NHiJNG VAN D^ CHUNG V^ LjCH Sir OANG
BANG LANH BAO PHAT HUY SUC MANH HAU CAN TOAN DAN
• • •
TRONG CHIEN DICH DIEN BIEN PHU
ThS DOAN QUYET THANG
N
gay 7-5-1954, chien djch lich sii Dien Bien vdi cac chien dich khac; tien tuyen each xa hau phuang Phil toan thang, lam nen "mdt thien sii tdi 500 - 700 km, lai tren dja hinh rimg nui hiem trd, vang", ket thiic 9 nam khang chien chdng thirc dan dudng van tai co gidi tren bd kem, dudng thuy eiing Phap xam luge ciia dan tdc ta. Trong chien djch nay, kho khan, luon bj quan dich danh pha; thdi tiet khac Dang va Chii tjch Hd Chi Minh da lanh dao giai nghiet.. Hon the niia, edng tac van chuyen va bao dam quyet thanh cong mdt trong nhiing van de co y nghia hau can lai phai tien hanh bi mat tranh djch danh pha quyet djnh tdi thang, bai tai mat tran la cdng tac bao gay tdn that. Chinh Nava cung da tinh toan dugc nhung dam hau can; huy ddng toan dan bao dam hau can khd khan nay eua chiing ta: "hg (Viet Minh) dua quan cho chien dich toan thang, de lai kinh nghiem qui ve len day, nhung phai lo viec cung cap qua ldn, tren mgt cong tac hau can trong chien tranh. chang dudng kha dai, qua nhimg viing hiem titr, ngheo Ngay 6-12-1953, Bd Chinh trj nghe Tdng C^an xac xo va gan nhu khong cd. Van tai cua Viet Minh deu uy bao eao quyet tam tien cdng va quyet djnh md toan di bd, do "phu" ganh. Neu c6 bing d td di niia thi chien djch Dien Bien Phii. Bd Chinh trj nhan djnh: cQng phai di tren nhimg doan dudng rat xau, luon bi Doi vdi dich, Dien Bien Phii la mpt tap doan cir diem khong quan Phap cat diit"^.manh, nhung chd yeu ca ban cua no la bj cd lap, xa Theo du tinh ban diu, khdi lugng vat chat bao hau phuang eua chiing, mgi van chuyen, tiep te deu dam cho chien dich la 434 tin dan, 7.730 tin gao, phai dua vao dudng khdng. Ve phia ta, md chien 140 tin muoi, 465 tin thue pham khd; du kien djch Dien Bien Phu la "mpt chien dich ljch sir cua thuang binh la 5.000 ngudi\ Thdi gian hoan thanh quan dpi ta", "ed y nghia quan sir va chinh trj quan cong tac chuan bj hau can chien djch phai la 20 ngay trpng"', ta co nhieu thuan Igi, song ciing gap nhieu (du kien ngay 25-1-1954 chien djch se md man), kho khan, trong do khd khan ldn nhat la van de eung trong do hai nhiem vu khd khan nhat van la md cap. Nhimg, vdi quyet tam ciia ca dan tdc, chiing ta dudng vao Dien Bien Phu va dua dan, gao den khu van CO kha nang khac phuc dugc. vuc chien dau. Nhung sau do, do thay doi phuang Chuan bj budc vao chien dich Dien Bien Phil, cdng cham tir "danh nhanh, thing nhanh" sang "danh tac bao dam hau can dimg tmdc mgt sd kho khan ldn: chac, tien chac", nen cdng tac bao dam hau cin cung phai bao dam mdt khdi lugng vu khi, phuang tien, phai thay ddi ca ve bd tri lire lugng, td chirc tuyin luong thuc, thuc pham... ldn va phirc tap hon nhieu so bao dam... Dac biet, sau dgt tiln cdng thir nhit (tir 13-3 den 17-3-1954) da bdc Id nhiing khd khan trong cong tac bao dam, yeu cau ve sd lugng vat chit mgi
* Hoc vien Chinh trj Quan sir , . rnat cung tang len nhilu lin. Tir mat tran, Tu lenh
TAP CHl LICH Sir OANG-SO 9/2008 7
NHUNG VAN OE CHUNG VE UCH Sir OANG
chiln dich Vo Nguyen Giap da giri thu de xuat vdi Bp Chinh tri: van de ddng vien nhan lire, vat lire can phai lam rao riet, tung nhieu can bd de ddn ddc, kiem tra khan tmong thi mdi dat dugc muc dich, duy tri cap dudng cho bg dpi, cd nhu vay bd dpi mdi khoe, deo dai va bao dam chien diu lien tue dugc.
Tmdc yeu cau to ldn ciia chien dich, ngay 1 9 ^ 1954, Bp Chinh trj da ra Nghj quyet "Ve tiep tuc thau triet phuong cham danh chac, tien chac, de cao quyet tam tich cue gianh toan thang cho ehien djch Dien Bien Phii". Bd chinh tri khang djnh: "Toan dan, toan Dang va Chinh phu nhat djnh dem toan lire chi vien chien dich Dien Bien Phii va nhat djnh lam mgi viec can thiet de gianh toan thang cho chien djch nay"*.
Thuc hien Nghi quyet eiia Tmng uong Dang va nham phat huy sire manh hau can toan dan, Chinh phii da thanh lap Hdi ddng cung cap tir Tmng uong den
nhilu khd khan, song eung rat nhiet tinh ddng gdp cdng siie, ciia cai, cd gia dmh mang ca thdc gidng ciia nha minh dl xay gia ung hg bd dgi. Nhan dan cac dja phuong Viet Bac, Lien khu 3, Thanh Hoa.. .vira tich cue ddng gdp vat chat, vira hang hai di dan cdng phuc vu chien djch. Cac con dudng bg tir Yen Bai sang, tir Thanh Hoa, Hoa Binh, Son La len nudm nugp dan cdng, bd dgi vdi dii loai phuong tien ca CO gidi, thd so, siic vat dua gao, dan ra tien tuyen.
Cac con dudng thuy tir sdng Ma, sdng Da, song Nam Na... ngugc xudi thuyen, be, mang.. .eua nhan dan dua gao, thuc pham cac loai tir Thanh Hoa, Lien khu 3, Hoa Bmh, Phii Thg.. .len mat tran. Cd the noi, trong chien djch Dien Bien Phii, ca dan tdc ta da ra tran. Theo bao cao cua Hgi ddng cung cap (ngay 10- 7-1954), trong chien djch nay da huy ddng dugc khoi lugng vat chat d cac dja phuang nhu sau :
Dia phuong Tay Bac Viet Bic Lien kliu 3 Tlianh Hoa Cong
Gao (tan) 7.311 5.299 1.464 9.052 23.126
Thit (tin) 389 454 64 85 992
Rau (tan) 800
800
Muoi (tin)
266 266
Thuc phim khac (tan) 226
51 640 917 dja phuong do Phd Thu tudng Pham Van E)dng lam
Chii tich. Hpi ddng cd nhiem vu huy dpng nhan lire, vat lire til' cac dja phuong va phdi hgp vdi hau can quan ddi bao dam cho chien djch. Ddy la buac phdt trien m&i trong viec van dung dudng ldi chien tranh nhdn ddn aia Ddng vdo cdng tdc hau cdn. Hon 300 can bd, trong dd CO nhieu can bd trung, cao cap da dugc tang eudng cho cac CO quan, cac co sd ciia Tdng cue cung cap tien phuong va toa di eac dja phuong de huy dpng luong thuc, thuc pham.. .cho hau can mat tran.
Vdi quyet tam "Tat ca cho tien tuyen, tat ca de danh thang", mgi ngudi, mgi nha, mgi dja phuang deu tich cue, tu giac ddng gdp cdng sire, ciia cai de cung cap cho bd dgi d mat tran. Nhan dan cac dan tgc Tay Bac tuy mdi dugc giai phdng, ddi sdng cdn
Ben canh dd, hau can quan ddi bao dam cung cap dugc 71 tan quan trang 1.783 tin xang diu, 55 tin tiiuoc va dung cu y tl, hang nghin tin dan, vii khi, thude no...
De van ehuyen dugc khdi lugng vat chat do ra mat tran trong dieu kien cue ky khd khan ve phuong tien, dudng giao thdng hiem trd, lai thudng xuyen bi ke dich danh pha.... Dang, Chinh phu ma tnrc tiep la Hdi ddng cung cap Tmng uong va cac dia phuang da phdi hgp vdi hau can quan ddi huy ddng tit ca cac loai phuang tien tham gia van tai, trong dd phai dac biet ke den eac phuang tien thd so nhu ngira thi, xe siic vat keo, xe dap thd, thuyin mang... CQng theo bao cao cua Hgi ddng cung cip, sd phuong tien tho so da huy ddng d cac dia phuong phuc vu chiln dich la: Khu Tay Bic: 914 ngira tho; Khu Viet Bic: 8.065
8
TAP CHl UCH Sir OANG-SO 9/2008NHUNG VAN OE CHUNG VE LjCH SO OANG
xe dap thd, 11.800 thuyin, be, mang; Lien khu 3:
1.712 xe dap thd, 736 xe sue vat keo; Nghe An:
1.400 xe dap thi; Thanh Hoa: 9.814 xe dap thd^
Trong so nhiing phuong tien thd so do, dac biet phai ke den nhimg chiee xe dap tho "huyin thoai" cua dan cdng tren ca tuyen hau phuang va tuyen chien djch. Luc diu moi xe ehi thd duge 100 kg, sau dd do cai tien. nen trpng lugng thd da tang len, dac biet xe cua dan eong Ma Van Thang (Phu Thg) thi ky lue 352 kg . Guyn Roa, nguyen la dai ta trong quan dgi Phap da rat kham phuc nhiing chiee xe dap tho va khang dinh: "Khdng phai vien trg ciia Trung Quoc da danh bai Nava ma dd la nhung chiee xe dap Pagid thd 200 -300 kg hang do nhiing dan cdng an khong dii no, ngil tren nhiing tim ni ldng trai ngay tren mat dit"^
Dan cong la lire lugng to ldn, quan trpng da dugc huy ddng tir khap cac dja phuang de ciing vdi hau can quan dpi md dudng, van chuyen, cung cap co sd vat chat tren ca tuyen hau phuang va tuyen ehien dich. Trong toan chien dich, chung ta da ddng vien, sir dung tren 261.451 lugt ngirdi di dan cong. Tinh chung so ngay cdng phiic vu chien dich len den 12 trieu ngay, trong dd hau can chien djch da sir dung tren 3 trieu ngay cong vdi 33.000 lugt dan edng .
Dai tirdng Vd Nguyen Giap da danh gia: "Chua bao gid, trong sudt may nam khang chien, nhan dan ta da dong gdp cdng siic nhieu nhu trong Dong Xuan 1953 - 1954 de chi vien cho quan ddi giet giac. Bpn de quoc, bpn phan dpng khong bao gid danh gia dugc sire manh ciia ca mdt dan tdc, sire manh ciia nhan dan. Sire manh dd cd the khac phuc tit ca mpi kho khan, chien thang mpi ke tliii" .
Danh gia ve kha nang tiep te ciia ta, liic diu cac tudng ta Phap cho rang d each xa hau phuong nhu vay, thi nhan dan va quan dpi ta "con co the lam gi dugc" khi ma nhimg doan dan cdng phai ganh bp hang tram cay sd va phai an dudng het mdt phan trpng lugng van chuyen; trong klii do, moi chiee may bay Dacota ciia Phap triit xudng 2,5 tan vat chat mpt
each nhe nhang. Nhung sir thanh cong eua cdng tac huy dpng siic ngudi, siic ciia cho chien dich Dien Bien Phu ciia Dang ta da nam ngoai sire tudng Urgng cua ke thii. Chinh Nava da phai thua nhan:
"Ngudi ta chi cd the thira nhan nd lire phi thudng cua nhan dan phuc vu bd ddi va nghieng minh tmdc hieu qua ma Bp chi huy va Chinh phii (Viet Nam) da biet each tao dugc"".
Sir thanh cdng ciia cong tae hau can toan dan trong chien djch Dien Bien Phii da khang dinh quan diem ciia Chu tjch Ho Chi Minh va Dang ta ve vai tro eua hau can nhan dan va phat huy siic manh hau can toan dan trong chien tranh nhan dan la hoan toan dung din, ddng thdi do ciing la mpt kmh nghiem qui trong lanh dao, chi dao each mang cua Dang va Chii tjch H i Chi Minh.
Phat huy kinh nghiem va thanh cdng tren day, Chu tich Hd Chi Minh ciing Tmng uong Dang da tiep tuc lanh dao, chi dao phat huy sire manh hau can toan dan ket hgp vdi hau can quan dpi phuc vu cac lire lugng vii trang xay dung va chien dau gop phan ciing toan dan tdc danh bai de qudc My xam luge va tay sai, giai phong mien Nam, thdng nhat dat nudc.
Trong giai doan hien nay, eiing vdi viec lanh dao xay dung nganh Hau can Quan dpi viing manh. Dang Cong san Viet Nam khang djnh phai ehu trpng xay dung va phat huy siic manh hau can toan dan, hau can tai cho phuc vu sir nghiep xay dung nen quoc phong toan dan va chien tranh nhan dan bao ve To qudc.
1. H6 CM Minh Tocm lap, CTQG, H, 2002, T7, tr. 266 2. Chiin ihdngDien Bien Phi, QDND, H, 1 %5, tr. 181 3. 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, i!. Tong cue Hau can: Lich sic hdii cdn Qudn doi nhdn ddn Viet Nam, QDND, T. 1, tr. 271,290,290, 283,284,291,292
4. Vdn kien Ddng Todn tap, CTQG, H, 2002, T i 5, tr. 88 10. Vo Nguyen Giap: Chien tranh ^ai phong vd chien tranhgiicmitk,(^'ND, I974,tr. 158-159.
TAP CHl LICH SU OANG-SO 9/2008
