No 14_Dec2019|Sd 1 4 - T h a n g 12 nam 20!9|p 27-35
TAP CHI KHOA HOC DAI HOC TAN TRAO ISSN 2354- 1431
http //tckh.daihoctantrao edu vn/
Dien ngon gi&i thir hai the hien qua mot so truyen ng^n tieu bieu cua nha van YBan
Truong Thi Thu Thanh "
" Tnrdng Dgi hoc Phii Yen Email [[email protected]
Thong tin bai viet
Ngay nhan bdi:
21/10/2018 Ngay duyet dang 10/12/2019
Tir khoa -
Y Ban, Giai nir. Ly thuyet dien ngon; Phdn lam hpc;
Tnethoc hen sinh.
Tom tat
Hinh anh ve nhiing ngudi phu nCt vdi dii moi tang Idp, gan vdi nhieu cudc ddi khac nhau. khdng phai la mdi trong van hoc Viet Nam, nhung di sau kham pha nhClng van de lien quan ddn nit gidi dudi goc dd dien ngdn la hudng di mdi trong nghien cuu van hoc Trong bai vidt nay, chiing tdi tap tmng kliai thac mdt so tmyen ngan tieu bieu cua Y Ban \iet ve nhiing ngudi phu nil iudn cd kJiat khao duoc hanh phuc, khat khao duoc yeu thuong, khat khao duoc thoa man nhiing nhu cau ban nang ddi thudng ciia con ngudi O ho Iudn la mdt cudc hanh trinh di tim ban the. va de tir dd. khi thay dupe tam quan trong ban the nil gidi, hp CP gang vuon len dd khdng dinh nhan vi dan ba, khang dmh quyen binh ding gidi ciia minh
I. Dat van de
Vap nam 1949, cdng trinh Gi&i thir hai ciia Simpne de Beauvoir ra mat cdng chiing ban doc nhu tieng ndi gdp phan chiing minh thuc U"ang phu nil yeu kem hon dan ong la do toan bd nhiing dieu kien kinh td, y thifc xa hdi, he tu tuong, van hoa. giao due quy dmh trong lien trinh phat tnen lich sii Van dc nil quyen ram rd d ca Phuong Ddng va Phuong Tay Tidp ndi cdng trinh Giai thir hai ciia Simonc dc Beauvoir la nhirng cdng trinh nhu The New Feminist Criticism (Ly thuyet phe binh nil quyen mdi) ciia Elaine Showalter.
Contemporary Lileraty Criticism (Phe binh \'an hoc hien dai) ciia Robert Con Davis, f) Tmng Quoc. cac nha van nil Ve Tue, Thiet Ngmig, Mien Mien ciing ndi Idn dinli dam U-en van dan Cdn d Vidl Nam thi cd Y Ban, Nguyen Ngoc Tu, D6 Hoang Dicu, Tran Thuy Mai, Nguyen Thi Thu Hue, Pham Thi Hoai. cung thu hilt ddc gia Nhidu bin viet nghien cim van hoc xuat hien nhu Nguydn Huy Thiep vdi Tinh due trong van hpc horn nay, Vuong Tri Nhan \'di I 'an hoc sex chap nhan de lim each doi khac, Nguyen Dang Diep vdi J'dn di phdl tinh vd dm hirang nir quyen trong van hoc I 'lel
.Xam duang dai, Tmong Thi Thu Thanh vdi Ngon ngir thdn the trong tmyen ngan ciia mpt so nhd van nir I 'lit Nam dirang dai. Con \ e vide ^•an dung ly thuyet didn ngdn vao nghien cim \ a n hoc ciing khdng kem phan phong phii Cac nghien cuu nhu Tran thuat hoc nhu Id khoa hoc phdn tich diin ngon Iran ihudt ciia V I Chiupa, (La Nguyen dich), Tro choi diin ngon trong ly thuyet vdn hoc hau hien dai cua Tran Ngoc Hieu, NhUng hinh thai diin ngon moi trong lieu Ihiiyit hch sir Viet Nam sau doi m&i ciia Nguydn Van Hiing, Ban chat xa hoi.
thdm mi cua diin ngon vdn hoc ciia Tran Dinh Sir, Dien ngon gidi nu trong tnryen ngan Bong de (Do Hoang Dieu) vd trong tmyen ngan Dien cuong nhu I e Tue (\ 'i Tue) cua Ta Thi Nlianh,... Nhu va}, cd the ndi binh dang gidi duoc xem la van de net rdng o the gidi va ca Viet Nam Dac biet, sau cdng cuoc doi mdi toan dien dat nudc nam 1986, nhieu phong trao van hoc nif xuat hien va phat tnen vd mat sd luong lan chat luong Ho gdp them tieng ndi ciia minh de bdc bach nhiing khat khao chung ciia phu nil H o dung ve "gidi thir hai" de bao \ e va doi quydn binh dang gidi Vd, su mong muon tim hieu nhiing net ddc dao, dac tmng ciia "loi viet nil"
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TT.T.Thanh/'Mo 14 va khat khao kham pha nhiing chieu sau ban nga con ngudi qua nhiing sang tac cua Y Ban b-en tinli than hudng den nhUng gia tn nhan sinh va tham my bang ly thuyet dien ngdn, chung tdi quydt dinli lua chon dd tai Dien ngon gi&i thir hai the hien qua moi so tmyen ngdn lieu hiiu cua nhd vdn Y Ban Bai viet hudng vd binh dien nhan vat ngudi phu nil vdi tam the hien sinh va su khang dmh ban the nil Viec tim hidu de tai Diin ngon gidi thir hai the hien qua mpt so tmyen ngdn tieu biiu ciia nhd van Y Ban budc dau he thdng hda va ly giai co ban nliilng van de ly luan vd ml quyen va ly thuydt didn ngdn trong van hoc duong dai ndi chung va tmyen ngan Y Ban ndi neng Day la mdt he qua ciia Uen trinh dan chu hoa xa hdi va van hoc Cau hiic cua bai viet gom cd cac ndi dung Ly thuyet ve dien ngdn gl^^ thir hai, hanli trinh di tim ban the nil, khang dmh ban thd nil, mem kieu hanh nil gidi
2. Ly thuyet ve dien ngon gi&i thir hai Dien ngdn la gC Va dien ngdn cd lam qUan trong nhu the nao trong trong nghien ciru van hoc'' Cd lat nhieu quan diem khac nhau ve thuat ngil didn ngdn ciing nhu hudng nghidn cim cua timg tnrdng phai van hoc, trao luu hay chii nghia van hoc hoac cac nganh klioa hoc
Doi vdi nha ngdn ngil hoc cau tnic De Sausure, dien ngdn duoc dat U-ong cau triic ngon ngil Ngdn ngU gom cai bieu dat va cai duoc bieu dat, Cai bieu dat gom am thanh, ngil am, tir, cau, va cai duoc bieu dat la y nghia cau, tu tudng, noi dung Nhung doi lap vdi quan diSm ciia cac nha ngdn ngl2 hoc va ehii nghia hinh thirc thi M. Bakhtm cho rSng can nghien cim didn ngdn trong mdi tuong quan vdi ddi song xa hdi va y thirc he Dien ngdn la su bidu dat tren cau tdn tai trong ddi sdng thuc tidn "Tat ca moi dac didm cua dien ngon ma tdi biet la tinh ki hieu thuin tuy, tinh thich img pho bien ve y thirc hd, tinh tham du giao Uep ddi sdng"' Cdn doi vdi Foucault, diin ngdn gan vdi loai hinh tn thirc va quyen luc xa hdi Chinh vi vay, ngdn ngu chinh la phuong thiic bieu dat ciia tu tudng va hch su Dien ngdn phai gan vdi siic manh ciia nhan van va sire manh thuc Uen Didn ngdn la mdt chinh the thdng nhat giita ndi dung va hinh thifc, chinh thd trong cai chinh the cua xa hdi
"Thuat ngiJ dien ngdn cd the xac dmh la mdt chinh the tran thuat hinh thanh he thdng ddng nhat"^ Mat khac.
Dec 2019|p 27-35
didn ngdn la each ndi nang, phuong thirc bieu dat ve con ngudi, the gidi, vd cac su vide trong ddi song.
Nghidn ciiu didn ngdn chinli la nghien ciiru ngdn n ^ Ngdn ngil la tu duy ciia vd nao con ngudi Nliung dieu do klidng ddng nghia rSng didn ngdn phai la cong cu didn dat ma la ban chat ciia tu tudng, la bieu hien cua mdt y tliitc hd Ngon ngU the hidn hr tudng, quan diem, quydn luc, dia vi ciia con ngudi trong moi Urong quan vdi xa hdi Doi vol nha van, didn ngdn chinh la bieu hien tu tudng nghd thuat, la lap tmdng. la phong cach, la ta, nang su dung ngon ngfl, Vi vay, didn ngon \k hien tuong sieu van ban. hen van ban, hen van hda trong tinh th6ng nhSt, tinh he thdng, tinh chinh the Mot su tu hop, kidn tao Cd nghia rang, mdt tir ngil h"ong tac phSm van hoc la su tac ddng qua lai ciia tac gia - ngudi doc - nhan vat, su kidn Qua dd. cluing ta thay, qua didm ciia Foucault va ciia Baklitin giong nhau d chd nhan manh tinh thuc hdn cua didn ngdn C) gdc do khac, didn ngdn theo tidng Phap la discourse, cd nghia la Idi ndi, la phat ngdn, la hanh ddng Idi nd, tao sinli van ban gom ngudi nghe binli dSng vdi ngudi ndi"' quyen luc da dang trong cudc song Didn ngdn cung la phuong each tao lap nen tn thirc cung nhimg thuc hanh xa hdi, cac dang thirc cua chii thS va mdi quan he quyen luc Cdn theo Van Dijk cho rSng. tir giOa nhiing nam 1980, phan tich - didu ngdn budc vao giai doan phat tnen theo hudng chuyen mdn hoa trong ndi bd chuyen nganh. Bat dau xuat hien cac li thuydt dien ngdn chuyen nganh, vi nhu li thuydt didn ngdn tu tudng hd, li thuyet dien ngdn dan tdc hpc, li thuyet diin ngdn cua nhdm xa hdi thidu so, li thuyet dien ngdn cua chii nghia phan biet chiing tdc Mdt hong nhiing khuynh hudng rdng Idn va nhieu canh nhanh nhat nghidn cuu ve dien ngdn chinh Miphan tich - dien ngon Trong nhiing nam cuoi ddi, ban than Van Dijk ciing tap tmng \'ao linh vuc nghien cuu dien ngdn Tu tudng he J, Torimg kliai quat, h thuyet dien ngdn xuat hien nhu la su gap go ciia cac nganh khoa hoc d y do hen ket cac quan diem cot loi ciia ngon ngil hoc va thdng dien hoc vdi nhiing tu tudng then chdt ciia khoa hoc xa hdi va khoa hoc chinh tn Y dd do duoc kliuyen kliich bdi su hen ket ngay cang chat che giila ngdn ngil hoc va chinh tn hoc trong qua trinh bien dpi xa lidi Cdn nhln d gdc do phan tich - didn ngdn hau cau tnic luan thi chung ta cd thd tim thay d nhung cdng trinh cua Roland Bartlies, Julia Knsteva,
* Baklilin {1998}, Bakhim 1.
•niachGiaTrang.tr 357 ' Foucault M (1998) Khoo
! lap. tap 2, Nxb Giao due Ha bac,
J hoc in thirc. Nxb Tam licm, Tliuong
' V I Chmpa, La Nguyen dich (2013), Tran Ihnal hoc nhu la khoa hoc phan lich diin ngon Iran Ihiidl, tmy cap ngay 13/9/ 2013, hitp //v.'ww ln:muo eiiu vn/indexphp'^option^com conlent&iH^l 4«^g
&tmpl=i:omponenl&task=previe-w&lanE=vi&site=142. tr 60,61
7'.7'.r7'/ianfe-'No-14_Dec 2019|p 27-35 Jacques Lacan Trong dd, dien ngdn duoc xem la tong
thd cac thuc tien xa hdi ma moi y nghTa \ a tu tudng ddu dupe kien tao va tai tao trong khuon kho ciia nd, Quan niem dien ngdn ciia hau cau tnic luan tuong ddng vdi khai niem ngdn ngii cua Richard Rorty va khai mem giao Uep ciia Nicholas Luckmann Nguon mach tn thuc ciia li thuyet dien ngon h^u tnic luan cdn la nhiing tu tudng hau marxiste ciia Louis Ahhusser va Antonio Gramsci Theo Jorgensen va L Phillips, dien ngdn tmdc het la he thdng ki hidu bao gdm nhiing thanh phan nhu ngdn ngU va hinh anh Dien ngon klidng chi kidn tao the gidi. ma ban than nd ciing do the gidi kidn tao nen Hicn thuc xa hdi khach quan duac xem la cau tnic CO anh hudng tdi thuc tien dien ngon
Khao sat qua nhung cdng trinli nghien cim ve dien ngdn, chiing tdi tam ket lai rang, Dien ngdn da trd thanh khai niem ciia khoa hoc hen nganh va khoa hoc da nganli, mdt hien tuong sidu van ban, lien van ban. hen van hda U"ong tinh thdng nhat, tinh he thong, tinh chinli the Dien ngdn cd rat nhidu Neu gan vdi y thirc he xa hpi thi cd didn ngdn lu san, dien ngdn vd san, dien ngdn Macxit, didn ngdn hien dai, didn ngdn hau hien dai Neu gan vdi cae ITnli vuc tn thiic thi cd didn ngdn van hoc, dien ngdn vat li, didn ngdn thi ca Neu gan vdi van hoc thi cd dien ngdn tinh due, dien ngdn ly luan phe binh, dicn ngdn phirc dieu (da am, da thanh), dien ngdn cac navan, didn ngdn ngh|ch di, dien ngdn nil quyen, dien ngdn \rkn thuat, didn ngdn tuong tmng. sieu thuc, dien ngdn tho cd, dien ngdn tho mdi, dien ngdn tt"an tyc, dien ngdn thi vi hoa, dien ngdn van hoc sir thi, dien ngdn am thi, . Neu gan vdi ngdn ngti hoc thi cd dien ngdn thudng nhat, didn ngdn dam thoai Neu gan vdi cac chu nghTa. trao luu, khuynh hudng van hoc thi cd didn ngdn chii nghia cd didn, dien ngdn chii nghTa lang man, dien ngdn chii nghTa hien thuc Neu gan vdi quan hd kinh te thi tmdng thi cd dien ngdn tiep thi, didn ngdn ban hang, dien ngdn tidu dimg, dien ngdn chiing khoan Ngoai ra cdn cd didn ngdn the chd hoa, dien ngdn chinh tn, dien ngdn tmyen thdng, dien ngdn van hda, didn ngdn tndt hoc, dien ngdn dien anh. didn ngdn ddi tu - the su - nhan van, dien ngdn hch sir - van hda.
Van dung ly thuyet didn ngdn vao nghien cim van hoc, chiing tdi nlian thay cac nha van nit sii dung rat nhieu loai dien ngdn trong qua trinh sang tac cua minh dien ngdn tran thuat, didn ngdn tinh due, dien ngdn nO quyen, didn ngdn than the, Chiing tdi gop chung lai nhiing didn ngdn ay la didn ngdn gidi Dien ngdn gidi chinh la Idi ndi, Idi phat ngon, la hanh ddng Idi ndi ciia gidi nQ tao sinli v5n ban gdm ngudi nghe binh dang vdi
ngudi ndi, la su tuong tac trong giao tiep ciia phu nil vdi v3n hoa xa hdi. Dien ngdn gioi thir hai the hien tn thuc. quydn luc, dia vi cua phy nfi doi vdi xa hdi, H P la nhung ca nhan cd quydn dupe trai nghiem, duoc yeu thuong, duoc muu cau hanh phuc, duoc ndi len Ueng ndi ciia minh va duoc dung ngang ciing vdi nam gidi Cac nha van nit Viet Nam tuy khac nhau ve hoan canli, dia VI, tinh each, tu tudng, udc mo, hoai bao nhung tren tat ca cac trang vidt ciia ho deu the hidn tu tudng nghe thuat, quan didm xS hoi, hi thirc va lai nang ciia minh Ho da dung ngdi biit lam vii kJii sac ben de dau U"anh cho su binh dang gidi ciia minh Trong dd, chat nil vira sau sac Alia nhe nhang \ a day trai nghiem Iudn hien didn tren timg trang viet ciia ho Va, Y Ban ciing vay
3, Hanh trinh di tim ban the nu'
Bang diln ngdn nil gidi, tmyen ngan Y Ban bdc Id hdt tat ca nhiing khat khao tham kin tir trong sau tam thirc cua ngudi phu nQ Trong van ban, nhiing Idi phat ngdn ciia cac nhan vat nliu dai dien cho heng ndi ciia gi&i thu- hai, khSng dinh nhan vi dan ba Mpt hanh trinh di tim ban the trong hp ciing dien bien da)' phicc tap Vira hien smh \'iia phan tam.
Ho la ai"^ Hp la "nang" - ngudi dan ba khdng cau ky va biet tu yeu minh nliu nhiing ngudi dim ba khac Nang cd mdt guong mat rang ngdi vdi ddi mat long lanh va mdt canh mdi Iudn he md Tim nang dap tung long nguc, dgp ran trong Idng nguc tmdc nhiing ddng Un nhSn ciia N Nga. Nang them khat duoc hdn cai mdi dudi tre trang ciia N Nga Chong nang - mpt ngudi dau ap tay gdi hSng ddm nhung chang khi nao hdn nang
"Nang thanh mdt ngudi dan ba Iudn khao khat nu hdn Su khai khao thanh mdt ndi am anh Khi nhln mpt ngu'di dan dng diem dau tidn va cuoi ciing nang nhin la ddi mdi" {Em vdn goi ten anh la nuac Nga) Va nang thdy minh that su hanh phiic va biet yeu khi nhiing nu hdn non nan trao cimg N Nga "Tdi dang hanh phiic Tdi chua khi nao duoc hanh phiic nhu vay Bay gid nang cd ly do dd ra di" (,Em vdn gpi ten anh Id nudc Nga)
Ho la "em", la "chi" khat khao duoc su nhe nhang, nghe thuat lam tinh ciia chdng de earn thay duoc than the minh nhu binh thuy tinh de vd, can lam su nhe nhang va can lam duoc nang mu Hp la em khat khao duoc chong thom \'ao chd ay cung nhu dan dng can
"Khi em cdn d vdi chdng, em chi muon dupe mdt lan chong yeu chdng dau vao day thdi Em mat cdng cat tia cho gon gang, lai ky cdng dun thao duoc de ngam ca ban toa vao nhu hudng dan ciia in-to-net nhe Toi day tim moi each kheo leo de chong thom" (Cuoi ciing thi ddn bd muon gi)
T.T.TThanlv'no 14_Dec 2019|p 27-35 Hp la "em" trong Hai miroi bay budc chan Id len
thien dudng - ngudi con gai nhe da da khdng the vuot qua "cam dd ngot ngao . dd tlieo anh vao khach san vdi budc chan mn ray" Sau con de me cua cudc tinh may mua, su thoa man ciia ngud, phu nil thudng biSu hien ro qua lan da "sang loang". ddi mdi "dd mong va trd xuong", mat "sang long lanh" Ndu nhflng hanh vi ay duoc bao chiia bdi cai vd thirc ban nang trdi day thi khdng dimg Bdi vi, "em la ngudi eon gai binh thudng nhung thdng minh" Vi thdng minh nen em biel chd dung ciia minli tren t,-ai dat nay, Em Iudn tu quyet dmh cudc song va tu U-aeh nhiem tnrdc hanh ddng ciia minh Nliung U-ong sau tham ciia day Idng ho Iudn khat khao mdt tieng yeu thuong tir ngudi dan dng ma ho da dang hien ca trai tim lan the xac Em khdng phai la "mdt ngudi dan ba de dSi, hu hong" va "em cung khdng sdng luy ngudi khac" (27 budc chan Id len ihien duang)
Hinh anh nhiing ngudi phu nil trong tmydn ngan Y Ban sao qua ddi hidn thuc Dd khdng cdn la nhiing hinh anh ly tudng, cao dcp thii tiet thd chdng. vd vo mpt minh vdi chide bong nam canh Dirng tmdc van ban. su tiep nhgn cua nhQng ddc gia khd tinh, phong kien se khd long chap nhan bdi hanh vi ngoai tinh tmdc viec chdng doi dien giiia su sdng va cai chet noi chien tmdng day ac het vdi bom roi liia dan Ve ly thuyet sinh hpc va ly thuyet ve tam thudng chp rang tinh yeu va tinh due trong ngudi phu nQ Iudn di ddi vol nhau Lua trong Cher rdm dircn goc cdy co thu yeu va khao khat dupe Thang dm ap, dupe Thang mon man da thit minh den ca trong nhiing giac m o mdi dem Trong vong tay dm chat ciia Thang, Lua cd cam giiic nhu "da th)t minh tach ra" "Giac mo dem lai dua cd vao ccm me la, Thang nam ben canh cd vudt ve, ban tay anh ddng den dau thi da thit cd md ra den dd Mdt luong khi trdi tinh khidl, mdt ddng nudc nguon tmh kh,et, mot tia chop choi sang bua vay co thd Lua Cd nep vao ngudi Thang" (Cha rdm duoi goc cdy CO ihu)
Cudc song vdi hdn be lo toan, ngudi phu nil trong Cir&i cho vai bidt bao nhieu hoai bao, vdi su de nen tir nhieu ap luc budc con nguoi ta phai lao minh hoc tap, nghien cuu va lam viec de vuon den danh vong va tidn tai, de khdng bi "lac loi" vdi xa hdi Nhung trong gdc Idn cua con ngudi, tinh yeu khdng bao gid ngui lanli va bi dap tat Dii dau dd, ed nhO'ng liic, ai dd tro ra vdi tmdc nhihig hinh anh lang man, nhUng viec iam day su quan tam ciia tinh thuong thi dd chi la nhiing phiit giay tam thdi bi cdng vide va stress bao phii. che md Chi kin duoc song vdi chinh minh, su tliem khat ydu duong lai trd vd ben ho
Nhung xet tdi ciing ban thd COB ngudi, nhat la nguoi phu nit, o ho Iudn c§n hoi kn, can su dm §p, ve vudt, au ydm mdi ngay Dan dng va xa hdi c3n hien sinh hon de d l dang chap nhan "ca, Idi lam binh thudng cua sinh ly" Cai "dan ba" cua ho cQng can dupe thoa man nhu dan dng Neu quy chup va deo gdng vao cd Uian phan dan ba vdi nhQng hii tuc phong kien mdt ihdi, voi khung m3u "trai nam the bay thiep, gai chin chuyen chi cd mdt chong" hay "nhin ddi chuyen nhd, that tiet mdi la chuyen Idn" thi nliQng cd gai ban hoa, nhiJng ngudi phu nd tu nguyen lam nhan tinh cho ngudi dan dng da cd vo, nhiing ngudi vo ngoai tinh trong liic vang chong, nhiing ngudi phu nil Id budc \TJot Idi, , se khd tro ve song vui. song tot cho ngay mai Cd le. Y Ban ciing khdng thd nao \arot ra khdi \'an hoa Phuong Dong dii chi cd nhiing tieng ndi trai Idng ciing gidi nQ
NliQng ngudi phu nQ trong tmydn ngin cua Y Ban da dirng lai diing vdi nguong cho phep ciia xa hdi Sau bao nhicu I5n giftng xe giila ban nang va y Iliurc, giQa van hoa ap dat va ham muon, giQa khat khao vdi ly U"i Ihi ho ciing quay vd \'di chinh phu nQ Viet Nam khat khao yeu thuong, khat kliao dupe tu do thoa man than xac nhung hp cdn gia dinli, cdn vi con cai, vi pham gia duoc len diic tu cdi ngudn goc re Dii hp cd duoc trap quydn tu do yeu thuong nliu dan dng, cd quyen lua chon hanh ddng ciia minh \'di ngudi khac gidi thi dan ba von van la dan ba Sau nlitfng lan tu cho minli dupe phep vuot qua nhQng luan thudng dao ly thi tu hp mau thuan vdi chinh minli, tu dan vat luong tam Nhan vgt thi trong Unyen ngan / am dan bd hay bat kS' nhan \'at
"nang" trong tmyen ngan Sau chop Id giong bao hay nhan vat "em" trong tmyen ngan 27 buoc chan Id len thien diro-ng, ho deu roi vao trang thai nhu nhau khi tu ho nhan thirc ra nhiing hanh ddng ciia minh trai vdi dao diic eiia ngudi phu nu Phuong Ddng
Ngudi phu nQ so phan it nhQng bai giang "Idn Idp dao dire va xdt thuong" cua nhung ngudi ciing gidi, nhQng nguoi ciing canh ngd. Toi trong Con quy nho irong toi. khat khao thd 16 vdi ai dd dd san se ndi long Nliung ho bidt rang "dii ai dd cd hoan canh tuong tu nhu idi thi cung se !cn Idp dao dire va xdt thuong tdi"
Nhung cai hp SP nliat la phai ddi m5t vdi chinh ngudi ay Su "khinh miet" xem ho nliu la "nhiing cd gai tam thudng nhat vdi nhQng cam dd tam thudng" Dan ba so bi COI khmli Ldng tu trong dan ba cao nhu ngon niii nhung su nhe da, ydu ldng cung rdng nhu bidn khoi De roi giQa cai manh va eai ydu Iudn mau thuan nhau trong mdt eon ngudi, dii ho cd ly tri, cd klidn ngoan ay, nhung phu nQ van Iudn ca tin
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T.T.TThanh/'Ho ]4_Dec 20l9|p 27-35 Biet rang so phan ngudi dan ba qua mong manh, dii
didu nudc mat va tieng khde nhieu vd dem, trong su cd don va trong vang, nhimg ho la 'nang" van khat khap mdt bd vai dd tua, mdt long nguc nong am de nit dau ma khde ram rirt cho voi di noi tin than Va biet ngudi ta da cd vo nhimg trong "Khdng gian vang lang nhu td.
nang quay y nghi ve vdi anh Nang them muon cd anh ngay ben canh liic nay Nang se nit dau vao nguc anh khoc ram rirt Khde cho voi di su tin than Khde cho voi dl su till hdn Anh se dm chat nimg \ a xoa vao lung nang Hoac luc thanh thoi khdng au yem nhau anh nam phia sau lung nang hit hii phia sau lung cai mui ciia nang Su khao khat lam niing roi viio ao giac anh chiim cham den hdn nang Anh ngdi xuong ben nang, ciii xuong dm lay nang" {Nhdn tinh) "Cam xiic khat them dang ngii im bat day" da lam thi trong / am ddn bd phai "nam mdng cd mot ngudi dan ong hdn thi" va nhd rd mdn mdt vd mdt giac m a ma thi "da nam chat I3y con giong con ma de dua nd vao ngudi thi" Sau con mo, thi tinh giac trong ngat ngay ciia su khat them
"Thi nam mdng cd mdt ngudi dim dng hdn thi khien cho cam xiic khat them cua thi dang ngii im bat day Thi nhd ro mdn mot giac m o tdi qua la thi da nam chat lav con gidng con ma dd dua nd vao ngudi thi ma khdng duoc Th; tinh giac trong ngay ngat ciia su khat them" (/ am ddn bd)
Dien ngdn trong tmyen ngan Y Ban duoc bieu dat qua nhQng Idi ndi, nhQng suy nghi, nhQng tam tu giai bay ciia u!mg nhan vat nit Dii mang hoi hudng khac nhau nhung o hp van Iudn giang co giQa \\ tri va tinh cam, giQa "tam tong tu dure" ngay xua va Idi sdng hien dai ngay nay, giQa ly tri va ham muon Trong hanh trinh dl tim ban the, hudng den nhQng khat khao ydu duong, nhQng ham mudn ban nang ddi thudng thi ho phai tra gia bang nlueu canh trd treu va ndi cay dang Thi {/ am dan bd) hi vo ong chii danh ghen va giai ra toa "ba chii w a khde \ara het len be be va dam da Ihi tin bui" Nang (27 budc chdn len then dv&ng) nhan lay nhQng Idi lanh liing khdng chiit tinh cam sau lan an ai "Vao mdt thdi gian tliich hop nao dd chung minh se gap nhau nua nhe A nay em, tinh cd minh gap d dam ddng chiing minh nen te nhi nhe" (27 budc chdn len ihien diroiig) Mien (Moi nguai dan ong chi ciia neng mot ngudi ddn bd) da qua nhieu ngudi dim dng nhung van chua cd duoc ngudi dan dng ciia neng minli "Nang" {Nhan tinh) mdt minh doi dien vdi tir than, doi didn vdi cai bdng den dd nhin chdng choc vao mat chi gieu cot
Hanh trinh di tim ban the nQ la mdt hanh trinh day cay dang bdi su dan than vao eude ddi ciia phu nQ Van
hoa Phuong Ddng van khdng the chSp nhan nhQng lot sdng hien dai Phuong Tay, nhQng suy nghi va hiinh ddng tao bao vuot ngudng cho phep Dii Y Ban ra sue vay viing vdi nhQng "mdng vuot" nQ de chirng td ban thd dan ba nhung Y Ban cung quay U-d ve loi dao due xua Dao dire Nho giao phong kien cd b( mai mdt nhung nd khdng mat di ma chi bien doi kieu dang vdi mudn hinh van U"ang Dii cho xa hoi cd Uen bd, dii cho van hoa Tay Dong cd giao luu, anh hudng nhung cd 15 van khdng thd thay ddi suy nghi cua dim ong Phuong Ddng ve mdt ngudi phu nQ Ho cd that su dupe quyen lua chon hanh phuc, cd thuc su duoc tu do trong hanh VI img xii cua minh theo loi sdng Tay, ed thuc su dupe tran trong trong mat nhung ngudi dan dng ho da dang hidn ca trai tim va the xac
4. K h a n g dinh ban the nu*
Neu phu nu mudn binh dang ve than xac, tinh due lan tinh than vdi nam gidi thi "ngudi nQ phai duoc Uep can vdi the gidi nam giong nhu ngudi nam tiep can vdi the gidi nQ" (Simone de Beauvoir) Chang the nao cd duoc kmh nghidm hQu ich vdi nhQng ddng 15"
thuyet tren saeh vd Dan than, tirng trai thi mdi hieu duoc cd bao nhieu ngudi dan dng va ngUdi phu nQ trdn thd gian nay Biing dien ngdn nQ gidi, Y Ban da mom cho nhung nhan vat nQ ciia minh trai nghiem timg ndi dau khi b) bd roi sau bao nhieu su yeu thuong va hi sinh (Ai chon giiim toi), not dau bi coi khinh (Ai chon gium toi, Coi hdn thu), ndi cd don khi khdng cd chdng ben canh (1 am dan bd. Bdy gia con mdi hieu), ndi nhuc nha ciia nhung cd ban hoa, ndi e che ciia ke nhan tinh vdi ngudi dan dng da cd vp {Nhdn tinh), ndi lo lang khi khdng thang ndi ham muon de roi vao cam bay tinh ydu {27 budc chdn Id len then dudng), hi smh tuoi xuan ciia minh d ben canh ngudi dan dng ca ddi chi bict cdng hien cho nghd thuat {T6i vd anh)
Thi trong I am ddn bd Iudn trdi minh trong nhihig ddng suy nghT mdng lung, thi chiii nia ban than, thi thay minh x5u xa, ddi bai, thi an ban Cang tinh mdng, sau con trdi day dien cudng ciia ban nang thi cang so hai, cang dau ddn eho than minh Thi cd don nm dat khach quen ngudi, thi qua khat khao duoc tnit bau tam su Thi muon thanh mmh cho hanh vi ciia minh Nhung sau \.k ca nhQng noi nidm sau kin ciia thi chi vi thi til dan ba - dan ba ngheo, xa que Va sau bao suy tir, suy nghT hay sau bao su hd then, hoi han ban than ve hanh vi ddi bai ciia minh thi thi that su da vorot len tren moi ap che \'e luan ly tam tong tu dire ciia phu nft ngay xua dd khdng dinh nhan v) dan ba, khdng dinh ban thd dan ba "Thi muon ndi that to tmdc toa mdt
TTT.Than}i/\^o 14 Dec 2019|p 27-35 cau ndi ma moi ngudi deu ed the hieu Thi co nhd lai
cai cau tieng Anh cd giao da day cho tin tmdc khi ra nudc ngoai I am Tdi la I am Tdi !a I am Dan ba Diing rdi I am dan ba, thi se ndi cau dd that to tmdc toa" (/ am ddn bd) Chinh can ndi ciia thi "I am Tdi la I am Tdi la I am dan bii" la tidng ndi xdt xa, manh me chong lai nhQng dinh kidn ciia xa hdi ve phu nQ, la tieng ndi khat khao yeu thuong, chia se, duac song dung vdi nhQng ban nang song von cd ciia minh,
Phu nil hicn dai luon nhan thay gia tn ban than Ho la nhQng ngudi phu nQ thdng minh va hoc gidi Phu nQ hien dai Iudn lam chii moi tinh the Mudi bay tudi dii de kliang dinh ban than, tai nang va sac dep Khang dmh ve dep than the cung la khang dinh quyen nQ gidi ciia minh Ngucn ddn bd dung tnrdc guang Iudn tu tin, kieu hanh vdi sac dep ciia minh, "nhe nhdm, nang chay ra dirng tnrdc guong Mdt chiec guong tp spi ro tir dau ddn chan ma bao nhieu lan nang da soi vao dd Tam guong tra lai cho nang mdt ngudi dan ba cd da thit, guong mat day dan va khdng cdn tre nQa ddi mat md to, da mm mang, cai mieng luoi eiia nu cudi vira phai tuy hoi day da nhQng van cdn eo" {Ngudi dan bd dirng trudc guang) Nang dd nguyen quan ao, go chide guong lai cho nang de chiem ngudng net tre tmng ciia chinh ta, Nang td hdng va liim rgng rd them khuon mat "bau bau tre lau"
Tu quyet dinh hdn nhan ciia minh. la ngudi clni ddng ngd Idi ydu, chii ddng cau hdn va san sang chia tay "anh cd mudn cudi em lam vo khdng'' ., Cam an anh da ndi su that, Nao chiing ta chia tay". Hdng nhan bac phan hay hong nhan bac tnpu hay hong nhan Iudn gian tman, trai tai, gin sSc, phu nQ ngay nay khdng nhung dep ma cdn chQng td minh bang su thdng mmh va su manh me Tam ly nam gidi bay gid cung khdng ddn nhan mot chieu vd net dep don thuan ciia phu nQ. Ndi tam, ca tinh va su tir tdn, su kieu hanh la nhQng ydu to tao nen su hoan thien d mdt ngudi phu nQ Ho ciin phai dep \'e the xac, dep vd lam hdn va dep ca dao dQc
Khi phu nQ da cd tai. cd tien va cd danh vpng thi ho cd quyen tu do va binh dSng Theo Chi, nghTa Marx, chi khi lao ddng, con ngudi mdi duoc tdn tai.
"Ngudi phu nQ cd thd tu tao cdng vide cho minh la ngudi phu nQ se cd duoc danh vong va van menh"
(Ameha Earhan) Phu nQ mudn tu giai phdng minh thoat khdi su phu thuoc vao nam gidi. khang dinh vi the cua minh vdi dan dng va trong xa hdi, lam chu duac ddng tien, liim ehii cudc sdng cua minh,. thi chi cd lao ddng san xual mdi cd the thuc liien dupe binh dang gidi
Phu nQ bay gid cd quyen dupe nao pha thai Nhung giQa quydn duoc tu do quyet dmh cudc song va luong tam eiia ngudi me, trong su dau ddn klii choi bd tlid xac, chdi bo linh hdn be nhd, ho nhan ra rang' Sau ngay Ay tinh yeu cua ho da chdt di theo sinh hnh tdi nghiep Sau ngay ay, "con da la ngudi dan ba tQng h-ai", nhung bdn ngoai ho vIn la mdt thieu nQ trong sirng, e ap, con chd mdt tinh yeu mdi den {Buc thu gdi me Au Ca) Hp la nhQng ngudi me qua tre cd co hPi lam lai cupc ddi cua minh Tmyen ngdn Buc thu gai me Au Co cua Y Ban vua neu len van nan pha thai hien nay rat nhieu d gidi trd nhung ddng thai nhQng Idi didn ngdn ay nhu nhQng Idi ddi binh quyen trong su tu do muu cau hanh philc ea nhan ciia phu nQ Hp ed quydn duoc chon lua cd con hay khdng cd con vdi nhung ngudi dan dng ma ho yeu
Ho tu tin Vii ranh manh nliu "con quj* nhd" Ho manh dan thd Id nhQng suy nghi ciia minh vdi ngudi khac Cd klu ngao man va that U"e con Phu nQ ngay nay cdn sdng cho minli Ydu minli tiirdc hay yeu ngudi sau, Ngudi phu nQ cd biet quy trong ban than minh thi mdi duac ngudi dan dng tran trong. Cudi ciing ngud, dan ba cSn la gi'' "A, thi chi cSn thda y thich ciia minh thdi.
Chi y a, chi ydu minh hon tdt ca, nen chj phai tu minh cam nhan dupe sy em ai ciia ciii quan dm sat vao minh, cai ao mdm dm tren nguc minh Chj can gi phai mac bp dd Idt dd vua mat ai dau Dan ba trdn ddi nay rat la ngu, Iudn Iudn tim mpi each dd lam \ara mat mdt thang dan dng niio day Ma chi ndi cho em biet, dim dng la mot thang thupng de mat day du nha, cd khi da hi keo miing The thi nd lam sao ma nhin ra vc dep that sU ciia dan ba''" (Cuoi ciing thi ddn bd muon gi)
Mdi phu nQ tren khap dia cau nay, klidng phan bidt mau da, khdng phan bidt sac tdc, khdng phan biet Phuong Tay hay Phuong Ddng, d ho Iudn cd didm chung: Khat khao duoc ydu thuong, khat khao duoc hanh phuc, duoc tran trong va khat khao duoc binh dang, binh quydn tir the xac, tmh than den tinh due Trong cudc ddi phu nQ cua minli, ho Iudn cd gdng \aron len dd klidng dinh ban nga, klidng dmh vi thd ciia minh ddi vdi nam gidi tren moi phuong dien Muc dich ciia nQ quydn nhu mdt phong trao chinh tn la lam cho dan ba va dan dng binh dang hon ve phap li, xa hpi, tinli due va van hoa Y Ban duoc xem nha \'an tidu bieu, gdp thdm tidng ndi manh me, quydt het va gdc canh vdi xa hdi. nhat la vdi canli dan dng, ve nliQng ndi mem chung, nhQng suy tu chung, nliQng khat kliao chung ay ciia phu nQ
T.T TThanWHo 14_Dec 2019|p 27-35 S. Niem kieu hanh nir gidi
Van hoc ciia Y Ban tir lau da dupe cac nha nghidn cim xep vao ddng van hpc nQ quyen Vdi nhQng tac pham ciia Y Ban, ngudi ta Iudn thay thap thoang hinh anh ciia chinh chi trong nhQng hinh tuong ngudi phu nQ Sang tac, vdi nhieu nha van nQ, ddng nghTa vdi mdt cudc kiem tim di tim ban the cua minh, ke nhQng can chuyen ve gidi minh, cat len tieng ndi ciia minh
Y Ban cung vay Trong cudc di tim minh vii nhQng kha tinh cua gidi minh. eh] da bam vao cai cot tu nhidn nhat ciia ngudi nQ Ban the nQ, vdi Y Ban cd le lii cai lu nhien nay Ban the nQ khdng chi la phan tu nhien d con ngudi, ma phan lu nhien dd duoc hda ket vdi yeu id xa hdi cu the. nd khdng phai ngudi nQ mudn thud ma la ngudi nQ U-ong thdi diem hidn tai cua qua trinh hch sii, thich img vdi nhQng van dpng ciia ddi sdng nhan loai
Ngdi biit ciia Y Ban Iudn the hien ro rang cai ban the nQ trong tQng cau chuyen, tmdc het la cai nhin sau hon vao ban nang ciia gidi, Chinh vi the ma chi dien ta ban nang tinh due d ngudi dan ba dam dac den mQc cd nhQng tac pham ciia chj tirng bi coi la dam thu Nhung con c6 mpt thQ ban nang nQa d ngucn phu nQ ma Y Ban dien ta vdi tat ca su thau hidu cung nhu nidm kidu hanh ciia dan ba - ban nang sinh tdn Vupt Idn trdn van de due tinh, Y Ban hudng den chirc nSng Ihidng hdng ciia ngudi dan ba, dd la su sinh nd, "cd mpt thii tdn tai trong CO the ngu'di dan ba lam the gidi phang IQ khi xuat hien loai ngudi, Dd la cai da con Mpi h^it gidng gieo vao cai da con dan ba ddu cd the nay mam. Mot khi hat giong da nay mam rdi thi moi su khac biet deu duac dan phang ra" (Em vdn gpi ten anh Id nudc Nga) Nhieu nhan vat ciia Y Ban the hidn ban tinh lam me (Ngudi ddnbd cd ma luc, Birc thu gi'a me Au Ca ..), khat vpng duoc sinh con, duoc sd hQu chd sinh con (Nhimg nghch li ciia thdn Airet, Xuan Tir Chieu) Trong tmyen ngan ciia Y Ban ngdi biit cita Y Ban ndi vd gidi, vd ban the nQ theo each sdc sao, tao bao Chi thudng viet vd ban the nQ thdng qua hinh anh ngudi me, mdt hinh anh thieng hdng nhat ciia ngudi phu nQ Ngudi me d day ndi bat tinh thuong yeu. tan tuy, chm dung, bao dung, va nudc mdt La ngudi phu nQ Iudn cau mong su binh yen trong cudc sdng gia dinh
NhQng nhan vat nQ cua Y Ban Iudn khao khat duoc yeu, duoc sdng, duoc lii chinh ban than minh. Vi le dd ma nhan vat ciia cht thudng hidn len vdi day ve nu tinh tir lan da, mai tdc, doi mdt, lir tam lung, bap tay, bap chan, bau nguc Y Ban thudng mieu ta co the, nhQng bieu hidn ridng cd ciia eo the nQ, khi chat nQ, nhQng bieu hien sinh hpc nQ mang ky hidu than the Dd la
lan da vd ra trang non, mai tdc da vao cQ dng ciia cd be mdi Ion trpng tac pham Cha rdm duoi goc cdy co thu (2003), lu cai bap chan tp nhu cay chudi hdt. ban tay to nhu cai quat nan, nudc da nau ram, ham rang hat na ddu tam tap ciia ngudi dan ba ngheo khd trong I'm ddn bd (2006). Hay trong tmyen Ngudi dan bd dimg trudc guang thd hidn su kham pha lai co the ciia ngudi dan ba da qua smh nd, cd cai nghi ngai, ngd ngimg, cd ca lo lang. so hai, cd ca su tir hao, tu ngudng md "Nang cham rai md timg ciic ao, khudn nguc day dan, trdng nga hidn ra Hai Ida thien nhien nhu hai nam com dep, chac chan vdi nhung mim hoa bi, hoa mudp da qua thdi ki dom trai" (Ngudi ddn bd dung trudc guang)
Nhung nhan vat nQ ciia Y Ban thudng la nhQng nhan vat nQ cd tri thiic, nen cd nhiing moi quan he rdng rai do cong viec mang lai Chang han nhu- nhan vat
"nang" trong tmyen ngan Sau chap la bao giong - cd cdng vide van phdng on dmh, gia dinh ydn on vii ngudi chdng thuong yeu minli. Chi dep. mdt cai dep rat ddi diin ba, lam say me nhQng ngudi dan dng khac ngoai chdng minli Q nhan vat nay, Y Ban cho toat !en su quyen rii ciia mdt ngudi phu nQ cd cudc song vien man, d thdi diem ddm thdm nhat ciia ddi ngudi Nhin chung, nhQng nhan vat dan ba trong van cua chi hidn Idn vdi day dii net "thien tinh nil" Ban tinh diu dang, ua su nhe nhang, tmh le, ban nang sdng, ban nang yeu; ban nang tinh due, ban nang lam me Tat ca deu duoc the hien rat tu nhien, sinh ddng vdi cai nhin vira quen thupc, vQa mdi la, gan tmyen thdng day nhung cung het sQc tan thdi, hidn dai
Ngudi dan ba trong van Y Ban thudng rat tir tin pho bay ve dep hinh thd va sire hap dan gidi tinh. 0 nhieu tmyen ngan Ngudi ddn bd co ma luc. Tu, Ga dp bdng.
Ngudi ddn bd dimg trudc guang, Cupc linh silicon . . nhQng nhan vat nQ Iudn cd sd thich ngam minh khda than trudc guong de nhan ra nhQng net dep quyen rQ ciia CO thd, de tu hao vd ve dep trdi phii ciia minh Vdi ho. mdt CO the dep, mdt net duydn ngam chinh la siic manh. la mem kidu hanh. lu tm de buoc ^'ao cudc sdng.
nhat la trong nhiing cupc chinh phuc thd gidi dan dng Khdng chi vd hinh thd bdn ngoai, ngudi phu nQ cdn rat tu tin vd tai nang va Uinh dd hieu biet, do ciing la mdt phuong dien de ho xac lap vi tri chii the cua minh trong xa hdi chii thd vd tu duy. nhan thuc ddc lap va hnh hoal Sdng U-ong thdi dai mdi. ho la nhihig ngudi cd Uinh dd hoc van dang ne trong, Ngudi dan ba trong Tu, Cudi cha hay Xuan trong Xuan Tir Chieu la nhQng tidn sT khoa hoc di tu nghiep d nudc ngoai, nhung ngudi dan bii tat nguyen nhu Nam (Ddn bd xdu thi khong co
T.T.T.Thanh/Ho 14^Dec 2019|p 27-35 qua), ngupi dan ba (Bira con vd ngudi ddn bd tdn tdt)
cung lu tao VI the cho minh qua no luc tdt nghiep dai hoc, va hau hdt nhQng cd gai U-e trong v3n Y Ban ddu la nhihig cd sinh vien nhidu udc mo, hoai b3o
Tat ca ho, bdng nghi luc, y thire can tien va ban ITnh song manh mS da lam duoc nhQng dieu ma ddi vdi ngudi phu nQ Viet Nam tmdc day, dd chi la mo udc.
Trong nhieu hoat ddng chuydn mdn, xii hdi, nhQng nhan vat nQ ciia Y Ban cdn bieu hidn nhQng nang luc thuc sir Dii tai nang den tQ nhQng dieu binh thudng nhu mdt giong hat hay, su kheo leo hon ngudi hay nhQng pham chat quan trong khac, thi moi bieu hidn tai nang d ho deu mang lai hieu qua va duoc moi ngudi cdng nhan, Ngudi phu nQ vdi nang khieu thien bam vd van chuong va su thdng minh ddt khdi cung duoc Y Ban chu y mieu ta nhu chQng thuc cho su xam lan ciia phu nu vao nhQng lanh dia ma tmdc day chi danh cho nam gidi
6. Ket luan
De khang dinh vi the ciia minh U"ong xa hdi ciing nhu trong sang lac van chuong, ngudi phu nQ da trai qua bao ndi dau va su dang cay Dd la, cupc ty vat Ipn ti-anh dau giQa ly Ui va due vpng, giQa nen va khdng nen, giQa nay vii xua ngay ti"ong chinh ban than hp, NhQng Idi van manh me day tao bao ciia Y Ban da the hien khat vong pha vd tu tudng khep kin vd phu nQ ciia xa hdi nam quyen, pha vQ loan bp he thdng quan nidm lay duong vat Iam tmng tam, pha vd he thdng cau tnic phu quyen, pha va cau tnic nhi phan ddi lap Bang didn ngon nQ gidi, Y Ban nhu dai didn "gidi thir hai" dd Idn heng ndi ddi 'quyen binh dang gidi vdi canh may rau, khang dmh nhan vi dim ba, khang dinh nQ quyen. khang dinh quyen duoc song va viet
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Discourse ai the second person showing through some typical short stories of YBan writer
Truong Thi Thu Thanh
Article info
Recieved.
21/10/2018 Accepted:
10/12/2019
Keywords YBan; Woman;
Discourse theory;
Psychoanalysis;
Existential phi losophy.
Abstract
Images of women in all classes, associated with many different lives, are not new in Vietnamese literature, but explonng the issues related to women in terms of discourse is a new direction in literary research In this article, we focus on Y Ban's some t>'pical short stones that wntmg about women who long for happiness, love, meeting their instmchve needs They are always on a joumey to find the 'essence, and since then they find the importance of the women, they Uy to nse to
affirm women's status, assert theu" gender equality.
