No n_Mar2019|Sd ll-Tliang 3 nam 20l91p I M - l l S
TAP CHI KHOA HOC DAI HOC TAN TRAO ISSN: 2354-1431
http //tckh.daihoctantrao edu vn/
Vai tro cua Ao trong qua trinh thong nhat nuoc Diic giua the ky XIX
Nguyen Mdu Hiing"
"Tnrong Dai hpc Khoa hpc - Dgi Iipc Hui Email: [email protected] vn
Thong tin bai viet
A'gdv nhan hdi:
15/11/2018 Ngdv duvet ddng:
10/3/2019 Tir khod
Ao; Lien bang Dire 1815- 1866. qud tiinh Ihdng nhdl nirdc Dire; vdn de mrdc Di'rc thi kyXLX.
Tom tat
Ao la nudc manh nhat ciia t h l gidi ndi tiing Dflc d Trung Au gifla the ky XIX va cung la mot trong nhflng ben tham gia sang lap, nhirng Id ben duy nhat ddng vai trd lanh dao Lien bang Dflc 1815-1866 Vdn d l nam d cho Ao chua bao gid cd y dmh chdp nhan lu each thdnh vien binh thudng ciia minh trong Lien bang Dflc 1815-1866 Viec Ac Iham gia vdo hen bang nay v i Ihuc chat chdng qua cung chi la mdt thda thuan ngam gifla cdc cudng qudc chau Au Ao thuc te cflng chi mudn lanh dao lien bang nay de ehi phdi vd sir dung cac nudc thdnh vien khac nhu nhflng cdng cu chinh tn phuc vu cho lot ich Clia minh chfl khong phai dl liin ldi xdy dung mdi nudc Dire thdng nhat vd hung manh d Tmng Au Ao chinh vi the dang Ie ra la luc lucmg Idnh dao qud trinh ihdng nhdl mrdc Dflc lai trd ihanh tuc can chu yeu vd ddi tuong cdn ddnh dd cua van d l nudc Dflc the ky XIX
I. Dat van de
Ao la mdt tnrdng hap tuong doi ddc bict trang the gidi noi tiing Due d Tmng Au gifla ihe ky XIX Ao Id de quoc ldn nhat ve cd phuong dien lanh tho, ddn sd, vd hem luc quan su. nlurng trinh dd phat triln kmh te thi d vap mdt tinh trang cdn dang ban hon nhieu nirdc ndi tiing Dire khac dac biel d phia Tay va phia Nam Lien bang Dire 1815-1866 Mac dfl vdy, ve tong the sire manh tdng hap cua Ao la ddc nhdl vd nhi flong the gidi ndi tiing Dflc vd dieu dd cung cho phep Ao kiem duoc mdt Vl tri cudng qudc Irong tidt Ur quan he quoc Ie d chau Au giQa the ky XIX
Trong hoan eanh nhu vdy, A P se tham gia giai quyll vdn dl nudc Dflc gifla thl ky XIX d nhflng muc dd cd loi nhat cho chinh ha U-ong so sanli vdi cac cirdng qudc chau Au khde Cd the ndi rang su tham gia cua Ao cd tinh chat quyel dmh ddi vdi \'an dc nudc Dflc gifla the kv XIX vi hai Iy do chinh Mdt mat. Ao vc co ban vdn dupc xem la mdt qudc gia ndi Ueng Due Phdn ldn cu ddn cua ho ihudc Lien bang Dire 1815-1866 diu la
nhflng ngirdi ndi tieng Due Mdt khde, mdc du Ao la mpt thanh vien cua Lien bang Due 1815-1866. nhimg khdng phdi la mdi thdnh vicn binh ihudng md la mdi thanh vien lanh dao dam dirong nhilm vu gifl gin hda binh va dn dmh cho thl gidi ndi tiing Dire d cuang vi sd mpl Chinh vi the, cd Ihl ndi rdng vdn d l nudc Dflc chinh la vdn dl cua Ao va su tham gia cua Ao vao trong qud trinh hinh thanh qudc gia nha nudc Dflc chinh id mdt bo phan quan trong cdu thdnh vdn dl nudc Dflc gifla thl ky XIX
V3n dl ndm d chd Ao Id cudng qudc himg manh nhat thl gidi ndi ulng Dflc xet vl sd luong dan sd, quan ddi. va pham v, iDnh thd, nhung cac uu thl ndy chii yiu dua iren u>' thl quyin luc Unyin thdng cua vuang t n l u Habsburg hon la su thdng nhdl tfl tren xudng dud. va sflc manh ihuc su cua Ao Tuang tu nhu vay mac du Ao dang la dl chi ihdng In va lam chu Liln bang Dflc 181.-1866, nhung vi tri ciia Ap dang hi thach thuc dfl do, VI su phat men manh me cua cua ciic phang Iraa dan loc vd ddn chu trong cdc nha nuac ndi ulng Dire d
A'U//((i;j>/No ll_Mar2utO!|i 114-|l8
Tnmg Au Sire manh dang cd cua Ao gifla thl ky XIX chinh vi vdy chii yeu dua vao quyin luc phuc hung cua cac vuang hiSu phong kiin hon Id dai dien cho mpt xu Uie phal men mdi va tiln bd Dilu dd lam cho sue manh long hpp cfla A P bi bao mdn va tliach thflc dfl dpi ciing ttoi gian vd cudi cung bi chinli Phd thay thl mpt each h(?p quy lu^t
Viec ngliien cim van de cua Ao h'ong qua trinh Ihong nhat nudc Due gifla thi ky XIX klidng chi gdp phan lam ro vai trd cua Vuong qudc Phd ma cdn cho thay ban chat cua qua hinh thdng nhat nudc Due 1848- 1871 Do khong phai Id mdt van de giai cap, ddn toe, hay qudc tl don thuan, ma dd Id mdt vdn de vuong liieu, trong do cudc dua song ma gifla A P va Phd ddng iTigt vai trd quyit dinh. Dieu dd da duoc cac nhd lanh dao Clia hai nudc nay nhan thflc tu ddu vd ngam tnen khai trong Ihuc le cd luc cdng kliai nhung chu yeu van la im tham de tim co hdi loai hu lan nhau cho \'i tri bd chii the gicti ndi tieng Dflc gifla the ky XIX Trong cudc dua nay, Pho cd nhieu Ipi the han vi hp dai dien cho m?l lire lupng tien bd va hop vdi quy ludt phat triln tiat yeu Clia thai dai.
Van de ndy d3 duoc di cdp it nhilu tren thl gidi, nhirng van cdn hel sire so sai d Viet Nam Bdi vicl nay chinh vi the gdp phan lam ro them ban chat cua cudc dua song ma giiJa Ao vd Phd tren con dudng thdng nhat nuoc E)irc, B5ng viec su dung cac phuang phdp dinli tinh Cling nhu dmh luong va cdc phuong phdp logic ciing nhu hch sfl hong su kit hpp vdi cac phuong phdp hen nganh va chuyen nganh cd hen quan kliac, bai viet giai quyet nigl trong nhflng mau thudn mang tinh vuong Ineu CO ban nhdt ciia qua hinh thdng nhat nudc Dflc gida the kv XIX, van de cua Ao flong cudc dua song mi vol Phd de giai quyit vdn d i nudc Due thi ky XIX
2. Vai tro cua Ao trong q u i trinh thdng nhat nuot But giiia (h^ ky X K
21. Tit sau Hdi nghi ^i^n ndm 1815 dSn het Cdch
»>a>ig 1848-1849
Khi hpi nghi Vien nam 1815 kit thuc, dd cung Id luc neiroi Ao CO the tu hao ndi rdng mdt trat tu mdi d chau Ausau Cach mang Phap ndm 1789 duoc thiet lap d ihu 1^0 Clia ho. trong dd hp khdng nhflng cd mdt vi fli ddng ie Ten san khau chinh tn chau Au md cdn cd mot tieng
"01 quyet dmh trong tdt ca cac van de ciia cdng ddng MC cu dan noi liing Due [7, fl-. 40-43] d Tning Au
•^"6 fioi Ao la mot trong nliflng D l che hung manh
nhat chdu Au luc bdy g,d va tdt nhien ddng thai himg manh nhat cua thl gidi ndi tiing Dflc Chinh Ao Id chu loa cua nghi vien hen bang cua quy ldc phong kien Due d Frankfurt am Main Ngudi dflng ddu va cung la tdc gia cua U-dt tu mdi cua nudc Dflc sau Hdi nghi Viln ndm 1815 chinh la Thfl tudng kiem Bd tmdng bd Ngoai giao Ao, Mettcniich [3, fl 1-32]
Trong trat tu Mettemich tiln Cach mang 1848- 1849, Ao duoc xem la cudng qudc sd mdt ciia thl gidi ndi Ueng Dire Tuy nhien. trat tu ndy ngay cdng b| ihaeh thflc flong Ihdi dai tmng hung (1815-1840) va tiln each mang (1840-48) Mot mat la vi Mettemich ndi neng vd A P ndi chung chua bao gid nghiem tflc hong vdn dl thdng nhdt nudc Due [8, tr 1-64] Ngudi Ao mudn xay dung mdt de chi cho neng minh flong dd ho giO vi the hdng dau chdu Au va thdng in cdc dan ldc khac ma trong dd cac qudc gia ndi tiing Dflc chi la mdt bd phan trong k l hoach ndy. Chinh vi thl, Ao mudn dimg cdc nhd nudc Due don le de phuc vu cho chinh sach chau Au chung cua Ao chfl chua bao gid thuc su cd mdi suy nghi nghiem tuc chinh thflc cho mdt nlia nudc Dflc thdng nhdt nam ngoai su kilm soat cua Ao, lm tmdng hpp budc phai gidi quyet bdng con dudng bao luc nhu ndm 1866 [2. fl 3-229]
Mdt khde, Ao cd lc la luc luong quan Irong thfl hai trong qua trinh thdng nhal nudc Dire sau Phdp vi ho tham gia cd tinh chat quyet dmh vao cd ba phuong an thdng nhdt nudc Due [9, tr 1-67] trong thuc lc cung nhu tren ly thuyet Tmdc hit, dd la mdi nudc Dflc thdng nhat cua fat ca cdc dan ldc ndi heng Dflc baa gdm tat ca cdc lanh thd do Ao kicm soat d Dong Au md o dd ngdn ngfl Slavo chilm da sd trong dan sd Ao cung ddng \'ai trd hung tdm trong phuong an dai Due ma trong dd Ao vd Phd ddng vai trd Idnh dao tren CP SO cdi uln Lien bang Due 1815-1866 dang ed Phuong dn cudi cLuig khdng cd su hien dien cua Ao trong ngdi nhd chung vdi nliflng ngirdi ndi tieng Dire anh em, nhung khdng thl thilu tiing ndi cua ho Irong qua trinh dan den muc lieu dy [6] Cudc Cach mang 1848-1849 la mdt trong nhflng thdi khde cu thi de hien thuc hod cac phucmg an nay
Cac phong trdo dan ldc ciia ngudi Due trong nhflng ndm 1848-1849 duoc xem la nhung phong trdo cd ngudn gdc each mang Irong su hen he vdi cac luc lutmg each mang cua Ao ngdy 26 thang 5 ndm 1848 d Vien vd su kien nay cd dnh hudng quyit dmh din sd phdn nudc Dire duong Ihdi Su bdt luc cua cac luc luimg cdch
\..\fHtmg Noll_Mar2019[p IM-IIS
mang d Vicn \'ao ngdy 6 ihdng 10 ndm 1848 cung cd y nghia quyit dmh ddi vdi linh hinh nudc Phd duong thdi. trong khi qudc hdi qudc gia duoc bdu cua gidi ur san tri thirc d Frankfurt am Mam duoc xem Id vd ngliTa trong tiin trinh Cach mang 1848-1849 oDirc. Chinh vi the, Ao chinh Id ngudi lanh dao cua qua trinh thdng nhat nudc Dflc it nhat trong ndm ddu cua cudc Cach mang 1848-1849 Dilu nay khdng phdi chi vi ngudi dimg ddu chinli phu thdng nhdt ddu lien cua nudc Dire la mdt dai dien cua Ao ma cdn vi Ao la nhdn td quyet dinh sd phan cua nudc Due tfl ngay 14 thdng 3 ndm 1848 din ngay 29 thdng 10 nam 1848 trong flan chiln chong lai cac luc luong each mang Khi cudc ndi ddy thang 10 ndm 1848 d Vien bi dap tdt, cac the luc phan ddng ngay lap lire duoc khdi phuc trong lodn ihe gidi ndi lieng Dflc [6. fl 7-8] Cac dien bien cdch mang d Ao, chinh vi the, cd mdt sflc manh quyet dmh ddi vdi su ton vong cua cdc chinh the don Ic vd chia cat cfla Lien bang Due 1815-1866
Ket qua Id cdc no lire nham gidi quyet vdn de nudc DiVe bang phuang dn tilu Dflc khdng cd Ao hodn todn that bai trong nhflng nam dien ra cudc Cach mang 1848-1849 thdng qua Qudc hdi Qudc gia Frankfurt 1848-1849 cung nhu Lien minh Erfurt 1849-1850 gifla Phd, Hannover, vd Sachsen Cudi nam 1850, Phd budc phdl chdp nhan khdi phuc trd lai Lien bang Dire 1815- 1866 do Ao dirng ddu vd ngdi \do cai iral lu dd diroc cdc cudng qudc chdu Au sap ddt tai Hdi nghi Vien ndm 1815 dudi su lanh dao ciia Ao mdt ldn nfla Thuc tien nay chflng minh rang nen thdng in cua Ao Irong thl gidi ndi Ueng Dire thdng qua Lien bang Dflc 1815- 1866 do cac cudng qudc chau Au thiet ke lai Hpi ngh) Vicn nam 1815 khdng cdn phdn dnh diing tham vong va tiem luc thuc tc cua cdc nha nudc Dire Tuy nhien.
CO hdi cho mdi su thay ddi nhu cac nhd nirdc ndy mong mudn. dac biel la Phd. cflng chua den trong cung nhu nhfl'ng ndm sau Cach mang 1848-1849 Dicu dd khdng cd ngliTa la cdi ngay ma Ao phdi rdi bd nudc Due cho su ra ddi cua mot trdi tu mdi cua ngudi Dflc khdng xav ra [4, Ir 1-4] Tat ca da duoc chimg mmh trong nhflng nam I860
2.2. Tir sau Cdch mang 1H48-1H49 cho din sau cupc Chien tranh Ao-Phd ndm 1H66
Vao llidi diem Olio von Bismarck duoc bd nhicm lam Thu tudng Phd nam 1862. nudc nay da cd mdt vi U-i tuong ddi manh Irong the gidi ndi ueng Dflc, mac dfl Ao van nhdn duoc su ung hd eua phan ddng cdc nha
nudc Dflc duong thai Cdn luu y rdng cliinli Ao cung dang bao ve sir thdng tn cua minh d cdc nhd nudc Due va trd thdnh ddi thu chinh cua Phd Ucn con dirdng thdng nh^t nudc Due Chinh Bismarck nam 18^6 da khdng dinh rang nudc Dire rd rdng Id qud nhd ddi vdi ca Ao ldn Phd vd flong tuong lai gdn ca hai se budc vdo mdt cudc chiln cho chinh su ldn lai cua cd hai [5]
Trong rdt nlueu vdn dl cua chau Au ndi chung va cua nudc Due ndi neng luc b^)' gid, ban thdn Vmmg qudc Phd vdn chua thl lu minh hdnh ddng ma khong can cd su hau thudn cua ngudi anh em Ao Dicu nay the hien rd nhal Irong cudc chiln tranh vdi Dan Mach nam 1864 dl dn dinh Irdi lu bicn gidi phia Bdc Tuy nhicn, dilu gi xdy ro cudi cung cung phdi xay ra vi mdt nuoc khdngthicdhai vua [4. tr 1-4| Ket qua cua cudc chien tranh vdi Dan Mach nam 1864 dd giai quyit duoc mdt irong nhflng van dl he tiong vd hoe biia nhat cua qua trinh Ihdng nhiil nudc Dflc gifla flic k->' XIX Luc hrong Idnh dao cfla mdt mrdc Dflc thdng nhal khdng nhflng da duac dinh hinh tren ly thuyil md cdn khSng d|nh trong thirc tl bang mdi cudc ndi chiln mac dii dau ddn.nliung da duoc du dodn Uirdc \'a khdng the tidnh khdi cua nhflng ngudi Due dc giai quyel vdn de cua chinh ho Dd Id mdt cudc chien thuong dau cfla nhflng ngudi Dflc duoc goi Id anh em. nhung cung duoc cho la khdng thl irdiih khdi giCra hai ky phung dich thu khdng Ihi ddi trdi chung [10. ir 34-35] trong qud Uinh giai quyll vdn dl nudc Dflc till kl" XIX
Mdc du vay ciing can nhin nhdn mdt thuc t i rdng Aolham gia vdo qua hinh thdng nhat mrdc Due 1848- 1871 \di lu cdch la nhdn id cd Iinh chdi quvit dmh, nhimg ddng thdi cung id ddi tuong cua qua trinh ndy Dilu nay la do mdt mat Ao Id ngudi thilt lap va bdo vc cua trai tu hicn cd Tdi nhicn. Ao la nude duoc hudng nhilu loi ich nhdl trong irdl tu dd Mat khac, hdt tu ay ngdv cdng Ird nen bi Ihach thirc dfl doi \ i su ldn manh khdng ngflng cua cac luc luong xa hoi mdi md chu yiu Id cdc phong irao ddn tdc vd dan chu cua cdc giai cSp cdng nghilp Cdc lire hrong ndy ngay cang cdng khai vd quyll hel irong vice bdy Id nguven vang cua minh vl mdi ihl ihirc Id chflc cdng ddng mdi cd la, hon cho ho Vice Aa a la, Uong Lien bang Dire 1815-1866 hoac dimg ddc ldp cung chinh la mdt trong nhflng nhicm vu chinh cfla qud irinh Ihdng nh.^l mrdc Dflc gifla Ihl ky XiX
1 1 6
NM.Htitig/tio ll_Mar2019|p 114-llS
3. Ket luan
Ao Iham gia mdt each tmc tiep vao cac van de cua niroc Dire vdi hr each Id mot thanh vien tfl dau cho din nhiJng ngay cudi cung cua Lien bang Dflc 1815-1866 ma Ao la mdt thdnh vien sdng lap vd kit ihuc su tdn ta, Clia minh vdi sir nit iui khdi Lien bang nay sau thdt bai mrdc Phd fl Koemggraetz ndm 1866 Ao tham gia vdo Uen trinh thdng nh5t nudc Dflc vdt ur cdch Id mdi cuong qudc chdu Au chu khdng phdi d l tim kiem mdt sir bao ve lir cac cdng ddng ndi tiing Dire Ngiroc lai, rai nlneu nha nudc nhuoc tieu flong cdng ddng nay lai Iham gia vao Lien bang Dflc 1815-1866 d l tim kiem mot SIT che chd ma Ao luon luon ddng mdt vai fld quyit djnh Chinh vi the, rat nhieu thdnh vien nlid yeu cua Lien bang Dflc 1815-1866 tim moi each de duy tri cac moi lien he va tim kilm su bao ve cua Ao trudc su nhom ngo cua cdc doi thii manh hon. Nhu vdy, cd the noi Irong van de nudc Bite gifla the ky XIX, phan ldn nguoi Du;c can sit che chd ciia Ao hon Id Ao cdn cdc nhd niroc noi lieng Dire xet ve dai cue Chinh vi vay, Aochi Iham gia vdo Lien bang Due 1815-1866 vdi tu each va vai Iro cua ke ndm quyen lanh dao va chi phdi hcfn la mot ihanh vien tich cue cho qua trinh ihdng nhal nudc Du'c Iren cuong vi cua mdt thdnh viln binli Ihirong Nguoc lai, Ao mudn dung Lien bang Due 1815-1866 va cac cdng ddng ndi tiing Dire nhu mdt cong cu chinh In hong cac vdn d l qudc lc duong ihdi Noi chinh sac hon. the gidi ndi tiing Dflc trd thdnh mdt bo phan va cong cu trong chinh sdch ngoai giao hda nhac ciia Ao ddi vdi chau Au Ao chua bao gid that long ddi vcri ngudi Dflc ndi chung va qud trinh thdng nhat niroc Dire ndi neng it nhdt la gifla thl ky XIX Chinh vi Ihe. hong qua hinh nay. Ao vap phdi su canh Iranh quyit het cua mdt nhan td khac cua thl gidi ndi tieng Dire mang ten Virong qudc Phd Trong thue ti, nSm 1870, kha ndng quan su thuc t i cua Phd virpt xa AD, nen rd rang Pho la Krc Iirong duy nhal flong Lien bang Dire 1815-1866 hoac flong the gidi not tilng Dflc tt>Uia nang bao vl tdt cd cac cu dan ndy khdi sir can 'hiEpvathiidichulman tfl ben ngodi
TAT U £ U T H A M K i r A o
1 Auslensen. R A (1991). ••Mcllcmich, Auslna, and the Gennan Question, 1848-1851." The Iniernattonal Histoiy Review, Volume 13, Issue I
2 Bilhnger .Ir, R D (1991), Meilemtch and ihe Gennan Question: Stales' Riglm and Federal Duties.
IS20-IS34, University of Dcla\Kire Press, Newark, 3 Davey, Europe Dunng the Age of Melietinch 1815-
1848, ij, http,/Avww saratogiihigh arg/ouipages/auto/2009/8/27/6
1997560/congressvienpdf (tmy cap ngay 9 thdng 4 nam 2016),
4 Evera. Stephen Van (2009), The Aiislro-Pru.tsian War of 1866, nv hltp//ocw milcdii/courscs/pohUcal- .scicnce/l 7-42-cau.ses-and-pi-evenlion-of-\var-spi ing- 2009/lecUire-notes/MIT 17_42S09_lec 11 pdf (liny cap ngay 9 thdng 4 ndm 2016).
5 Fogcd.KnstianH. [20\T}, Hi.miy Home Es.^ay: The Unification of Germany 1871, in hllp llww'w- markcdby teachers com/inlemational- baccalaureate/histoiy/lhe-importance-of-lhe-role-ol'- bismarck-in-lhe-umficalion-of-gci many-m-1871 hlml {tmy cap ngdy 18 thang 7 nam 2017),
6 Preussen und die deulsche Einheii (1866), Dmck und Veriag der Rossbcrg'schen Buchhandlung, Leip/ig.
7, Sediv'y, Miro.slav (2013), Mellernich, the Great Powers and the Eastern Question, the Universily of Wcsl Bohemia.
8 The Age of .Mellernich. in
hllp //k 12 kilaboo com/k12/cbaokpdl7hisloiy07/AP_HU R_S2_umtl3 pdf (tmy cap ngay 9 ihdng 4 nam 2016).
9 Walters,.! F and Whillon. G W [lOU)). Europe in Ihe .Age of Mellernich c 1800-1850. in www newhartford.schools org (Imy cap ngay 9 thdng 4 ndm 2016).
10 Wawro, Geoffrey (1996). The Au.'Hro Piii.isian War' Ausli la's War wilh Pru.^sia and llaly m 1866. Cambndge Uiii\'ersily Prcs.s. Cambridge
A-\/.//H»ig/No ll_Mar2019|p 114-118
The role of Austria in German unification the mid-nineteenth - century
Nguyen Mau Hung
Article info
Recieved:15/11/2018 Accepled:
10/3/2019 Keywords - Austria, the German Confederation 1815-1866; the German unification: the German nlneleenth'cenlury quesUon
Abstract
Austria was the most powerful counlr>' m ihe Gennan-speaking wodd in Central Europe in the mid-mneleenth centuiy and was one of the founding parties, but the only party in the role of leadership of the German Confederation 1815-1866 The problem is that Austria never intended to accept Its norma! membership in the Gennan Confederation 1815-1866 Austrian participation in this union was actually nothing but an implicit agreement among European powers Austna did in fact only want to rule this confederation in order to dominate and use other member states as political tools for its own benefits rather than to build a powerfully united Germany in Central Europe, Austria was. therefore, expected to become the leading force of the German unification, but in reality became the main obstacle and defeated object of the German nineteenth-century question
