197
D O N G
VAT PHU DU VUNG JACKSON ATOLL VA CUM DAO SONG TLT, QUAN DAO TRU^OfNG SA
"Ket qua chuyen khao sat phoi hop giua Viet Nam & Philippin, thang 4/2007 (JOMSRE FV)"
Nguyen Cho, Truong ST Hai Trinh Vien Hdi duang hoc, Nha Trang, Viet Nam
TOM T A T
Mot cuoc khao sat dong vat phu du (DVPD) dirge thirc hien tai 22 tram mat rong a Jackson Atoll va cum dao Song Tir \ao thang 4 nam 2007. Da xac djnh dugc 193 loai DVPD, chu yeu la nhirng loai ven bo nhiet doi co kich thiroc nho. Chan mai cheo dat
109 loai, chiem 55% tong so loai ciia DVPD. Trong do cac loai Pareucalanus aUenuatus, Paracalanus parvus. P. aculeatiis. P. crassirostris, Euterpina aculi frons, Oithonafiilla.x. O. setigera, (). plumifra, O. tenuis, Temora stylifera va T. discaudata bit gap thirong xuyen. Cac loai dong vat co bao nhu Fritillaria formica, F. pellucida, va Oilfopleiirafisiformis, co phan bo rong. Mat do trung binh tuong doi cao dat 1.367 ca thl/m^ (mat do cao nhit dat 2.497 ca thc/m' tram J_20, thap nhat dat 228 ca thl/m^
tram N17, mat do au trung dong vat khong xuong song kha cao dat 120 ca the/m^
Klili lugng tuoi trong vung khao sat dao dgng tir 3 den 145 mg tuoi/m\ trung binh dat 26 mg tuoi/m .
GIOI THIEU
^Dong vat phu du (DVPD) ddng mot vai trd quan trgng trong he sinh thai biin, Dhan Idn chiing la sinh vat tieu thu, an cac sinh vat san xuat, lam anh hudng din iguln Igi sinh vat trong viec cai tao va dao thai vat chat hiJu co trong mdi trudng lalli & Parsons. 1993). Ddng vat phu du cdn dugc dung lam sinh vat chi thi cho :hat lugng mdi trirdng, ngoai ra cd the diing DVPD de danh gia ngudn Igi nghi ca.
Sinh vat phii du (Plankton) vung bien phia Ddng Viet Nam tu cua vjnh BSc Bd din nui Ca Mau dugc nghien ci'm tir lau do Vien Hai dirong hgc tai Nha Trang thuc hien.
M Rose la ngudi dau tien vao nam 1926 da cdng bd danh sach 42 loai thuc vat )hu du ( T V P D ) \ a 56 loai dong vat phu du (DVPD) d viing bien ven bd Viet Nam;
lam 1955 va 1956 cdng bd danh sach 119 loai Chan mai cheo (Copepoda) d vinh
1 n o Chu-ong trinh Hpp tac Khoa hpc & Cong nghe Viet N a m - Philippin
Nha Trang.
Nam 1929, CN Dawydoff nghien cuu su bien ddi ngay dem va sir thay ddi theo
miia ciia thanh phan loai DVPD d \\nli Nha Trang. ^ Nam 1937. R Serene nghien cuu sir tha\- ddi theo thdi gian ciia SVPD va moi
quan he cua chiing \'di cac }'eu td cua mdi trudng.
Nam 1956. cac tac gia khac nhu: Hamon (1956) da cdng b danh sach 11 loai Ham to (Chaetognatha) va Leloup da cdng bd danh sach 21 loai Thiiy mau ong (Siphonophora) a vinh Nha Trang. Nam 1958 Yamashita cdng bd ket qua nghien
ci'm vl sir thay ddi sinh vat lugng SVPD vimg bien Nha Trang. \ Nam 1959 - 1961. chuong trinh NAGA da tien hanh khao sat DVPD viing bien
phia Ddng \ a phia Nam Viet Nam gidi han tu vi tuyen 4 ' ^ den 16^^^ va 114°E va vinh Thai Lan, trong dd cd nhieu ket qua da dugc cdng bd nhu: Brinton (1963) da cdng bd ket qua nghien cim ve sinh khdi SVPD d viing Bien Ddng. Biii Thj Lang nghien ciru mot sd loai Chan mai cheo chiem uu the d vimg bien Nam Viet Nam.^
Rotman (1976) dii cdng bd danh sach loai Chan canh, Alvarino (1981) cdng bd danh sach loai Quan thiiy mau. Ham to \ a tom Lan d viing bien dieu tra.
Trong thdi gian tir 1971 - 1974. chuong trinh CSK (Cooperation Study of the Kuroshio and .Adjacent Region) cung tien hanh dieu tra DVPD d viing bien ven ba tu Phil Yen den Khanh FIda.
Sau ngay mien Nam hoan toan giai phdng (1975), nhieu chuong trinh dieu tra tdng hgp dugc thuc hien d viing bien phia Nam nhu: Chirong trinh dieu tra tdng hgp Thuan Hai - Minh Hai (1978 - 1980) vdi 11 chuyen khao sat cua tau Bien Ddng va 4 chuyen khao sat ciia tau NCB 03.
Tir 1982 den nay, nhieu tau nghien cim cua Lien Xd nhu: Tau Giao Su
"Bogorov" (1981, 1995), Tau Vien ST "Nesmeyanov" (1982), Tau "Sokanski", (1992, 1994) cung da tien hanh nghien ciru SVPD d viing bien Nam Viet Nam.
Nam 1991-1994, vimg bien mien Trung Viet Nam gidi han d do sau 110 m nuacj trd vao bd da duoc tien hanh dieu tra co ban. Trong do vimg nude trdi d viing bien Nam Trung Bd ciing da duoc quan tam nghien cim.
Nam (1989. 1991) da thuc hien dirge 3 chuyin khao sat SVPD d quan dao Trudng Sa. da xac dinh dugc 214 loai dgng vat phii du. ^ r J
Nam (1998. 2000 va 2005) cung da thuc hien dugc 3 chuyin khao sat tai quini dao Trudng sa trong Chuong trinh hgp tac nghien cim giira Viet Nam va Philippin.
Muc dich ciia dgt khao sat na\' nham md ta quhn xa DVPD va danh gia mirc dQj phong phii ciing nhu phan bd ciia chimg d vimg bien dieu tra.
I. PHUONG PH.\P V.\ T.\l LIEU
Mau DVPD dugc thu thap tir ngay 19 thang 4 den ngay 24 thang 4 nam 2007 tai 22 tram mat rdng (13 tram d viing cum dao Song Tu va 9 tram mat rdng d viira Jackson Atoll) thugc quan dao Trudng Sa (Hinh 1).
Kyyeu. HQI NGHI TONG KET CAC CHUYEN KHAO SAT NCKH BIEN PHOI HOP VIET NAM - PHIUPPIN TREN BIcN DONG ] ^
Tai mdi tram. mSu DVPD dugc thu thap bang ludi Juday, cd dudng kinh mieng lirdi 37 cm, dai 150 cm, may bang vai ludi nylon, cd dudng kinh mat ludi 200 pm.
Doi vdi nhung tram cd do sau Idn hon 100 m mau dugc thu thing dimg bang tdi dien tir tang 100 - 0 m. ddi vdi nhirng tram cd do sau nhd hon 100 m, mlu dugc thu
:ach day tir 5-7 met den t^ng mat. Mdu vat dugc cd dinh bang formol 5%.
' De xac dinh do phong phii va mat do, mlu dugc chia thanh 2 nhdm kich thudc: Idn ion 500 pm va nhd hon 500 pm bang each diing ray cd kich thudc lo ludi 500 prn.
linh vat cdn giu lai d tren lay dugc dem toan bd, nhung sinh vat Igt qua ray dugc tien lanh lam mau phu bang each diing ray cd kich thudc Id ludi 25 pm, nhung sinh vat tugc giu lai trong ray, cho them 50 ml nude bien lgc sach, 1ml mau phu dugc lay ra le dem mat do.
De xac dinh trgng lugng tuoi, cac loai DVPD cd chat keo phai dugc tach ra khdi nau, sau dd mau dugc ed lai bang each diing vai ludi cd kich thudc Id ludi 50 pm va tugc lam khd bang g\hy ihhm. Can dien (SARTORIUS B.P. 22IS) dugc dimg de
^an mau. Sd lieu ve sd lugng va trong lugng tuoi tai mdi tram duoc tieu chuan hda ren 1 don vi the tich tren co sd giua khoang each keo ludi va dien tich mieng ludi ,'ai hieu suat lgc 100%,
Cac chi sd sinh thai nhu: Chi sd gidng nhau ve thanh phan loai giira cac tram
!ugc tinh toan theo chi sd Bray-Curtis. Do giau cd loai dugc tinh theo chi sd 1,/Iagalef Dd,da dang loai dugc tinh theo chi sd Shannon - Wiener. Viec tinh toan tac chi sd dugc thuc hien theo phan mem PRIMER 5.
D I xac dinh gidng loai chiing toi sir dung cac tu lieu sau: Chen Quing- Chao, :hang Zhu- Zhen (1965); RBS Sewell (1947); Ovvre HB, Foyo M (1967); Dang i»:[goc Thanh, Trhn Thai Bai, Pham van Mien (1980); Mulyadi (2004); Nguyin Van
^hb\ (1995); Nishida S (1985) va Boltovskoy D (1999).
I . •
KET QUA NGHIEN CUtJ Tinh chat thanh phan loai
Kit qua phan tich 22 mdu DVPD thu dugc vao thang 04/2007 tai Jackson Atoll va im dao Song Tir, budc dau chiing tdi da xac dinh dugc 193 loai thudc 15 nhdm VPD, trong do Chan mai cheo cd sd lugng loai Idn rihat 109 loai, chilm 55% tdng sd ai, Tunicata chilm 6%, Chan canh va Chan khac chiem 6%, Thiiy mau dng chilm 6%
I Ham to chilm 5% (xem ban thanh phan loai) bao gdm cac nhdm loai sau (Hinh 2).
ic gidng chilm im thi nhat bao gdm Subeucalanus, Acrocalanus, Paracalanus, ithona, Acartia va Corv'caeus. Nhin chung quan xa DVPD d viing biin dilu tra dugc lia thanh 2 nhdm loai chinh: nhdm loai ven bd va nhdm loai bien khoi,
Phan tich nhdm tram tren co sd vc chi sd gidng nhau giira cac tram d Jackson :oll va cum dao Song Tu chi cho thay: Quan xa DVPD d tram N17 va J4 kha tach it so vdi cac tram cdn lai vdi mirc do gidng nhau chi dat 60-70% (Hinh 3 & 4).
200 chu-ong trinh Hpp tac Khoa hoe & Cong nghe Viet Nom - Philippin
2. Sinh vat lircmg dong vat phii du
Mat do ciia DVPD d viing dilu tra dao ddng tir 228 ca the./m' den 2.367 ca t h I W , mat do trung binh dat 1.367 ± 642 ca thl/m", tram J20 cd mat do cao nhat nhd cd sd luong cao ciia cac nhdm Chan, mai cheo. Ham to, Cd bao va cac nhdm Au triing, tram N17 cd mat do thap nhat. Khdi lugng tuoi dao ddng tir 3 mg/m den 145 mg/m\ vdi gia tri tmng binh 26± 29 mg/m\ tram N18 cd khoi 'ugng tuoi cao nhat va tram N17 cd khdi lugng tuoi thap nhat (Hinh 5, Bang 1).
Bang 1: Sinh vat luo'ng OVPD tai cac tram khao sat 'vung bien Truong Sa, thang 4-2007
Nhom Dtjog w l
AmphipoJi Chaclognathi Cladoccn Co[)cpoda t ! u p h i i i i i j c c i Hefenipodi & Pteropodj liopoda
L j n a f M M i d i c c i O i t n c o j a Pol)cliae(a .NTjjcitidac lunkala So l i r ^ g (Ca Ihe/'m ) [rang lir<nig ttim imtj/m )
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04 63 7 0 2 229 0 0 0 136 0 -•8 0 0 40 J50 16 J8
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r 140 0 1531 0 30 0 340 0 0 0 4 220 2374 17
.S'5 04 25 2 04 563 0 OS 0 132 0 0 0 1 2 750 1527 i :
.N7 02 42 8 0 1391 0 1
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.S8 04 63 2 0 1304 08 11 6
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M l 0 48 5 0 920 0 0 0 255 0 0 0 5 15S 1386 22
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24 2 0 963 6 0 03 0 92 4 0 1 6
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14 100
Ket qua nay thap hon nhieu so vdi cac ket qua da khao sat trudc day d nhirng viing bien khac nhau d vimg bien Ddng Nam Chau A va mdt vai viing bien nhiet ddi khac. So sanh vdi mat do ciia DVPD/m^ thu dugc d mat cat Nha Trang - Manila vdi mat do trung binh dat 10.174 ca thl/m^ (JOMSRE 2000) va viing biin ven bd Khanh Hda thang 7 nam 2001 (13.192 ca the/m^). Ket qua nay cao hon so vdi ket qua khao sat hien nay, Ket qua thu dugc d viing bien Viet Nam (Jivakuk, 1999) vdi gia tri trung binh ciia DVPD dat 580 ca thl/m\ d vinh Thai Lan va vimg bien ven bd phia Ddng ciia Malaysia (Jivaluk, 1995) vdi gia tri trung binh dat 322 ca thl/m^ va d mat cat Nha Trang - Philippin nam 2005 (JOMSRE 2005) vdi mat do trung binh chi dat 883 ca the/m\ dugc xem la thap hon so vdi kit qua
hien nay. ^i Sir phan bd mat rdng eiia sd lugng va khdi lugng tuoi ciia DVPD d vimg biin i
Jackson Atoll cho thay: viing cd mat do cao (>1.500 ca the/m^) va > 50 ma/m^'
chu yeu tap trung d tram J20, nam ve phia Ddng Nam ciia viing biin Jackson
Atoll (Hinh 6E&F). 0 viing bien cum dao Song Tir, viing cd sd lugng cao (>2000
ca the/m ) chii yeu tap trung d tram N4. nam ve phia Tay Bac ciia viing biin cum
dao Song Tir. trong khi dd vimg cd trgng lugng tuoi cao (> 100 mg/m^) quan satj
dirge d tram N18, chii yeu tap trung d vimg bien phia Tay Nam ciia viinc cum
dao Song Tir (Hinh 7E&F).
Kyyeu. HQl NGH! T 6 N G KET CAC CHUYEN KHAO SAT NCKH BIEN PHOl HOP VIET NAM - PHILIPPIN TREN BIEN DONG 2 0 1
3. Sinh vat luong va sy phan bo mat rong cua cac nhom dong vat phu du chu yeu 3.1. Chan mdi cheo (Copepoda)
La nhdm DVPD chiem uu the nhat ve sd lugng loai ciing nhu sd lugng ca the, vdi mat do trung binh dat 1.000 ca thl/ml chilm 37 - 88% tdng so ca thi DVPD giira cac tram, 73% tdng sd ca the DVPD, kit qua nay cao hon so vdi mat do chan mai cheo khao sat d viing biin ngoai khoi Ninh Thuan - Binh Thran, theo kit qua khao sat vao thang 8/1992 cung chi cd 345 ca thl/m\ vinh Bac Bd 285 ca thl/m^
Nhirng loai chan mai cheo chiem uu the thudng la nhirng loai cd kich thudc nhd phan bd d viing ven bien Viet Nam thugc cac gidng nhu Paracalanus, Oithona, Acartia... Nhirng loai tren tu\' co sd lugng Idn nhirng kich thudc nhd nen khdi lugng khdng eao.
Sir phan bd mat rdng sd lugng ciia chan mai cheo o viing khao sat cho thay: viing bien Jackson Atoll cd so lugng Chan mai cheo (Copepoda) cao gan nhu nhau so vdi viing bien cum dao Song Tir. Nhin chung cd xu the phan bd gidng vdi sir phan bd cua sd lugng DVPD (Hinh 8B va 9B).
3.2. Hdm to" (Chaetognatha)
' Ddng vat Ham to ehii yeu sdng d bien. loai im the tuyet ddi la Sagitta enfata, mat do trung binh dat 42 ca thc/m^ chiem 3% tdng sd ca the DVPD, tram cd mat do cao nhat dat 149 ca the/m"^ (Tram N4) va thap nhat dat 8 ca the/m^ (Tram N17). Ket qua nay cao hon so vdi nhimg ket qua da l<hao sat trudc day nhu d viing Bac Trung Bo (23 ca thl/nr^). Nam Bo (12 ca {helm').
• Sir phan bd mat rdng chi cho thay, viing cd mat do cao >50 ca the/m^ chii yeu tap tmng d viing bien phia Tay ciia Jackson Atoll (Hinh 8A) va viing bien Tay Bac ciia cum dao Song Tir (Hinh 9A).
3.3. Co bao (Tunicata)
' Dong vat cd bao chii yeu la cac loai lam thu'c an cho ca va cac loai hai san thugc cac gidng nhu Oikopleura. Frittillaria. 0 vimg dieu tra cd mat do ciia ddng vat cd bao khci cao trung binh dat 189 ca the/m\ chiem 14% tdng sd ca the DVPD, tram cd mat do cao nhat dat 750 ca the/m' (Tram N5) va thap nhat dat 17 ca the/m'' (Tram N17). Mat do nay cao hon nhieu so \di cac viing bien khac ciia Viet Nam nhu: viing biin ven bd Quang Binh - Binh Thuan (11 ca the/m'), nhimg thap hon so vdi kit
;quakhao sat d Ninh Thuan (151 ca thl/m^) (Nguyen Van Khdi, 1993),
• Su phan bd mat rdng chi cho thay: viing cd mat do > 250 ca the/m^ chii ylu tap irung d phia Ddng Nam ciia viing bien Jackson .Atoll (Hinh 8D) va phia Ddng Bac biia viing cum dao Song Tir (Flinh 9D).
3.4. Au trimg cdc loai
'• Viino dilu tra cd mat do hu triing cac loai (au triing Hai manh vd, Chan bung,
nn^ Chu-ong trinh Hop tac Khoo hoc & Cong nghe Viet Nam - Philippin
Giun nhilu to. Da gai va au trimg Giap xac) kha cao, mat do trung binh dat 120 ca t h l / m \ chilm 9% tdng sd ca the DVPD, tram cd mat do cao nhat dat 340 ca the/m' (Tram N4) va th^p nhdt dat 9 ca thl/m"' (Tram N17). Ket qua nay thap hon nhieu so vdi nhtrng viing-lan can nhu: tai trung tam 6 bai sd, diep Phan Thiet nam 1993 dat 340 ca t h l / m \ va vimg biin ven bd Khanh FIda nam 2002 cd mat do au triing cac loai dat 2797 ca thl/m\ vinh Vung Rd nam 2002 dat 756 ca the/m\
Su phan bd mat rdng chi cho thay: vimg cd mat do au triing cac loai > 100 ca thl/m^ chii yeu tap trung d phan phia Ddng Nam ciia vimg Jackson Atoll (Hinh 8C) va viing phia Bac cum dao Song Tir (Hinh 9C).
III. THAO LUAN VA NHAN XET
Mat do DVPD d viing khao sat dao ddng tii' 228 (Tram N17) din 2,497 (Tram J20), vdi sd lugng trung binh dat 1,367 ca the/m''. Mat do DVPD d viing bien nhin chung la tuong ddi cao. Ket qua nay phii hgp vdi ket qua khao sat trudc day d viing bien phia Tay ciia Philippin (Juan et al., 2000). Theo Takenoute et al, (1970) va Oniel & Eason (1982) dudi tac ddng ciia che do gid miia d viing Ddng Bac Thai Binh Dirong va ddng chay hirdng Bac cua viing Bien Ddng lam thay ddi khdi nude viing phia Tay Philippin la nguyen nhan dan cten sir giau cd DVPD d viing bien nay.
Chan Mai Cheo (Copepoda) phan bd rdng khap trong cae dai duong, la thanh phan quan trgng trong quan xa sinh vat, chung tham gia vao viec hinh thanh vat chat huu CO d mirc do cao hon, chiing la thirc an quan trgng ciia nhieu loai ca va thiiy sinh vat khac,
Ket qua phan tich da xac dinh dugc 193 loai bao gdm 15 nhdm chinh, trong do Chan mai cheo chiem uu the ve sd lugng loai (109 loai, chiem 55%) tdng sd loai) ciing nhu sd lugng ca the (1000 ca the/m^, chiem 73%o tdng sd ca the DVPD), dac biet d cac tram J20, N12, N16, N17, N18 va N19 Chan mai cheo hoan toan chilm uu the, Alvarino (1981) ciing cho ket qua tuong tir va trong 80%o sd lan thu mau d viing bien California, Chan mai cheo deu chiem ty le kha cao (75- 92%).
Neu so sanh vdi cac ket qua khac trudc d viing bien ASEAN va mdt vai viing khac d viing bien nhiet ddi cho thay ket qua nay thap hon nhu kit qua khao sat d mat cat Viet Nam - Philippin trong Chuomg trinh hgp tac giua Viet Nam va^
Philippin nam 2000 (5,595-17.095 ca the/m^), nhirng neu so vdi kit qua khao sat ; d viing bien Viet Nam (580 ca the/m^) ciia Jivaluk (1999) va d vinh Thai Lan va ven bd phia Ddng ban dao Malaysia (273-370 ca thl/m^) ciia Jivaluk (1995) thi ' ket qua nay lai cao hon. Tat nhien la sir so sanh d day chi cd gia tri tham khao a mdt mire do nhat djnh, bdi le ed su sai khac ve khdng gian, thdi gian va phuong phap thu mau khac nhau, mat cat Viet Nam - Philippin nam 2000, thu m l u vdi I mat ludi 64 pm, Jivaluk thu mau bang each keo xien tir day din ihng mat. Dilu dd cho thay phuong phap thu mau la rat quan trgng de danh gia mirc do phong phii ciia mdi trudng.
Ky yeu. HOI NGHI TONG KET CAC CHUYEN KHAO SAT NCKH BIEN PHOI HO? VIET NAM - PHIUPPIN TRcN BIEN EXDNG 2 0 3
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OQ 1 Chu-ong trinh Hop tac Khoa hoc & Cong nghe Viet N a m - Philippin
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Oceano. Nhatrang Note N, 30,
20, Shirota A (1966), The plankton of South Vietnam - Fresh water and marine Plankton, Colombo Plan Expert on Planktology Saigon University and the Oceanographic Institute of Nhatrang. Vietnam, Overseas Technical Cooperation Agency, Japan, 462p,
21, Takenouti Y (1970), Review on the contribution of CSK to the Physical Oceanography of the Kuroshio. In Proc. of the 2"*^ CSK symposium, Toks^o, Japan, pp. 1 1 - 1 9 .
DANH MUC HINH
Hinh 1: So dd \i tri tram thu mau. thang 4/2007
Hinh 2: Ty le phan tram cac nhdm dgng vat phii du d viing biin khao sat, thang 4/2007
Hinh 3: So do bieu thi mirc do giong nhau \ e loai giira cac nhdm tram d vimg biin Jackson Atoll
-Hinh 4: So dd bieu thj miie do gidng nhau vl loai giua cac nhdm tram d viing biin cum dao Song Tir
Hinh 5: Bien ddi sd lugng DVPD o viing bien khao sat, thang 4/2007
Hinh 6: Phan bd mat rdng sinh vat luong DVPD viing biin Jackson Atoll, thang 4/2007
Hinh 7: Phan bd mat rdng sinli vat lugng DVPD viing biin cum dao Song Tir, thang 4/2007
Hinh 8: Phan bd mat rdng sd lugng cac nhdm DVPD viing biin Jackson Atoll, thang 4/2007
Hinh 9: Phan bd mat rdng sd lugng cac nhdm DVPD vimg biin cum dao Son"? Tir, thang 4/2007 ^ . " == '
Ky yeu. HOI NGHI TONG KET CAC CHUYEN
KHAO SAT NCKH BIEN PHOI HOP VIET NA/v\ - PHIUPPIN TREN BIEN DONG 105
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Ky yeu. HQI NGHI TONG KET CAC CHUYEN KHAO SAT NCKH BIEN PHOI HOP VIET N A M - PHIUPPIN TREN BIEN DONG 209
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