Chemical and Biological Sci., 2014, Vol. 59, No. 9, pp. 11-16 This paper is available online at http://stdb.hnue.edu.vn
CYTOTOXIC ACTIVITY O F Paramignya trimera (OLIV.) GUILLAUM P L A N T EXTRACTS AND T H E I R VOLATILE C H E M I C A L CONSTITUENTS
N g u y e n T h i T h a n h H o a ^ , S o u k n a l y T h o u m m a ^ ' ^ L a m T h i H a i Yen^ a n d P h a m H u u D i e n ^
^Faculty of Chemisty, Hanoi National University of Education
^Faculty of Education, National University of Laos Abstract. From Paramignya trimera plants that were collected in the Hon Heo Commune (Khanh Hoa Province, November 2013), Ji-hexane extracts of its stem bark and leaves was obtained which showed moderate cytotoxic activity towards KB, Hep-G2, Lu and MCF7 cell lines (with IC50 values ranging from 5.7 to 30.89
^g/mL). A GC-MS analysis of the volatile plant components showed that esters, saturated alcohols and sesquiterpenes, including /?-farnesene and o-gurjunene, are the major compounds.
Keywords: Paramignya trimera, cytotoxicity, volatile compounds.
1. Introduction
The genus Paramignya, family Rutaceae, subfamily Aurantioideae, consists of fifteen species and two subspecies that are scattered across S.E. Asia from India to Indonesia and the Philippines [7]. Plants of the genus are a woody climber growing at low or moderate altitudes and they are used as medicinal plants in many countries, including Sri Lanka, India and the Philippines. In Vietnam three species have been found, P. amata, P. monophylla and P. trimera, all of which are widely distributed from Da Nang to Khanh Hoa Province [1, 2]. P. trimera (Xao tam phan) was recently reported to show hepatoprotective and cytotoxic activity towards the five cancer cell lines: Hep-G2, HTC116, MDA MB231, DVCAR-8 and Hela [3]. Studies on the chemical constituents of the genus Paramignya are very limited. Scientists from Sri Lanka found that the fruit of P. monophylla contained triterpenes of the tirucallane type, including flindissone, and four pyranocoumarins, including poncitrin and nordentatin, are present in the stem bark [4, 5]. Three flavanone, one triterpene and one Received June 27, 2014. Accepted November 27; 2014.
Nguyen Thi Thanh Hoa, Souknaly Thoumma, Lam Thi Hai Yen and Pham Huu Dien chromene derivatives were isolated from the stems of Paramignya griffithii [8]. Recently, in Vietnam, 3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadienyl)-7-hydroxy-2H-benzopyran-2-one was isolated from the stem bark oiP. trimera which showed moderate cytotoxic activity in vitro against 5 cancer cell lines [3]. In this paper we report on the cytotoxic activity of the extracts of P.
trimera plants that were collected in Hon Heo Commune (Khanh Hoa Province, November 2013) and their volatile chemical composition.
2. Content
2.1. IMaterials and methods
* Plant material
Paramignya trimera (Oliv.) Guillaum plants was collected in Hon Heo Commune, Khanh Hoa Province in November 2013 by Mr. Pham Huu Quang (Vietxopetro) and identified by Dr. Do Huu Thu (Institute of Ecol. and Biol. Resources, VAST). A voucher specimen (XTP-01) has been deposited in the Herbarium at the Faculty of Chemistry, Hanoi University of Education, Vietnam.
* Plant volatile composition analysis
Leaves and stem bark (LO g each, separated) of Paramignya trimera were extracted using ethyl acetate and were subjected to volatile composition analysis. A GC-MS of the samples was carried out on a Hewlett Packard mass selective detector 5971 A and a gas chromatograph 5890 Series II using a fused silica gel column coated with DB-17 (30 m X 0.25 mm i.d., film thickness 0.25 fim) with He as the carrier gas (1 mL/min). The temperature programming of the GC-MS analysis was performed at 50 °C, then at 50 - 250 °C at 4 °C /min and finally isothermal at 250 ''C for 10 min.
* Cytotoxicity assay
An extract was made from dried Paramignya trimera stem bark powder (10 g) alternating n-hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol (100 mL x 3 each). An extract was made from dried leaf powder using methanol in an ultrasonic bath. The solvent was removed to give corresponding crude extracts. The crude extracts were tested against KB, Hep-G2, Lu and MCF7 cell lines from the American Type Culture Collection according to the method described in [6]. Cell lines were cultured in an RPMI 1640 medium supplemented with 10% foetal bovine serum (FBS) under standard conditions, sterile with 5% CO2, 37 °C, 98% humidity and harvested at log phase for assays. In this assay, 200 yuL volumes of cells at the concentration of 3 x 10^ cells mL~^ were inoculated into a 96-well plate in an RPMI 1640 medium. The crude extracts were applied at final concentrations of 128, 32, 8, 2 and 0.5 fjL~'^ and cultures were incubated for 3 days at 37 "C with 5% CO2. Then, 50 pL of MTT, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazohum bromide, prepared at 1 mg mL~^ in FBS, was added to the microculture well. After 4 h of incubation, 250 fiL of the supernatant was removed from each well and 100 fj,L 12
of DMSO was added and thoroughly mixed. Absorbance was measured at 540 nm in a Genios TECAN spectrophotometer. The IC50 value was calculated based on percentage of growth inhibition (ODcontroi-ODgampkyODcontroi- EUipticin was used as the reference compound.
2 . 2 . R e s u l t s a n d d i s c u s s i o n 2.2.1. Cytotoxic activity of plant extracts
Table 1. Cytotoxic activity of Paramignya trimera plant extracts against KB, Lu and MCF7 cell lines (IC50 value, pg/mL)
No.
1 2 3 4
Sample SB-N SB-E SB-M L-E
KB 5.7
>128
>128 S7.4
HepG2 9.9 8.96
>I28
>128
Lu 18.66
>I28
>I28
>I28
MCF7 30.89 71.31
>128
>128 Different extracts of the Paramignya trimera plants exhibited different cytotoxic activity against the four cell lines (ellipticin was used as the control sample, see Table 1).
IC50 value of Ellipticin: 0.31 /ig/mL; SB means stem bark, L mean leaves, N: -n-hexane, E:- ethyl acetate, M: - methanol extracts, respectively.
Table 1 shows that:
- The n-hexane extract from stem bark obtained a moderate cytotoxicity towards four tested cancer cell lines (with IC50 values ranging from 5.7 to 30.89 /ig/mL).
- The ethyl acetate exfracls from stem bark and leaves have a moderate cytotoxicity towards Hep-G2, MCF7 and KB cancer cell Hues (with IC50 values of 8.96,71.31 and 57.4 /ig/mL, respectively). The methanol extracts from stem bark showed no activity towards the foiu* tested cancer cell lines.
2.2.2. Chemical constituents of the volatile composition
'15.0' ziLo' ' ' 25.0' ' ' 'ad.o' '35.Q' '40.0 ' 'A^xt' ' ' slo
Nguyen Thi Thanh Hoa, Souknaly Thoumma, Lam Thi Hai Yen and Pham Huu Dien Table 2. The volatile composition of P. trimera stem bark Number
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Name Hydro propyl propanedioate Butyl acetate 2-Ethylhexanol p-AUylanisole Tetradecane
a-Guaiene Aristolen Dodecanol a-Gurjunene Dimethyl o-phtalate Ethyl p-ethoxybenzoate
Falcarinol
Retention time (min) 5.05 5.97 10.52 19.21 21.18 24.30 24.72 25.44 26.73 28.85 29.27 43.40
%
1.83 1.27 8.55 5.69 1.11 1.79 1.68 1.87 21.11 3.95 1.19 3.59 To obtain the volatile compounds from Paramignya trimera, the fresh stem bark and leaves was extracted with ethyl acetate, separately. The ethyl acetate extracts were filtered through a small glass colunm packed with sihca gel to give a green oil, which was directly analyzed by thin layer chromatography (TLC) and GC-MS. The GC-MS chromatograms were shown in Figures 1 and 2. Each component that appeared on GC-MS was identified by comparing its retention time and mass spectrum with our library databases.
Table 2 describes the chemical composition of the ethyl acetate extract of P.
trimera stem bark. Accordingly, three esters (butyl acetate, dimethyl o-phtalate and ethyl p-ethoxybenzoate) together with two saturated alcohols (2-ethylhexanol and dodecanol)
were detected. However, they are only minor compounds. The remaining compounds are sesquiterpenes, of which a-gurjunene (21.11 %) is a major compound.
Figure 2. The GC-MS chromatogram of ethyl acetate extract of P. trimera leaves
14
Table 3 describes the chemical composition ofthe ethyl acetate extract of i'. trimera leaves. Beside esters, which were found in stem bark (see Table 2), some sesquiterpenes were detected, ^-famesene (25.03%), germacrene-D (10.55%) and a-giujunene (5.11%) being the major compounds. Selected structiu'es of volatile components in P. trimera are shown in Figure 3.
Table 3. The volatile composition of P. trimera leaves Number
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 7 8 9 10 11 12
Name Butyl acetate 2-Acetoxypropanol Ethylidene diacetate
Geyrene Ethoxy(methoxy)methylsilan
Pregeijerene rran^-Caryophyllene
/5-Farnesene Q-Humulene Germacrene-D
Q-Gurjunene Nerolidol Dimethyl o-phthalate
Retention time (min) 5.95 7.42 10.52 15.69 16.02 21.39 24.02 24.72 25.14 25.98 26.73 28.15 28.87
%
4.47 4.66 2.37 2.73 3.69 2.44 4.46 25.03
2.24 10.55 5.11 1.36 2.73
Because no work on the volatile composition of P. trimera has been published, this study presents the first published evidence that ^-famesene, a-gurjunene and other sesquiterpenes are chemotaxonimic markers for P. trimera.
a-Gurjunene j3-Farnesene Gennacrene-D Figure 3. Selected structures of volatile components of P. trimera
Nguyen Thi Thanh Hoa, Souknaly Thoumma, Lam Thi Hai Yen and Pham Huu Dien
3. Conclusion
From Paramignya trimera plants that were collected in Hon Heo Coirmiune (Khanh Hoa Province) it was found that sesquiterpenes, including /3-famesene aitd a-gurjunene, are major compounds of its volatile composition. Furthermore, n-hexane extracts of its stem bark and leaves showed moderate cytotoxic activity towards KB, Hep-G2, Lu and MCF7 cell lines (with IC50 values ranging from 5.7 to 30.89 /ig/mL).
REFERENCES
[1] Vo Van Chi, 1999. Dictionary of Vietnamese Medicinal Plants. Med. Press House, p. 348.
[2] Pham Hoang Ho, 2006. Herbal plants in Vietnam. Young Press House, pp. 363-364.
[3] Nguyen Minh Khoi, Pham Thi Nguyet Hang, Do Thi Phuong, 2013. Study on acute toxicity, hepatoprotective activity and cytotoxic activity of P. trimera (Oliv.) Guillaum. J. of Med. plants, Vol.18, No.l, pp.14-20 (in Vietnamese).
[4] Vijaya Kumar, N. M. Mohamed Niyaz, D. B. Mahinda Wickramatne, 1991.
Tirucallane derivatives from Paramignya monophylla fruits. Phytochem., Vol. 30, No.4, pp. 1231-1233.
[5] Vijaya Kumar, N. M. Mohamed Niyaz, D. B. Mahinda Wickramatne, 1995.
Coumarins from stem bark of Paramignya monophylla. Phytochem., Vol. 38, No.
3, pp. 805-806.
[6] D. A. Scudiero, R. H. Shoemaker, K. D. Pauli, K. D., A. Monks, S. Tierney, 1988.
Cancer Res., Vol. 48, pp. 4827-4833.
[7] Swingle W. T. et ai, 1967. The Citrus including, Univ. of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles, Vol. 1, pp. 190-430.
[8] Watanapiromsakul C, Waterman R G., 2000. Flavanone, triterpene and chromene derivatives from the stems of Paramignya griffithii. Phytochem., Vol. 55, No. 3, pp.
269-273.
16
