NHUNG NGHICN CUU MOI TRONG KHOfl HOC KINH ^
MO HINH DjNH LlTONG DANH GIA Mljrc DO HAI LONG CUA NONG DAN:
UfNG DUNG CHO CAC LffP HUAN LUYEN TRONG NONG NGHIEP
Th.s Doan Ngoc Pha
Sd Nong nghiep tinh An Giang
Mdt trong nhCmg thach thUc Idn nha't dd'i vdi suton tai va phat then ndng nghiep trong dieu kien hoi nhap la thnh do kien thUc ndng nghiep cua ndng dan. De cd thi nhanh chdng nang cao thnh do ndng dan, khdng cdn each nao khac hdn la thdng qua he thong khuyen ndng vdi nhCrng chUdng thnh tap huan sau rdng cho ndng dan. Thdi gian qua, hang loat Idp^ tap huan da tien hanh tren khSp ca nudc. Chat lUdng tap huan la chia khda cho phat then ben vCmg cac chUdng thnh huan luyen va nang cao hieu qua cac nguon luc cua chinh phu danh cho ndng dan. Tuy nhien, due ket ve chatludng cac chUdng thnh huan luyen van cdn bo ngo. De lani dieu nay can phai thau hieu duac mUc do hai Idng cua ndng dan ve chUdng thnh huan luyen danh cho ho. Lam each nao nhan dien dUdc nhCmg yeu to ma ndng dan hai Idng va dinh lUdng dUdc nd la van de ma he thong huan luyen cho ndng dan can quan tam. Do dd, ndi dung bai viet nay tap trung vao 3 van de chinh: Khung ly thuyet cCia md hinh dinh lUdrig, ket qua Ung diing vdi mot nghien ciru thi diem d An Giang va gdi y cac giai phap md rdng Ung dung cho he thd'ng huan luyen ndng dan cua quoc gia.
1
. KHUNG LY THUYET Idng cua khach hang:MO HiNH DINH LUONG (^^ p^^^^g tien hCru hinh (Tangible): the hien ben ngoai cua cd sd vat chat, thiet bj, cdng cu truyen thdng.
(2) Tin cay (Reliability):
the hien kha nang dang tin cay va chi'nh xac khi thuc hien djch vu.
(3) Dap dng (Responsive- ness): the hien cung cap djch vu kjp thdi va s i n Idng gidp dd khach hang.
(4) Dam bao (Assurance):
The hien trinh dp chuyen mdn va sU lich lam cua nhan vien, tao niem tin tudng cho khach hang.
(5) Cam thdng (Empathy):
The hien s u a n can, quan tam den tdng ca nhan khach hang.
Md hinh dng dung cho cac
Minh hoa: Cho diem tU 1 - 7 theo mUc dp thoa man cua khach hang, diem cang Idn mUc do hai Idng cang cao
. KHUNG LY THUYET MO HiNH DjNH LUONG
Mo hinh ly thuyet
Theo Kotler [4] (dan tCr Lin, 2003), suhai Idng la cam giac vui thi'ch hoac that vpng cua mdt ngudi bat ngudn td' sU so sanh cam nhan vdi mong dpi ve chat lupng mdt san pham hoac mdt djch vu vao dd.
Theo Parasuraman, Zei- thaml. Berry (1985), Curry (1999), Luck va Laton (2000) [5], Mdc dp hai Idng cd the do ludng vdi 5 - 7 khoang each.
Sd'dung thang diem Linkert de cho diem cac khdang each.
Cac yeu cau/de nghj cua hpc vien trong Idp hpc dUdc dap dng nhanh chdng.
Theo Parasuraman, Zei- thaml. Berry (1991)[6], cd 5 nhan td anh hudng den sU hai
chUdng trinh huan luyen ndng dan:
Md hinh cd 5 nhan td (Fac- tors) va 25 bien quan sat (mdi nhan td cd cac bien quan sat).
PhUdng phap djnh lUdng Su hai Idng (SAS) = f (TAN, REL, ASS, EMP, REL)
SAS: Bien phu thudc; TAN, REL, ASS, EMP, REL: Cac bien ddc lap
De djnh lupng dupc cac nhan td anh hudng den sU hai Idng cua hpc vien can tien hanh 2 budc:
- SCr dung md hinh phan tfch cac nhan td (Factor Aniysis):
Kiem djnh cac nhan td anh hudng va nhan dien cac yeu td theo khach hang cho la phd hpp
- SCr dung md hinh hdi quy
, - , Cac yeu cau/de nghi cua hoc vien trong Idp hoc
duoc dap Crnq nhanh chonq.
6 5 4 3 2 1
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37^ • H U N G
NGHICN CUU MOI TRONG KHOfl HOC KINH TC
Hinh 1: Cac nhan to anh hudng den sUhai long
1.
- - -
- (4
• 3 .
- - - - - -
1 Dap ung (RES)
Cac yeu cau/de nghj cua hpc vien trong Idp hoc difOc dap ung nhanh chong.
Giang vien s i n sang den thSm ruong
nong dan trong suot khoa hpc. H Giang vien chiu kho giang giai thau dao
cac thac mac, cau hoi do hpc vien neu ra trong hoc tap.
Nhom giang vien con quan tam giup dd hoc vien sau khi khoa hpc ket thuc.
Dien quan sat)
0 a m bao (ASS)
Ky thuat ap dung dUdc chi d i n ro rang day du.
Giang vien c6 kinh nghiem.
Cach trinh bay, hu'dng d i n de hieu Phan hudng dan thgc hanh day du, thuc tien.
Trao doi trong Idp soi noi, thoai mai So sanh, ddi chieu hieu qua kinh te gii/a ruong trinh dien va ruong cua nong dan du'dc thuc hien tot.
(6 bien quan sat)
5.
- - - - (4
PhUdng tien hCru hinh (TAN) Ndi hpc tap thuan Idi, de chju.
Dung cu, thiet bj hpc tap day du, phu hpp.
Ruong trinh dien cua Idp dupc to chCrc chu dao.
Ket hdp tdt cua ban td chtfc Idp hpc.
bien quan sat)
4. Tin cay (REL)
Ban td chCfc thi/c hien dung nhung gi da noi vdi Idp hpc
Sinh hpat, hpc tap cua Idp dung gid, dung ngay.
Giang vien luon lang nghe va giai quyet khd khan cua hpc vien.
Thong tin cung cap cho hpc vien chinh xac.
(4 bien quan sat)
S i f H a l L 6 N G ( S A T )
Tin tudng cua hpc vien ve kha nSng hirdng dan cho nong dan khac nhu'ng ky thuat difdc hpc mot each thanh thao.
SLT hai Idng cua hpc vien ddi vdi chat iLTdng tap huan.
Hai long vdi hieu qua ciJa ky thuat tap huan.
(3 bien quan sat)
±
2. Cam thong (EMP)
Giang vien luon the hien quan tam den san xuat va ddi sdng cCia hpc vien.
Nhdm giang vien gan gui va than mat vdi hpc vien.
Giang vien thong cam khd khSn trong hpc tap cua hpc vien.
Giang vien ludn biet nhu cau cua hpc vien.
(4 bien quan sat)
bdi (Regression Analysis):
Nhan dien cac nhan td anh hudng den sU hai Idng va dam bao cd y nghTa thdng ke.
Ca hai budc dUdc tien hanh vdi sU he trp cua phan mem S P S S - 16.0
2. KET QUA LTNG DUNG d AN GIANG
De nang cao hieu qua san xua't cho ndng dan. An Giang tien hanh thuc hien chUdng trinh "Ba giam. lupng gidng, phan vd cd, thudc trU sau benh; Ba tang: nang suat, chat lupng va Idi nhuan".
Thdng qua 993 Idp tap huan
"Ba giam ba tang" td* nam
2002 den nSm 2006, ndng dan da ap dung cd hieu qua.
Trong nam 2006[1], gia thanh 1 kg Ida giam binh quan 12%, trong khi nang suat tang 4,5%.
De Cmg dung md hinh djnh lupng danh gia hai Idng cda ndng dan dd'i vdi cac Idp tap huan, nhdm nghien cdu da tien hanh dieu tra cac hpc vien tren 11 huyen, thj xa, thanh phd trong tinh An Giang [2].
Vdi quy md mlu la 235 ndng dan, theo phUdng phap chpn ngau nhien va phdng van true tiep vdi Bang cau hdi dupc thiet ke theo 5 nhan td anh hudng den sU hai long va thang diem tCr 1- 5.
Budc 1: Phan tich nhan td - Nhan dien cac nhan to:
Bang cau hdi bao gdm 25 bien quan sat vdi 5 nhan td dupc gia dinh theo khung ly thuyet (Hinh 1).
Sd'dung phan mem SPSS - Factor analysis, cho ket qua sau 5 vdng vdi cac kiem djnh dupc dam bao:
(1) Op tin cay cua cac bien quan sat (Factor loading > 0,55) (2) Kiem djnh tfnh thi'ch hpp cua md hinh ( 0,5 < KMO < 1)
(3) Kiem djnh Bartlet ve tUdng quan cua cac bien quan sat (Sig. > 0,05)
(4) Kiem djnh phUdng sai
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NHUNG NGHICN CUU MOI TRONG KHOfl HOC KINH m
Bang 1: Ma tran nhan t d x o a y (Rotated Component Matrix) Cac bien quan sat
Giao vien lang nghe va giai quyet kho kh§n cua hpc vien (Rel3) Thong tin cung cap cho Idp chinh xac (Rel4)
Giao vien sSn sang den tham ruong nong dan (Res3)
Giao vien chiu kho giai dap thau dao thac mac cua hoc vien (Res5) Giao vien quan tam giup dd hoc vien sau khoa hoc (Res4J_
Ky thuat "3G3T" duoc chi dan ro rang, day du (Assi)
Doi chieu, so sanh nang suat cua ruong trinh dien vdi ruong nong dan vao cuo'i vu (Ass6)
Giao vien quan tam den san xuat, ddi sdng cua hpc vien (Empi)
Component (Thanh phan) 1
0,723
0,823
0,762
2 0,672
0,765 0,757
3 0,791
0,858
Ghi chu: Cac con so trong Bang 1 la he so tai nhan to (Factor loading) cdng ddn (Cumulative vari-
ance > 50%)
Bang 1 cho thay, khac vdi md hinh ly thuyet, phan tfch nhan td nhan dien chi cd 3 nhan td dam bao cd y nghTa phan tich. Nhan td thd' 1 bao gdm 2 bien thudc nhan td dap LTng (Responsivenes) va 1 bien thudc nhan td cam thdng (Empathy). Dat ten mdi cho nhan td nay la dap dng (X.,).
Nhan td thCr 2 bao gdm 2 bien thudc nhan td dam bao (Assurance) va 1 bien thudc
nhan td tin cay. Dat ten mdi cho nhan td nay la dam bao (Xp). Nhan td thd' 3 bao gdm 1 bien thudc nhan td tin cay va 1 bien thudc nhan td dap d'ng.
Dat ten mdi la nhan td tan tinh (X3).
Nhu vay md hinh phan tfch se la:
SAT = f(Xi,X2, X3)
Nhan td SAT dupc djnh lupng bang each tfnh diem trung binh cua 3 bien quan sat thudc nhan td nay. Cac nhan
Bang 2: Ket qua hoi qui
(Constant) X,
X, X,
He sd hoi qui Bi
1,07 0,352 0,3 0,215
t
6,227 5,296 3,791
Sig.
0,000 0,000 0,000 Bien phu thuoc: SU hai long cua khach hang (SAT)
Bang 3: Phan tich phuong sai (ANOVA) Model
Regression Residual Total
Sum of Squares 69,859
173,141 234,000
df
3 231 234
Mean Square
20,286 0,750
F
27,065 Sig.
0,000
a. Predictors: (Constant), X,, X2,X3 b. Dependent Variable: SAT
td X.|, X^, X3 cung dupc djnh lupng bang tfnh diem trung binh cua cac bien quan sat nam trong nhan td dd.
Budc 2: Phan tich hoi qui boi
SCr dung SPSS - Regres- sion Analysis cd ket qua nhU bang 2.
Bang 2 cho biet, cac he sd hdi qui (Bi) dam bao cd y nghTa thdng ke vdi md'c y nghTa 99%
(Significance < 0,01).
Nhan td dap drig (X,) cd he sd tUdng quan la 0,352. Dieu nay cd nghTa la khi thay ddi tang them 1 diem danh gia cua ndng dan, sU hai Idng cua hp tang them 0,352 diem.
Nhan td dam bao (Xj) cd he sd tUdng quan la 0,3. Dieu nay cd nghTa la khi thay ddi tang them 1 diem danh gia cda ndng dan, si^ hai Idng cda hp tang them 0,3 diem.
Nhan td tan tinh (X3) cd he sd tUdng quan la 0,215. Dieu nay cd nghTa la khi thay ddi tang them 1 diem danh gia cua ndng dan, sU hai Idng cda hp tang them 0,215 diem.
Md hinh cd R^ dieu chinh la 0,26. Dieu nay cd nghTa la 26% thay ddi cua sU hai Idng
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9^ UNG NGHICN CUU MOI TRONG KHOfl HOC KINH TC
Bang 4: Ma tran tuong quan giUa cac bien
Dap Ung Dam bao Tan tinh Hai long
He sd tuong quan He sd tuong quan He sd tuong quan He sd tuong quan
Dap Ung 1 0,000 0,000 0,352
Dam bao
1 0,00 0,3
Tan tinh
1 0,215
Hai long
1
Spearman's rho
Bang 5: Kiem djnh tfnh on djnh phUdng sai (Heteroskedasticity)
ABSRES
X,
X2
X,
Correlation Coefficient Sig. (2-tailed)
N
Correlation Coefficient Sig. (2-tailed)
N
Correlation Coefficient Sig. (2-tailed)
N
Correlation Coefficient Sig. (2-tailed)
N
ABSRES 1.000
235 0,048 0,465 235 0,022 0,734 235 -0,012 0,849 235 cua ndng dan dupc giai thi'ch
bdi cac bien X^,X2 va X3 (Bang 3).
Kiem djnh F ddng de kiem djnh tfnh phu hpp cua md hinh.
Cd Significance < 0,01, do dd, cac he so hdi qui cua cac bien ddc lap khac khdng. Nhu vay md hinh ly thuyet dupc xay dung phd hdp vdi thuc te (Bang 4).
Bang 4 chd biet cac bien ddc lap X,,X2,X3 khdng cd tUdng quan vdi nhau. NhU vay md hinh dam bao khdng cd hien tupng cdng tuyen giu'a cac bien ddc lap.
Bang 5 cho biet cac he sd tUdng quan hang SPEARMAN cd md'c y nghTa > 0,05. Do dd, phUdng sai cua sai sd khdng thay ddi.
Ket luan: Thdng qua cac kiem djnh cda md hinh hdi qui, cac nhan td anh hudng den sU hai Idng cua ndng dan la su dap dng, dam bao va su tan tinh cua giang vien.
Do dd, de nang cao kha
nang dap dng su hai Idng cho ndng dan, he thd'ng huan luyen trong ndng nghiep can tap trung hoan thien cac yeu td sau:
(1) Giao vien can den tham ddng rudng cua ndng dan, quan tam den san xuat va ddi sdng cua hpc vien trong khda hpc va ca sau khi ket thdc khda hpc.
(2) Hoan thien he thdng tiep can va cung cap thdng tin, ky thuat dupc hudng dan rd rang, ddi chieu ket qua giua rudng trinh dien vdi rudng ndng dan.
(3) Quan tam den he thd'ng khen thudng- khi'ch Id dd'i vdi giang vien the hien sU tan tinh dd'i vdi hpc vien.
3. MOT SO GOI Y VE CHI'NH SACH
- Md hinh djnh lupng vdi trp gidp cua phan mem SPSS ra't ddn gian va tien Ipi nen de dang ap dung rdng rai cho cac trung tam huan luyen ndng dan, ngay tai cac cac huyen.
- Viec thu thap sd lieu thdng _, qua dieu tra trUc tiep hpc vien
vdi bang cau hdi dang ddng, cac hpc vien khdng mat nhieu thdi gian tra Idi nen ti'nh kha thi cap nhat sd lieu thUdng xuyen rat thuan tien.
- Quan tam den mLfc dp hai Idng se la cdng cu quan trpng de thut hut ndng dan den cac Idp huan luyen va nhanh chdng gidp hp nang cao trinh dp kien thCrc ndng nghiep.
- Thu thap sd lieu nen tien hanh thudng xuyen theo djnh ky (sau khi ket thdc Idp hpc) vdi qui md m l u khoang 5% sd hpc vien cua Idp tap huana.
Tai lieu tham khao:
1. Chi cue bao ve thi/c vat tinh An Giang (2006). Bao cao sd ket ChUdng trinh '3 giam 3 tang".
2. Doan Ngpc Pha (2007). SU hai Idng cua nong dan ve chat lUdng tap huan "Ba giam ba tang" d An Giang.
Luan van Thac sy, DH Kinh te Tp.HCM.
3. Dinh Phi Ho (2009), Tap bai giang cho chuang trinh cao hoc Kinh te phat then, Tai lieu giang day.
4. Hoang Trpng va Chu Nguyin Mdng Ngpc (2005), Phan tich dOlieu nghien ciru vdi SPSS, Nha xua't ban Thdng ke.
5. Lin, Chia chi (2003), "A critical appraisal of customer satisfaction and commerce", Ivlanagement Audit- ing Journal. 18 (3): 202.
6. Parasuraman, ZeithamI and Berry (1985), "A conceptual model of service quality and its implications for future research". Journal of Market- ing, Vol. 49: 41-50.
7. Parasuraman, ZeithamI and Berry (1991), "Refinement and reassessment of SERVQUAL scale".
Journal of Retailing, Vol.67: 420 - 50.
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