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TS. NGUYEN TH! THU PHUONG TH S. PHAM HONG YEN Vien Nghien cdu Trung Qudc
Dan nhap
Trii qua 30 nam cai each md cfla thanh cdng, d d i u the ky XXI Trung Qudc da dat dflpc nhflng bflde tien dai trdng cdng cupc phat trien kinh te, xa hdi cung nhfl nang cao vi the cua minh tren trfldng qud'c te. Ngay nay, Trung Qudc da la nen kinh te ldn thfl ba the gidi sau My, Nhat va sap chie'm vi tri thfl hai the chd ciia Nhat Ban. Cflng vdi sflc manh td'ng hdp qud'c gia khdng ngflng dfldc tang cfldng, giao lflu qud'c te ngay cang md rdng, Trung Qud'c dang danh md'i quan tam ldn cho "sflc manh mem", dac biet la sflc manh ve van hda.
Trong van kien Dai hdi 17 (nam 2007), Dang Cdng san Trung Qud'c l i n d i u tien khang dinh, sflc manh mem la bd phan ca'u thanh quan trpng cua sflc manh tdng hpp qud'c gia, cflng nhfl sflc canh
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t r a n h qud'c te cfla da't nflde. Van kien nhan manh rang "trong thdi dai hien nay, vai trd ciia van boa trong canh t r a n h sflc manh tdng hdp qudc gia ngay cang tang. Ai chie'm cfl dfldc dinh cao ciia phat trien van boa, ngfldi dd ed the nam quyen chfl ddng trong cude canh t r a n h qud'c te khde liet nay"\ Ddng thdi van kien cung xac dinh mud'n nang cao sflc manh va tam anh hfldng cua van hda ra the gidi, trflde bet Trung Qud'c phai tap trung vao ba hfldng cd ban: (1) Nhan thfle toan dien van hda truyen thd'ng Trung Hoa, nang cao gia tri mang tinh thich hdp phd bien, tang cfldng sflc anh hfldng qud'c te ciia van hda Trung Hoa; (2) Tfch cflc thfle d i y sang tao, thuc d i y hien dai hda van hda truyen thd'ng;
(3) Tang cfldng giao lflu dd'i ngoai, thue day van hda Trung Hoa hfldng ra the gidi.
NGHIEN CUU TRUNG QUOC so 6(106) - 2010
Hoe Vien Khdng Tu..
Tfl nhan thfle tren, Trung Qud'c da di de'n Ifla chpn viec thanh lap Hpc vien Khdng Tfl tren pham vi toan ciu la hat nhan trong chien Ifldc gia tang sflc manh mem cua minh, thfle hien hfldng di thfl ba vfla neu.
I. Muc dich thanh lap Hoc vien Khdng Tu va chiirc nang ciia no
1.1. Muc dich thdnh lap Hpc vien Khdng Td
De hieu dfldc muc dfch thanh lap hpc vien Khdng Tfl cfla Trung Qud'c, trflde bet chflng ta e i n tim hieu tai sao Trung Qud'c lai lay Khdng Tfl la ten gpi cua cd quan thuc d i y tieng Han d nflde ngoai?
Tai Dai hdi Hpc vien Khdng Tfl l i n thfl nha't, Phd Uy vien trfldng Dai hdi dai bieu nhan dan toan qud^c Trung Qud'c Hfla Gia Ld giai thich: "Vi Khdng Tfl la ngfldi t h i y sd'ng mai trong ldng nhan dan Trung Qud'c, hpc thuyet Nho gia vdi dai dien la Khdng Tfl, hat nhan la "lay con ngfldi lam gd'c", "di bda vi quy", "hda ma khdng ddng". Dd vay, den nay, ngfldi Trung Qudc van coi hpc thuyet nay la nen tang tfl tfldng cflng chung sd'ng hflu nghi vdi nhan dan eac nflde tren the gidi".
Khdng Tfl la nha tfl tfldng, nha giao due trong lich sfl Trung Qud'c, la ngfldi sang lap ra hpc thuyet Nhd gia, mdt hpc thuyet cd anh hfldng sau rdng tren pham vi toan the gidi. Ten gpi nay da the hien rd truyen thdng van hda lau ddi eua Trung Qud'c, ddng thdi the hien xu the phat trien van hda Trung Qud'c dang
tflng bflde hdi nhap vao nen van hda da nguyen cua the gidi^^. Qua dd cd the thay, vdi Trung Qud'c va ca the gidi, Khdng Tfl - ngfldi khai sang ra hpc thuyet Nho gia - chfnh la ky fle va bieu tfldng cfla nen van hda Trung Hoa. Vi vay, chpn Khdng Tfl lam ten gpi cho ed quan truyen ba tieng Han, van hda Han ra toan the gidi, se giflp cho Trung Qud'c de dang phat huy td't hdn nhflng gia tri flu trdi dfldc hinh thanh tfl be day lich sfl, tinh da dang cua nen van hda ed ed't loi cd ban la hpc thuyet Nho gia.
Hpc vien Khdng Tfl dfldc thanh lap vdi muc tieu cd ban la "day Han ngfl va truyen ba van bda cfla dan tdc Trung Hoa"'. Trong bai phat bieu tai Dai hdi Hpc vien Khdng Tfl l i n thfl 2, Uy vien Qud'c vu Trung Qud'c T r i n Chi Lap nha'n manh, Hpc vien Khdng Tfl phai trd thanh "can cfl dia phd bien tie'ng Han cl nflde ngoai, cfla sd de ban be nflde ngoai hieu ve Trung Qudc, san chdi thuc day sfl giao lflu va hdp tac gifla Trung Qud'c vdi cac nflde tren the gidi"^
Theo quan diem cfla gidi hpc gia Trung Qud'c, Hpc vien Khdng Tfl la nhflng td ehflc giao due phi ldi nhuan dfldc thanh lap nham thfle diy sfl phat trien da van hda va hfldng tdi muc tieu xay dflng the gidi hai hda^.
Ben canh dd, muc tieu mang tfnh chien Ifldc lau dai cua Chinh phu Trung Qud'c trong viec phd bien hpc vien Khdng Tfl chinh la nang cao anh hfldng cua sflc manh mem ra pham vi tdan the gidi, dfla
NGHIEN CUU TRUNG QUOC so 6(106) - 2010
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NGUYEN THI THU
P H J O N G- PHAM HONG YEN
tren gia tri tfl tfldng n h a n van cua Khdng Tfl cung nhfl tinh hoa ciia nen van hoa cd ve day hang ngan nam ma
"Hpc vien Khdng Tfl ehinh la bieu tfldng cua "sflc manh mem" cua Trung Qud'c"''.
Cac phan tich bflde d i u cho thay, viec thanh lap cae Hpc vien Khdng Tfl se giflp Trung Qud'c phat huy dfldc ldi the cd ban cua ngudn liie van hda vdn cd be ddy lich sa vd sac hdp ddn ddi vdi the gidi. B i n g each dd cdng vdi viec khai thac td'i da xu hfldng toan c i u hda dang ngay cang lan rdng, Trung Qud'c se tflng bflde xay dflng mdt loai sflc manh cd kha nang gia tang sflc anh hfldng, sflc canh tranh va quyen chii ddng trong viec ehi phd'i hanh vi qud'c te.
Cd the tha'y, viec phat trien cac Hpc vien Khdng Tfl la "hat nhan" gia tang sflc manh mem van hda cua Trung Qud'c trong thdi diem nay song song vdi "sflc manh cflng" se giai quye't dflpc it nha't hai van de. Thd nhdt, gia tang sflc ha'p dan van hda thdng qua sfl "trdi day hda binh" cua cac Hpc vien Khdng Tfl se khien cho cac nflde tren the gidi khdng coi Trung Qud'c la - "mdt md'i de dpa"
nhfl Phfldng Tay tflng e ngai. Thd hai, thdng qua sfl lan tda ngay cang sau rdng cua ngdn ngfl va van hda nhd hdat ddng cua cac Hpc vien, Trung Qud'c se tflng bflde tao dflng dfldc nhflng tien de cd ban n h i m nang hieu qua cac chinh sach ngoai giao, nen chinh tri qud'c gia len t i m cao mdi, dat dfldc mdt trpng lUpng mdi tren trUdng qud'c te.
1.2. Chdc ndng cua Hpc vien Khdng
Ta
Hpc vien Khdng Tii dUdc thanh lap nham thfle d i y viec day tie'ng Han nhfl mdt ngoai ngfl cflng nhfl nham trao ddi va hdp tac trdng linh vfle giao due va van hda. Chfle nang chu yeu eiia Hpc vien Khdng Tii la ehuyen dao tao tie'ng Han va dao tao dpi ngu giao vien day tie'ng Han cho eac qudc gia va khu vfle tren toan the gidi. Hien nay, chfle nang eua Hpc vien Khdng Tfl da dfldc md rdng hdn, "Dieu le eua Hoc vien Khdng Tfl"
quy dinh Hpc vien Khdng Tfl bao gdm cac ehflc nang sau:
(1) Day hpc tieng Han;
(2) Dao tao nang cao chat Ifldng giao vien day tie'ng Han;
(3) Cung cap cae ngudn nhan Iflc ve day tieng Han;
(4) Luyen thi tie'ng Han, td ehflc thi va cap Chflng chi Han ngfl cho giao vien day tieng Han;
(5) Cung cap thdng tin va tfl van ve eae van de ed lien quan tdi giao due, van bda va cae linh vfle khac;
(6) Td chfle cac boat ddng giao lflu ngdn ngfl va van hda gifla Trung Qud'c vdi eac nflde k h a c '
2. Qua trinh hinh thanh va phat trien hoc vien Khdng Tu
Tfl nam 2002, Bd Giao due Trung Qud'c va Nhdm lanh dao day hpc Han ngfl dd'i ngoai Qudc gia da dfla ra ke
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NGHIEN Ciiu TRUNG QUOC so 6(106) - 2010Hoc Vien Khdng Tu..
hoach thanh lap mdt cd quan phd bien ngdn ngfl d nflde ngoai. Thang 3 - 2004, Uy vien Qudc vu Trung Qudc Tran Chi Lap tuyen bd', cac td ehflc tuyen truyen phd bien tieng Han phi ldi nhuan d nflde ngoai chinh thfle dfldc dat ten la "Hpc vien Khdng Tfl". Tfl nam 2004 khi Hpc vien Khd'ng Tfl d i u tien dfldc thanh lap den nay, nhieu Hoc vien Khdng Tfl, Ldp hpc Khdng Tfl da dfldc thanh lap d nhieu qud'c gia va khu vfle tren the gidi, tao nen cdn sdt Han ngfl tren khap eac chau lue. Hpc vien Khdng Tfl dang trd thanh
"tam danh thiep" truyen ba van hda Han vdi hat nhan la tfl tfldng "hai hoa", "boa giai", "boa binh" eua Khd'ng Tfl ra khu vfle va toan the gidi.
2600 nam trflde, cho dfl dfldc tdn xflng la "van the sfl bieu", tflng dan hpc trd di chu du nhieu nflde, tham chf cdn flde md
"thfla phfl phfl fl hai" (ngdi be gd ra bien), nhflng sud't cude ddi, Khdng Tfl ehfla bad gid vfldt qua dia phan hai tinh Sdn Ddng va Ha Nam. The nen, Khd'ng Tfl cd le khdng bao gid cd the tin ring, vao thap ky d i u tien eua the ky XXI, Hpc vien Khdng Tfl mang ten dng dang trd thanh"thfldng hieu" quang ba sflc manh mem van hda Trung Qud'c, quang ba hinh anh, d&'t nflde va eon ngfldi Trung Quo'c tren toan ciu. Ve cd cau he thd'ng hpc vien nay dfldc phan thanh hai cap: Cap thfl nhat la cac Hpc vien Khd'ng Tfl thfldng dfldc thanh lap d cac trfldng dai hpc va cae ed quan nghien cflu nflde ngoai; cap dp nhd hdn la cac Ldp hpc
Khdng Tii la cd quan ve tinh cua Hpc vien Khdng Tfl, thfldng dfldc thanh lap tai eac trfldng tieu hpc va trung hpc.
Theo thd'ng ke, tinh den cud'i nam 2009, Trung Qud'c da thanh lap dfldc 282 Hpc vien Khdng Tfl va 272 Ldp hpc Khd'ng T\i tai 88 qudc gia va vung lanh thd tren the gidi*. Tai chau A, ed 90 Hpc •vien Khdng Tii va Ldp hoc Khdng Tfl da dfldc thiet lap d 26 qudc gia va vflng lanh thd. Theo tfnh toan ehfla diy du, tai Nhat Ban ed 17 Hpc vien, tfldng tfl b Han Qud'c. Khu vfle Trung A cd 24 Hoc vien. Rieng tai Ddng Nam A da ed 32 Hoc vien, 23 trong so' nay dat tai Thai Lan, sd^ cdn lai dat rai rac tai Philippines (2), Indonesia (1), Singapore (2), Malaysia (2), Myanma (2)'.
Mac du Chfnh phu Trung Qud'c nha'n manh, Hpc vien Khdng Tfl van banh nhfl nhflng td chfle phi chinh phu va phi ldi nhuan, nhflng nguyen tac va ngan sach cua nd lai dupc hudng dan va tai trd bdi Han ban thudc Bd Giao due Trung Qud'c.
Ndi each khac, Hpc vien se trd thanh ndi tap trung sU nd Iflc cfla Trung Qud'c n h i m thuc day nen van hda nhieu the manh ra nflde ngoai va qua dd gia tang anh hfldng "mem" cua Trung Qud'c tren the gidi. Nam 2007, tru sd Hpc vien Khd'ng Tfl tai Bae Kinh da chfnh thfle di vao boat ddng. Theo quy hoach cfla Van phdng Nhdm lanh dao quang ba qud'c te Han ngfl qudc gia, dfl tfnh de'n nam 2010, tren the gidi cd khoang 500 Hpc vien va Ldp hpc Khd'ng Tfl, sau vai nam eon so nay cd the len tdi 1000'°.
NGHIEN Ciiu TRUNG QUOC so 6(106) - 2010
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NGUYEN THI THU PHUONG - PHAM HONG YEN
Ben canh chfle nang chfl yeu la dao tao Han ngfl, phd bien ngdn ngfl, chinh sach ngoai giao nhan dan va thue day phd' bien van hda Trung Hoa cung dfldc tan dung mdt each cd hieu qua d cac Hpc vien Khdng Tfl. Nhieu nghien cflu cho thay, cac Hpc vien nay cd kha nang thfle day viec phd bien van hda Trung Qud'c d ba phfldng dien:
Thd nhdt, Hpc vien Khd'ng Tii la ndi bdi dfldng mdt khdng khi chan thanh tren toan the gidi nham flng hd cho viec hpc tieng Han.
Thd hai, viec dfla ra hpc ngdn ngfl nay se dinh binh nen mdt nen van hda phd quat vdi nghe thuat, phim anh, dd an, thdi trang va each sd'ng cfla Trung Qud'c. Van hda phd quat ban than nd ed the tao nen mdt mdi trfldng tinh cam ung hd Trung Qud'c (vi du nhfl viec hpc tieng Han, vdi mue dfeh flng hd The van hdi Bic Kinh 2008 ...) va cung cd anh hudng cua sflc manh mem ciia Trung Qud'c.
Thd ba, Hpc vien Khd'ng Tii cflng thanh lap "Quy C i u nd'i Trung Qud'c", tai trd cho cac chfldng trinh trao ddi sinh vien dai hpc va flng hd cac nghien cflu va phat trien giao due Trung Qudc b nflde ngoai. Vi du trUdng hpp Campuchia, Trung Qud'c da trd t h a n h nha cung cap vien trd ldn nha't cho Campuchia. Theo dd, cac chUdng trinh ngdn ngfl tie'ng Han da chie'm linh mpi gde phd' thu dd Phndm Penh, ehi trong mdt trfldng day tie'ng Han da cd khoang 14.000 hpc sinh theo
bpe. Trflde kia, hpc sinh Campuchia thfldng mud'n de'n Phap va My theo hpc cac chfldng trinh hpc d bac cad hdn thi nay hp da chuyen sang tim kiem eac trUdng dai hpc b Thfldng Hai. Tfl nam 2002- 2004, sd' Ifldng hoc sinh Campuchia d Trung Qud'c da tang gin 20%". Tie'p theo la trfldng hdp Thai Lan, dfldc sfl tai trd cfla Hoc vien Khdng Tfl, thang 6 nam 2009, "Trien lam ngdn ngfl va van hda" da dien ra tai Cdng vien Hdi chd sinh vat canh the gidi Hoang gia d Chieng Mai. Sfl ket hdp kheo leo gifla ky nang truyen ba Han ngfl vdi ve da dang, ha'p dan cua 40 q u i y trien lam gidi thieu chfl viet, thd ca, nghe thuat thfl phap va t r a n h ve truyen thdng, hang thii cdng my nghe, trang phuc eung nhU nghi le ud'ng tra cd' xUa eua Trung Qud'c da thu hut hang chuc nghin ngUdi tham gia. Cd the tha'y, cac chUdng trinh tai trd va boat ddng nay dang trd thanh ciu nd'i gia tang sflc ha'p dan van hda qud'c te Trung Qud'c va khuech dai anh hfldng
"mem" cua nd b cap ed sd.
Thd ta, ke tfl nam 2004, Trung Qud'c da cxi tren 2000 tinh nguyen vien va giao vien tdi 35 qud'c gia lam viec trong linh vfle giao due tie'ng Han d nflde ngoai, bao gdm ca cic nflde ASEAN nhfl Indonesia, Lao, Phillipines, Singapore, Thailand va Viet Nam'^. Nhflng "nha ngoai giao nhan dan" nay trd thanh ngudn nhan Iflc quan trpng trong viec tao dflng anh hfldng xa hdi va van hda ciia Trung Qud'c trong khu vfle.
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NGHIEN CUU TRUNG QUOC so 6(106) - 2010Hoc Vien Khdng TCr...
Cd the tha'y, trong thdi gian qua, cac Hpc vien Khdng Tfl vdi trpng tam la tuyen truyen ngdn ngfl va quang ba van bda truyen thd'ng da lam cho sflc hap dan cua Trung Qud'c dd'i vdi the gidi ngay cang ldn. Sflc hap dan cua cac Hpc vien nay da tao thanh cdn sd't hpc tieng Han lan rpng khap the gidi. Hien nay, sd' Ifldng ngfldi hpc tie'ng Han toan ciu da vfldt qua 40 trieu ngfldi'^. Tai chau Phi, chau My, chau A dae biet la khu vfle Ddng Nam A sd Ifldng hpc sinh hpc tie'ng Han da tang len nhanh chdng. Vi du trfldng hdp Thai Lan, theo thdng tin tfl quan chfle Bd Giao due Thai Lan cho bie't, hien nay, d Thai Lan dfldi sfl bao trd cua 23 Hpc vien Khdng Tfl, hpc tieng Han va tim hieu van hda Trung Hoa da trd thanh nguyen vpng cua nhieu ngfldi Thai Lan, nha't la ldp tre. Ca nflde Thai Lan cd bdn 1000 trUdng hpc md mdn hpc tie'ng Han, khoang 400.000 hpc sinh dang theo hoc tie'ng Han'''. Theo dieu tra cua Uy ban day tie'ng nUdc ngoai cua My, nam 2000, tren toan nUde My cd khoang 5.000 hpc sinh tfl ldp 1 de'n ldp 12 hoc tie'ng Han, nam 2007 eon so' nay da tang len tdi 50.000 ngfldi (b My cd nhieu ngfldi My gd'c Hoa), 55 trfldng trung hpc va tieu hpc tren toan nflde My day tie'ng Han. Nam 2004, Hpc vien Khd'ng Tfl d i u tien dfldc thanh lap d My, den nay, da cd 31 Hpc vien Khd'ng Tfl, sd' Iflpng dflng d i u the gidi'^. Khdng cbi vay, theo ngudn tin tfl quan chfle Bd Giao due Trung Qud'c cho biet, bien nay
van cdn hdn 150 trUdng hoe va cd quan cua hdn 40 nUdc va vflng lanh tho' da neu ra yeu ciu thanh lap Hpc vien Khd'ng Tfl. Nhflng con sd' nay cho thay, trong tfldng lai sd' Ifldng cac Hpc vien Khdng Tfl se cang dfldc nhan rdng va tang manh tren khap cac chau luc, day se la nhip eau thuc day hdn nfla hdat ddng giao lflu van hda gifla Trung Qud'c va the gidi'^.
3. Mot sd danh gia ciia cac hoc gia ve sure manh mem van hda Trung Qudc
Trung Qud'c da khdng ngflng nha'n manh quan diem trung lap ve chinh tri cua cac Hpc vien Khdng Tfl. The nhflng, nhflng dieu kien ve chinh tri va tfl tfldng van hien hien trong viec quan ly td' ehflc va cac boat ddng cd lien quan va trong cac xuat ban p h i m . Thi du, nhflng ngfldi nhan hpc bdng "Quy Ciu nd'i Trung Qudc" dfldc quyet dinh bdi Han Ban co the phan anh md'i quan tam chien Ifldc cfla chinh phfl dfla tren ldi ich qud'c gia.
Them vao do, viec bd' tri g i n 300 Hpc vien Khdng Tfl va bflng nd cac Ldp hpc Khdng Tfl d khap cac chau luc eung gan vdi ddi hdi than thien ve chfnh tri da dfldng nhfl gay ra nhieu y kie'n tranh luan. Vi ngoai quan diem cho ring, Trung Qud'c dang tich cflc tai thie't mpt nen van hda phd quat tren cac chau luc, thi tdc dp nhan rdng chdng mat eua eac Hpc vien nay cung khien ngfldi ta di tfl kinh ngac, than phuc sang ban khoan, va budc phai so sanh vdi cac "cd may gieo NGHIEN CIJU TRUNG QUOC so 6(106) - 2010
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NGUYEN THI THU PHl/ONG - PHAM HONG YEN
hat van hda" ten tud'i khac tren the gidi.
Hdi ddng Anh trai qua hdn 70 nam mdi thanh lap dfldc 230 chi n h a n h d nflde ngoai, Vien Goethe (Dfle) sau hdn 50 nam trien khai dflpc 178 chi n h a n h d hai ngoai''. Vi vay, xu the tang manh cua cac Hpc vien Khd'ng Tfl chi cd the so sanh vdi sfl tang trfldng qua ndng cua nen kinh te Trung Qud'c. Trong trfldng hdp nay thuat ngfl tam dfldc coi la phfl hpp de dac ehi dd la "tdc dp Trung Qud'c".
Tuy vay, sfl phat trien va phd bien cfla Hpc vien Khdng Tfl cung dang phai dd'i mat vdi nhflng trd ngai khdng nhd.
Mdt so' hpc gia trong va ngoai Trung Qud'c nhan dinh r i n g :
Mpt la, ngfldi Trung Qud'c cd cau "due tdc bat dat", trflde hien tfldng tren, nhflng ai quan tam tdi nen van hda nflde nay khdng khdi dat ra cau hdi: Lieu tdc dp tang chdng mat nhfl vay cd dam bao chat Ifldng khdng? Khdng it nghien cflu g i n day cho tha'y, cd nhieu quan ngai tfl
"tdc dp Trung Qudc" cua cac Hpc vien Khdng Tfl. Cu the la: thie'u tai lieu giang day va giao trinh c h u i n dang trd t h a n h van de nan giai cfla he thd'ng cac Hpc vien Khd'ng Tfl d Nhat Ban, Nga; thie'u giao vien va nhan tai quan ly d Dflc;
thieu sfl chi dao va phd'i hpp thd'ng nha't gifla eae Hpc vien tren quy md toan ciu;
cdn nhieu thie'u sdt va bat hpp ly trong phan hd' gifla eae khu vfle (phan bd' d Au - My nhieu, chau A - Thai Binh Dfldng it, phan bd' d cac nflde phat trien nhieu, cac nflde dang phat trien It)'*.
Hai Id, tuy sd' lUdng Hpc vien Khdng Tii va sd' ngUdi hpc tie'ng Han tren the gidi tang manh, song anh hUdng sflc manh mem cua Trung Qud'c dd'i vdi the gidi mdi chi bat d i u trong vai nam trd lai day. So vdi Hpc vien Khdng Tii eiia ngfldi Trung Qud'c, Hpc vien Goethe cua ngfldi Dflc va Hdi ddng Anh da bat d i u each day hang the ky, do dd, anh hfldng cfla cae nen van hda nay dd'i vdi the gidi ldn hdn nhieu so vdi anh hfldng cfla sflc manh mem van hda cua Trung Qud'c.
Giao sfl Tfl Quang Du-Hpc vien Quan he Qud'c te - Dai hpc Nhan dan Trung Qudc cho rang, "Dd'i vdi edng ddng qud'c te, tfl tfldng cua Khd'ng Tfl va tfl tfldng eua Aristote khdng nam tren cflng mdt binh dien. Do dd, nhflng thfl nhfl Hpc vien Khdng Tii mud'n trd thanh cdng cu lan tda sflc manh mem eua Trung Qud'c, cdn vap phai sfl ban ehe cd' hflu""*. Tac gia eho rang, mud'n viee md rdng sflc manh mem van hda ma h a t nhan la Hpc vien Khdng Tfl gat hai dflpc thanh cdng thi Trung Qud'c cdn c i n phai ed' g i n g nhieu hdn nfla. Hdn nfla, hien nay ban than Trung Qud'c cung dang dflng trflde thach thfle "tham hut" ldn trong sfl tfldng tac van hda vdi nflde ngoai. Cu the, tfl nam 2000-2004, Trung Qud'c nhap khau 4.322 bd phim tfl nflde ngoai, h i u het la tfl My, song lai xuat k h a u r a t ft trong cflng ky.
Doanh thu tfl nganh thfldng mai sach ciia Trung Qud'c ehi bang 1% con so' nay eua My va eac nflde chau Au^°. Do dd,
"Viec Trung Qud'c tang cfldng sflc manh
78
NGHIEN Ciiu TRUNG QUOC so 6(106) - 2010Hge Vien Khdng Tu...
mem van ehfla the dat tdi mue tieu gianh "chien thang", trong mdt thdi gian ngan nfla, ne'u Trung Qud'c cd the giam bdt dflpc hien trang tham but sflc manh mem da la mdt thanh qua td't lam rdi"^'.
Hpc gia Chu Thanh Yen cho ring, sflc canh tranh van hda cua Trung Qud'c van cdn rat lac hau va Hpc vien Khd'ng Tfl cin them cac ndi dung sau sac va mang tinh linh boat hdn de thu bflt sfl chfl y cua ngfldi nflde ngoai, thay vi cac ndi dung van hda hdi hdt be ngoai va mang tinh dap khudn, cflng nhae^^ .
Ba Id, trong khi chfl trpng viee md rdng Hpc vien Khd'ng Tfl d nflde ngoai thi b trong nflde Trung Qud'c, nhan thfle ve t i m quan trpng cua Khdng Tfl va hpc thuyet Nho gia lai ehfla d i y du. Hpc gia Vfldng Dat Tam - Nghien cflu vien Hpc vien Nghien cflu Khd'ng Tfl- Dai hpc Nhan dan Bae Kinh cho r i n g , van de hien nay la "khdng phai cac nflde khae khdng tdn trpng Khdng Tfl, ma sfl danh gia b trong nflde Trung Qud'c dd'i vdi dia vi va gia tri eua Khdng Tfl cdn rat kem, tham chi cdn khdng theo kip My"^^. Vi du, mac dfl trong nhflng nam g i n day, cd nhieu ngfldi d trong nflde keu gpi trien khai phd cap giao trinh day hpc toan qud'c ve Khd'ng Tfl tfl bac tieu hpc de'n bac dai hpc, lay ngay sinh cfla Khdng Tfl lam ngay Tet nha giao..., nhflng deu ehfla dfla vao chfldng trinh nghi sfl. Do dd, tac gia cho rang, "cin phai nhan thfle mdt each tinh tao, sfl phuc hflng thfle sfl eua van hda Nho gia, e rang cdn phai di mpt chang dfldng dai"^"*.
Nhfl vay, tuy tdc dp lan rdng eiia cae Hpc vien Khdng Tfl xet ve nhieu mat da cho tha'y tinh hieu qua ciia viec day Han ngfl, nhflng dd mdi chi la nhflng vien gaeh d i u tien cua mpt nen mdng ldn.
Cdn mdt sfl menh khac, quan trpng hdn ma Chfnh phu Trung Qud'c ky vpng vao, dd la tim each gia tang anh hfldng van hda Trung Qud'c, nang cao hinh anh qud'c gia, tang them tinh hflu nghi eua Trung Qud'c thi dfldng nhfl cac Hpc vien Khdng Tfl ehfla dfl sflc Iflc de trd thanh
"thfldng bieu" manh n h i m tang cfldng sflc manh mem van hda eua Trung Qudc tren quy md toan ciu.
4. Ket luan
Viec xflc tie'n thanh lap cae Hpc vien Khdng Tfl dang ngay cang lam tang them sflc hap dan va thuyet phuc cua sflc manh mem van hda Trung Qud'c tren toan the gidi. Viec nhan rdng hang tram Hpc vien tren toan ciu va hang ngan giao vien ngdn ngfl kiem nhflng nha truyen ba van hda dang the hien each sfl dung linh boat sflc manh mem van hda eua Trung Qud'c. Ve cd ban nhflng thanh cdng ban d i u ma cac Hpc vien Khdng Tfl dat dfldc trong qua trinh lan tda cac gia tri van hda ra the gidi da khie'n Trung Qud'c dfldng nhfl dang dfldc nhin nhan thien cam hdn trong hinh anh "eon rdng thdng minh" dang trdi day vdi dien mao
"than thien" va "tfl te". Tuy nhien, day mdi ehi la bflde di d i u tien trong viec tao dflng va md rdng anh hfldng mem cua Trung Qud'c ra toan the gidi, de gat hai
NGHIEN CIJU TRUNG QUOC so 6(106) - 2010
79
NGUY§N THI THU PHl/ONG - PHAM HONG YEN
t h a n h cdng, T r u n g Qud'c da, d a n g va se p h a i dd'i m a t vdi n h i e u t h a c h thfle, d u n g nhfl n h a n d i n h c u a T r i n Lac va Vfldng Lfldng L u p n g - P h d n g vien td H o a n c a u thdi bao: "Sfl p h u c hflng va t r u y e n b a v a n hda cua T r u n g Qud'c cdn p h a i di m d t c h a n g d u d n g dai"^''.
CHU THICH:
' Trung t a m Nghien cflu van boa nghe t h u ^ t Trung Qudc, Ve Hpi nghi V a n boa lan thfl 8, Chinaart08.com
^ (http://www.'wenhuacn.com/article.
asp?classid=10&articleid=8283).
^ (Trfch ldi Uy vien Quoc vu T r u n g Qud^c T r i n Chi Lap, T r i n Giac Van, Ngo Doan Dfldng: Qud trinh phdt trien Hpc vien Khdng Td d niCdc ngodi, Hpc bao Hpc vien Hanh chinh Giao due Quo^c gia, so' 4- 2009)
'' Trich dan theo Banh T a n Lfldng:
Ngoai giao vdn hda vd sac manh mem cua Trung Quoc: Mpt cdi nhin todn cdu hda, Nxb Giang day va nghien cflu ngoai ngfl, Bae Kinh, t h a n g 4/2008, tr. 471-472).
^ Xem them: Gidi thieu ve Hpc vien Khdng Tfl; Banh Tan Lfldng: Ngoai giao vdn hda vd sac manh mem cua Trung Qudc-Mpt goc nhin todn cdu hda, Nxb Giang day va nghien cflu ngoai ngfl, B i c Kinh thang 5/2008)
^ Trfch ldi hpc gia Chu T h a n h Yen- Nghien cflu vien T r u n g t a m n g h i e n cflu giao tie'p quo'c te thupc t r u d n g Dai hpc
T h a n h Hoa (http://www.chinese.cn/eollege/
en/article/2009-08/29/content 22308.htm ' (Chfle n a n g cua hpc vien Khdng Txi, http://www.chinese.cn/college/en/article/20 09-08/29/content 22308.htm
® Khai q u a t tinh h i n h p h a t trien hoc vien Khdng Tfl. Nguon: M a n g Hoc vien Khdng Tfl bttp://eollege.chinese.cn/article/
2009-10/23/eontent 77852.htm
® bttp://2hidao.baidu.com/questionyi 194 06548.html
'° B a n h T a n Lfldng: Ngoai giao vdn hoa vd sde manh mem Trung Qudc: mpt goc nhin todn cdu hda, , Dfldng D a n h Dy, T r i n Hflu Nghia, H o a n g Minh Giap, Mai Phfldng, Vu Le H i n g dich, NXB Giang day va nghien cflu ngoai ngfl, Bac Kinh 5- 2008, tr.447
" http://www.tbeglobalist.com/StorvId.
aspx?StorvId=6241
'^ www.banban.edu.cn/en hanban/con t e n t p h p (accessed on 2008/11/13).
'^ T r i n Giac Van, Ngd Doan Dfldng, Qud trinh phdt trien Hpc vien Khdng Td d niidc ngodi, Hpc bao Hpc vien H a n h chfnh Giao due Qud'c gia. So' 4/2009.
'^ Hpc vien Khdng Tfl b i c c i u giao lflu v a n boa mdi gifla T r u n g Qud'c va nflde ngoai, http://pilot.vn/?mod=news&page=
view&id=5527
'^ B a n h T a n Lfldng: Ngoai giao vdn hoa vd sde manh mem cua Trung Qudc- Mpt goc nhin todn cdu hda, Nxb Nghien cflu va
day ngoai ngfl B i c Kinh, B i c Kinh, 2008, tr. 477
80
NGHIEN CUU TRUNG Q U O Cso 6(106) - 2010
Hoc Vien Khdng Tu...
'*^ Hoc vien Khdng Tfl b i c cau giao lflu van boa mdi gifla Trung Qud'c va nflde ngoai
'^ Banh Tan Lfldng: Ngoai giao vdn hoa vd sde manh mem Trung Quoc: mpt goc nhin todn cdu hda, Dfldng Danh Dy, Tran HQu NghTa, Hoang Minh Giap, Mai PhUdng, Vu Le H i n g dich, NXB Giang day va nghien cflu ngoai ngfl, Bac Kinh 5/2008, tr.454.
'^ Xem them Banh Tan Lfldng, Ngoai giao vdn hoa vd sde manh mem Trung Quo'c: mpt goc nhin todn cdu hda, Dudng Danh Dy, Tran Hflu Nghia, Hoang Minh Giap, Mai Phfldng, Vii Le H i n g dich, NXB Giang day va nghien cflu ngoai ngfl, Bac Kinh 5/2008
'^ Tfl Quang Du: Y thdc sde manh mem bdt ddu thdc tinh, Hodn cdu thdi bdo, ngay 31-12-2009, tr. 14
^° http://www.chinaembassv.c2/c2e/rd2t/
srocpss/t276969.htm.
^' Tfl Quang Du: Y thdc sde manh mem bdt ddu thdc tinh, Hodn cdu thdi bdo, ngdy 31-12-2009, tr. 14.
^^ http://www.chinaembassv.cz/c2e/rdzt/
srocpss/t276969.htm.
^'^'^^ Vfldng Dat Tam, My quy dinh ngay le tUdng nhd Khdng Tfl, T r u n g Qud'c lam the nao, Hoan c i u thdi bao, ngay 4-11- 2009, tr. 15.
^^ Tran Lac, Vfldng Lfldng Lfldng, Thfldng vien My thong qua Du thao ky niem ngay sinh Khdng Tfl- Chuyen gia cho r i n g do la sfl p h a n flng tich cflc ddi vdi viec qudc Iflc cua Trung Qud'c tiep tuc tang cfldng, Hoan cau thdi bao, ngay 30-10- 2009, tr. 3.
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO CHINH 1. Joseph S. Nye va William Owens.
"Ky nguyen thong tin cua My", Cac cong viec ddi ngoai. T h a n g 3,4/ 1996, tr. 21.
2. Joseph S. Nye, Ngo Hieu Huy...dich:
Sde manh mem: con diidng thdnh cong tren vu ddi chinh tri thegidi, Bac Kinh, Nxb PhUdng Dong, nam 2005, tr. 11-13
3. T r u n g t a m Nghien cflu van hoa nghe t h u a t Trung Quo'c, Ve Hpi nghi Van hoa l i n thfl 8, Chinaart08.com
4. Hpc vien Khdng Tfl bac c i u giao lflu van hoa mdi gifla Trung Qud^c va nflde ngoaihttp://pilot.vn/?mod=news&page=vie w&id=5527
5. B a n h Tan Lfldng, Dfldng Danh Dy, Tran Hflu Nghia, Hoang Minh Giap, Mai Phfldng, Vu Le H i n g dich, Ngoai giao vdn hda vd sde manh mem Trung Quoc: mpt goc nhin todn cdu hda, NXB Giang day va nghien cflu ngoai ngfl, Bac Kinh 5/2008
6. Thomas Lum, Wayne M. Morrison, and Bruce Vaughn, Chinas "Soft Power"
in Southeast Asia, (Bao cao ve "sflc manh mem" cfla T r u n g Quo'c tai Dong Nam A) CRS Research for Congress, J a n u a r y 4, 2008
7. Michael Hsiao, Transformations in China's Soft: Power toward ASEAN (Sfl chuyen doi trong sflc manh mem cua Trung Qud'c ddi vdi ASEAN), China Brief Volume: 8 Issue: 22
8. http://www.theglobalist.com/StorvId.
aspx?StorvId^6241
9. www.hanban.edu.cn/en hanban/con tent.php (accessed on 2008/11/13).
10. http://2hidao.baidu.com/Question/
119406548.html
NGHIEN Ciiu TRUNG QUOC so 6(106) - 2010
