D D D THONG TIN D D D D
P H A N T I C H THL/C T R A N G L A O D O N G NHAP CLf TAI KHU CONG NGHIEP ViNH LONG
H u y n h Truldng H u y * T h e V i n h **
1. Gidi thieu
Di efl lae dpng gan lien vdi qua trinh do thj hda va eong nghiep hda eua vflng hoae dja phfldng nao dd. Sfl di cfl lao dpng nay xuat phat tfl nhflng nguyen nhan sau: thd nhdt, sfl chuyen ddi nen kinh te theo hfldng tang d i n ty trpng cong nghiep va djch vu dan den Iflc Ifldng lao dpng cflng djch ehuyen tfl linh vflc ndng nghiep sang phi ndng nghiep; thd hai, sfl phat trien mat can doi gifla thanh thi va ndng thdn dan den chenh lech ve thu nhap va viec lam gifla hai khu vflc nay dan den ddng di efl tfl ndng thdn ra thanh thj ngay eang tang; thd ba, de td'e dp tang trfldng cua ngdnh ndng nghiep tha'p so vdi cac nganh khae nhfl cdng nghiep va djch vu nen thu nhap tfl linh vflc ndng nghiep tha'p dat binh quan 2 trieu ddng/thang so vdi tren 3 trieu ddng/thang cua nganh cdng nghiep va djch vu (NGTK, 2008).
Theo udc tinh tfl cac cd quan quan ly cac khu cdng nghiep cua vflng DBSCL, hien nay toan vflng ed hdn 100 khu ccng nghiep chii yeu d cae tinh Lcng An va Tien Giang. Day la nhflng dja phfldng giap ranh vdi TP.HCM nen cd nhieu thuan Ipi trong viec thu hut nha d i u tfl trong va ngoai nfldc. Cho den nay, cae khu cdng nghiep tai Vinh Long dang trong qua trinh boat dpng va tiep tue dflpe md rpng; trong do, khu cong nghiep Hda Phfl vdi 120ha da thu hut 16 dfl an d i u tfl, ehu yeu heat dpng trong linh vflc may mac, giay dep, che bien thflc pham va s i n pham thii cdng my nghe.
De di vao boat dpng thi hau het cac khu cdng nghiep phai thu h u t dang ke mpt lUc lupng lao dpng tfl cac dia phUPng khac de lam viec. Ddng gdp cua lao dpng nhap cU tai cac khu cdng nghiep ddi vdi kinh te d nPi den cflng nhfl hp gia dinh cua lao dpng nhap cfl da trd thanh va'n de dflpe quan tam ddi vdi eae nha lap chinh sach va nha nghien cflu.
H i u het cac nghien cflu trflde day tap trung phan tieh ddi song va thu nhap ciia lao dpng nhap cfl tai nOi de'n noi ehung nhfl dieu tra di cfl cua Td'ng cue Thd'ng ke nam 2004; Di efl treng nfldc d Viet Nam: thflc trang hien nay ciia Quy dan so' Lien hpp Quo'c tai Viet Nam nam 2007 nhin ehung thie'u v i n g nhflng nghien cflu chuyen sau ve lao dpng nhap cfl dae biet la d vflng DBSCL noi ehung va Vinh Long noi rieng.
Vi vay, bai viet nay n h i m muc tieu: (i) mo ta lae dpng nhap cfl lam viec tai cac khu cdng nghiep Vinh Long; (ii) phan tich cac ye'u to' anh hfldng de'n thu nhap lao dpng nhap cU. Bai viet gdm cac p h i n npi dung sau: mue 2 trinh bay tdng quat ve ngudn so' lieu dupc thu thap va doi tupng nghien cflu.
Muc 3 trinh bay phUOng phap phan tich dupe sii dung trong bai viet lien quan den cac muc tieu de xua't. Muc 4 trinh bay va thao luan ket qua do ludng dUpc trong qua trinh phan tich. Cuoi cflng la ke't luan.
Huynh Triidng Huy, nghien citu sinh tai Dai hoc Antwerpen, Vudng quo'c Bi.
The Vinh, sinh vien Kinh te Tai chinh ngan hang Khoa 31, TrUdng Dili hoc Can Thd.
J QUAN LY KINH T£ SA 28 (9+10/2009)
PHAN TICH THUC TRANG LAO OPNG NHAP C U TAI KHU CONG NGHIEP VINH LONG THONG TIN
2. T h u t h a p dit l i e u
- S d h e u sd cap: dflpe t h u t h a p tfl 101 lao dpng n h a p cfl d a n g l a m viec t a i k h u cong nghiep eiia t i n h Vinh Long; t r e n g dd; 50 trfldng hdp la lad dpng n h a p efl tfl cac t i n h khiie trong vflng D B S C L va 51 trfldng hpp la lao dpng di efl t r o n g t i n h Vinh Long. T h d n g tin thu t h a p b a e gdm: dae diem n h a n k h i u hoe eua lao dpng n h a p efl, t r i n h dp hpc van, chuyen mdn, cdng viee va t h u n h a p .
- So' lieu thfl ca'p: ehu ye'u dflde t h u t h a p tfl eae ngudn sau: Bp LDTBXH, Nien giam tho'ng ke t i n h Vinh Long, Nien giam tho'ng ke ca nfldc va eae n g h i e n cflu t r e n g va ngoai nfldc ed lien q u a n .
3. PhUOng p h a p p h a n t i c h
- Ddi vdi m u e tieu n g h i e n cflu (1): thfle trang lao dpng n h a p efl l a m viee tai k h u cong nghiep cua t i n h V i n h Long dflde md ta thong qua sii d u n g eae ehi tieu thd'ng ke md ta doi vdi cac ehi so'dae diem n h a n k h i u hpc ciia lao dpng, c h u y e n mdn tay nghe, cdng viec va thu n h a p ciia lao dpng n h a p efl.
- Ddi vdi m u c tieu n g h i e n cflu (2): eae yeu td iinh hfldng den t h u n h a p eua lao dpng nhiip cfl dflpe xae djnh t h d n g qua md h i n h tUdng q u a n gifla t h u n h a p (li) va cac yeu td giai thieh (Xj) den t h u nhiip. b a e gdm: k m h nghiem lam viee (nam), ehu.yen mdn, gidi tinh, hdp ddng lao dpng, h i n h thfle sd hflu ciia eong ty. Md h i n h flde Iflpng ed d a n g tdng quilt sau:
/ , = / ? „ + / ? , A-, + + P„X„+e (1) Thdng thfldng, cae n h a n g h i e n cflu ed xu hfldng chuyen md h i n h tfldng q u a n s a n g dang logarithm de h a i n g u y e n n h a n sau: thfl nha't, ddi khi cae bien giai thich trong mo hinh tfldng q u a n t u y e n t i n h lai k h d n g tuyen tinh; thfl hai, gdp p h i n l a m t a n g h e sd tfldng quiin (R2) t r o n g md h i n h . Mpt sd tac gia sii dung phfldng p h a p n a y nhU Diep (2007), Le (2004), Diing (1997), David (1969), Nguyen
(2008) de Ude lupng xu hudng di eU gifla eae t i n h va tac dpng cua tien gfli ve ddi vdi t h u n h a p eua hp gia dinh. Vi vay, phfldng trinh (1) dflpe c h u y e n s a n g d a n g l o g a r i t h m nhfl sau:
LogI,=p,+[), log J , + + p„ logA',, +e (2)
Trong dd, I la t h u n h a p cua lao dpng n h a p cfl, Xj bao gdm cae bien nhfl ehuyen mdn, gidi tinh, hpp ddng lao ddng, k i n h nghiem l a m viee (ndm), h i n h thflc sd hflu eua cdng ty.
4. Ket q u a v a t h a o l u a n
4.1 Mpt so dde diem cua lao dpng nhap cit Ket qua k h a o sat eho tha'y lao dpng nhiip efl lam viee tiii k h u cdng nghiep ed dp tuoi k h a tre, b i n h q u a n la 23 tuoi; trong dd lao dpng ed dp tudi tfl 21 - 25 chiem bdn 64%
tdng lao dpng dflde k h a o sat. Bdi vi, lao dpng nhiip efl ehu yeu lam viec trong cae linh vflc sfl d u n g nhieu lao dpng, ehu yeu ddi hdi lao dpng cd sflc khde nhfl n g a n h may niiie, giay dep, ehe bien thfle p h a m . Hdn nfla, ty le lao dpng chiem deii 75% tdng sd lao dpng dflde k h a o s a t do t i n h c h a t cdng viee \>\\d hdp vdi lao dpng nfl; ngoai ra, cdng vice d khu vflc ndng thdn bien nay h a u nhfl it ed sfl t h a m gia eua p h u nfl. Vi viiy, hp thudng den eae k h u cdng nghiep tim viec lam tUdng ddi it vat va so vdi cdng viee ddng a n g d gia dinh.
Ngoai ra, p h i n Idn lao dpng n h a p cU eon dpe t h a n chiem den 86% tdng sd nhflng lao dpng dflde k h a c sat. Nghien cflu di efl n a m 2004 eua Td'ng cue Thd'ng ke eung eho ket qua tfldng tfl. Bdi vi, nhflng lao dpng da ket hdn it chap n h a n di lam xa, dae biet la nfl vi hp cdn p h a i c h a m sdc gia dinh.
P h a n tieh ve t r i n h dp hpe vii'n eua lao dpng n h a p efl cho t h a y r i n g ed hdn 50% lao dpng n h a p efl diidc k h a o s a t diU trinh dp cap 3. Bdi vi, qua k h a o s a t eho thii'y ed dC'ii 39%
trong s d h p vfla tdt nghiep phd thdng t r u n g
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THONG TIN PHAN TICH THUC TRANG LAO DONG NHAP C U TAI KHU CONG NGHl£P VINH LONGhpe phai tim viee de tfl lap va phu giup gia dinh. Ben canh dd, ty le lao dpng chi dat trinh dp cap 1 cflng kha cao hdn 10%o. Tuy nhien, ban ehe ve trinh dp khdng anh hfldng Idn den qua trinh tim viec cua hp tai cac khu
eong nghiep; bdi vi cac cong ty chu yeu tuyen lao dpng phd thong. Ne'u dUdc cha'p n h a n tuyen dung, lao dpng vfla lam vfla hpc nghe tfl 2-3 t u i n thi cd the b i t d i u quen cdng viec.
Hinh 1. Phan phdi trinh do hoc van cua lao dpng nhap cif
? — ^
Cap I cip Cip
Nguon: Sd lieu khiio siit, 2009.
4.2 Thong tin ve viec lam
Trflde khi di cfl, h i u bet ngfldi lae dpng deu quan tam de'n thdng tin ve viee lam d ndi den. Vi the, ngfldi lad dpng treng l i n dl eii ddu tien thfldng chpn nhflng ndi lam viee trong Tinh. Nghien cflu eua Cfl Chi Lpi (2005) ehe thay lae dpng di cfl l i n d i u khdng dl xa qud 500km.
Thee tap quan lau ddi cua ngfldi dan, dd la thfldng ed xu hfldng lam thed nhflng gi ma Sd ddng ngfldi dan trdng cflng dja phfldng dang lam nhfl trdng trpt, chan nudi, ke ea ket hdn vdi ngfldi nfldc ngoai. Hay ndi each, p h i n Idn ngfldi dan tie'p can thdng tin tfl nhflng ngfldi xung quanh (ngfldi than, ban be) la chu yeu so vdi kenh thdng tin ehinh thflc tfl cae cd quan chflc nang. Ke't qua khao sat eho tha'y cd den 66% trong tdng so' lao dpng nhap efl dflpe khae sat eho r i n g hp tiep can ve thdng tin viec lam d nOi den tfl nhflng ngfldi thiin treng gia dinh hoae ban be trong
Trung cap Cao d i n g , nghe dai hoc
cflng dja phflOng. Mdt nghien cflu khac diipc thflc hien tai Tra Vinh nam 2007 eua chinh tac gii eung eho thay ed den 86% lao dpng di eu tiep can thdng tin viee lam tfl ngudn tren.
Ngoai kenh thdng tin tren, co den 20% lao dpng dflpe khao sat tiep can thong tm tfl phfldng tien truyen thdng (nhfl Tivi, bao ehi) va 10% tiep can trfle tiep tfl cdng ty tuyen dung. De giai thich ve va'n de nay, p h i n Idn ngudi lao dpng eho r i n g thdng tin tfl hai ngudn tren thfldng khdng chinh xac d i n den hp mat thdi gian va ehi phi di lai de tim hieu. Ngflpe lai, thong tin tfl ngiidi than heac ban be thfldng chinh xac hdn bdi vi nhflng ngfldi nay dang lam tai cac cong ty eho nen hp bie't nhieu thong tin ve dieu kien lam viec, thu nhap va tuye'n dung eiia cdng ty.
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PHAN TiCH THUC TRANG LAO DpNG NHAP CU TAI KHU CONG NGHlfP VINH LONG THONG TIN [ ] 7 J j 1
Hinh 2. Phan phdi kenh thong tin viec lam cua lao dpng nhap cu
PhLPCcng t i e n truy§n t h o n g
2 0 %
C o n g ty t u y e n d t i n g
1 0 %
Trung t a m gicyl thieu v i e c lam
2 %
N g i r a i than, b a n b e
6 6 %
Ngudn: So' lieu khao sat, 2009.
4.3 Moi quan he giUa thu nhap vd cdc dgc diem cda lao dpng nhap cU
Trong p h i n nay, chflng ta phan tieh thu nhap hang thang va khoan tien giii ve gia dinh trong mdi quan he vdi eae dae diem eua lao dpng nhap efl lam viee tai khu cdng
nghiep. Muc dich eua phan tich la lam rd sfl khae biet ve thu nhap lien quan den gidi tinh, tinh trang hdn nhan, trinh dp ehuyen mdn va binh thfle sd hflu cua cdng ty ndi hp lam viee. Ket qua ehi tiet dflde trinh bay d Bang 1.
Bdng I. Mdi quan he giua thu nhap va dae diem cua lao dpng
DVT: ddng Dae diem
Gidi tinh Hon nhan
Hdp ddng laodpng Hinh thflc sd hflu
Chuyen mdn
Binh quan
Nam Nfl Dpe than Ket hon L i d i Cd Khdng (ja the Tfl nhan Co phan Nfldc ngoai Khdng ed Chflng ehi nghe Trung cap trd len
Thu n h a p / t h a n g 1.603.160 1.442.092 1.481.965 1.473.500 1.600.000 1.496.646 1.200.000 1.200.000 1.469.977 1.650.000 2.020.000 1.385.060 1.445.889 2.540.000 1.481.960
Tien giii ve/nam 4.320.000 5.806.579 5.544.186 4.607.143 8.000.000 5.520.833 3.860.000 3.860.000 5.515.556 4.000.000 6.400.000 5.277.38-1 5.888.889 6.625.000 5.438.G14 Ngudn: S6' lieu khiio siit, 2009.
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THONG TIN PHAN TICH THUC TRANG L^O DONG NHAP C U TAI KHU CONG NGHlgP VINH LONGNhfl da de cap trflde day, muc dich ciia di cfl lao dpng la tang thu nhap va cai thien eupe sdng. Ket qua khae sat eho tha'y thu nhap hien tai cua lao dpng nhap cfl cao hdn khoang 40%) so vdi thu nhap cua cdng viee trflde day; eu the thu nhap eua nam ed xu hfldng cao hdn nfl do sfl khae biet ve dae diem cdng viec; trong khi dd, nfl cd xu hfldng giii tien ve gia dinh trong ndm nhieu hdn nam. Nghien cflu ve di efl eua Tong cue Thdng ke nam 2004 va eua Quy Dan so'Lien Hdp Quo'c nam 2007 cflng che ke't qua tfldng tfl.
Ngdai ra, thu nhap eiia lao dpng nhap cfl cflng ed sfl khac biet ve tinh trang hen nhan.
Cu the la nhflng lae dpng doc than ed xu hfldng eae hdn lae dpng da ed lap gia dinh.
Dieu nay dflpe mpt so' lae dpng nhap cfl eho biet nhfl sau: "neu nhfl hp da lap gia dinh thi hp giip khd khan treng viee tang ca vao budi tdi do phai chdm sdc con eai". Vi vay, ddy ehinh la nguyen nhan dan den sfl khae biet ve thu nhap tren. Hdn nfla, lad ddng da ky hop ddng lao dpng vdi eong ty ed thu nhap cae hdn triidng hdp lao dpng chfla ky hdp ddng. Bdi vi, khi ky hpp ddng cd nghia la lao dpng dflpe hfldng lUdng ehinh thUe 100% va cpng vdi eae khoan phu cap khac; treng khi dd, lao dpng chfla ky hpp ddng chi dflpe hfldng mflc Ifldng thii viee va khdng cd eae khoan phu cap.
Ben Ciinh dd, ket qua khae sat cflng cho tha'y cd sfl khdc biet ve thu nhap cua lao
dpng gifla cac hinh thflc sd hflu cua cong ty vdi mflc y nghia 0.05 qua kiem djnh Kruskal Walhs Test. Tfldng tfl nhfl sd heu thdng ke cua ca nfldc thu nhap trong cac cong ty nfldc ngoai thUdng cac hdn cac thanh p h i n kinh te khac. Tuy nhien, sd lUpng lao dpng diidc khac sat lam cho cong ty nfldc ngoai tai khu cdng nghiep chiem ty le khoang 5%. H i u het lae dpng lam viec eho cac cong ty tfl nhan vdi mflc thu nhap binh quan g i n 1,5 trieu ddng.
Ket qua phan tich kha phfl hpp vdi ly thuye't ve lao dpng, hay ndi each khac thu nhap cua lao dpng ty le t h u a n vdi kha nang ehuyen mdn cua hp. 80% lao dpng nhap cfl dflde khao sat tai khu cdng nghiep khdng ed trinh chuyen mdn cho nen thu nhap binh quan cua hp chi dat 1.385 ngan ddng/thang tha'p hon mflc binh quan. Dang Iflu y la lao dpng ed trinh dp chuyen mdn trung cap trd len cao g i n ga'p hai l i n lae dpng khdng ehuyen mdn. Day la tin hieu tich ciic khuyen khich lae dpng nhap cfl tham gia hpe tap de nang cao tay nghe.
4.4 Phdn tich cdc ye'u to dnh hitdng den thu nhap cua lao dpng nhap cit
Nhfl da de cap d phan phflOng phap phan tich, cae yeu t o ' i n h hfldng de'n thu nhap eiia lao dpng nhap cfl dflpe do Ifldng bdi cac yeu to' giai thieh. Ket qua flde Iflpng theo phfldng trinh (2) dflpe t r i n h bay d Bang 2 ben dfldi.
Bdng 2. Ket qua uuc lupng mo hinh thu nhap cua ho Mo h i n h
Constant Chuyen mdn Gidi tinh
Hpp ddng lae dpng Kinh nghiem Loai hinh cdng ty
Giai t h i c h Hang so' 1: ed; 0: khong 1: nam; 0: nfl 1: co: 0: chfla So nam lam viee 1: tfl nhan; 0: khac
He so 6.945 0.266 6.r36 0.408 0.055 -0.252
S a i so e h u a n 0.090 0.050 0.044
o.iie
0.025 0.079
Miic y n g h i a 0.000 0.000 0.003 0.001 0.033 0.002 Ngudn: Sd lieu khiio siit, 2009.
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PHAN TICH THUC TRA>;G LAO OONG NHAP CU TAI KHU CONG NGHIEP ViNH LONG THONG TIN l l J . ' . l i
Ghi chu:
N = 101; R' = 0,382; F^ll. 753; Sig. = 0,000.
C h u n g ta cd t h e t h a y r i n g t h u n h a p cd mdi q u a n h e c h a t ehe vdi cae dae diem cua lao dpng n h a p cfl. Cu t h e la, md h i n h flde Ifldng chl r a r i n g 38,2% sfl bien dpng ve t h u nhfip h a n g t h a n g cua hp ed t h e dflpe giai thieh bdi cac yeu to' Ude lUdng t r d n g md h i n h ed y n g h i a ve m a t t h d n g k e (p-value = 0,0000). T r e n g s d c a c yeu to'giai thich, k i n h nghiem va t r i n h dp c h u y e n mdn ddng gdp tich eUe va ed y n g h i a ve thd'ng ke ddi vdi t h u n h a p eua lao dpng n h a p efl. Ben e a n h dd, viee dflde ky hdp ddng ed y n g h i a q u a n trpng ddi vdi t h u n h a p eua hp nhfl da p h a n tieh d muc 4.3. N h u da p h a n tieh d mue tren, g i n 90% lad dpng dupe k h a c s a t l a m viec che eae eong ty tU n h a n va 80% t r o n g s d h p khdng ed ehuyen mdn tay n g h e eho n e n t h u n h a p eua hp tha'p h d n mflc b i n h q u a n cua tdng quan sat.
5. Ket l u a n
Qua qua t r i n h k h a e s a t va p h a n tich ve di efl n h a p cfl tai eae k h u cdng nghiep eua tinh Vinh Long, e h u n g ta ed t h e dUa ra mpt sd ket luan sau:
- Di eU lao dpng eo dp tudi ni't tre va nfl ehiem flu the hdn n a m dd dtie diein ccng viec tiii cae ccng ty nhfl ddng gdi san p h a m , may giay dep, d a n kit h a n g t h u eong.
- 80%) lao ddng k h d n g cd t r i n h dp chuyen mdn tay n g h e va hp ehu yeu Kim viee eho cae eong ty tfl n h a n t r o n g k h u eong nghiep. H a u bet trong sd lae dpng l a m viee ed ky hdp ddng lao dpng vdi chii d e a n h nghiep.
- T h u nhiip b i n h q u a n eua lao dpng khoang 1,5 trieu d d n g / t h a n g , t h u n h a p eiia n a m ed xu hfldng eao hdn nfl. Di cfl gdp p h a n t a n g t h u n h a p k h o a n g 40%; cu t h e neu nhfl lao dpng cd e h u y e n mdn tay n g h e thi thu n h a p eua hp ed t h e t a n g len g i n hai lan.
Dieu nay gdp p h i n q u a n t r p n g ddi vdi ddi sdng cua hp gia d i n h t h d n g qua k h o a n tien gui ve binh q u a n hdn 5 t n e u ddng/nam.
- Nhin e h u n g , t h u nhiip eua lao dpng nhiip eU ed mdi q u a n he c h a t ehe vdi cac yeu
t o ' n h u k i n h nghiem, gidi tinh, chuyen mdn, hpp ddng lao dpng va b i n h thUc sd hflu.
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
• Bo Lao dong, ThUdng binh va Xa hoi (2007), Dieu tra lao dong va viec lam.
• CU Chi Ldl (2005). Rural to Urban Migration in Viet Nam. Institute of Developing Economies, J a p a n External Trade Organization.
• Dang, N.A, Sidney, G and James, Mc (1997), Internal Migration and development in Vietnam, International Migration Review, Vol. 31, No 2, pp 312-337
• David F. Bramhall; Herrington J. Bryce (1969), Interstate Migration of Labor-Force Age Population. Industrial and Labor Relations Review, Vol. 22, No. 4, pp. 576-583.
• Diep, P and Ian, C (2007), Inter-Provincial Migration and Inequality During Viet Nam's transition. Staff Paper, No 597, University of Wisconsin-Madison.
• Huynh TrUdng Huy (2007), ThUc trang di cU lao dong ciia dong bao dan toe Khdme tai huyen Tra Cii, Tra Vinh, ChUdng trinh nghien cflu Ha Lan (NPT).
• Le Thanh Sang (2004), Urban migration in pre and post reform Viet Nam: macro patters and determinants of urbanward migration, the 1984-1989 and 1994-1999 period.
Washington University.
• Nguyen, T.P, Tran, N.T.M.T, Nguyen, T.N and Remco, 0 (2008), Determinants and Impacts of Migratidn in Viet Nam, Working Paper Scries, No 01, DEPOCEN.
• Men giam thd'ng ke (2007), Dan so va lao dong,Tong cue Tho'ng ke.
• Men giam thd'ng ke (2007), Dan so vii lao dong. Cue Thong ke tinh Vinh Long.
• Men giam thd'ng ke (2008), Tai khoiin quoc gia, Tong cue Tho'ng ke.
• UNFPA (2007), Interniil Migration in Viet Nam: The current situation. lioport of United Nations Population Fund m Viet Nam.
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