Ban vl khai niem dia chinh tri
T r a n K h a n h '
' Vi?n Nghien cuu Dong Nam A, Vien Han 13m Khoa hpc xa hoi Vi$t Nam.
Email: [email protected]
Nhan ngay 7 thang 8 nam 2018. Chdp nhan dang ngay 13 thing 9 nam 2018.
Tom tat: Mac dti thuat ngir dia chi'nh tii (geopolitics) xu5t hi?n tir cuoi the ky XIX, nhung cho toi nay each hieu ve no van chua thong nhat. Trong thuc te, dia chi'nh tri, voi ttr each la mgt doi tupng cua nghien ciiu khoa hpc va la mot cong cii ciia chi'nh sach, ngay cang dugc khang dinh va co vi tri Ion hem trong doi song quoc gia va quoc te, nhat la trong linh virc doi ngoai. Dia chi'nh tri la mgt e^ch tiep c^n, quan niem kha dac thu cua khoa hpe chi'nh tri chuyfin nghiSn ciiu ve sir van dpng cua khong gian quyen lire quoc gia duoi tac dpng ciia nhan to dia 1^ vk chi'nh tri, la rapt nghe thuat kiem soat khong gian quy^n lire trong quan he qu6c te.
Tir khoa: Dia chi'nh tri, each tiep can, quan niem, quan he qu6e tk Phan loai nganh: Quoc tS hoc
Abstract: Although it was as long ago as in the late 19* century that the term "geopolitics"
appeared, it has so far not been unammously interpreted. The position of geopolitics, as a subject of scientific research and a policy insttument, has been increasingly asserted in both national and international arenas, especially in the field of foreign affairs. Geopolitics is a rather specific approach and notion of political science, which is specialised in studying the movement of the space of the national power under the impacts of geographic and political factors. It is also an art of controlling the space of power in international relations.
Keywords: Geopolitics, approach, notion, international relations.
Subject classification: International studies
" * " ' ' nh;™., tvr cu6i the ky XIX, d i u th6 ky XX,
„ . . . . ^ . . 1*1 the gioi buoc vao cuoc tranh dua mod vS
Nhung anh huong cua dia ly den chi'nh trj quySn luc (ma V.I.Lenin goi la chu nghia
dugc cac nha tu tuong chinh tri, su hpc va dS qu6c), thi phuong Tay moi thuc su ban
dia ly hoc ban luan tu thoi co dai. Tuy d8n dia chinh tri v<M tu each la mot'each
Tran Khanh tiep can trong nghien cuu ve khong gian
quyen luc cua mpt thuc the trong quan he quoc te. Tvr thai diem do, xuat hien kha nhieu cac luan thuyet, trucmg phai ve dia ch£nh tri. Tu sau Chien tranh the gioi lan thu n den cuoi thap nien 70 cua the ky XX, do am anh boi hpc thuyet "quy luat dia chuih tri" ma Dtic Quoc xa da ap dung, cac nha khoa hpc va nha chinh tri han che six dung thuat ngii nay. Khi My - Trung hen ket voi nhau de chong Lien X6, khai niem nay lai dupe su dung rpng rai, duoc ban luan soi noi, cong khai tren cac diin dan hpc thuat va chinh tri quoc te, nhtmg voi npi ham rpng Ion va da dien hem. Nhimg nam gan day, sir troi day cua Trung Quoc va su gia tang canh tranh chien lupc My - Trung lai lam tang tinh nhay cam va tam quan trpng ciia khai niem nay. Day la van de khong chi lien quan den hpc thuat, ma con ham chiia npi dung rpng Ion hon ve chinh tri va quyen luc trong quan he quoc te. Bai viet nay khai quat nhimg npi dung ca ban ciia cac quan niem, luan thuyet lien quan den dia chinh tri, tu do so sanh, danh gia npi ham cac khai niem va dua ra quan niem ve dia chmh tri.
2. Mpt so dinh nghia ve dia chi'nh trj Tu geopolitics d u a e ghep bai hai tu geography (dia ly) va politics (chfnh tri);
dugc Rudolf Kjellen (1864-1922) su dung dau tien vao nam 1899. Cau tao ciia tu ghep nay khien nhieu nguoi van hieu dia chmh tri nam giua hai bp mon chinh tri hpc va dia ly hpc. Dia chi'nh tri (hay dia chinh tri hpc) la mot khoa hpc kha mai, vi the, quan niem ve no van chua co su thong nhat trong each hieu.
Truoc khi xuat hien thuat ngii geopohtics (dia chinh tri), a Tay Au tu niia sau the ky XIX da xuat hien thuat ngii va mon hpc "political geography" (a Viet Nam CO nguai dich la "dia ly chi'nh tri" hay "dia ly hpc chinh tri").
Theo each hieu pho bien trong giai hpc gia phucmg Tay thi "dia ly chfnh tri" la mpt nhanh ciia chuyen nganh dia ly nhan van, nghien cuu ve moi quan he giua hoat dpng chfnh tri va khong gian lanh tho. Hai bp phan khong the tach roi ciia mon hpc nay la su phan bo ve khong gian va cac hien tuprng chmh tri [2, tr.5]. Ly Hue Dan dinh nghia, dia ly ehinh tri la mpt nhanh cua nganh dia ly nhSn van nghien cuu su phan bo dja ly ctia cac hoat dpng chinh tri tren lanh tho quoc gia hoae giiia cac quoc gia [12, tr.96].
Tuy nhien, khai niem ve dia ly chfnh tri va dia chi'nh tri qua gan gui, nhat la ve doi tuong nghien cuu (deu la nghien cuu ve khong gian dia ly va chi'nh tri), nen trong nhieu cuon tii dien chi co muc tu "dia chfnh tri" hoae ehi co muc tu "dia ly chfnh tri".
Trong cuon tir dien Larousse, eo muc tu
"dia chfnh tri"; eon mue tu "dia ly hpc" chi duae chia nho den eac mue tu "dia ly nhan van", "dia ly kinh te" va "dia ly tu nhien";
khong CO muc tir "dia ly chmh tri". Trong khi do, Gabriel Wackermarm lai co quan diem rang, thuat ngii "dia ly chfnh tri" van la thuat ngii chfnh, trong do co ham chua ca npi dung "dia chfnh tri" [13, tr.34-35]. Su gan giii, kho phan biet rach roi giua hai khai niem "dia ly chfnh tri" va "dia chfnh tri" la thyc te dang dien ra hien nay tren the gioi, nhat la 6 cae nuac Au - My [12, tr.25].
Mpt so tir dien da dinh nghia dia chinh tri nhu sau: "Dia chinh tri la nghien ciiu cac moi quan he giiia eac dii lieu dia ly vai nen chinh tri ciia eac quoc gia" [13, tr.23]; "Su
49
Khoa hpc xa hpi Viet Nam, so 10 - 2018 phan tich nhiing anh hucmg ciia dia ly den cac moi quan he quyen luc trong chfnh tri quoc tS" [13, tr.23]; "Viec nghien ciiu dia chi'nh tri nham chii yeu vao viec lam sang to nhimg moi quan he tuong tac giira nhirng hinh the khong gian voi nhimg gi thuoc ve chinh tri" [13, U-.23]. Cac each dinh nghia nay cho thay, each hiiu vS dia chinh tri da cd ph4n khic voi dia ly chi'nh tri; theo do, dia chi'nh tri nghien ciiu cac mdi quan he v6 quyen luc va khong gian dja ly trong nSn chinh tri thi gioi.
Cac hoc gia nghien ciiu ve dja chi'nh tri, dia chien luge nhan manh nhiSu htm v§ he qua cua sir tuong tac giira chinh trj va dia ly. Vi du, mpt s6 tac gia viet: "Dja chi'nh tri la viec phan tich moi tucmg tac giira mot ben la moi truong va b6i canh dja ly, voi mpt ben la cac tien trinh chinh u-j. Dja chi'nh tri se quan tam d8n hau qua cua m6i hrong tac nay" [13, h-.24-25J; "Bia chinh tri, ndi mpt each tdm tit, theo truySn th6ng la dhng de chi cac m6i lien he va quan he nhan qua giira quySn lire chi'nh tri vtii khong gian dja ly" [13, tr.25]; "Dja chinh tn nghien ciiu cac nin tang dia ly cua chinh tn nhu la nhan thiic diu vao trong viec ra quylt dinh va ciing nhu la anh huong din ket qua cua cac hoat dong cua cac quylt dinh chi'nh tri do" [12, tr.25].
^ Yves Lacoste thi nhfa manh nhilu hon den yeu to quyln luc vii canh tranh quyln luc trong khang gian dia ly, ciing nhu tim quan trpng ciia dia chinh tri din an ninh va quan he quoc tl. Ong cho ring: "Thuat ngir dia chinh tri... thirc tl dugc dimg dl chi tit ca nhung gi lien quan din su canh tranh quyen lire hoac anh huong dli voi nhihig viing lanh tho va dan chiing sing tren do"
[13, tr.29]. Theo Kalf Haushofer: "Dja ly chinh tri nhin nhan mpt quic gia tir goc dp
khong gian. Con dia chfnh tri nhin khong gian tir goc do nha nuoc" [8, tr.l2]. Nhu vay, Kalf Haushofer nhin manh ylu to chinh trj, chinh s^ch, muu luge, kl sach hanh dpng cua nha cam quyen khi thuc hien muc tieu mo rpng quyln luc Uong mpt khong gian dja Iy. Luong Van Kl cho rang:
"Dja chinh tri la khoa hoc chfnh trj nghien ciiu cie m5i quan he chinh tri va an ninh qu6c te tir gdc dp dia ly (khong gian va thoi gian) nham tranh thu Igi ich qu6c gia hay nhom nude quoc gia trong trat tu chi'nh trj qu6c tl" [12, tr.26].
Mgt s6 hgc gia cho ring, dja chinh trj chua khi nao dugc coi la mgt nganh khoa hgc, cang khong phai la mgt nhinh ciia khoa hpc dja ly chinh trj. Boesler cho ring:
"Dja chinh trj chua khi nao dugc nhin nhan va thira nhan la mpt phan nhanh ciia klioa hpc dia Iy chinh trj". P. Schoeler cho rang: "Dja ly chfnh tri la khoa hpc thuan tuy, con dja chinh trj la su van dung va danh gia mang tinh tuyen truyin chinh tri.
Vay dja Iy chinh tri la khoa hpc, ccn dja chi'nh tri la su van dung khoa hgc do vao chinh tri" [12, tr.24-25].
Mpt so nha khoa hgc khac lai cho ring, dia chinh ui la mpt nhanh ciia dja Iy chinh tri. Theo M. R. Hafeznia vilt: "Dia chinh trj, vol tu each la mpt phan nhanh cua khoa dja ly hpc chfnh tn" [13, tr.3I].
Ngoai ra con co each nhin nhan khac ve
dia chi'nh tri. Nhilu nguoi cho ring, dia
chinh trj la mpt bg mon khoa hgc thupc
nganh chinh tri hgc. Tieu bilu cho ciSch
tiep can nay la cac hgc gia Phap, trong do
CO Marisol Touraine. Trong eu6n sach Sif
dao Ion the giai: Dia chinh tri thi ky XXI,
tac gia cho ring: "Dia chinh trj" thupc
nganh chinh tri hgc [13. tr.27]. Theo quan
4 ™ cua K.C. Gadjiev: "Dia chinh tri la
mpt phan nhanh dpc lap eua khoa hpc chinh tri hoac la gan nhu mpt bp mon khoa hpc CO tinh dac thii nghien ciru cac van de ly luan va thuc tien eua quan he qu6c tk, vach ra nhiing tieu chf va hieu hik, nhirng quy luat va xu huong co ban ciia doi song qu6c te" [11, tr.6].
Tu CO sa ly luan ciing nhu quan niem cua cac hpe gia tren the giai, chiing toi cho rang, dia chfnh tri la mpt each tiSp can, kha dac thu ciia khoa hpe chinh tri, nghien cuu ve sir van dpng khong gian quySn luc eiia mpt thuc the duoi tac dpng ciia nhan to dia ly vk chfnh tri trong quan he qu6e tl. Xet \h mat ly thuyet, dia chfnh tri nghiSn cuu anh huang ciia dia ly den cae moi quan he quyen luc trong chfnh tri quoc te. Ve mat thuc hanh, dia ehinh tri nghien cuu muu lupc, ke sdch hanh dpng, nghe thuat kiem soat khong gian eiia giai cam quyen dua tren yen to dia ly va chfnh tri nham thuc hien muc tieu quoc gia, truac het la muc tieu quyen luc. Khfa canh thuc hanh nay ciia dia chinh tri thucmg dupe nguoi ta gpi la dia ehien luge [16, tr.42].
3. Mot so quan niem, luan thuyet ve dja chinh tri
3.1. Quan niem, ludn thuyet ve dia chinh tri lien quan den ma rpng quyen luc, khong gian sinh ton va sue manh quoc gia Tieu bieu cho luan thuyet nay la quan niem cua Friedrieh Ratzel (1844-1904) - nguai Diic, cha de cua mon hpc "dia ly chfnh tri". Trong cac cong trinh ciia ong , dac biet la cuon Khong gian sinh ton, ong da tap trung ban luan ve each thiic ma rpng khong gian quyen luc eua mpt quoc gia.
Ong da dua ra khai niem ve "nha nuoc hiiu co", khai niem "khong gian", cung nhu chi ra quy luat banh truong ciia mot quoc gia.
Ong cho ring, nha nuac, quoe gia - dan tpc giong nhu cac sinh vat, de ton tai va phat triSn thi phai dau tranh de gianh khong gian. Ratzel dua ra 7 quy luat ve su banh truong cua cac quoc gia, trong do nhan manh: "Bien gioi la mpt bp phan ben na cua mpt quoe gia, la cong cu ma duang cho su tang truong ciia nha nuoc ciing nhu la phao dai bao ve cho nha nuoc. Bien giai eiing lien quan den tat ca mpi su chuyen doi cac to chuc hiru ea ciia nha nuac";
"Khong gian" khong chi la mpt nguon luc eua quyen lire chfnh tri, ma con la mpt siic manh chinh tri. Sue manh eua mpt quoc gia phu thupe vao moi quan he eiia hp voi khong gian do [1, tr.20-28]. Nha dia ly nguai Phap la Huckel G. A. thai do da gpi tac pham Dia ly chinh tri ciia Ratzel la
"cuon sach huong dan ehii nghia de quoe"
vi cuon saeh nay coi dia ly la mpt duyen ea cho cae tham vpng chinh tri [2, tr.53].
Nguai CO c6ng phat trien hpe thuyet
"khong gian sinh ton" la Rudolf Kjellen (1864-1922). 6ng la nguoi dau tien dua ra khai niem "dia chfnh tri". Trong tae pham Nhd nuac nhu mpt ccr the song, ong khong chi CO siiy cho tu tuong "nha nuoc hiiu co"
cua Ratzel, ma con gop phan ehi ra cac thanh to cau thanh dia ehien luoc quoc gia.
Ong nhan manh rang, mpt quoc gia muon tra nen hiing manh thi can phai co su "c6 ket npi tai", "y chf tam ly dan tpc" va mong muon mo rpng "khong gian sinh ton"^
Tu tuang dia chfnh tri eiia Ratzel va Kjellen da anh huang sau sac den chii nghia Due Quoc xa sau nay, trong do eo quan niem eiia Kalf Haushofer (1869-1946).
Haushofer nhan manh tam quan trpng cua
Khoa hpc xa hoi Viet Nam, so 10 -
siic manh quan su, kinh t l va tu tuong doi voi chii nghTa dan tpc va vdi viee ma rpng khong gian sinh ton cua mpt quoc gia. Cimg vai do, ong con dh cap nhiSu den muu lupc, kS sach hanh dong thue hien muc. tieu dia chi'nh tri, nhat la trong thao tac phat dpng cac cupc chien tranh. Trong cuon sach Dia chinh tri a hien Thdi Binh Duong', ong cho rang, trong ehien tranh, chiln thang tuy thupc vao nhan t6 bit nga; chien tranh can dupe ti6n hanh vcri cac chien dich chop nhoang tren quy mo Ion nhim gianh dupe cac thing lai nhanh chong. Con trong cuon Bien gi&i vd y nghia dia ly vd chinh tn cua biin gi&i, Haushofer lap luan rang, cac nu6e cin c6 hai bien giai: "bien gioi chinh tri" va
"bien giai quan sit". Bien giai quan su diuong vuon ra ngoai bien giai chfnh Xii, va cin bao v? bien gioi chinh tri [2, tr.55-58].
Haushofer khong chi la nha ly thuyet ve dia chinh tri, ma con la nha thuc hanh dia chinh tri, mpt dia chi8n luoc gia Idn cua chu nghia phat xit Due.
Lien quan den cae thanh to cau thanh siie manh hay quyen lite quoc gia, co thuyet ve
"sue manh bien" hay "quyen luc bien". Tieu bieu eua thuyet nay la quan diem ciia Alfred Thayer Mahan (1840-1914). Trong cong tnnh Anh hu&ng cua sice manh tren Men doi v&i lich sic, 1660-1783, Mahan da he thong hoa cac thanh to cau thanh sue manh bien eua mpt quoe gia . Ong cho rang, eac dieu kien dja ly tu nhien va nhan van tren, nSu dupe nhin nhan, danh gia dting muc, khai thac, su dung mpt each hpp ly, phu hap voi thdi cupc, se lam eho vi the, tim chi8n lupc eiia dia ly quoe gia manh han. Tu tudng dia chinh tri, nhit la khfa canh thuc hanh cua no, dugc Mahan cap nhat va neu ro han trong cac cuon Ixri ich cua My trong sice manh bien va Vdn de cda Chdu A • Anh hu&ng cua
no ddi v&i chinh tri quoc ti. Trong cac eong trinh nay, ong eho ring, su thong tri the gidi thupc v l nhung ai gianh va duy tri dupe quyln kilm soat tren biln, trong do luc lugng hai quan dong vai tro dien chot. Mot quoc gia eo luc lupng hai quSn uu viet hem CO the d i y lui ke thii tu dai ducmg va nhd do, bao ve dugc d i t nudc khdi bi xam lang va hd u:g d i e luc cho phat triln thuang mai.
Cae qudc gia sdng bing xuit khiu hang hoa thi phai giij dupe quyen kiem soat bien, nhat la kilm soat cac tuyln giao thdng huylt mach tren biln. Mot qudc gia muon cd siic manh biln thi cin tap trung ph^t triln lyic lupng hai quan va kinh t l biln [16, h.35-36].
Ong cho ring: "Dit nudc eQng nhu mpt phao dai, quSn ddn tni phai ty le vdi chieu dai hang rao bao quanh nd" [9, tr.84]. Quan dilm cua Mahan v l quyln luc tren bien khong chi kha thinh h^nh d cdc nudc Au - My CO biln, ma ngay nay edn dugc ca Tmng Qudc ua chuong^.
Ngoai cac each tiep can tren, con cd cac thuyet v l siic manh tong hgp quoc gia, trong do CO quan diem cua Ray S. Cline. Trong cudn Mpt ddnh gid chien hcac ve sice manh quoc gia trong thap niem 90 cita the ky XX, Cline da khai quat hda eac co sd de danh gia hay cac thanh td cau thanh siic manh tong hgp ciia mpt qudc gia va cho rang, yeu td dia ly, dieu kien kinh te va quan su la het sue quan trpng, nhung quan trpng ban trong viec tao dung nen sue manh, quyen luc ciia mpt qudc gia la yeu to chfnh phii va chfnh sach, cu the la nang lire lanh dao eua nha cam quyen va tfnh hieu qua cua chinh sach^.
Trong khi dd, cong trinh cua Joseph S.
Nye lai cd each tiep can mdi bang viec
phan loai hda siic manh long hgp qudc gia
thanh hai loai: siic manh eiing va siic manh
mem. Theo ong, sue manh ciing la siic
Tran Khanh manh huu hinh, trong dd ed yeu to dia ly,
va siie manh mem la nang luc hap dan cua van hda, cac chuan gia tri, chien lupc phat trien, nang luc dinh hudng, nang lire tu duy va hanh ddng, kha nang thuyet phuc chii khdng phai la ap dat hay cuong che. Sue manh mem dugc dng coi nhu la "mot ngudn luc, ngudn tai nguyen sinh ra siic hap dan, siic manh qudc gia" [5, tr.5]. Ong con giai thfch ro hon rang, ngudn gdc va su bieu hien cua siic manh mim la 3 thanh td:
(1) van hoa eua mdt qudc gia; (2) tu tudng chinh tri va chfnh sach ddi npi; (3) chfnh sach ddi ngoai [10, tr.50-51]. Quan dilm ciia J. Nye gdp phan ggi md Idi tu duy he thdng trong viee nghiSn curu ve dia chien luge ciia mpt qudc gia, nhat la loi tu duy ket hgp giiia yeu td dia ly (mpt phan ciia sue manh ciing) vdi cac gia tri van hda, the che, y chi, tham vpng va hanh dpng chien luge cua con ngudi (mdt phan ciia siic manh mem) de lam tang gia tri va tam ehien luge ctia qudc gia do trong bang giao qudc te . 3.2. Quan niem, ludn thuyet ve dia chinh trj mang tinh chien luoc khu vuc vd todn cdu Tieu bieu cho quan diem chien luge toan cau cd thuyet "viing dat trung tam" hay
"viing dat trai tim" eiia Halford J.
Mackinder (1861-1947). Cac cdng trinh cua dng (nhu Nu&c Anh vd cdc viing bien ciia Anh, Tnic dia ly cua lich su, dac biet la cudn sach Ly tu&ng ddn chu vd hien thuc:
Nghien cicu ve tdi ccr cdu chinh tri) da tao dung nen hpc thuyet ve "vimg dat trung tam". Ong cho rang: "Viing dat trung tam"
la khu vuc trung tam ciia luc dia A - Au rpng Idn, trong do Tmng A la "true" cua the gidi; Chau Au va Chau A la mdt luc dia
"dao cua the gidi" khdng tach rdi nhau. Cdn
khai niem "dai duang the gidi" ma dng dua ra la bao trum tat ca viing bien cua the gidi, bao bpc xung quanh "Dao the gidi". Theo dng: "Ai cai tri dupe dugc Chau Au thi chi huy dupe viing dit tnmg tSm; ai thdng tri dugc trang tam thi chi huy dugc dao the gidi; ai thdng tri dugc dao thi gidi thi chi huy the gidi" [2, tr.36]. Chia khoa de md dudng cho ehinh phuc "vung dat trai tim" thi phai thdng qua cac vung xung quanh (dng gpi la khu vuc "ngoai vi"^°, trudc hit la "vanh dai trong" hay "bd trong" [16, tr.36].
Nhu vay, vdi hpc thuyet cua minh, Mackinder da bd sung va lam giau them each tiep can ve dia chi'nh tri, dia ehien luge tren bp va trSn bien ciia mpt qudc gia. Tu tudng cua ong da dugc Diic Qudc xa, sau do la My va ngay nay la Trung Qudc, danh su quan tam Idn trong ehien luge khu vuc va toan cau".
Dua tren tu tudng dia ehien luge bien ciia Mahan va thuyet ve "Viing dat trai tim"
ciia Mackinder, Nicolas J. Spykman, trong eae tac pham nhu Chien lucre cua My trong nen chinh tri the gi&i, Dia ly vi hoa binh, da dua ra hpc thuyet "vung dat vanh dai".
Spykman da tan thanh each giai thich cua Mackinder ve mdi quan he giua lich sij, dia ly va chfnh sach qudc gia trong hinh thanh quyen lire chfnh tri, nhung dng da phan bac lai hpc thuyet ciia Mackinder ve viing dat tnmg tam va theo dudi hpe thuyet ve viing dat vanh dai ciia minh. Spykman cho rang, "Ai kiem soat viing vanh dai se thdng tri Au - A;
ai kiem soat Au - A se xac dinh van menh ciia the gidi" [17, tr.43]. Theo dng: "Khdng cd vimg dia chfnh tri nao tren the gidi bi anh hudng bdi su phat trien ciia khdng luc nhu la viing cd cac bien ven bd. Siic manh khdng luc ciing vdi siie manh bien can dugc sii dung de thyc hien chinh sach ngan
53
Khoa hgc xa hpi Viet Nam, so 10-2018 chan" [17, tr.54].
Quan niem v l "viing dit vanh dai" ciia Spykman khong chi lam giau hem khfa canh ly thuylt v l dia chi'nh tri, quan trpng hon la nd chi ra muu luge, ke sach hanh ddng hay thuc hanh v l dia chinh tri ciia My tu sau Chien tranh thi gidi lin thii II din nay (nhu
"Chien luge Kim c h i " hay con gpi la
"Chiln luge Ngan chan" ciia George F.
Kennan'^ quan dilm "Dia chiln lupc tin cdng" cua James Bumhan , "Kim ehe cd chpn lpc" ciia Saul Cohen'**, thuylt "Giam cang thing va md ciia Trung Qudc" eiia Henry Kissinger'^, thuylt "Su lira chpn khu vuc" ciia Zbigniew Brzezinski' , v.v.).
Ngoai ra, con cd mdt sd tu tudng dia chfnh tri khde nhu quan niem "chii nghTa A - An"
eiia ngudi Nga. Quan niem nay xuat hien tii diu thap nien 20 cua the ky XX (vdi nhieu an pham ra ddi, nhu lay ten la "Ngudi A - Au", "Cdng ddng A - Au", "Dien dan A - Au"). Thuyet nay eho rang: "Van hda Nga khdng phai la van hda Chau Au, khdng phai mdt trong nhung van hda ciia Chau A, ciing khdng phai la su cpng lai hay ket hgp tir eac thanh td cua mpt hay nhieu nen van hda, ma la van hda trung tam A - Au", va chfnh vi vay "nudc Nga cd nhieu co sd tu hao hon ca Trung Qudc - nudc duge gpi la "qude gia trung tam" [11, tr.30]. Tuy nhien, tu tudng ve tmng tam A - Au eua Nga khdng dugc phat tnen dudi thdi Xd vilt. Tir sau khi Lien Xd sup do (nam 1991), chii nghia A - An ciia ngudi Nga dugc phuc hdi. Mot trong nhiing hpc gia tieu bieu cho trudng phai dia chinh tri nay la Alexander Dugin'^.
Trong cdng trinh Nen tdng cua Bia chinh tri vd tuong lai dia chinh tri nu&c Nga, Dugin da keu gpi l^p nen chii nghTa A - Au mdi, trong dd cho rang nudc Nga phai tai lap lai vi the d l chi vdi tu each la qudc gia
trung tam ciia luc dia A - Au. Dugin cho rang: (1) su thdng t n the gidi phu thupc vao cudc d i u tranh giua sue manh "luc dia"
(hien than la Nga) va siie manh "did duong" (chii yeu la My va Anh); nhiing \qi fch chiln luge ciia Nga man thuan vdi Ipi i'ch chiln luge ciia phia "dai duong"; (2) nudc Nga tu lich su va van hda, tu nhan thiie va hanh dpng vdn la nude trung tam eua luc dia A - Au; vi vay, nudc Nga khong t h i tdn tai b6n ngoai ban chat ciia no nhu mdt d l chi; cd nhu vay nudc Nga mdi ton tai va phat triln trong ngan han; (3) nucrc Nga hien nay can phai tao ra mpt khoi lien minh d l ddi trpng hay ngan chan anh hucmg cua ehu nghTa Atlantic do My dung dau. He gia tri Au - A la nen tang cho su hinh thanh lien minh chiln lupc ciia Nga vdi cac doi tac, thuc thi ben ngoai; tai Trung D6ng, can coi trgng tam quan trpng ciia true quan he Matxeava - Teheran; ve hudng Tay nen thiet lap true Matxeava - Berlin nham tao ra mdt vanh dai chdng lai anh hudng ciia phuang Tay; cdn d Chau A, can ling ho viec tao dyng true Matxeava - Tokyo nham tao ra mpt ddng minh Lien A. Theo Dugin, vdi mdt nudc Nga dang bi suy yeu thi nhung lien minh nhu vay se giiip Nga thuc hien tham vpng t^o ra mdt de che ciia nhieu d l c h l [ 1 2 , tr.90-93].
Trung Qudc tu thdi cd dai da cd cac quan niem ve trat tu t h i gidi, trong do tieu bieu la khai niem "thien ha"'^. Xet v l mat dia ly thi
"thien ha" coi the gidi nhu la mdt chinh the ty nhien, khap bdn be, bon phuong khdng co su phan chia ro rang, trong dd Trung Quoc nam d giiia, vi tri trung tam. Xet v l khia canh van hda va dia chuih tri thi "thien ha"
1^ khdng phai la mgt khong gian h6n dpn,
ngupc lai, no phat trien keo dai tir trang tam
rdng ra xung quanh, co su khac biet ttong va
ngoai vdi mdt trat tu dang cap, nhat nguyen tii ttpng den khinh, tii manh den yen, nhung la mpt the thdng nhit. Trong "thien ha", Trung Qudc la "Thien trilu trung tam" hay
"Thien trieu thugng qudc"'^ cd nin van hda uu viet tuyet ddi; cac viing, cae nude khae xung quanh, bdn phuang "tu di" gdm Man (Nam), Di (Dong), Nhung (Tay), Dich (Bac); la chu hau, "phien qudc", lac hau, kem van hda. Cae nudc xung quanh phai than phuc vuong qudc trung tam. Thien tir (Hoang de) cd quyen trung phat ddi vdi nhtmg chu hau khdng phuc tung. Cting vdi khai niem nay, Trung Qudc tu thdi ed dai da dua ra thuyet hgp tung va lien hoanh ttong lien minh, lien ket, tap hgp lue iugng^". Day la each tiep can ve dia chfnh tri, dia chiln lupc trong quan he qudc te cua Trung Qudc thdi cd - hung dai [14, tt.66-71].
Tit khi nude Cgng hoa NhSn dan Trung Hoa ra ddi (1949), Trung Qude da cd nhung dieu chinh Idn ve tu duy va hanh dpng dia chfnh tri, dia chien luge [15, tt.30-41], nhung quan niem "Thien ha" dudng nhu khdng thay ddi. Dieu nay dugc the hien kha ro net bang khai niem "giac mdng Tmng Hoa" do Tap Can Binh dua ra tii cudi nam 2012 va dang dugc rao riet trien khai. Trong dd nhin manh: "Thyc hien cudc phuc hung vT dai dan tpc Trung Hoa chfnh la giac mdng vT dai nhat ciia dan tpc Trung Hoa tu can dai den nay"^', "Giac mdng Trung Hoa" va
"Giac mdng My" gap nhau, hda hgp vdi nhau de cung nhau xay dyng quan he nudc Idn kieu mdi giua hai cudng qudc hang dau the gidi"^^. Phai chang "Giac mdng Trung Hoa" la mong mudn Trung Qudc ttd lai vi the Thien trieu? Ro rang "Giac mdng Trang Hoa" la mpt phan ciia khai niem 'Thien ha", mdt hgc thuyet dia chinh tri ciia Trang Qudc ttong bdi canh mdi.
4. Ket luan
Tu tudng va thyc hanh tu tudng dia ehinh tri ed tu thdi cd dai, nhung nghien ciiu ve dia chfnh tri vdi tu each la mpt doi tupng eua khoa hpc va cdng cu ciia chinh sach mdi thyc su bat dau tu cudi the ky XIX.
Cho tdi nay, cd rdiieu each hieu ve dia chfnh tri. Tuy nhien, eac nha nghien ciiu, chfnh tri gia nhin chung deu cho rang, dia chfnh tri la mgt each tiep can, khoa hpc, ed CO sd ly thuyet, chuyen nghien ciiu anh hudng cua cac nhan td dia ly den cac mdi quan he quyln luc ttong chinh tri qudc te.
v l khfa canh thuc hknh, dia chinh tri la nghe thuat kiem soat khdng gian quyen lyc trong quan he qudc te. He thdng hieu biet nay ngay cang cd vai trd Idn han trong ddi sdng qude gia va qude te, nhat la trong hoach dinh va thyc thi chinh sach ddi ngoai qude gia. Dd la mdt trong nhiing ca sd va ngudn lye eiia hoach dinh va thyc thi chi'nh sach phat ttien qudc gia, trudc het la ddi ngoai.
Chu thich
^ Nhu Con nguai vd khong gian (1894), Nhd nu&c vd SIC can nhac ve dia ly ddt dai (1896) va Su gia tdng lanh tho ctia cde quoe gia - Mot ddng gop vao mon dja ly chinh tri co tinh khoa hoc (1896), Lien quan den khong gian sinh ton (1897), Dia ly chinh m-(1897).
•* Ong noi, nuac Nga c6 khong gian va su co ket ben trong, song nuoc Nga se khong bao gio tra lhanh mpt cuong quoc the gioi vi nuoc Nga thieu su tiep can ra cac cang bien nuac am. Kjellen viet rang, nguai Due c6 quyen phat trien tu nhiSn, boi vi ho c6 duae tinh than, tri tu? va van hoa. Tuy nhien, ong da
55
Khoa hpc xa hpi V i e t N a m , s6 1 0 - 2 0 1 8
phe phdn nuoc Diic vl khong phai la nuoc Ion do khong d?t ca ba doi hoi ma ong da neu ra.
'' Trong cu6n sach nay, Haushofer gcri y xay dung mot lien minh giua Due va Nhat. Ong dir bdo rang My vk Nhat se giao chign de chiSm Thai Binh Duong va Nhat se chien thang.
^ G5m 6 thanh t6, trong d6 co vi tri dia IJ, clu tao dia hinh, quy mo lanh tho, quy mo dan so, dac tinh dan tpc va tinh cdch cua chinh quyen.
^ Tix nam 1998, cac cong trinh cua Alfred Thayer Mahan da dupe dich va xuat ban rpng rai cr Trung Quoc. Vi?c Trung Quoc gan day day nhanh toe dp hi?n dai hoa quan dpi, truoc het la hai quan, thuc hien chien lupc "Dai duong xanh", "Phong thu ngoki khoi" hay "Phong thu bien xa", "Chien luoc chuoi dao" hay "Chien lupc Chuoi ngoc trai", boi dap, ton tao va quan su hoa nhieu thuc the, bai da ngim Cf Bien D6ng, cung nhu dua ra cac dai dir an dia chiln luoc nhu "Con duang to lua tren bien t h i ky XXl" da va dang chimg minh siic song tu tuong cua Alfred Mahan ve sue manh bien. Dieu nay ciing dupe nhieu hpc gia, trong do ca hpc gia Tmng Quoc, de cap nhieu.
Ong cho rang, siic manh tong the ciia mpt quoc gia (Pp) phai la sv to hpp, cau thanh ciia cac yeu to, nhu: (1) dat nucrc, gom quy mo lanh tho, dan cu, vi tri dai ly; (2) kinh te, g6m thyrc Iuc, ca cdu kinh t l ; (3) quan sir, gom thuc quy mo va lire quan su; (4) chien lupc, trong do phai co y d6 chiln lupc do lanh dao quoc gia vach ra; (5) y chi, tam thiic, ban linh ciia mpt dan tpc, bao gon ca nguoi dan va giai lanh d^io. Pp dupe tinh t6i da la 1000 dilm = (C+E+M) x (S+W), trong do C chi dupe tinh 100 dilm, E va M chi dupe tinh mdi thanh t6 la 200 dilm. Con theo phuang phap tinh ciia nguoi Nhat Ban Ihi Pp = (C+E+M) X (G+D), trong d6 C dupe nhin manh them yeu to tai nguyen thien nhien; E dupe tinh them ve binh quSn thu nhap dku nguoi tren ting san pham quoc npi (GDP) va mite t5ng tnrong kinh tl.
Con phan sau thi nguoi Nhat- Ban lai thiSn ve nang luc chinh tri d l i npi (G) va nang lire chinh tri doi
ngoai (D). Ngoai ra con co nhilu phuong phdp khac d6 dinh lupng sure manh tong hpp quoc gia.
* Trong do co cac cong trinh nhu "The Paradox of American Power, Why the Worid's only Superpov/er can't go it alone". New York, Oxford University Press, 2002; "Soft Power: The Means to Success in World Politics", New York, Public Affaus, 2004; ' T h e Future of Power", New York, Public Affaus, 2011.
^ Bk chiing minh luan diem nay, J. Nye da tiln hanh phan tich qua trinh phat trien ciia siic manh quoc gia trong lich sii the gioi 500 nam qua (tu 1500 den 2000). 6 n g da chi ra rang, neu nhu trong thi ky XVI, ham muon co nhieu vang v^ thupc dia ciing nhu ciing co chinh quyen trung uong tap quyen la nhirng nguyen nhan chinh lam cho nucrc Tay Ban Nha tro n£n co quyen luc, thi viee mo rpng mau djch, chiem ITnh thi truong va phat trien luc lupng hai quan cua Hk Lan da lam iSng nhanh site manh quoc gia cua nuoc nay o the ky XVII. Con su gia tang nhanh dan so, phat trien cong nghiap va do thj hda nhanh cac viing nong thon, cung nhu su phat trien ciia van hoa, eiia khoa hpc quan ly hanh chinh cong va quan dpi, trong do co ph^o binh, da 1dm cho nuoc Phap tro thanh cuang quoc co sue manh o Chau Au trong thi ky XVIII. Trong khi do, nuoc Anh buoc vao the ky XIX co kha nang cao vl hay dpng, tap trung siic manh ve eong nghiep, tien te, hai quin va gia t n ve tu do, da gidp nuoc nay tra thinh cuimg quoc manh nhit thi gidi thoi do. Con budc vao the ky XX, nuac My co si,r phdt trien nhanh, quy mo lan ve cong nghipp, nhat la cac nganh kinh te mui nhpn (nhu cong nghiep e h i tao may bay, tau thuy, luc luong hai quan hiing hau, co chuan myc tir do va din diu trong phat minh, sang chi v l khoa hpc - cong nghe, da Uo thanh sieu cuong cua the gidi. Den giiia thi ky XX, cung vcri My, Lien X6 co vii khi hat nhan, da lam tang vi t h i cuong quic cua hp tren the gioi. J.Nye cung cho rdng, sy ihSnh c6ng ve vat chit (siic manh eung) Ikm cho mpt nen van hda hoac mot f thiic he nao dd (sue manh mim) tro
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T r a n K h a n h
nen hap dan; va rang, su that bai ve qudn su va s\r do va ve kinh te se din d i n sy hoai nghi va khiing hoang ve sue manh va ban sac ciia mpt quoe gia, trong do CO ca ban sac ve van hda va chinh tri.
Halford J, Mackinder chia khu vuc "ngoai vi" ra thanh "vting luoi lilm hen k l " hay "v&nh dai trong"
(vanh dai nSy tiep giap vdi khu trung tSm gfim cdc nu6e nhu Diic, Ao, Th6 NhT Ky, An Dp hay Trung Quoc) vk "vanh dai ngoai" hay "vien ngoai viing luoi liem" (gom c5c q u i c gia biln nhu Anh, Nhat Ban, Australia, Hoa Ky. Canada va Nam Phi).
" Tru6c va trong Chiln tranh thi giai lin thii II, Hitle da ky mpt hoa u a c voi Stalin d l tdch Lien X6 khoi "mat tran phia Dong" cCia Due. Sau do, sau khi da ehiem dupe hau het dai luc Chau Au, Hitle quay sang tan cong "dong minh" Lien X6 nham chiem
"Viing dat trung tam". Con My, nham bao vly, ISm suy yeu Lien X6, da thuc hien y tuong ngan chdn quyen luc cua "Viing dat trung tSm". Viec My can dp vao chien tranh Trieu Tien (1950-1953), cac eupe khung hoang Berlin nhiing nam 50, cac cupc xung dpt cr Trung Dong, cac cupc chien tranh d Dong Nam A, nhat la a Viet Nam nhiing nam 60-70, va viec My bat tay voi Trung Quoc de chong lai Lien X6 nhiing nam 70-80 cua the ky truoc, cung nhu viec My duy tri nhieu can cii quan syr tai vOng luai liem c^n ke (nhu d Nhat Ban, Tay Au, v.v.) la nhiing minh chitng eua hpc thuyet "Viing dat trung tam". Budc vao thap men thii II ciia the ky XXI, Trung Quoc da va dang tiep can dia chi'nh tri, dia chien lupc ve "vung dat trung tam" de md rpng quan he vdi cdc nudc Trung A nham hien thuc hojf sang kien "Vanh dai, con dudng", trong do cd "Vanh dai kinh te, con dudng to lua tren bp the ky XXI".
'^ George P. Kennan (1904-2005) la d^i dien cua My tai Li8n X6 trong nam 1946. Vao ngay 22/02/1946, theo yeu cau ciia Bp Ngoai giao My, Kennan dich than thao ra Buc dien ddi gan 20 trang, trong do ong tra loi khd can ke cac cau hdi lien quan den tu duy va hanh dpng doi ngoai chien lupc ciia Lien X6, vd nhirng gi My. Cu the, ong quan niem nhu .sau: (1) tu
duy doi ngoai cua Lien X6 xuat phdt tir truyen thong tu duy lau ddi ciia ngudi Nga dupe hinh thanh tir hinh thi dia 1^ d i t nude, truyen thong van hoa va tam IJ lo ngai ve sy bat an do cac de quoc Chau Au lu6n tim each 1dm suy yeu nudc Nga. Y thiic he khong tdc dpng nhilu d i n tu duy nay. (2) Ngudi Nga khong c6 van hda thda hipp chi'nh tri kieu My - Anh, do d6 khong ihl chung s6ng theo kieu "cimg ton tai hoa binh" vdi My va Anh, mk chi co kieu dau tranh
"mpt mit, mpt con". (3) De doi pho vdi Lien X6, My cin xay dung mot chifin lupc mdi, dd la Chien lupc Kiem che nham vao ngan chan Li6n Xo mpt each toan dien. My can phai cung co tran dia ciia minh Id 3 trung t i m gom My, Nhat vd Chau Au. Sy canh tranh anh hudng se dien ra khoe liet nhat tai Hy Lap vd Tho NhT Ky. (4) Viec kim che chi tap trung ehu y6u trong ITnh vuc chinh tri va kinh te. Lien X6 eung cd diem yeu ve tam 1;^, do Id "ngai" doi dau true dien, do do, neu My va phucmg Tay thi hdnh chinh saeh kim che mot cdch kien djnh khong ng^ii va chcim va ki£n quyet gidnh giat dnh hudng ciia Lien X6, thi Lien X6 se phai chiin bude.
" lames Bumham (1905-1987) la mpt nha ly luan chinh tri noi tieng ngudi My ciing thdi vdi Spykman.
Dya tren tu tudng dia chi'nh tri, dia ehien lupc ciia Mackinder, Bumham cho rang, LiSn X6 fii sau Chien tranh the gidi lan thii II da co uu the trong viec chiem giii "mien dat trai tim" va kiem sodt dupe Dong Au Vi vay, each duy nhdt de ngan chan chan kha nang thong tri the gidi ciia Lien X6, trudc het la phai loai bo anh hudng eiia cua nudc nay tai Dong Au, thay bdng anh hudng cua My. Con chien lupc hay chinh sach kim che kieu cdn bang hay duy tri cdn can quyen luc giira My va LiSn Xd se khong CO hipu qua, bdi Lien X6 va My la hai sieu cudng d the doi dau nhau, mpt mat, mot con,
'"Saul B. Cohen (1925-2018) la mpt nha dia 1^^ nhan van va dia chien lupe eiia My. Ong co nhilu tae pham viet ve dja 1^ vd chinh tri d eac khu vuc, lanh tho khac nhau. Dudi thdi Chien tranh lanh, ong chia the gidi thanh hai khu vuc la- (1) The gidi biln phu
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Khoa hoc xa hpi Viet N a m . s6 10 - 2018
thupc vao buon bdn; (2) T h i gidi lyc dia A - Au.
Ong tan thanh thuylt v l vtmg dat vanh dai cua Spykman, nhung cho rdng My nen ehpn nhiing dia dilm dia ly phii hpp vdi thue tiln, thay cho kim che khdp vimg vanh dai, de ching Lien X6, '^ Henry Alfred Kissinger sinh nam 1923, la nha ngoai giao, dia chinh tri, dia chiln lupc gia hdng dau ngudi My g l c Do Thai - Diic. Trong chuong 28 ciia tac phim n6i tiing 'Thuat ngoai giao" xuat ban nam 1994, ong cho rdng, su md cira cua Trung Qu6c Id nhdm Idm thay d6i can can quyln luc trong hS thing, tir mpt thi gidi hai cyc My - X6 sang ba cyc My - Trung - X6, nhdm 1dm tan ra hen minh X6 - Trung, tiln tdi gianh mi thi cua My tren quy mo toan cdu. Dieu ndy se lam diu di tinh hinh the gidi, '^ Zbigniew Brzezincki sinh nam 1928, ngudi My g l c Ba Lan, la nha dia chinh In, dia chien lupc gia nil tieng tir thdi Chien tranh lanh. Trong cuon saeh Bdn ca l&n, ong ehia dia chinh tri A - Au ra lam 4 khu vyc: (1) cac nudc dan chu d Chau Au; (2) nudc Nga vd cac nudc thu dich (dng gpi Id cdc nudc hd den; (3) Trung Dong, cdc nudc vimg Bancdng; (4) cac nudc vien dong ciia Chau A. Trong cuon saeh Su lua chon: Thong tri todn cdu hay lanh dao todn cdu, 6ng da cap nhat quan diem cua minh ve dia chinh tri the gidi vd cac each thiic de thyc hieu muc tieu ciia My, trong do de cap nhieu din qua tnnh loan cau hoa, sy kien 11/9/2001 va nhiing biln dpng ciia tinh hinh the gidi ke tir khi ong xuit ban cuon Bdn ca lan.
' Alexander Gelevich Dugin sinh ndm 1962 trong mot gia dinh co bo la mpt sy quan KGB (la trung mdng an ninh) vd me la tien sT trilt hpc Ong thong thao tieng Anh, tieng Phap va tieng Ditc, cd hai bdng tien sT, mpt ve triet hpc (bao ve ndm 2000) va mpt v l xa hpi hpc (bao ve nam 2004).
'^ Cum tir nay xuat hien rdt sdm, it nhit tir thdi Xuan Thu Chien Quie (tir the ky VUI trudc Cong Nguyen) va dupe phan dnh khd ro net trong "Luan ngii" va "Thi Kinh" ciia Khing T u Cu thi Id, trong
"Luan ngir", Khong Tii vilt rdng:"Nguy nguy h i .
Thuin Vii chi huu thien h^ da, nhi bdt du yen" (That cao thupng 1dm sao, Thuan VG c6 dupe thien h?
chdng phai nhd tranh cudp), "Phd thien chi ha, maic phi vuang thd; Lo tho chi binh, mac phi vuong thdn"
(Pham Id ddt dai trong thiSn ha, khong dau Id khong thupc v l hoang d l ; pham Id ngudi song tren dat dai, khong ai khong Id qudn than ciia hoang d l ) . '^ Tir thdi nha Minh, T m n g Qudc gpi minh td Thien trilu Thupng quoc".
^'' Co nhilu each h i i u va tiep can v l thuylt "hpp tung" va "lien hoanh". Mdt trong so dd cho rang, hpp tung la Hen minh nhieu nudc nhd chong lai mpt nudc Idn, va lien hoanh la lien minh vdi mpt nudc Idn d l lin cdng hen minh ciia nhieu nudc nho.
^' "Gidc mong Trung Hoa" dupe ban luan nhieu tit diu nam 2010 khi Dai ta Luu Minh Phuc, Giam doc Sd Nghien ciiu Xay dyng Quan dpi, Gido su Dai hoc Qudc phong Trung Q u i c , cho ra ddi cuon sdch voi tieu de Dung ddu the gi&i: Gidc ma 100 ndm ciia Trung Quoc. Ong T^ip C|n Binh, vdo ngay 29/11/2012 (chi sau 15 ngay dupe biiu lam Ting Bi thu Dang Cong san Trung Quoc), nhan ehuyen thatn cupc triln lam "Con dudng phuc hung Trung Hoa"
da bpc b^ch phai bieu ve "Giac mong Trung Hoa".
Tap Can Binh lap luan rdng: ' T h u e hien cupc phuc hung vT dai ciia dan tpc Trung Hoa chinh la giac mong vT dai nhdt eua dan lpc Trung Hoa tu can d^
den nay". Vdo ngdy 17/03/2013, tai buli b l mac ky hpp thii nhat Quoc hpi khda 12 cua Trung Quoc, sau khi dupe bau 1dm Chii tich nude, T^p Can Binh c6 bai phat bieu ddi, trong do co 9 lan nhac tdi "Giac mong Trung Hoa". Ong cho rang, de thyc hien
"Giac mong Trung Hoa", phai nam chac "3 tat yeu", "3 ciing hudng" va "3 tu lin". Trong do, "3 tit yeu" bao gom tit ylu phai "di con dudng Trung Quoe", tat yeu phai "phdt huy Unh than Trung Quoe" va lit yeu phai "hpi tu dupe sue manh cua Trung Qudc"; "3 ctmg hudng" gom ciing hudng nhirng ca hpi tot d?p ciia cupc sdng, ciing huong nhiing ca hoi b i l n giic mong thdnh hien thuc vd cung hudng nhiing co hpi trudng thanh va lien bp
58
cung vdi T6 qudc va thdi dai; va "3 tu tin" la lu lin ve IJ luan, lu lin ve dudng 16i va tu tin v l c h i dp xa hpi chu nghia dac sdc Tnmg Q u i c .
Lap luan n^y dupe Tap Can Binh noi trye tilp vdi T6ng thong Obama tai cupc gap thupng dinh khdng ehinh thiic My - Trung to chirc tai Surmylands, California vdo ngdy 8/6/2013
Tai lieu tham khao
[1] Alfred Thayer Mahan (2012), Anh hu&ng cua sue mgnh trin biin doi v&i lieh sir, 1660-1783, Nxb T n thdc. Ha Npi.
12] Nguyen Van Dan (2014), Dia ehinh tri trong chien luac vd chinh saeh phdt trien quoc gia, Nxb Chinh tri quoc gia, Ha Npi.
[3] Luong Vdn Ke (2015), Dia chinh tri Viit Nam thi ky XXI. Nxb Dai hpe Quie gia Ha Noi, Ha Npi.
[4] Tran Khanh (2014), ' T u duy va quan niem truyen thdng cua Trung Qude ve quan he doi ngoai trong lich sii co trung dai". Tap chi Nghien cuu Trung Quoc, so 3.
15] Trin Khdnh (2014), "Su dilu chinh tu duy va hdnh dpng chien lupc doi ngoai ciia Trung Quoc ttr nam 1949 den nay", Tap chi Nghien cuu Trung Qu6c,s6 5.
[6] Tran Khanh (2015), "Khai niem dia chien luoe". Tap ehi Khoa hgc xa hpi Viet Nam, so 9.
[7] Nguyen Thi Thu Phuang (2016), Sue mgnh mem vdn hoa Trung Quoc tdc dong t&i Viet
Nam vd mpt so nu&c Dong A, Nxb Chinh tri Quoc gia. Ha Npi.
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