi l l sac phong dUde nha Thanh cha'p nhan cho cQ h a n h tai Hue.
Quan he giiia trieu dinh nha Nguyin va trieu Thanh dUdc giai quye't d'n thda, "bang giao" dUde quy dinh rang: Viet Nam phai trieu cd'ng hai nam mdt lan, 4 nam phai cii sQ gia sang chau mgt l i n hoae gdp hai l i n trieu edng lam mdt. Dieu nay cung gidng nhu ddi vdi trieu Tay Sdn (15). Ta't nhien, ngoai sQ t h a n chinh quy, cac sQ gia lam thdi phu trach viec chiic mQng, cau phong, ta an, dieu va'n, cung dUde cii sang. Nha Thanh da yeu c i u nha Nguyen cQ sQ than va b i t d i u trieu cd'ng tQ nam 1803. Theo yeu cau ciia nha Thanh, nam 1803 va 1805, sQ ta an dUdc thay the bang sQ trieu cdng nam 1804. Nha Nguyen da theo dd ma lam (16). Song cd luc sQ trieu cd'ng kiem ludn sQ ta an, khi so' lUdng sQ gia lam thdi khdng nhieu do cd khi nha Thanh yeu cau ngQng cii sQ chuc mQng va sQ die'u va'n. Cho de'n nam 1839, nam cud'i ddi Minh Mang (1820- 1840), do trieu cd'ng dUdc quy dinh thanh bd'n nam mdt lan gid'ng nhu dd'i vdi Luu C i u va Xiem La nen eon sd' nay cang giam.
Mat khac, dd'i vdi cac vat p h i m trieu cd'ng;
trieu T h a n h da eat giam ra't nhieu cho VUdng trieu Tay Sdn va nha Nguyin so vdi nha Le, chi bang nila gia tri trudc day, nen gia tri vat cha't cua trieu cd'ng cang trd nen md nhat (17).
Sd' lUdng sQ gia va gia tri vat p h i m trieu cd'ng cua nha Nguyin vdi nha Thanh da
giam sc vdi thdi ki dau, song quan he trieu cd'ng binh thudng giQa hai nUdc khdng thay dd'i. Nhung khi vu loan Thai Binh thien qud'c nd ra (1851-1864), nha Thanh da yeu c i u ngQng trieu cd'ng va trong vdng mUdi sau nam sau dd khdng cd sQ gia nao dUde cQ di (18). Cu the, quan he trieu cd'ng tam ngQng sau khi nha Nguyen cii sQ gia sang theo quy dinh vao nam 1852, nam ngay sau vu loan xay ra, de'n nam 1868 thi dUdc ndi lai (19). TQ sau dd, nha Nguyen cii sQ than sang nha Thanh bdn l i n vao cac nam 1870, 1872, 1876 va 1880 (20). Sau nay, vao nam 1883, giQa lue ngi cung Hue cd bie'n, Hiep Hda (7-11/1883) dinh cQ sQ gia sang nha Thanh eau phong de cung cd' dia vi ciia minh. Van de la, vung Ddng Kinh luc ba'y gid bi quan ddi Phap chiem giQ nen da khdng the sQ dung dudng bd nhU trUde day.
Vi vay, Hiep Hda da thinh cau nha Thanh cho di bang dudng bien va dUde chip thuan. Song ngay sau dd dng da bi quyen than la Tdn That Thuye't va Nguyin Van Tudng ha ddc nen khdng thiie hien dUde (21). SQ gia cudi cung cua nha Nguyen sang nha Thanh la sQ gia sang xin sic phong cho Kien Phiic (1883-1884), ngay sau ddi vua Hiep Hda (22). Tuy nhien, Kien Phiic cung khdng dUdc sac phong vi chi sau khoang nQa nam tren ngdi vi da chet vi benh tat. Ket cue, quan he trieu cd'ng giQa nha Nguyen va nha Thanh dUdc tie'n hanh lien tuc trcng tam mUdi nam, tQ nam 1803, da cha'm dQt khi Viet Nam hoan toan trd thanh thudc dia ciia thiie dan Phap theo Hiep Udc Pa-td-nd't (cdn ggi la hiep udc Hue l i n thQ hai hoac hiep Udc Giap Than) ky vao nam 1884.
Vay, tai sao vua nha Nguyin lai edng nhan quyen liic cua hoang de nha Thanh, tu XUng la ha t h i n va duy tri quan he trieu cd'ng? (23). NhQ tdi da trinh bay d tren, vi
24 Rghien CLTU Lich sJr, sef 9.2009 ngUdi Trung Qud'c cho r a n g hg cd nen van
hda Uu viet va san vat phong phu. The nhUng, dQng tren lap trUdng ciia Viet Nam thi n h a n dinh nay khdng cd can cQ. DUdng nhien khdng the phii n h a n hoan toan ve mat van hda.
Cac vi vua trong dd cd vua Gia Long va ca t i n g Idp tri thQc, deu thich Nho hge, nghi rang Trung Qud'c la nggn ngudn cua tri thQc. Xin ddn cii mgt dan chQng. Vua Gia Long vao budi chau sang thudng ban luan vdi cac quan trong trieu ve sU tieh quan t h i n ddi Han, Dudng va che do eac trieu dai. Sau budi c h i u thi cho xem Minh sCc va ban luan de'n khuya (24). Cdn viec vua Minh Mang chu trgng de'n vi$e Nho hge hdn ba't cQ vi vua nad cua nha N g u y i n thi ai cung biet (25). Sau ddi vua Minh Mang, vua Thieu Tri (1841-1847) cung coi trgng Nho hge va van si, t h a m chi edn tQ ra di thi khoa eii. Cho nen, mgt trong nhQng nhiem vu quan trgng sQ t h i n khi di sang nha T h a n h la mang ve cac thQ tich Trung Qudc, nha't la t h u tich mdi p h a t h a n h . Dieu nay ed the thay qua chi du cua vua Minh Mang ddi vdi sQ gia di sQ nha T h a n h nam 1829. Ong yeu c i u tim mua cd' thi, cd hga va cd n h a n ky thu. Dong thdi, ne'u cd the tim dUdc thiic luc cua n h a Thanh thi du ehi la ban thao cung bang mgi gia phai mua ve (26).
Viec mua t h u tich Trung Qudc khdng phai chi de lam giau vd'n tri thQc. NhQng thu tieh nay edn la tai lieu t h a m khao quan trgng cua trieu dinh n h a Nguyen de xay dUng cae che do phap luat hay che do chinh tri,... Xin la'y mdt vi du. Vua Gia Long da bien soan va ban h a n h bg luat Quoc trieu lugt le, dUdc biet de'n nhieu hdn vdi cai ten Hodng Viet lugt le vao n a m 1815. Bd luat nay tuy ndi la t h a m khao Hong Diic lugt le va Dgi Thanh dieu lugt (27) nhUng tren
thiic te trQ mdt p h a n ra't nhd, ndi dung h i u n h u nguyen m l u eiia Dai Thanh luat.
Ve m a t van hda;, nhiem vu chinh khac ciia sQ t h a n di sQ n h a T h a n h la truyen ba nudc minh la mdt nudc van hda. Vi vay khi tuyen chgn sQ t h a n di sQ n h a Thanh, nha N g u y i n de cao tai ngoai giao cung nhU tri thQc ve van hda. Chung ta ed t h e thay dieu nay qua mgt sac lenh ma vua Minh Mang ban nam 1840 (28). Theo vua Minh Mang, sQ t h i n di sQ n h a T h a n h p h a i la ngUdi gidi van hge va ngdn ngii, neu la ngUdi k6m coi thi chi chud'c la'y sQ k h i n h miet ciia nudc khae. Bdi vl, nhQng ngUdi nay khdng chi phai ddi dap thd van mgt each binh dang vdi cac q u a n lai n h a T h a n h ma hg cdn phai thi t h d van chUdng vdi cac sQ t h i n de'n tQ Trieu Tien (29). Viec can n h i c tai van chudng cua sQ gia di sQ T r u n g Qudc khdng chi d trieu Nguyen ma cac trieu dai trUdc day cung t h e (30).
M a t khac, cac vua n h a N g u y i n ciing lo lang khdng biet sQ gia dUde cii di sQ nha T h a n h cd lam x i u t h e dien qudc gia hay khdng. N a m 1809 va 1817, khi sQ t h i n c h u i n hi di sQ n h a T h a n h , dieh t h a n vua 4Bia Long da vdi cac sQ t h i n vao va ra nghiem lenh rang, cdc ngUdi phdi giii gin qudc the vd lam sao cho moi bang giao dUdc viing chdc. Viee chii trgng de'n sQ gia bang giao, theo n h a n dinh cua Takeda Ryoji, khdng phai xua't p h a t tQ Idng tdn kinh doi vdi nha T h a n h ma la de khdng hi chuoc la'y sii ghdt bd hay k h i n h miet cua n h a Thanh (31). NhQng dieu s a u day se cho tha'y, vua nha N g u y i n ed xu hUdng khdng nhQng khdng kinh trgng n h a T h a n h , ma ngUdc lai edn coi nha T h a n h la di dich.
Nha N g u y i n da t u coi minh la nUde van hda nen ne'u n h a T h a n h khdng doi dai tUdng xQng thi n h a N g u y i n t h e hien thai
Ljch sij- quan he Vief Ram - Trung Qud'c. 25 do ba't man. Nam 1840, Bd L l bao cao vdi
nha vua ve viec sQ t h a n di sQ nha Thanh nam trudc da bi nha Thanh xep hang sau sQ t h i n cac nUdc Cao Ly (Trieu Tien), Nam Chudng (Lao), Xiem La (Xiem), LUu Cau va hdi rang phai ddi Qng the nao. Vua Minh Mang tra ldi rang, viec ndy do sd sudt cila bg Le nhd Thanh, Cao Ly la nUdc vdn hie'n thi da ddnh, Nam Chudng la nUdc triiu cong cua chiing ta, Xiem La vd Liiu Cdu la niidc Di dich nen khdng the nhU vay diidc.
Ong ndi them rang, sau ndy cdn cd chuyen nhu vay, cdc ngiidi hay ra khoi hdng, thd bi trdch phgt cdn dd hdn (32). Bdi the, tdi cho rang, vdi vua Minh Mang, hdn ba't cQ vi vua nao cua Viet Nam tin r i n g Viet Nam la da't nudc van minh thi khdng cd sU si nhuc nao ldn hdn the. Khdng biet nguyen do vi dau ma bd L l nha Thanh da xep sQ gia nha Nguyin tha'p hdn so vdi Nam Chudng, nhung dung n h u ldi vua Minh Mang, day rd rang la sQ n h i m lan. Vi theo danh sach cae nudc phu thuge trong Thanh sU cdo, thQ tii cae nQdc dUdc ghi la Trieu Tien, Luu C i u , Viet Nam, Mien Dien (Mianma), Xiem La, Nam Chudng,... Mot sii that ra't thu vi d day la, trong Ngogi qudc truyen ciia Minh sit, thQ tii cac nUde la Trieu Tien, An Nam (Viet Nam), Nhat Ban, Luu C i u , La Td'ng (Phi-lip-pin).... An Nam dUdc dat trudc LUu C i u nhung nha Thanh lai dat Viet Nam sau Luu Ciu. Dieu nay khien tdi nghi rang, quan he giQa nha Thanh va trieu dinh nha Nguyen khdng gin gui n h u chung ta tudng.
Dieu ma chung ta phai ehii y d day la, phudng dien van hda ndi tren ehi la mdt p h i n cua 11 do khie'n trieu dinh nha Nguyin tiep n h a n the che trieu cd'ng eua nha Thanh. Li do quan trgng hdn la nha Nguyin mud'n duy tri sii an toan cua vUdng trieu bang each t r a n h ddi d i u ve mat quan
sii va xay diing quan he than thien vdi nha Thanh. Theo Giao sU Phan Huy Le, Viet Nam da mUdi lam lan hi ngoai qud'c xam lUdc (33). Trong so' 11 l i n bi ngoai xam tinh cho de'n trudc the ky XIX thi trQ l i n bi Xiem xam lUdc nam 1785, mUdi l i n cdn lai deu la cac cudc chie'n t r a n h vdi Trung Qud'c.
Vi nha Nguyin chUa tQng hi nha Thanh xam ludc l i n nao, trUde dd khi lap vUdng trieu da mUdi l i n Trung Qud'c xam lUdc Viet Nam, khdng nhQng the, trUde khi nha Nguyen dUde lap nen khoang mUdi nam, nam 1788, nha Thanh da xam lUdc Viet Nam, nen tdi cho rang day la mdi lo khdng nhd ddi vdi cac vua nha Nguyin. Viec Nguyin Phuc Anh cQ Trinh Hoai DQc di sQ trude khi ta'n cdng Ha Ndi da ndi len dieu nay. Nd xua't phat tQ y dd ngan chan sii can thiep ciia nha Thanh b i n g viec the hien ro rang se trieu cd'ng nha Thanh. Tuy nhien tren thiic te', nha Thanh luc ba'y gid da budc vao thdi ky suy thoai nen sau vu loan Bach Lien giao (1796-1805),... da khdng edn sQc de can thiep vao Viet Nam. Day la li do khie'n trieu cdng ciia Nguyin Phuc Anh cung nhu viee sic phong dng la Viet Nam qud'c VUdng de dang dUdc cha'p thuan.
Vi trieu Nguyen nghi r i n g nha Thanh la sii tdn tai mang tinh uy hiep nen cac ddi vua quan tam de'n tinh hinh nha Thanh la dieu dudng nhien. Do dd, da thanh thdng le, khi cac sQ t h i n di sQ Thanh ve nha vua thudng vdi ngay vao va hdi ve tinh hinh nha Thanh. Thang 12 nam 1818, ngay khi eac sQ t h i n di sQ nha Thanh ve, vua Gia Long da hdi ve tinh hinh nUdc Thanh (34).
Khdng c i n ndi cung biet vua hdi de xem nhQng bie'n ddng chinh tri, xa hdi ciia nha Thanh cd anh hUdng de'n Viet Na.m hay khdng.
Hdn ai het, vua Minh Mang la ngUdi ludn quan tam sau sac de'n tinh hinh nha
25 Rghien cijru Lich sit. s6 9.2009 Thanh va ludn cd gang de cd dUdc nhQng
thdng tin a'y. Ong da yeu cau sQ t h a n di sQ nha Thanh viet SU trinh nhat ky va phai viet chi tie't nhQng dieu m i t tha'y tai nghe d Trung Qudc. Thang 4 n a m 1832, vua Minh Mang khien trach ba sQ gia dUdc cii di da ghi lai het sQc dai khai ve tinh hinh nha Thanh khdng nhu y dd cila dng. Ong ra lenh, sau nay cac sQ gia phai ghi lai chinh xac tinh hinh n h a nUdc va dan tinh nha Thanh cdn nhQng dia danh,... da biet thi khdng c i n phai ghi lai (35). Theo Dgi Nam thiic luc, khi tha'y nhQng thdng tin ma cac sQ t h a n di sQ nha T h a n h mang ve ehUa dii, thang 10 cung n a m , dng yeu c i u eac quan lai d Ha Ngi mua "kinh sao" (cdng bao cua nha Thanh) tQ eac thUdng n h a n n h a Thanh va dang len (36). Luc a'y, trong "kinh sao"
khdng ghi lai vu tuyet ldn d Nam Kinh hoi thang 1 n a m dd khie'n dan chung chet edng n h u n g Minh Mang da nghe dUdc tin dd va ha lenh phai ghi lai ngay, cho thay dng chu trgng de'n viec t h u t h a p tin tQc nha T h a n h de'n mQc nao. Tdm lai, viec trieu cd'ng nha Thanh ciia trieu Nguyen ngoai viec giam nhe sU uy hiep ciia nha T h a n h b i n g viec ket t h a n vdi n h a T h a n h , cdn cd y dd de phdng sii uy hiep cd the xay ra sau nay.
Mdt li do q u a n trgng khac ma cac ddi vua nha Nguyen mud'n duy t n quan he trieu cd'ng la mud'n xac lap quyen uy ve mat ddi ndi tQ viec dUdc s i c phong bdi vua n h a Thanh. Vi Viet N a m chiu anh hudng ciia van hda Trung Qud'c ra't lau nen cac ddi vua deu nghi r i n g viec dUdc vua Trung Qud'c sac phong la dieu dUdng nhien, do dd Nguyen Phue Anh khdng the khdng trgng thi thdng le dd. Thiic ra, viec dUde s i c phong tQ vua Trung Qud'c hay khdng ed anh hudng tuyet ddi de'n tinh hdp phap va quyen liic cua vua Viet Nam. Viec vdi vang s i c phong trUde khi thd'ng nha't da't nUde
ciia N g u y i n Phiic Anh ngoai viec mud'n loai trQ sii can thiep cua n h a T h a n h edn cd ca d li do tren.
Viec dUde vua Trung Qudc s i c phong cd y nghia quan trgng de'n mQc nao se dUde tha'y qua cac vi du sau day. Sau khi cUdp ngdi n h a Le n a m 1527, Mac Dang Dung dQdc n h a Minh thQa n h a n va ehinh quyen dd da duy tri quyen iQc trong mdt thdi gian.
Sau nay du b i t h e liic phil Le danh dud'i khdi T h a n g Long n a m 1592, Mac Dang Dung lap can cQ d vung giap Trung Qudc la Cao Bang, dUdc n h a Minh, sau dd la nha T h a n h bao hg, tuy chi la ehinh quyen dia phQdng n h u n g da duy tri dUdc vUdng quyen n h a Mac de'n n a m 1677. Dieu nay ed the tha'y qua viec chinh quyen Ho Quy Ly (1400-1407), do khdng dUdc n h a Minh cdng n h a n da sup do' n h a n h chdng. Mat khae, khi n h a Mac cUdp ngdi, the lUc mudn khdi phuc trieu dinh hg Le da cit sQ gia sang nha Minh to' cao sQ sai t r a i cua chinh quyen n h a Mac va cau quan thao phat (37).
Dieu nay thiic r a xua't p h a t tQ y dd xac lap chinh quyen hdp p h a p cua minh ve mat ddi ndi.
Viec vua Hiep Hda cua trieu Nguyin dinh xin n h a T h a n h sac phong n h a m ciing cd dia vi ciia minh n h u da dUde de cap de'n d tren. Luc ba'y gid, dng dang rdi vao the ngan can treo sgi tdc. Sau ddi vua TU DQc la ddi vua Due DQc (1883), nhQng vua Due DQc hi phe chi trong ba ngay ke tQ khi len ngdi bdi Ton T h a t Thuye't va Nguyen Van Tudng. Vua Hiep Hda dUde hg lap len nhUng quyen dieu h a n h lai nani trong tay ciia hai ngUdi nay, cdn vua, da khdng he cd quyen liic lai cdn n i m t r o n g ' t i n h trang cd t h e bi phe ba't cQ luc nao. TrQdc tinh hinh a'y, dng mudn dUdc n h a T h a n h sac phong.
Vi Viet N a m dUdc cdng n h a n la quoc gia ddc lap hoan toan theo dieu 2 cua hiep Udc
Ljch siif quan he Viet Ram - Trung Qud'c. 2T s a i Gon l i n thQ hai (ten khae la Hiep Ude
Giap Tua't) dUdc ki giQa trieu Nguyin va Phap nam 1874 (38), nen viee dng cQ sQ gia c i u phong hi coi la vi pham hiep Udc. Du vay, viec van cQ sQ gia c i u phong cho thay rd rang sac phong cd y nghia tUdng trUng quan trgng nhudng nad.
Muc dich kinh te cung la mgt nguyen nhan quan trgng khie'n trieu Nguyin tie'p nhan the che' trieu cd'ng cua nha Thanh.
Trong bdi canh liic ba'y gid, khi ma boat ddng mau dich tii do tU n h a n nha Thanh va nha Nguyin hi h a n ehe khdng nhu ngay nay thi che do trieu cd'ng da ddng vai trd quan trgng vdi tU each la mau dich ca'p nha nudc thdng qua viec qua lai eua eac sQ t h i n . Nha Thanh du sao cung cho phep thudng n h a n cua nha Thanh tham gia vao boat ddng mau dich vdi Viet Nam mdt each han ehe nhUng tuyet ddi khdng cho phep cac thudng n h a n Viet Nam dUde sang Trung Qud'c. Nha Nguyin thi khac vdi nha Thanh, ngay tQ d i u , trieu dinh da ca'm dan chung x u i t canh vi muc di'ch ca nhan. Lenh ca'm nghiem k h i e d i u tien dUde ban ra cd cai ten Lugt cam van dUdng bg vd dudng thuy vao nam 1816 dudi thdi vua Gia Long (39). Sd di ed lenh ca'm nay la do cac vat pham ca'm xua't k h a u nhu gao, mudi, vang, bae, ddng, sQng trau, nga voi,... "chay" sang Trung Qud'c thdng qua con dudng budn lau.
Nha Thanh cung nghiem cam xua't thep, chi, luu huynh,... TrQdc tinh hinh nay, trieu dinh n h a N g u y i n khdng cdn each nao khae phai mua vat pham thdng qua cac sQ t h i n .
Trudc khi cae sQ t h i n chuan bi di sQ, nha Nguyin dUa cho danh muc cae vat p h i m dUdc vua nha Thanh ban hoac cac mat hang phai mua, va cae sQ t h i n chi dUde phdp t u a n theo. Mdt trong nhQng thQ quan trgng trong sd' cac mat hang mua tQ
nha Thanh la t h u tich da de cap d p h i n tren. Ngoai r a cdn ed n h a n sam, dUde lieu, tra Tau, gia'y,... Cae sQ t h i n ne'u khdng mua day dii cac mat hang trieu dinh yeu c i u khi ve nQdc se hi xQ phat. Dieu nay cd the tha'y qua viec cac sQ t h i n di s Q n h a Thanh nam 1830 la Nguyin Trgng Vu, Nguyen Dinh Tan, Dang Van Khai bi each chQc (40). Trudc khi di, hg dUdc lenh eua vua Minh Mang xin vdi Bd L l cua nha Thanh rang, nUdc chung tdi it nhdn sdm nen thay cho cdc vat phdm vua ban trUdc day bang nhdn sdm Quan Dong, ddng thdi phai mua thUdng bich, hoang tdng, hoang khue, t h a n h khue (cac vat p h i m b i n g ngge). The'nhung hg lam ma't the dien qud'c gia vi ndi rang can n h a n sam vao viee hie'u dudng. Them vao dd, ta't ca eac vat pham b i n g ngoc hg phai mua deu la thuy tinh.
Dd la nhQng li do khie'n hg hi xQ phat. Viee mua nguyen vat lieu khdng chi diin ra khi sQ t h i n di sQ theo dinh ky ma ta't nhien khi sQ gia lam thdi di sQ cung vay. Thang 12 nam 1847, khi cQ sQ t h i n sang thdng bao cho nha Thanh viec hoang de Thieu Tri qua ddi, vua mdi len ngdi la Tii DQc da dQa danh sach cac vat pham phai mua nhu cac dd dung bang ngge, dd chdi, dd cd', dd sanh sQ va cac dd quy hiem khac. The nhUng, mdt vien quan giam sat da tau vdi vua rang, vua mdi len ngdi nen can phai gian di, hdn nQa sQ t h i n di sQ de bao viec tang nen khdng the mua xa xi pham. Vi vay, viec nay da bi dinh lai (41).
Cd mdt va'n de c i n de cap de'n d day, dd la mau dich cap nha nUdc thdng qua eac sQ t h i n di sQ nha Thanh khdng phai xua't phat tQ li do Trung Qud'c "ddt rgng, sdn vat nhieu" nhU suy nghi cua ngudi Trung Qud'c.
Theo vua Minh Mang, hang hda dUdc lam ra tQ cac ndi khac nhau, viec ddi chae cac do vat minh cd la'y do vat minh khdng cd tQ
2S Rghien cihi Ljch siir. s g 9.2009 Nam hoac ngUdc lai, khdng c6 cl Trung
Qudc ma cd d Vi$t Nam thi co the trao ddi nhQng h a n g hda nky cho nhau.
Mgi vat p h i m ma cac sQ t h i n mua ve tQ nUdc Thanh dUdc ca't giQ tai cd quan phu trach viec tieu dQng va chi tra ciia hoang tha't. Viec ca't giQ nay khdng chi de hoang tha't sQ dung. Nha vua cdn dQng nhQng vat quy hiem nay de ban thudng hoac tang qua cho cac quan lai, cac sQ t h i n di sQ nha Thanh, ddi khi, cdn dUde dung de bd' sung cho ngudn tai chinh dia phUdng. X6t cho cung, cac vat p h i m nay dUdc cac ddi vua sit dung nhu mdt phUdng tien nang cao quyen luc eua minh (43). Tdm lai, trieu dinh nha
N g u y i n tiep n h a n t h e chg' t r i i u cong cua n h a T h a n h chi cd lgi. N h a T h a n h coi trgng quan he quan t h i n nhUng ddi vdi nha Nguyin, diiu dd chi m a n g •f nghia hinh thQc. Cac vua n h a Nguyen ve m9t doi ndi xQng la vua, la'y nien hieu, sau dd nhu chung ta tha'y, ddi vdi cac nU6c lang gieng khac coi minh la nUdc ba chu, coi cac nQdc dd la nUdc thudc dia, lap r a t r a t t u the gidi rieng cua minh. X6t cho cQng, Viet Nam khdng phai la nUdc thudc dia cua nha Thanh ma la mgt qudc gia ddc lap.
(Cdn niia)
CHU THICH
(1). Benjamin I. Schwartz, "The Chinese Perception of World Order: Past and Present" in John K. Fairbank ed. T?ie Chinese World Order:
Traditional China's Foreign Relations (Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, 1968), p. 276.
(2). Chun Hae Jong, "Khao sat quan h? Hin - Trung thcli ky nhk Thanh - V6' sil bien thien trong thai dp cua nhi Thanh nhin tU che d? trieu cong"
(ban tie'ng Hin Quoc), Ddng DdOng hoc, 1 (1971), pp. 235-238; Inokuchi Takashi, "Thit bin vl trfit til the giai Dong A truyen tho'ng - Vdi trpng tam \k sil can thi$p vko Vi$t Nam cua Trung Quoc cuoi thjfky XVIII" (ban tieng Nhat) Tap chi Ngogi giao qudc <e'73-5 (1975), pp. 44-47.
(3). John Fairbank and S.Y. Teng, "On the Ching Tributary System," in John Fairbank and S.Y. Teng, Ching Administration: Three Studies (Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, 1960), pp. 182-183.
(4). Xin din cuon Lich sd quan he Viet Nam - Trung Qud'c (ban tilng Nhat) (Tokyo, 1975) do Yamamoto Tatsuro bien soan, vdi tu each tai U?u nghien ciJu dai di$n nhin chi dp trieu cong khong
la'y Trung Quoc lim trung tam mi tit lap trU&ng cua cac nu6c xung quanh. Luan vin niy da ducjc si^ giiip dd ldn cua npi dung hai ph&n trong cu6ii sach la "Quan h$ cl sd ki triiu Nguyin vdi nha Thanh" cua Takeda Ryoji vk "Quan h$ cl trung ki trieu Nguyin vdi nha Thanh" cua Wada Hironori.
(5). Dgi Nam thdc luc, chinh bign, I, quyin 17 (Tokyo; Institute of Cultural and Linguistic Studies, Keio University, 1961-1981), pp. la~2a;
Quo'c sU di biin (Hong Kong: New Asia Research Institute, The Chinese Univertity of Hong Kong, 1965), p. 7.
(6). ChiJ«^(rdng) va cha?.^(sij thinh vUqIng) trong tilng Vi$t diu phat &m la "long". Thuc tl, khong lau sau dng da doi Thang Long ( # ^ ^ thanh ^ p ^ . Qudc sd di bien p. 30.
(7). Dgi Nam chinh bien liet truyen sd tgp, quyen 11, pp. 4b-5a; Suzuki Chusei, 1966 'Thilt lap quan h$ giQa nha Thanh va Vi^t Nam" (ban tieng Nhat) Tdng ludn van hge dgi hoc Ai Chi, t$p 33-34, p. 351.
(8). Charles B.-Maybon, Histoire moderne du pays d'Annam (1592-1820) (Paris: Librairie Plon, 1919). Reprinted., (Westmaead, England; Gregg
Lich sit quan h e Viet R a m - Trung Qugc... 2S
1919). Reprinted., (Westmaead, England: Gregg International Publishers, 1972), pp. 375-376.
(9). Suzuki Chusei, <ten bai da dan> p. 351.
(10). Dgi Nam chinh bien liet truyen so tap, quyen 11, p. 2a; Choi Byung Wook, Southern Vietnam under the Reign of Minh Mang (1820- 1841) (Ithaca: Cornell Southeast Asia Program Publications, 2004) p. 131.
(11). Co le do tong doc Quang Dong da siia hieu cua Nguyen Phuc Anh la "Nong Nai quo'c triiclng".
Suzuki Chusei, <ten bai da dan> tham khao p.
353. Nong Nai la ten goi trUdc day cua phu Gia Dinh.
(12). Ve va'n de quoc hieu, Suzuki Chusei da lap luan ra't cu the tren cd sd Thanh thdc luc vk mgt tai lieu do Ton Ngoc Dinh, tu^n phu Quang Tay, ngudi phu trach vi§c bien ch4p cua nha Thanh viet la Dien Ly Bdimg tap. Suzuki Chusei,
<ten bai da dan> pp. 353-358. Cf. Dgi Nam thdc luc, chinh bien, I, quyen 23, pp. l b - 2 a ; Trinh Hoai Dflc soan, Cdn trai thi tap (Hong Kong; New Asia Research Institute, 1962), p. 132.
(13). Dgi Nam thdc luc, chinh bien, I, quyen 23, p. 3a,
(14). Dgi Nam thdc luc, chinh bien, I, quyen 23, p. 3b; Suzuki Chusei, <ten bai da dan> p. 358.
(15). Dgi Nam thuc tuc, chinh bien, 1, quyen 23, p. 4a; Suzuki Chusei, <ten bai da dan> p. 358.
(16). Dgi Nam thdc luc, chinh bien, I, quyen 23, pp. 4a-b.
(17). Bai Nam thdc luc, chinh bien, II, quyen 207, pp. 41b~42a; Suzuki Chusei, <ten bai da d5n> p. 358
(18). John K Fairbank, "The Early Treaty System in the Chinese World Order," John K.
Fairbank ed., op. cit., p. 269; Wada Hironori, <ten bai da dan> p. 566.
(19). Bai Nam thdc luc, chinh bien, IV, quyen
38, pp. 44a-b; Wada Hironori. <ten bai da dln> p.
566, 581.
(20). Wada Hironori. <ten bai da dan> p. 581.
(21). Wada Hironori, <ten bai da din> p.
584-585. (22). Theo Bai Nam thdc luc, quan he trieu cong vdi nha Thanh khi vua Kien Phiic len ngoi da bi cIt d\tt hoan toin, nhiing thong qua cac tu lieu cua Trung Quo'c Wada Hironori nh4n dinh rang sU that khong phai vay. Bai Nam thdc tuc, chinh bien, V, quyen 1, pp. 25a-b; Wada Hironori,
<ten bai da dan> pp. 589-590.
(23). Khi viet v l va'n d l nky da tham khao luan van sau ciia ngUdi viet. Yu Insun, 1981'"Quan he Trung - Viet vd che do trieu cd'ng - hd vd thdc. Tap chi Hoi khoa hoc lich s i , 114 (1987), pp. 107-114.
(24). Nam thdc luc, chinh bien, I, quyen 43, p 4a; Takeda Ryoji, <ten bai da dan> p. 502.
(25). Ve va'n de tie'p nhan van hda va che dp Trung Quo'c cua vua Minh Mang, co mot nghien cilu CO dien tren cd sd Woodside. Alexander B.
Woodside, Vietnam and the Chinese Model: A Comparative Study of Vietnamese and Chinese Government in the First Half of the Nineteenth Century (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1971).
(26). Bai Nam thUc tuc, chinh bien, II, quyen 69, pp. 29b~30a; Takeda Ryoji, <ten bai da dan> p.
499.
(27). Bgi Nam thuc luc, chinh" bien, I, quyen 51, pp. 3a-b.
(28). Bgi Nam thdc luc, chinh bien, II, quyen 218, p. 33a; Woodside, op. cit., p. 115.
(29). Woodside, ibid., p. 115.
(30). Ct. Woodside, ibid, p. 115; O.W. Welters,
"Assertions of Cultural Well-being in Fourteenth- Century Vietnam" (Part One, Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 10-2(1979), p. 436.
(Xem tie'p trang 39)
