Tac dong cua chat lUofng the che den nang suat nhan to tong hgfp cua cac DN det may co von FDI tai Viet Nam
D 6 THANH QUANG*
Tom tat
Nghiin cffu sff dung mo hinh bdn tham sdcua Wooldridge (2009) de Udc lugng hdm sdn xud't vd do ludng ndng sudt nhdn tdldng hop (TFP) cua cdc doanh nghiep (DN) del may cd vo'n ddu tu true tii'p nudc ngodi (FDl) tgi Viet Nam giai dogn 2013-2018. Dong thdi, nghien cffu phdn tich tdc dgng cua cdc nhdn to de'n TFP cda cdc DN. Ke'l qud nghiin cffu cho thdy, dong gop trung binh cua cdc yi'u td ngodi vdn vd lao dgng vdo sdn Iffgng cua cdc DN dgt 3.24; The che.
moi trudng kinh doanh co ldc dgng tich cUc den TFP cua cdc DN (Bdi vie't sff dung cdch vie't sd thdp phdn theo chudn qudc te).
TiJf khoa: ndng sud't nhdn tdldng hop. hoi quy GMM vd FGLS, chd't lugng the chi'. del may Summary
The study uses semi-parametric model developed by Wooldridge (2009) lo estimate the production function and measure the total factor productivity (TFP) of foreign direct investment textiles and garment firms in Vietnam over the period 2013-2018. At the same time, il analyzes the impact of factors on TFP of these firms. The results show that the average contribution of factors (except for capital and labor) lo the output of these firms registers 3.24; Institution and business environment have positive impacts on their TFP (The decimal numbers in this article are written under international standards).
Keywords: total factor productivity, GMM and FGLS regressions, institutional quality, textile and garment
GIOI THIIpU ich ldn khi cac hi6p dinh di vao thffc thi (Nguyen, H. M va cpng sff, 2019).
Trong nhffng nam gan ddy, Vi6t Nam Trong cd cau cac khu vffc det may Viet Nam, det da tham gia ngay cang sau, rpng vao qua may cd vo'n FDI cd sffc anh hffdng ldn nha't. Cac DN tnnh hdi nhdp kinh te qud'c te bang vi6c det may FDI vdi ldi the^ ve edng nghe san xuat va trinh ky kd't cdc hi$p dinh thffdng mai tff do, dp quan ly, eiing vdi nhieu ehinh sdch ffu ddi cua Chinh nhff: Hiep dinh Dd'i tdc toan dien vd tie'n phu nen cd hieu qua va nang sud't tot hdn cac DN trong bd xuyen Thdi Binh Dffdng (CPTPP). nffdc. Do dd, tuy ehi chie'm dffdi 20% sd' Iffdng DN va Hiep dinh Thffdng mai tff do vdi Lien khoang 4% tong so lao ddng, nhffng ty trpng kim ngach minh chau Au (EVFTA), vdi Han Quo'c xua't kha'u cua cac DN det may FDI chiem khoang 70%
(VKFTA), vdl Cpng dong Kinh te Asean cua toan nganh det may ca nffdc.
(AFTA)... Chie'n Iffdc trong qud trinh dam Xua't phdt tff nhffng ly do tren, nghien cffu nay nham phdn va ky ket cac hiep dinh nay eua ffdc Iffdng TFP cua cdc DN det may FDI Viet Nam giai VietNam la tang trffdng kinh te'bdi xua't doan 2013-2018. Dong thdi, nghien cffu phan tich tdc khS'u, ma d dd cac ngdnh tham dung lao dpng cua cdc nhan to' chu quan thupc ddc diem cua dpng dffdc hffdng ldi nhd't. Do do, nganh DN va cac nhan to' khach quan thupc the che' va moi det may ludn dffdc lffa chpn la nganh cd trffdng kinh doanh de'n tdng trffdng nang sud't cua cdc ldi ich cd't ldi, cd kha ndng thu dffdc idi DN trong giai doan nay.
•TS., Cue Hai quan TP. Ho Chi Minh
Ngdy nhdn bai: 05/7/2020: Ngay phdn bien. 20/7/2020; Ngdy duyet ddng: 25/7/2020
CO SCf LY THUYET VA PHl/ONG PHAP NGHIEN CLfU
Cd sd ly thuyd't
Cdc nhdn tddnh hudng den ndng sud'i cda DN Nhan to' dau tien dd dffdc nhieu nghien cffu tren the gidi cdng nhan la so' nam hoat dpng eua DN (Pitt va Lee, 1981, Chu va Kalirajan, 20i 1). Hau het cde nghien cffu lap luan rdng, tuo'i cua DN tdc dpng tich cffc den ndng sud't thdng qua kinh nghiem lam viec. Do dd, edc DN tudi cang cao se ed mffc TFP cang cao. Tuy nhien, Admassie va Matambalya (2002) cung da chi ra tde dpng bien cua nhan to' nay cd xu hffdng giam theo thdi gian khi DN dd Idn manh trong Hnh vffc san xuat cua minh. Dieu nay ciang cd the lam cho hieu qua va ndng sua't ciia DN co the chiu sff tac ddng ngffdc chieu cua thdi gian.
Nhan to' thff hai co tac ddng de'n ndng sud't dd la quy mo eiia DN (Admassie va Matambalya, 2002; Pin vd Lee, 1981; Hallberg, 1999). Da phan cac nghien cuti cho tha'y, quy md co tac dpng thudn chieu len nang sua'l Clia DN. Ngoai ra, ly thuye't ve hieu qua hoat ddng san xud't cung cho tha'y, cdn eo cac nhan to' quan trpng khac ctia DN cung can dffdc xem xet, nhff: vimg mien, ed cd'u vd'n, sff tham gia va hdi nhap thffdng mai qud'c te...
Cde nhan td' ke tren thupc nhdm nhan to dac diem ciia DN. Nhom cac nhan to' ndy ddnh gia cdc tdc dgng chu quan de'n ndng suat ciia DN. Ngoai ra, nhdm nhdn to' khdeh quan thupc the che mdi trffdng kmh doanh cung cd tdc ddng khdng nhd den hidu qua va nang sua't cua DN.
Mdi trffdng kinh doanh bao gom: mdi trffdng the ch6', mdi trffdng ehinh sdch vT md va mdi trffdng phap ly, ma cac DN hoat dpng (Dollar va cpng sff, 2003). Mdi trffdng kinh doanh td't se giup phan bd nguon lffc dau vao tot hdn, giup cho DN si^ dung nguon lffc hieu qua hdn va giiip DN co dpng cd md rpng quy md san xud't tang hieu qua hoat ddng cua DN ddn den tang irffdng ndng sud't. Moi trffdng kinh doanh td't giiip DN giam chi phi giao dich vd chi phi bien doi (Aron, 2(XX)). Mdi trffdng kinh doanh td't se ddng gdp vao tdng trffdng nang sua't thdng qua sff thay doi, tien bo ve mat cdng nghe (Baumol. 1990). Nd lam gia tang nang sua't bdng each khuye'n khich cac DN dau tff vao cong nghe \ a chuyen giao cong nghe. khuye'n khich cdc DN san xud't vdi quy mo ldn hdn. sff dung cdng nghe to't hdn va giup DN cd tinh canh tranh hdn. Ngffdc lai, chd't Iffdng the che kem, thl viec thffc thi cac hdp dong trd nen khd khan va viec chi tien hd'i 16 la can ihie't, dieu nay se lam tang chi phi hoat dpng eua DN, tao eho DN ddng cd ha'p thu nhffng cong nghe khdng hieu qua phuc vu cho qud trinh san xua't hdn la ha'p thu cong nghe hien dai (Fredriksson va Svensson, 2003). Ngoai ra. Bowen va Clercq (2008) da chi ra nhffng md'i quan he giffa cac nhan td'cua mdi trffdng the che lien quan de'n tham nhung, vd'n tai chinh, vo'n nhan lffc cua DN. cd moi hen he chat che vdi cde hoai ddng tao ra ndng sua't cao eua DN.
Phtftfng phap nghian cihi
De ffdc Iffdng TFP cho cac DN del may FDI \ m Nam eiai doan 2013-2018, nghien cffti lffa chpn ham
san xua't Cobb-Douglas, ham san xu eua DN (tai thdi diem i dffdc viet d aang logarit nhff sau:
Vdi y , kvi I An m Id logant t^
nhien td'ng s'^n iffdng ddu ra. cua von va cua lao ddng. Trong do. K '^ ^len tr^ng thdi va / la bie'n tff do (Wooldndge, 2009).
Theo Van Beveren (2012), ^„dM0c phan ra thanh nang suat neng biet i ; dffdc quan sdt bdi chu DN. nhffng khong dffdc quan sal bdi nha kinh te va sai so khong quan sdt dffdc cua phffdng ffinh n,,. Do do, (I) cd the dffdc viet lai nhff sau:
V = ^ y + > ? / ' „ + ^ / „ + v , + 'Z„ (2) Khi do, w, =' ^g + V, ^u^dc xdc dinh la ndng sua't cua DN /" tai thdi diem /. Udc Iffdng cdc he sd' ciia phffdng trinh (2), tff do tinh dffde nang sua't nhff sau:
di_^ = 4'+i;^, = y„-4/:„-^/„(3) De ddnh gia tac ddng ciia cdc nhan to' thudc ddc diem eiia DN va cac nhan to' thupc the che' mdi trffdng kmh doanh de'n TFP ciia cac DN det may FDI Viet Nam, nghien cffu xay dffng md hinh kinh te' Iffdng, ma trong dd bie'n phu thudc la mffc TFP dffdc ffdc Iffdng tff (3). Cdc bien dpc lap thudc dac diem ciia DN bao gom: Tud'i ciia DN (Age); Quy md (Size); VCing mien hoat ddng san xud't (Region); Nam trong khu cdng nghiep (ln_zone). Cac bie'n ddc lap thupc the che' mdi trffdng kinh doanh ca'p tinh bao gom: Chi phi thdi gian (Cptg); Tinh minh bach cila chinh quyen (Tmb); Dich vu hd trd DN (Htdn). Nghien cffu su"
dung cdc mo hinh: Hoi quy tuye'n tinh gdp (Pooled OLS); Md hinh tdc ddng cd'dinh (FEM); Md hinh tac ddng ngau nhien (REM) de ffdc Iffdng, sau dd kiem dinh va lffa chpn md hinh phu hdp, md hinh cu the nhff sau:
TFP^^ = y?o + P^ge + fi^Size + Pfiegionl + /iJiegion2 + p^egion3 + PJiegion4 + p^egionS ^Jn_zone + PyCptg + pjmb + p Htdn + r, (4)
l/de Iffdng ham san xud't, TFP va cdc h6 so' trong md hinh hoi quy phdn tich eae nhdn td tdc dpng den TFP cua cac DN det may FDI Viet Nam giai doan 2013-2018 dffdc tdc gia thffc hien bang phan mem Stata 14.
KET QUA \J6C LUONG Mo ta diJ li^u \ a bie'n s5' Nghien cffu -uJung dff lieu iiSny . ,%y Ira DN cua Tdng cue Thd'ng ki_ j IQ
10
BAMG 1: MO TA BIEN SO TRONG CAC MO HINH Cac bie'ii sS" trong mo hinh tfdc Itfrfng TFP Bie'ii sd'
Bie'n ddu ra
Cdc bien ddu vdo
VA
K
L M
Do Itfcfng
La gia td gia tang thiJc cua DN, difclc tinh theo gia so sanh nam 2010 (Bang gia tri gia tang danh nghia/he so khu: iam phat).
Tong tai san thu'c cua DN d thdi diem cuoi nam, tinh theo gia so sanh 2010 (Bang tai san cuoi nam/
tie so khu: lam phat).
La so lao dong toan thcii gian cua DN trong nam.
Bien dau vao trung gian (Bang tdng doanh thu triJ gia tn gia tang/hS s6' khii' lam phat).
Cac bien VA, K, L, M deu du'cfc lay logarit i\i nhien trxTdc khi difa vao mo hinh , . / ' Cac bign sS* trong md hinh phSn ti'ch tac d$ng d^n TFP Big'n sfT
BtS'n phu thuoc
Cdc hien ddc ldp
TFP Age Size
Region
ln_zone Cptg Tmb Htdn
Do ltfdng
MiJc nang suat nhan to tong hdp du'cfc u'fic lifdng bang phu'dng phap GMM.
So nam hoat dong ciia DN (do lu'dng bang nam tai khda - nam thanh l§p) Quy m6 DN, v^i Size=\ la DN si6u nh6, nho va vtfa, Size=0 )a DN ldn.
IA bi^n gia nhiSu pham tm vung mifen, trong do Region!, Regionl, RegionS, Region4, RegionS lan lUdt la vilng Dong bang song Hong, Trung du va mien nui phia Bac, Bac Trung Bo vk Duyen hai mien Trung, Tay Nguyen, Bong Nam Bo va pham tru cd s6 la vung Dong bang song Ci-fu Long.
La bie'n gia, trong do ln_zone = 1 DN nam trong khu cong nghiep, tn_zone =0 DN khong nam trong khu cong nghiep.
Bie'n Chi phi thdi gian trong b6 dit hgu PCI.
Bi^n Tinh minh bach trong bo dil lieu PCI.
Bie'n H 5 trd DN trdng bo diJ lieu PCI,
lieu dieu tra nang lffc canh tranh cap tinh (PCI) cua Phong Thffdng mai va Cdng nghiep Vi$t Nam (VCCI) tff' nam 2013 d6'n nam 2018. Qua xffly dff lieu, nghien cffu cd dffdc bd so' lieu mang trong 6 ndm cua 520 (3,120 quan sat) DN det may FDI trong giai doan nay. Cdc bie'n sd' trong cac md hinh dffdc trinh bay trong Bang 1, thd'ng ke md ta cua bie'n dau ra vd cdc bid'n d^u vao cua cdc DN det may FDI Vi6t Nam giai doan 2013-2018 dffdc trinh bay trong Bang 2.
K§'t qua ifdTc Ifftfng nang sua't nhdn td' tong hdp
Bang 3 trinh bay cac ke't qua \i6c Iffdng ham san xua't va ddng gdp cua TFP vao san Iffdng theo phffdng phdp LP cua Pelrin va Levinsohn (2003) va phffdng phap GMM cua Wooldridge (2009). Ket qua phan tich Bang 3 cho tha'y, cac he sd' ffdc Iffdng cua vd'n va lao dpng d cac phffdng phdp la phia hdp va cd y nghia tho'ng ke. Cd ddi chut sff khac biet giffa cdc phffdng phap, tuy nhien, nd deu eho tha'y cirng xu hffdng, dd la: He sd' co gian Clia lao dpng dd'i vdi san Iffdng ldn hdn
BANG 2: GIA TRI THONG KE COA BIEN DAU RA VA CAC BIEN DAG VAO Year
2013 Var VA (Tneu VND) K (Trieu VND) L (Ngi/c/i) M (Trieu VND)
Obs 5 2 0 5 2 0 5 2 0 5 2 0
Mean 82,468 9 218,951 0 720 3 140,959.6
Std.Dev 23.2817.7 1,059,434.0 1091.2 648,576 5
Min 429.0 1,053.0 10.0 61 1
Max 3,407,972.0 16,200,000.0 9,175 0 10,500.000 0
2018
VA (Tneu VND) K (Tneu VND) L (Ngudi) M (Trieu VND)
5 2 0 5 2 0 5 2 0 5 2 0
138,909.0 334,621.1 921 0 199,046.0
304,046.2 1,348,368.0 1566.9 864,597.1
925 0 1,487.0 1 0 0 402.2
4,431,210,0 22,500,000.0 14,230.0 13,200,000.0
BANG 3: KET QOA tTciC LCTdNG HAM SAN XGAT VA TFP
Vnniible Lnl LiiK TFP
Tinh theo phtfcfng phdp LP Coef 0.621'"
0.337"' t
38-61 6 94 3.09
Tinh theo phifong phap cua GMM Coef
0.643'"
0 310"' I
77.08 32.73 3.24
BANG 4; PHAN PHOI TFP CUA CAC DN Year
2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
B A N G 5: KET G Var Age Size J Regionl
Reg ion 2 RegioiL^
Region4 K Regions K In_zone
| § Cptg R
^'"^
• Htdn P* _con.
IF
Mean 3 105 3.178 3.206 3 314 3.340 3.323
Std.D 0.534 0 462 0.450 0.430 0 440 0.461
cA Udc LddMG MO HiNH CAC Coef.
0.002'"
-0 006'""
0.098 0 080 -0 076 0.193 0 242""
0.5+E3"
0,020 0 062"
0,038"
2,276"
Std. Err.
0.003 0-024 0 082 0.109 0.104 0.247 0 077 o.oot 0 013 0.014 0.009 0 136 Waldchi2(ll)=l53
Min 0.691 0 990 i.303 0 533 1 450 -0 156
NHAN TO TAC Z
4,78 -3,67 1.19 0 73 -0.73 0.78 3.16 2 35 1 49 4..30 4,43 16,78 90
Max 6.010 4 753 4.794 4.879 4.874 5.860
DONG DEN TFP P>l;l
0.000 0.000 0 234 0.463 0 464 0.435 0.002 0.019 0.135 0.000 0000 0 000
Prob>ch 12=0,0000 R-\vtthin=0 4045
rd't nhieu so vdi h^ sd'co gian cua vo'n, ham y cac DN det may FDI Viet Nam hien nay vdn tham dung lao ddng la chu ye'u, Tong he sd co gian cua lao dpng va vd'n theo san Iffdng nhd hdn 1 cho tha'y, cac DN hien dang ed hieu sud't giam theo quy md.
Ve ddng gdp cua TFP. ke't qua ciia phffdng phap LP cho thd'y. ddng gdp trung binh cua TFP la 3 09, trong khi phffcfng phapGMM cOa Wooldridge (2009) la 3.24.
Nhff vay. ket qua ffdc Iffdng TFP bdng phffdng phap GMM se dffdc lffa chon. Dieu iid> cho thay. ddng gdp Clia cac nhan td' khac ngoai \dn va lao dong (tien bo cdni; nghe. chd't Iffdng lao dpng. chat Iffdng \dn \a sff dune hTeu qua cic nguon lffc khae) lam san Iffdng dau
ra cua cdc DN dc. n m FDI ^f,"':''"
giai doan 2013-2!) 18 ulng len •^--*,'^".
Bang4mdtaph.i< ^hdi TFPcua ^ac DN det may FDl Vic, Nam 2.a. d o n 2013-2018, Kc |ua cho lha> , TFP c o j y thay ddi khdng ddng ke irong ^}''\^^f ndy, ddng edp ffung binh vao san Iffdng la 3.24. D6 lech chuan trung bmh cua TFP qua cdc nam thay doi nho cho thay khoang cdch ^e cong nghe san xuat, cai tie'n chat Iffdng lao dpng. quan tn va sff dung hieu qua cac ngudn lffc giffa cac DN det may FDl trong giai doan nay chffa dffdc thu hep.
Ket qua ffdc iffdng mo hmh cac nhdn to' tac d^ng dd'n TFP
Cac kiem dmh \ e sff tffdng quan eua cac bie'n doc lap va sff da cdng tuyen dffdc thffc hien trffdc khi ffdc Iffdng md hinh (4), cae ke't qua kiem dinh cho thdy, md hinh dffdc lffa chon la phti hdp Lfdc Iffdng md hmh (4) theo phifdng phdp Pooled OLS khdng phan dnh dffdc cdc tae dpng rieng biet dac thia eua mdi DN det may FDl. Nghien cffu tiep tuc thffc hien ffdc Iffdng mo hinh (4) theo phffdng phdp tdc ddng cd' dinh va phffdng phap tdc ddng ngdu nhien. Sau dd, thffc hien kiem djnh Hausman de lffa chon md hinh phCi hdp. Ke't qua kiem dinh cho bie't.
Revalue = 0.0986. do dd md hinh REM dffde lffa chon, cdc kiem dmh khuye't tat cua md hinh dffdc tien hanh va dffdc khac phuc bdng md hinh hoi quy binh phffdng td'ng quat kha thi (FGLS). Cae he sd' ddc Iffdng cua md hinh (4) dffdc trinh bay trong Bang 5.
Trong cae nhan to'thupc ddc diem eua DN tdc dong den TFP, ket qua ffdc Iffdng cho thd'y. nhffng DN det may FDI cd so nam hoat ddng san xud't va quy md DN cang ldn deu cd sff tac ddng tich cffc d^'n TFP cua DN. Song, chffa cd bdng chffng cho thay sff khdc biet ve TFP giffa cdc DN det may FDI d cac vung Dong bdng sdng Hong, Trung du va mien nui phia Bdc. Ba'e Trung Bd va Duyen hai mien Trung, Tay Nguyen va Dong bdng sdng Cffu Long Tuy nhien. cdc DN det may FDI vLing Ddng Nam Bd ed TFP tot nha't.
Ngoai ra. nhan td' DN nam trong khu cdng nghiep, khu che xua't cQne cd tac dpng tich cffc den TFP.
He so cua cac bien the che \ j mdi trffdng kmh doanh cho thd'y. cd M( tac ddng thuan chieu den TFP ciia i. )>j det may FDI Khi .\em xet cu ilic ,^
nhan to' chg thav: Chffa c6 bdn: .inj ,
12
ve Sff tac ddng eua nhan to" "Chi phi thdi KET LUAN VA KHUYEN NGH!
gian" den TFP ciia DN. Nhdn td' "Tinh
minh bach" va "Hd trd DN" ed sff tdc Cdc DN det may FDI Viet Nam dang chii ye'u thdm ddng dffdng den TFP. Dieu nay phan dung lao ddng va ed hieu sua't giam theo quy md. TFP dnh nhffng tinh md DN cd sff tie'p can cd mffc dong gdp trung binh vao san Iffdng eua edc DN den cac tai Ii6u quy hoach, tai lieu phap trong giai doan 2013-2018 dat 3.24. Dodo, cac DN can ly dd dang va minh bach, cac tai lieu ve gia tang cdng nghe vao san xuat nham nang eao hdn ngdn sach dffdc cong bd' kip thdi... diu nffa dong gdp cua TFP vao san Iffdng va khdng nen md thiic day tang trffdng TFP cua cac D R rong quy mo san xua't trong nhffng nam tiep theo.
Hdn nffa, nhffng tinh cd cde dich vu hd Ve the che mdi trffdng kinh doanh, can tao dieu trd DN td't trong tim kie'm thdng tin thi kien thuan ldi de cac DN det may FDI phat trien;
trffdng, xuc tie'n thffdng mai, tff va'n phdp Giam chi phi va thdi gian giai quye't eae thii tuc hanh ludt, hd trd cdng nghe, dao tao... se giup chinh dd'i vdi DN, xda bd cac rdo can lien quan de'n DN ndng cao TFP. Ke't qua nghien cffu viec thffc thi edc quy dinh hoat ddng cua DN, minh cung phan dnh thffc te trong nhffng nam bach thdng tin ciia ehiiih quyen doi vdi DN; Cd cdc qua mdt so' tinh viing Ddng Nam Bd, dich vu hd trd DN vd chinh saeh dao tao Iao ddng phu nhff: TP. Ho Chi Minh, Dong Nai, Binh hdp; Chinh quyen cdc ed'p can linh hoat trong khudn Dffdng... ludn co chi so' PCI trong nhdm kho phdp luat, nang dpng sang tao trong giai quye't dan dau ca nffdc, day la nhu'ng ndi tap cde van de phdt sinh vdi DN. Thffc hien td't cac dieu trung nhffng DN hang dau ve det may nay se giup cdc DN det may FDI VietNam ngdy cdng FDI d Viet Nam. nang cao ndng sua't.Q
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