KHOA Mmr^^^smsWS^^-. 56 03/2019
Nghien cuu de xuat cac tieu chi danh gia nang luc cua l<y su giam sat thi cong xay dyng
cong trinh giao thong
• ThS. NCS. NGUYEN QUANG H I I N ; PGS. TS. BUI NGOC T 0 A N ; T S . LE MANH DLTC Trudng Dgi hpe Giao thdng van tdi
TOM TAT. Bai bao nhgn dang cac tieu chi de dua vao mpt mo hinh danh gia nSng luc ky su giam sat thl cong xay dung cong trinh giao thong Ket qua ciia nghien ciiu giLip cac ben lien quan trong mpt dy an xay dung giao thong tuyen chpn nhung ky su giam sat co chat luong
TIj KHOAr Giam sat xay dyng, dy an xay dung cong trinPi giao thong.
ABSTRACT: This article identifies criteria to be incorporated in a proppsed evaluating model to assess competence of construction supervision engineers in transportation construction projects Our findings help concerning parties of a transportation construction project to recruit qualified construction supervisors
KEYWORDS: Construction transportation construction prpject
supervision,
I.DATVANDE
Thl eong xay dung la qua trinh quan trpng trong tien trinh dau t u xay dung edng trinh giao thong. Qua trinh nay Inh hudng trUe tiep den sU hinh thanh ehat luong, ehi phi, thdi gian hoan thanh va cae van de lien quan khic den eong trinh. De qua trinh thi cong duae kiem soat n h i m dat duoc cac myc tieu tren thi edng t i e giam sat thi cong xay dung phai dupc quan t i m hang dau. Trong d6, nang lUc eua ky su giam s i t xay dUng la yeu to then chdt.
6Viet N a m d a c d m p t sdtai lieu nghien ciJu decap den nhQng tieu ehi, dieu kien nang lue can eo eua ky sU g i l m sat (trong phan 3.1, ehung toi co diem lai cac nghien eijfu nly), Tuy nhien, eae nghien ctfu nay chi dUng d liet ke dmh tinh elc tieu chi nang lue eua ky sUgiam sat. NhCfng tieu ehi dieu kien nang lue nay, theo y kien eua ehung toi, CO le dupe dUa ra mpt each ehu quan va thieu cac y kien phin bien cua eae ehuyen gia. Trong nghien eUu nay, ngoai viec dUa ra mot danh sleh eae tieu chi nang lUc ky su g i l m sit dupe ddng thuan thong qua tham khao trao ddi vdi cae ehuyen gia, chung tdi eon tinh toan ra dUOe
tam quan trpng tuong ddi eua tUng tieu ehi trong hd so nang lue lytucfng eiia mdt kysu t u van giam sat.
Ve mo hinh d i n h gia kysutuvan giam sit, hien nay
"Quy che boat ddng t u van giam sat trong nganh GTVT"
chi SLf dung phuong phap "Bat" hoae "Khong dat" de d i n h gia nang lUe ky sU giam sat thong qua sd nam kinh nghiem v l kinh nghiem d l tifng g i l m sit cong trinh.Tuy nhien, phuong phap danh gia nay se khong giup chung ta so sinh va xep hang giij'a cle ky su g i l m sit vdi nhau.
Trong khi do, eae ehu dau t u va cae td chUe t u van giam sit luon mong mudn lUa ehpn dupe cae ky sUtU van g i l m sit ed nang lUe tdt nhat eho yeu cau edng viee eua minh.
Vi vly, trong bai bao ehung toi xin giOi thieu mo hinh danh g i l phan tieh md ("fuzzy evaluation model") do Hal, S. va cpng sU (2002} [1] de xuat. Mo hinh nay dUa tren danh gia eho diem eua hoi ddng ehuyen gia ddi vdi tdng ky sU giam sat can cU theo bp tieu ehi danh gia do ehung toi da xay dung nhu doan tren de cap. Ket hpp vOi trpng sd eua tUng tieu ehi (hay tam quan trpng tuong ddi eua tUng tieu chQ ma chung toi da xac dinh, mo hinh nay se dUa ra mCfe diem danh gia tdng hop euoi eung eho tUng ky sU. Mo hinh danh gia va bp tieu chi danh gia nay nhu vay se giup ehu dau tU, ban q u i n ly du I n , eae eong ty t u van va cic ben lien quan so sanh va lUa ehpn duac nhUng ky sUgiam sat eo ehl't tupng tdt nhat v l tUdd gdp phan vao thanh cong cua dU an dau t u xay dung cdng trinh giao thong.
2. MO HiNH D A N H GlA N A N G LLTC KY SU G I A M SATXAYDLTNG
2.1. Oae tinh md (fuzzy characteristics) cua nang lu'c ky SUgiam sat va sUphii hop cua phUOng phap phan ti'ch md danh gia nang liic ky SLf giam sat xay dUng
Nang lUe va ehl't lUpng eua mpt ky sU g i l m sit xiy dung la khong de dang dinh nghTa hay mo ta mot eleh ehinh xae hay n6i each khac nd mang tinh md (day I I y kien duoc ddng thuan bdi nhieu nha nghien cUu, vi du Hai, S. va eong sU (2002} [1 ]}. Do do, nang lUe ky sU giam sit khong the nao dUpc mo ta qua mdt tieu ehi duy nhat ma can dUa vao nhieu tieu ehi. Cac tieu chi nang lUc ky sU deu the hien dac tinh mO. Vi dy tieu chi "kinh nghiem g i l m sat thi eong eong trinh giao thong" khong chi dUa vao sd eong trinh ma ky sU do da tham gia g i l m sit
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KHOA HOC-CONG NGHE.
ma phai dUa vao nhieu yeu td lien quan khac nhU kinh nghiem xd ly eae sU ed ve ky thuat, ve su cham tre trong tien dd... Noi each khie, de mo ta ro rang mdt tieu chi chung ta eo the se phai xay dung cac tieu chi con cap 1, cap 2, hay tham chi cap 3. Do vay, phuong phap ra quyet djnh da tieu ehi (multiple criteria decision making) dUa tren phan tieh mO la mot trong nhUng lUa ehpn phu hpp de xay dung mo hinh danh gia nang lUe eua ky sU g i l m sat, Ly thuyet ra quyet dinh da tieu ehi dua tren phan tieh md dupe phat trien tU eudi nhCfng nam 1960 va den nay CO rat nhieu phUOng phap phuong phap/mo hinh danh g i l khac nhau duac phat trien (Abdullah, 2013 [12]).
Trong phan nay, chiing toi gidi thieu mgt phuong phap/
mo hinh danh gia do Hai, S. va edng sU (2002) [1 ] de xuat.
Theo ehung toi, mo hinh nay rat phii hop de danh gia nang lUc ky sU gilm sat xay dUng dViet Nam.
2.2. Md hinh phan tich md trong danh gia nang luc ky SUgiam sat xay dUng
Tat c l cac tieu chi nang luc ky sU giam sat xay dUng can dupe xem xet eung nhau de ed duoe mot danh g i l xae thue ve mpt ky sUgiam sit. Cae tieu chi nang lUe nay co the dupe Viet ra dudi dang mpt vector eua n bien so nhU sau:
* .v = ( X | ; X , ; X , , . ; X J
Trong dd: X^ -Tieu ehi danh gia nang lUc thU 1; i - 1 - n Khi dd, tUng bien tieu chi nang lUe nay dupe d i n h gil/cho diem bdi hpi ddng cle ehuyen gia v6i mpt ky sU g i l m sit eu the. De xuat sif dung thang diem d i n h g i l tCf l-fS vdi 1 la"kh6ng dap Ung yeu cau" 2 la"yeu", 3 la "trung binh", 4 la "tdt" 5 la "xuat sac".
Can cU vao mUc cho diem cua tUng thanh vien hpi ddng chuyen gia danh gia voi mpt ky su giam sit ddi vOi n tieu ehi nang lUc, chung ta co dupe ma tran md (fuzzy matrix) Rdung d i n h gia nang luc ky sUgiam sat xay dUng nhusau:
Trong dd: r - Ty le diem sd j (tinh theo ty le %} ma mot ky sU giam sat xay dung nhan dupe tis hpi ddng danh gia trong tdng sd eae diem sd khae m l ky sU nay nhan dupe eho mot tieu chi / (hay X). Vi du, r^^^ 30% co y nghTa la 30% thanh vien hpi ddng danh gia da eho mpt ky sU giam sat dang dUac xem xet mUe diem Trung binh (3) eho tieu ehi 4. Va nhu vay, gia tri cua r the hien do tin cay cua hoi ddng danh gia khi ma tieu chi ehat lUpng/eua ky sUgiam sat xay dung dang 6uac xem xet dUOc danh gia vdi mUe diem). Odi vOi mdi tieu chi/, tase CO Z^^.n, = i (hay 100%).
Can cU theo nguyen ly phan tieh md cua Xu (1987) [13] hay Zhadi (1984) [10], vector d i n h gia tdng hpp, sau khi xem xet d i n h gia ddng thOi tat e l cac tieu ehi, eo the dupe duoe tinh nhusau:
/) = a x / ? = (b,;b,;b,, b,, bJ
Trong do: a - Vector trong sd the hien mUc dp quan trpng tUong ddi eiia tUng tieu chi khi danh gia ehat lUpng eiia ky sU giam sat xay dUng,
Chiing ta quy ddi vector danh gia tdng hpp (d) nay thanh mpt diem danh g i l tdng hop (v) bang each nhan 78
vector g = (1,2,3,4,5) the hien thang diem danh g i l (nhu d tren ta quy ude 1 la "khong d i p u'ng y^u cau" 2 la "yeu"
3 la "trung binh", 4 la "tdt", 5 la "xuat sic") va ti'"(la vector ehuyen vi cua b):v=gx d'".
Diem tdng hop (v) se xep hang dUpe ky sU giam sit xay dung. Ngoli ra, trong mot t i p hop cle Lfng vien se chpn duac Cing vien ed diem tong hop eao nhat.
3. X A Y D U N G C A C T I E U CHi D A N H GlA N A N G LU'C KY SU G I A M SAT THI C O N G X A Y DLTNG CONG TRlNH GIAOTHONG
Can cLf cac nghien eiJu trUOe ve eae tieu chf danh gia nang lUc (chat lUOng) cua elc ky sUgiam sat xay dUng, ket hpp vdi eae trao ddi, thao luan, phdng van vOi cle ehuyen gia trinh tutlen hanh xay dung cic tieu chi nhu sau:
3.1 .Trinh tUtien hanh xay dUng tieu chi BuPc 1: Nghien cUu de xuat elc tieu chi danh gia nang lUe eua ky sU giam sat thi eong xay dung edng trinh giaothdng.
- Tien hanh thu thap cae nghien eUu trUOc day tai Viet Nam v l tren the gidi ve eae yeu t d lien quan den nang lUc, chat luong ky sU giam sat xiy dUng. Danh saeh eae nghien cUu tren the gidi ehung toi tham khio khi xay dUng cac tieu ehi bao gdm: Pettersen (1991) [2], Hausehildt v l cpng sU (2000) [3], Hai v l cpng sU (2002) [1], Krima va edng sU (2007) [4]. NhCfng nghien eiifu nay CO bdi canh d nhieu qude gia. 6 nhUng dieu ki^n trinh do to chUc va cong nghe xay dung eua cic qude gia khae nhau, mdi nghien eUu nay da dUa ra nhCfng bd tieu ehi cd doi chut khac biet nhau va ed the khae nhau trong nhan manh tam quan trong tuong ddi ciia cac kT nang eCfng va mem can co cua ky sU giam sat. Trong dd, cle tieu chi nang lUe chat lupng can ed vdi mot giam satdUan dupe Met ke bdi Pettersen (1991} [2] la day du va bao trCim nhat.
Cf Viet Nam, ehung toi tham khao "Quy ehe hoat dpng tU van giam sit xay dung cong trinh trong nganh GTVT" [5], trong do neu dieu kien nang lUc cua ky sutuvan trUdng, ky su g i l m sit vien, Gilm sat xay dUng ciJng dupe rIt nhieu hoc vien cao hpc quan tam nghien cufu de viet de tai luan van tdt nghiep. "Nghien eUu hoan thien quy trinh g i l m sit xay dung duan giao thong eua tUvan giam sit"
eua hpc vien Nguyen Tien Thanh, GVHDGS.TS. Pham Huy Khang [6]; De tai Luan van eao hpe "Hoan thien edng tie t u van g i l m sat eong trinh dUdng bp tai Cdng ty Cd phan Hdng OUe" cua hoc vien Hdng Duy Tien, GVHD PGS.TS.
Bui Ngpc Toan [7]; De tai Luan van cao hpc "Hoan thien eong t i e giam sat thi cdng xay dung edng trinh tai Ban quan ly eae tieu du I n TP. Vinh" eua hpe vien Chu Quang Vinh, GVHD PGS. TS. Dang Thi Xuin Mai [8]... va nhieu luan van khac nghien eCfu eiing linh vUc. NhCfng tai lieu nay eung de cap den vai tro va nang lUc can cd cua ky sU t u van g i l m sit xay dUng.
-Thanh lapnhomchuyengia lam viee tai van phdng giam sat, ban q u i n lydUan, coquan quan lynhanUdeve xay dung, eong ty t u van, nha khoa hpc am hieu ve ITnh vuc g i l m sat thi eong xay dUng.
- TU nhQng nghien cdu trudc de nhan dang eae tieu ehi danh g i l nang luc cua ky sU giam sit thi cong xiy
KHOA HOC-CONG NGHE-
hd so CV duoc gdi den tCfng ky sU giam sit can danh gia, sau khi hoan thanh, hd so Cfng vien dupe duoc gCfi den hoi ddng chuyen gia, Cac chuyen gia se dUa ra mufe diem danh g i l eua minh ddi vOi tdng tieu chi (trong bd 15 ti^u ehi da nhan dang) cho tUng dng vien.
Bdng 4.1 trinh bay ket q u i d i n h gia eua 10 ehuyen gia cho bien tieu chi sd 1 (X^ -TCI trinh dp dao tao trong trudng dai hpe).
Bing 4.1. Kit qui dinh gii cho tieu ehi so 1 (X,) cda mot ung vien
Ngiilfi ainh g i i
Chuyen gia 1 Chuyen gia 2 C h j y e n g l a S Chuyen gia 4 Chuyen gia 5 Chuyen gia 6 Chuyen gia 7 Chuyen gia 8 Chuyen gia 9 Chuyen gia 10
%
Mule di^md^nh g i i
"khdng d i p lirng" 1 "kem" | ' t n i n g b i n l T
0 V
10%
Ihay 0,1)
^
V
20%
Ihay 0,2)
" t d r S
" x u S t s S t "
•/
J
V V
V 40%
Ihay 0.4) y
V
30%
Ihay 0.3)
*C/ii ehu: Dong cudi cua bang la phan bddp tin c$y (%) cua hgi dong danh gia vdi mdc diem j (j=l, 2,3,4,5)
cho tieu chi chat lupng X, cua ung viin.
Tuong tU, ta se eo ket qua (%} t d hoi ddng danh g i l eho cac tieu chi nang lUc khie cua iing vien dang dupe xem xet. TCr do, b i n g ma tran md danh gia nang lUc Ung vien eua hpi ddng ehuyen gia nhusau:
0 0.2 0 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.2 0 0 2 0 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.2
0.1 0 0.4 0.2 0.3 0.2 0 0 0.4 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.2
0.2 0.2 0.3 0.1 0 0.1 0.5 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.1 0 0.1 0.1
0.4 0.3 0.2 0.5 0.1 0 4 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.1 0.4 0.5
0.3 0.3 0.1 0 0.5 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.1 0.3 0.3 0 1 0.5 0.1 0
6 phan tren, cung vdi viee nhan dang eae tieu chi, ehiing ta da xae dinh duoe trpng sd (tam quan trong tuong ddi) cua tUng tieu chi.Ta co vector a the hien trpng sd eua tdng tieu chi nhu sau:
a = (0.0626; 0.0599; 0.0604; 0.0771; 0,0599; 0.0599;
0.0710; 0.0745; 0.0705; 0,0723; 0.0705; 0.0758; 0.0710;
0,0692; 0.0454).
TCf do, ta CO vector danh gia tdng hop eua Ung vien se la: b = a x/?= (0.1270;0.1704; 0.1755,0.3119; 0.2152).
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Nhan vector g = (1, 2, 3, 4, 5) t h ^ hien thang di^m danh gia va fa^{la vector ehuyen vj cua b), ta cd duoc diem tdng hop:
v = g X b'"= 1x0.1270 + 2x0.1704 + 3x0.1755 + 4x0.3119 + 5x0.2152 = 3.3178.
Nhu vay, diem d i n h gia cudi eung eho dng vien II 3.3178. IViCfc diem nay nam gida "Trung binh" v l "Tdt"
Mufe diem danh g i l eudi cung cda mdi ufng vien se dupe sddung de d i n h g i l va so sanh nang lUc eCia eae dng vien vdi nhau.
Viee dua tren danh gia cho diem chu quan cua eae chuyen gia, giup chung ta dCfng lai d bd 15 ti^u chi v l ehap nhan tinh md cCia 15 tieu ehi nay m l khong cin phai phat trien elc bo tieu ehi con cap 1, cap 2, elp 3 de md ta ehi tiet tUng tieu ehi. IVld hinh danh gia v l b6 tieu ehi d i n h gia nay nhu vay se giup ehii dau tu, ban q u i n ly du an, cle eong ty t u van va eae b§n lien quan so sinh va lUa chpn duoe nhCfng ky sU g i l m sat eo chat luong tdt nhat. Tuy dOn g i l n de I p dung, md hinh nly tat nhien cd nhUpc diem la ket q u i md hinh (dp ehinh xlc eiia mo hinh khi cho diem danh gia tdng hpp eudi cung) se khong chi phu thudc vao ehat lupng cua chuyen gia d i n h gia trong hpi ddng va quan trong hon la sd lUpng ehuyen gia. Sd ehuyen gia eang nhieu thi dp tin cly ehinh xae eang eao nhung lai lam tang ehi phi'. Hai, S.
va cdng sU (2002) [1 ] khuyen nghi con sd 10 ehuyen gia trong hpi ddng la dd.
S. K^T L U A N
Bli b l o nhan dang eae tieu chi de dUa vao mdt mo hinh danh gia de xuat nham d i n h gia nang lUe ky sUgiam sat thi cong xay dUng cong trinh giao thdng. Ket qui nghien eUu tren I I co sO de ehu dau tu, ban QLDA, cac edng ty t u van va eae ben lien quan tuyen chpn nhCfng ky su giam sat co chat lupng, dap Cfng duae eae yeu elu eong viec.
Tai lieu tham khao
[1]. hiai, S., Wang, J., Wu, D. and Bao, Q. (2002), Evaluating the Quality of Project Supervision Engineers • A Case study in China, International Journal of Construction Managment, 2(1 ):13-23.
[2]. Pettersen, N. (1991), What do we know about the effecfiveproyecfmanager.?, International Journal of Project Management, 9(2): 99-104.
[3]. Hausehildt, J., Keim, G. and Medeof, J. (2000), Realistic criteria for project manager selection and development. Project Management Journal, 31 (3}:23-32.
[4]. KrIma, N. A., Wood, G., Aouad, G, F. and Hatush, Z. (2007), Assessing the peformanee ofLybian Supervising engineers. Construction Management and Economic, 25:509-518.
[5]. "Ouy che hogt dpng tuvdn gidm sdt xdy dung cdng trinh trong ngdnh GTVT".
[6]. Nguyen Tien Thinh, GS. TS. Pham Huy Khang, Nghiin cdu hodn thiin quy trinh gidm sdt xdy dung dU dn giao thong eua tUvdn gidm sdt.
[7]. Hdng Duy Tien, PGS. TS. Bui Ngpc Toan, Hodn
KHOA HOC - CONG NGHE ^6 03/2019
thiin eong tdc tUvdn gidm sdt cdng trinh dudng bp tgi Cong ty Co phan Hong Ddc.
[8]. Chu Quang Vinh, PGS. TS. Dang Thi Xuan Mai, Hodn thien eong tde gidm sdt thi cdng xdy dung edng trinh tgi Ban qudn ly cdc tieu dudn TP Vinh.
[9]. Bollen, K.A. (1989), Structural equations with latent variables. New/ York, NY: John Wiley.
[10]. Zhadi, LA. (1984), Fuzzy analysis Variables and Fuzzy Logis, Science Publication, 2-5.
[11]. Bojadzlev, G. and Bojadziev, M. (1999), Fuzzy Logic for Business, Finance and Management, Danvers MA:
Word Scientific Publishing,
[12]. Abdullah, L (2013), Fuzzy multi criteria decision making and its applications: A brief review of category, Proeedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 97:131-136.
[13]. Xu Ren Zhong (1987), Fuzzy Mathematics and Its Application to the Economic and Management, Southvi/est Finance and Economic University Press, 95-97.
Ngly nhan bai: 5/01 /2019 Ngay ch^p nhan dang: 19/01 /2019 NgUdi ph&n bien: GS. TSKH. Nghidm Van Dinh
TS. Nguyen Qujrnh Sang
