Nghien cuu An Bp va Chau A. So 9 - 2018
QUAN HE THl/ONG MAI VIET NAM - IRAN:
CO HOI VA THACH THLTC
Dong Thi Thiiy Linh * Viin Nghien cuu An Do vd Tdy Nam A
Ngdy nhdn bdi: 02/07/2018. ngdy giri phdn bien: 03/07/2018. ngdy duyet ddng: 30/08/2018
Jy^i tif khi thiit lap quan hi ngogi giao din nay, Viet Nam vd Iran dd ky mot sd ihod J.\. thudn hgp tdc trong linh vuc kinh le Kim ngach xudt nhdp khdu giua hai nu&c da tdng lin trong th&i gian qua nhung chua tuong xung v&i liem ndng cua hai nuoc. Gid tri hang hda Viet Nam xudt sang Iran chi chiim mgt ty li rdt nhd Irong long gid tri nhdp khdu cua Iran.
Viit Nam vd Iran co rdt nhieu cdc mat hdng bo sung cho nhau. Id ca s& de cho thuong mai phdt triin. Tuy nhiin, hai nuac vdn cdn gap nhiiu khd khdn Irong trao ddi thuong mgi nhu hai ben chua thiit lap duong bay thdng, thiiu thong tin thi tru&ng, thanh todn cdc hgp dong thuang mgi phdi thong qua nu&c thu ba. Di gidi quyet nhung khd khdn con tdn tgi hai bin dd tich cue trao ddi nhiiu dodn cdp cao, trong dd chuyen tham cap nhd nu&c gdn nhdt Id chuyen thdm Iran cua nguyen Chu tich nu&c Trucmg Tdn Sang (thdng 3/2016) vd chuyin thdm cua Tdng thdng nuac Cgng hda Hdi gido Iran Hassan Rouhani t&i Viit Nam (thdng 10/2017), dd gdp phdn ldng cu&ng han nira quan he hgp tdc giOa Viit Nam v&i Iran Irong boi cdnh moi, nhdm tiin toi muc lieu dua kim ngach xudt nhdp khdu giua hai nu&c lin 2 ty USD trong th&i gian lai
Tir khda: Thuong mai Viet Nam - Iran, co hpi, thach thiic Mffdau
Ndm 1973 Viet Nam va Iran thiet lap quan he ngoai giao. Mdi quan he giiia hai nudc ngdy cdng dupe ciing cd tir khi thanh lap Hdi hiiu nghj Viet Nam - Iran vao thdng 9/2009.
45 nam qua, hai ben da chia se vd iing hp lan nhau yen trudng qudc te, do dd quan he hiiu nghj giiia hai nudc khdng ngimg phat trien tot dep. Quan he thuang mai song phuong giiia Viet Nam vd Iran khdng ngimg tdng len, eo edu mat hang xudt - nhap khdu ngdy cdng da dang ban. Viet Nam va Iran cd rdt nbieu cae mat hang bd sung cho nhau, Id co sd de quan he thuong mai phdt trien.
1. Thuc trang quan he thuong mai Viet Nam - Iran
Tir nam 1973 den nay, Viet Nam va Iran da ky ket nhieu thda thuan quan trgng trong nhieu ITnh vye, trong do cd cae thda thudn kinh te sau: Thod thudn chung ve hpp tdc kinh te, van hoa vd khoa hpc ky thuat (nam 1993);
Hiep djnh ve thuang mai, lanh su va thanh lap Uy ban bdn hpp (nam 1994); Hiep djnh van tai hang khdng (nam 2001); Hiep djnh Van tai bien thuong mai (nam 2002); Hiep djnh xiie tien va bdo hg ddu tu; Bien bdn ghi nhd ve hpp tdc trong Iinh vye thuy san giiia Bd Ndng nghiep va Phat trien ndng thdn Viet Nam va Bp Ndng nghiep Iran; Bien ban ghi nhd ve hpp tae giiia Phdng Thuong mai va Cdng nghiep 49
Dong Thiiy Linh. Quan he ihuang mai Viii Nam - Iran:.
chilu giira hai nudc ehi dat 164,6 trieu USD (trong dd Viet Nam xuat khau 131,8 trieu USD sang Iran vd nhdp khdu 32,7 trieu USD tir Iran), tang 20,8% so vdi nam 2016 (136,28 trieu USD), nhung gidm 11,3%) so vdi nam 2011 (185,6 trieu USD). Nhin chung hpp tac thuang mai Viet Nam - Iran cdn nhieu ban che va chua tuong xiing vdi tiem ndng thuong mai cua hai nudc (bieu do 1).
Bilu do 1: T6ng kim ngach xuat nhap khau giira Viet Nam va Iran tir nam 2001-2017
D o n v j : trieu USD Viet Nam vdi Phdng Thucmg mai, Cdng nghiep
va Khoang san han.
Tir nam 2001 din nam 2017, thuong mai song phuang Viet Nam vd Iran khdng ngimg tang Ien. Ddc biet, kim ngach thuong mai giira hai nudc tang manh tir 6,5 trieu USD nam 2001 Ien 185,6 trieu USD ndm 2011, nhung sau do giam manh xudng cdn 106,7 trieu USD vdo nam 2015. Ndm 2017, thuong mai hai
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Nguon Phong Thuang mai va Cong nghiep Viet Nam (VCCI) Theo bieu do I, cd the thdy, trong giai doan
2001 - 2010, kim ngach nhdp khdu ciia Viet Nam CO xu hudng Idn ban so vdi kim ngach xuat khdu. Do do, trong giai doan nay, Viet Nam la nudc nhap sieu tir Iran. Nam 2011, kim ngach thuong mai Viet Nam - Iran dat mice cao nhdt Id 185,6 trieu USD trong do xudt khdu ciia Viet Nam sang Iran Id 96,1 USD va nhap klidu tir Iran dat 89,5 trieu USD. Day ciing la nam ddu tien Viet Nam co thdng du thuong mai vdi Iran vdi miic 6,6 trieu USD. Tir 2011 - 2017, kim ngach xudt khdu eua Viet Nam sang Iran ludn ldn hon kim ngach nhap khdu cua Viet
Nam tir Iran. Thdng du thucmg mai giiia Viet Nam vd Iran dat mire cao nhdt vdo ndm 2017 vdi 99,1 trieu USD (bilu dd 2).
Tuy nhien, gid trj hang hda Viet Nam xuat sang qudc gia nay chi chiem mgt ty le rdt nho trong tdng gid trj nhdp khdu ciia Iran, khodng 43,9 ty USD nam 2015 (Le Quang Thing, 2017). Nguyen nhan la do hdng hda ciia Viet nam thudng dupe nhdp khdu vao Iran thdng qua nudc thii ba va Viet Nam chua khai thac hieu qud thj trudng hang hda ciia Iran. Do do, tiem nang xudt khdu hang hda eua Viet Nam sang Iran cdn rat ldn.
Nghien ciiu An Do va Chau A. So 9 - 2018 Bieu do 2: Can can thu-ong mai Viet Nam- Iran
Don vj: trieu USD
Nguon: Tac gia tinh toan dua tren sl lieu Phong Thuang mai va Cong nghiep Viet Nam (VCCI) Ve CO cdu xudt nhap khau, cae mat hdng
xudt khdu ehinh ciia Viet Nam sang Iran Id hdng may mac, gldy dep, gao, che, ea phe, hat tieu, hat dieu, thiiy sdn, cao su ty nhien, sat, thep, cac sdn phdm chdt deo, Iinh kien, mdy mdc, Iinh kien dien tir va mgt sd sdn phdm khac. Cdc mat bdng xudt khdu chinh ciia Iran sang Viet Nam Id phdn bdn, boa chdt, chdt deo, nguyen lieu, kim loai thudng, sdn phdm tir ddu mo.
Bang 1: C o cau xuat nhap khau han:
Mac dil mat hang xuat khau ciia Viet Nam sang thj trudng Iran da dang ve chiing loai, nhung chi cd mdt sd mat hang cd cho diing nhdt djnh nhu sdn phdm det may, thuy san, dien thoai di ddng, ea phe, hat tieu, may tinh, linh kien dien tir nhung kim ngach con rat nhd so vdi nhu edu nhdp khdu cua thj trudng Iran. Nhieu mat hdng cd siic canh tranh kem so vdi ddi thu canh tranh, dac biet Id so vdi Trung Quoc.
g hoa cua Viet Nam va Iran nam 2010 D o n v j : USD Xuat khau cua
Viet Nam
Ca va dong vat giap xac, dong vat than mem va dong vat thuy sinh khdng xuong song khac Caphe, tra, vagia vj
Kim ngach
10 549 068
4.102.512
% tong kim ngach xuat khau 23,82%
9,26%
Nhap khau ciia Viet Nam
Nhira va cac san pham bang chat deo
Nliien lieu khoang.
dau klioang va cdc san pham chung cat tir nhien lieu khoang, dau khoang; clidt bitum;
khoang san sap
Kim ngach
42.522.294
12.328.661
% tong kim ngach nhap khau 42,34%
12,27%
B6ng Thiiy Linh. Quan he Ihucmg mai Viet Nam-han:..
Cao su va cac san pham bang cao su Da, thach cao, xi mang, amiang, mica hoac cac vat lieu tuong tu; cac san pham til' da, thach cao, xi mang, amiang, mica hoac cac vat lieu tuong ty
4.385.43!
4.482.119
9,9%
10,12%
Nhdm Phan bon; klioang hoac h6a chat, nito
27.014.844 10.967.831
26,9%
10,92%
Nguon: Tac gia tinh toan theo so lieu ciia ASEAN Intemational Merchandise Trade Statistics 2. C c hoi, thach thirc
Hien nay, co rat nhieu co hdi de thiic day phdt trien quan he thuong mai Viet Nam - Iran:
2.1 Co hgi
Mgt Id, mac dii bj trimg phat, cam van hang chuc nam nay nhung Iran van Id nen kinh te thu 18 the gidi, vdi thi trudng tren 80 trieu dan va la nen kinh te Idn thii hai tai khu vuc Tmng Ddng va Bdc Phi sau Saudi Arabia (HKTDC research, 2018). Ben canh dd, doanh nghiep Viet Nam cd t h i sii dung Iran la dja diem trung ehuyen hang hda d l tilp can thi trudng cac nudc Tieu vuong qudc A rap thdng nhat Cling nhu thi trudng Trung A. Do dd, Iran la thi trudng day tiem nang cho ede doanh nghiep Viet Nam. Trong dilu kien Iran cdn bi trimg phat, budn bdn vdi Iran se gap nhilu khd khdn, nii ro nhung van cd nhieu doanh nghiep Viet Nam co cdch lam vd lam an tdt vdi thj trudng Iran. Tuy nhien, vdi kha nang canh tranh con yeu so vdi eac ddi tac chinh ciia Iran nhu Trung Qudc, An Do..., cdc doanh nghiep Viet Nam can nhanh chong tan dung co hgi vd bien co hgi thdnh hien thyc. N I U din sau nudc khde, trong khi siic canh tranh ciia eac doanh nghiep Viet Nam nhin chung cdn yiu se khd tan dung dupe co hdi.
Hai Id, Viet Nam la eira ngo giup Iran tiep can vdi ea khu vue Ddng Nam A vd vdi nhieu ddi tdc kinh te Idn tren the gidi thdng qua cdc hiep dinh thuong mai ty do song phuong va da phucmg md Viet Nam da ky ket, hdng hoa xuat khau cua Viet Nam dupe hudng nhieu uu ddi va Viet Nam ludn cd co che uu dai cho hdng hda nhap khdu vdi cdc nudc da ky kit quan he ngoai giao. Ngoai ra, Chinh phu Viet Nam dang thyc hien nhieu cai each dh cai thien mdi trudng kinh doanh vd nang cao ndng luc canh tranh quoc gia. Nhiing nd lyc nay da dupe cdc doanh nghiep nude ngoai tai Viet Nam ghi nhdn va ddnh gid cao.
Ba la, cd rat nhieu uu dai thul danh cho cac doanh nghiep khi sang ddu tu tai Iran, dac biet la trong nhimg viing kinh t l dac biet va viing kinh t l tu do. Cae doanh nghiep nudc ngodi khi dau tu tai nhiing vimg nay cd the dupe mien thul Ipi tiic len tdi 20 nam, dupe hd trp v l thul bao hilm vd cac loai thul khac.
Ngoai chinh sach uu dai v l thul, gid nhdn cdng ciia Iran cung rdt re. V l an ninh ddu tu, Chinh phu Iran hodn todn ddm bao eho eac nha dau tu khi ddu m tai Iran. Ddng thdi, tat ea cac lpi nhuan cua doanh nghiep nudc ngodi tai Iran dupe cho phep chuyin toan bd sang nudc
Nehien ciiu An Do va Chau A. So 9 - 2018 ngodi. Day la thdi d i l m tdt de cdc doanh
nghiep Viet Nam ddu tu sang Iran ddc biet la trong cac ITnh vuc ma Chinh phu Iran dang khuyen khicb ddu tu nhu c h i biln thyc phdm, ndng nghiep, nang lupng, khoang sdn, hda dau va nhiing ngdnh lien quan.
Bdn Id, Viet Nam vd Iran cd rdt nhieu mat hang bd sung cho nhau, la co sd de thuong mai song phuong hai nudc phat trien.
Ve phia Viet Nam, nhirng nam gan day vd hien nay dang cd nhiing budc phat trien rat nhanh ve mpi mat, trong do tdc dp tang trudng GDP ludn dat tren 8% trong nhieu ndm; tang trudng xudt - nhap khdu ludn dat tir 15-25%/ndm (VCCI news, 2018). De phuc vu eho sdn xudt ede mat hang xudt khdu nhu tren, Viet Nam phdi nhdp khdu hang ty USD nguyen phu lieu, hda chat, trang thiet bi, dupe pham,... Rat nhieu mat hang Viet N a m e d nhu cau nhap khau Idn ciing la nhung mat hang CO the manh ciia Iran. Ben canh dd, Viet Nam dang trdi qua giai doan tang trudng kinh te cao nen nhu cdu nhdp khau cdc nguyen lieu xay dyng, ddu va ndng lupng tir Iran ciing tang Ien. Ddy Id nhiing ITnh vye md Iran cd lpi the so sanh. Do dd, Viet Nam chinh Id thj trudng tiem nang md cac doanh nghiep Iran CO the khai thdc.
Ve phia Iran, thj trudng Iran hien dang cdn nhiing mat hang ma Viet Nam cd the xudt khau vdi gia canh tranh vd chat lupng tdt nhu gao, che, cd phe, hat dieu, hat tieu, cao su, phu tiing xe may. Iran la nudc nhdp khdu gao Idn thii ba the gidi, trong khi Viet Nam diing thii 2 v l xudt khau mat hdng nay, hoac mat hang giay dep Viet Nam dang hien dien d eac sieu thj Idn cua Iran vd rat dupe ua chudng.
Iran khdng san xudt cd phe nen sdn phdm ca phe hodn todn phdi nhdp khdu. Mgt mat bang
ndng san khde cd the ddy manh xuat khau sang Iran la boa qud nhiet ddi. Iran khdng nhdp bat cii loai boa qud nao, trir hoa qua nhiet ddi. Ddy Id nhiing mat hang Viet Nam dang cd Ipi the. Trong chinh sdch thuong mai ciia Iran, cdc mat hdng thyc phdm nhu: gao, che, siia, ddu thyc vdt, my gdi dupe hodn toan mien thue nhdp khdu. Ddi vol mat hang thiiy sdn, Iran cbinh la thj trudng ddy tiem nang cho cdc doanh nghiep xuat khau thuy sdn do cdc cdng ty nudc ngodi chua chii y khai thac thj trudng nay va mat hang nay dupe mien thue hodn todn. Ddi vdi vat lieu xdy dyng, Iran cung Id mdt tbi trudng md cac doanh nghiep Viet Nam nen chii y khai thdc vi hien nay, tdc dp xay dung tai qudc gia nay dang tang trudng rat nhanh, keo theo sy gia tang nhu cau ve cac san pham trang tri ngi thdt. Hon nira, hang hda vao Iran khdng bi rdng budc bdi han ngach vd hau nhu khdng gap nhiing rao can dac biet nao ve chinh sdch nhap khau, thii tuc hdi quan, chiing nhdn xuat xu.
Nam Id, hai chuyen thdm cdp Nhd nudc gan day giiia hai nude Id nhiing no lyc d cap cao nhdt de timg budc tao khung phdp Iy cho quan he hpp tae song phuong, giiip ngudi ddn hai nudc hieu nhau ban, tir do thuc day quan he hop tac da dang giira hai nudc budc sang mpt trang mdi, phdt trien manh me ban cac giai doan trudc.
Va sdu la, du Ijch la ITnh vuc cd tiem ndng rdt ldn trong quan he hai nude. Ngudi Iran di du Ijch rat nhieu. Ngudi Viet Nam cung bat dau di du lich Iran. Du Ijeh se keo theo sy hieu biet ldn nhau vd gia tang co hpi kinh doanh giiia hai nudc. Nhu vdy, du Ijeh vira la mdt ITnh vuc trao ddi giiia hai nudc, vira la chdt xiic tac cho giao thuong giiia hai nude phat trien.
D5ng Thiiy Linh. Quan hi thuang mai Viet Nam - Iran:.
2.2. Thdch thdc
Ben canh nhiing co hpi da dl cap den d tren, quan he thucmg mai Viet Nam - Iran hien nay ciing dang ddi mat vdi khdng it thdch thiic.
Thir nhdt, thilu thdng tin Id thach thuc ldn dli vdi qua trinh hpp tdc kinh te, thuang mai doi ben, ddc biet la thdng tin ve cdc tap tuc vdn hoa kinh doanh ciia moi nudc. Thdi gian qua da CO nliieu doan doanh nghiep sang tim hieu vd khao sdt thj tmdng Iran. Tuy nhien, cdc chuang trinh nay cdn manh miin va chua thue sy hieu qud.
TVzu- hai, Viet Nam vd Iran chua cd dudng bay thang giiia hai nudc ma phai qua cdnh tai nudc thii ba nen chi phi van chuyen tdng cao.
Thu ba, han che Idn khac hien nay la khd khdn yong thanh todn cdc hpp ddng thuang mai, chuyen tien dau tu giira hai nudc. Do dnh hudng cua ehinh sdch cam van kinh te ciia My, tir dau nam 2012, cac ngdn hang va td chiic tdi chinh Iran da bj loai khoi Hiep hdi Vien thdng Lien Ngdn hdng vd Tdi ehinh Qudc te (SWIFT). Dieu nay ddng nghia vdi viec cat diit mpi quan he giao dich tai chinh ciia Iran vdi He thdng Ngdn hdng toan cau.
Vi vdy, khi lam an khdng chi doanh nghiep nudc ngodi ma doanh Viet Nam va Iran se gap rat nhieu kho khan ve thanh todn, khong the thanh toan hdng xudt, nhdp khdu bdng hinh thiic L/C - phuang thiic thanh todn thudn Ipi, an toan nhdt cho cd ddi ben. Hai ben phdi thanh todn qua ngdn hang trung gian tai Dubai, Hdng Kdng, Nga, mdt s6 nudc chdu Au, Singapore..., lam tang chi phi, tang rui ro, gidm siic canh tranh cua hdng hda, ddi hdi tin cay nhau cao, han che giao thuong giua thucmg nhan hai nudc.
Hien nay, Iran chua dupe dd bd trimg phat, chua duoc giao djch thanh todn qua He
thong SWIFT Code, bang L/C. Nhiing trudng hpp hpp ddng nhdp khau, thuang nhan Iran thudng yeu cdu dat cpc hoac hpp ddng xuat khdu, thuang nhan Iran khdng dat cpc hay dat cpc it. NIU tinh binh thi trudng thay doi bat lpi cho thuang nhdn Iran, mdt sd doanh nghiep Viet Nam se bj tdn that. Vi vay, doanh nghiep Viet Nam edn can trpng, ky ket hpp ddng chat che, hilu biet ddi tac, nhdt Id cdc cdng ty vira vd nho cua Iran de tranh tdn that cd the xay ra.
Ket luan
Nhdm thiic ddy quan he thuang mai song phucmg Viet Nam - Iran, hai nude cdn no luc trong viec md dudng bay thang, don gidn hoa thii tuc Idm visa de thiic ddy du Ijch, ki ket hpp tae ngdn hdng giira hai nudc de hd trp cho cdc doanh nghiep trong khdu thanh toan, vd cung cap thdng tin ve thi trudng ciing nhu moi trudng kinh doanh. Hien nay, Chinh phu hai ben dang nd lyc thiic ddy cdc chuang trinh Idm viec can thiet va cam ket se sdm gidi quyet nhiing kho khdn dang tdn tai de boat dgng kinh doanh cua doanh nghiep hai ben dupe thuan Ipi. Cu the Id, Phdng Thuang mai va Cdng nghiep Viet Nam (VCCI) da thong nhdt vdi Phdng Thuang mai, Cdng nghiep. Mo va Ndng nghiep Iran (ICCIMA) vl vice thdnh lap CO quan dai dien ICCIMA tai Viet Nam, thanh lap Hgi ddng Doanh nghiep Viet Nam ddu tu kinh doanh tai Iran de tdng cudng va phat triln sdu rdng ban giiia doanh nghiep hai nudc.
Buu chi'nh Viet Nam va Buu chinh Iran, Ngdn bang Buu dien Iran ky Bdn ghi nhd ba bSn vl hpp tae chia se kinh nghiem va cdng nghe, thuc ddy yao doi buu phim, buu kien, phdt hanh tem chung va phdi hop triln khai djch vu chuyen tien qudc tl giiia hai nudc thdng qua he thdng chuyin tien IPS cua UPU. D I xiic
Nghien ciiu An Do va Chdu A. 35 9 - 2011 tien m d dudng bay thang giiia hai nudc, cdc
doanh nghiep cdn phai tich cue tham gia hpp tac nbieu hon, nhat la cae doanh nghiep du Ijch va td chiic nhilu doan tham tryc tilp Iran de chiing kien tiem nang, ca hgi hop tdc giiia 2 ben. Ben canh dd, doanh nghiep cdn phdi quan tdm ban den chat lupng hang hda eiia minh, dau tu khdo sat, tiep can thi trudng ciing nhu chu dpng thiet lap quan he ban hang vdi doi tae Iran. Vdi cdc tiem ndng hpp tac giiia hai nudc, viec hien thyc hda myc tieu nang klm ngach trao ddi thuang mai giira hai nudc Ien 2 trieu USD trong khodng 5 nam tdi hodn toan CO the dat dupe neu bai ben tich eye khai thdc nhiing tiem ndng hpp tac sdn cd vd gidi quylt nhiing khd khan dang tdn tai.
Tai lieu tham khao 1. Aseanstats,
https://www.aseanstats.org/, ngay truy cap 20/06/2018.
2. Financialtribune (2018), Iran, Vietnam Eye Business Boost,
https://financialtribune.com/articles/economy- domestic-economy/84900/iran-vietnam-eye- business-boost, ngdy truy cap 20/06/2018.
3. HKTDC research (2018), Iran: Market Profile, hyp://china-trade-
research.hktdc.com/business-news/article/The- Belt-and-Road-Initiative/lran-Market- Profiie/obor/en/l/IX000000/lX0A3P4T.htm, ngaytruy cap 25/06/2018.
4. Irandaily (2017), Vietnam Iran economic ties grow 120% over past 4 years:
minister,
http://www.iran-daily.com/News/l96769.html, ngay truy cap 22/06/2018.
5. Le Quang Thang (2017), "Trade relation between Vietnam-Iran", Review of Africa and Middle East Studies, No. 07/2017.
6. Tehrantimes (2017),/ran, Vielnam sign MOU on economic co-op,
hnp://\vww.tehrantimes.com/news/415145/Iran -Vietnam-sign-MOU-on-economic-co-op, ngay truy cap 20/06/2018.
7. VCCI news (2018), Viet Nam - Iran:
Hu&ng l&i hm nggch thuong mgi 2 ty USD, http://vccinews.vn/news/I9699/viet-nam-iran- huong-toi-kim-ngach-thuong-mai-2-ty- usd.html, ngay truy cap 23/06/2018.
8. Vietnam news and analysis (2017), Viet Nam vd Iran bdl lay trien khai dich vu chuyen lien qudc le giua hai nu&c, https://viettimes.vn/viet-nam-va-iran-bat-tay- trien-khai-dich-vu-chuyen-tien-quoc-te-giua- hai-nuoc-l29434.html, ngay truy cap 23/06/2018.
