6 NHliM DOC T 6 VI N A M TRONG NGU C6C: NGUY CO v£ SIJC K H 6 E COA NGU'OI DAN TiNH LAO CAI
Bdi Thi ^a> Huomg, Le Danh TuySn Vifn Dinh Du&ng quSc gia, Hd Npi
Cic dOc t6 vi nim trong ttiyc phim ngdy c6ng trd nin nguy tiiim ddi v6i sire ktifie con ngiFdi. X6t trfin gfic ao pha] ntiiSm vA nguy ca mic cfic b^nti mfln tinh nguy tilim nhu ung ttiu, cdc nguy co v6 sdc ktifie do d$c t6 vi nim gSy n&n Oir<?c dinti g\& Id trim trpng ticrn so vfi'i tdc dOng cOa cdc ctiit fi ntiiSm khdc. Nghifin cdu ndy (Jircrc thyc tii^n nhim xdc djnh mi>c dO 0 nhifim aflatoxin B1 vd fumonisin B1 trong ngfi vd gflo d6ng ttifii ddnti gid nguy ccr v4 mdl si>c Ich69 cOa ngufi'l ddn tai Thdnti pti6 Ldo Cai do tifiu thu cdc li/ong thi/c ndy. Cdc d^c t6 vi nim dug-c djnh ii/^ng t}lng phuvng phdp ELISA. Nguy ccr ung thif gan nguydn ptidt do pticri nhifim aflatoxin vd ting lucrng dn vdo ciia fumonisin dd dircc udc li/o'ng. Kit qud cho thiy fi nhifim atlatoxln vd fumonisin d mdc cao trong ngfl vd gao.thi hl$n mil nguy ccr tidm tdng dfii vfii si>c khfie ngu'fi'i ddn trong dia bdn nghidn cdu.
Ti> )(ti6a: aflatoxin; fumonisin; pho'i nhifim; ung thu gan; nguy co.
I. DAT VAN BE
Hien nay, ngp dpc thyc pham dang li mOt vdn dS dupe xa hdi dac biet quan tam. N4m moc va dpc t l vi nim trong ngii eic li nguyen nhin gfiy ngd dpc thyc pham d nhilu nude tren till gidi, trong dd cd Vi^t Nam. Trong cic lofli dpc t l vi ndm, aflatoxin v i ftimonism lfi hai loai cd inh hudng ldn tdi sdc khde con ngudi [1].
Aflatoxin la nhdm hpp chfit mang nhin difiiranocumarin cd dpc tinh v i giy ung thu m^Tih nhfit trong cic mycotoxin da dupe phfit hien [1]. Nd la sfin pham trao dli chat thd d p ehd ylu eua hai loai nam moc Aspergillus fiavus v i Aspergillus parasiticus. Khi bj ngp dpc cdp tinh, ngudi benh ed bieu hien non mita, dau byng, phu phoi, co giit, hdn me, v i chit vdi phii nao to, gan, th$n v i tim. Ngoii
hieu dng cap tinh thl theo m^t so nghien cdu, aflatoxin co the gay dpt bien gen [2, 3].. Mpt so bio cio d chiu Phi cdn cho thay aflatoxin gay ra mpt loflt cac hau qui tiSu cyc tdi sue khoi nhu: ung thu gan, inh hudng tdi thdn kinh trung uong, tim mach, he ho hap vfi dudng tieu hoi, eung eo the gay uc che miin dich, hdi chung Reye's, bSnh xa gan d tii suy dinh dudng v i gay ehung suy dinh du&ng d trS em [3]. Cfic fiimonisin duac ting hop ehu yeu do nam Fusarium moniliform trong dd fiirmonisin Bl lfi ed dye tinh cao nhat. Fumonisin cung cd khi nang gfiy ung thu gan, phoi, v i giy benh bflch cau d ngudi. Cfic nghien ctiu tren dpng vit thi nghidm eho thfiy fiimonisin cd khi ning gay ung thu thyc quin [4]. Aflatoxin v i fiimonisin dupe tim thdy nhilu d gflo ngo moc, lfi nguy CO ngp dgc cdp vfi man tinh cho ngudi sd dyng Tic gii: Bui Thi Mai Huong
Dia ehl: Vi$n Dmh dudng, 48b Tfing Bflt Hi, Hi Dien tiiofli: 091.660.2816
Email: [email protected] Ngfiy nhin bii: 31/1/2012
Ngfiy ding bfii: 20/4/2012
Phfin bi$n 1: PGS. TS. Hfi Thj Anh Dio Npi Vien Dmh dudng quic gia.
Phin bi$n 2 : PGS.TS. Phflm Vfin Hoan Men Dinh dudng quic gia.
Tap chi Y hpc dv phdng, T|lp XXH, s5 2 (128)
cic Ipai ngii cic dS bi d nhiem. Hon thl nOa, khi nhimg ngii cic niy dupe ddng dl chi biln thdc in chfin nudi, ddc t l vi nim s£ tich luy trong phd tflng, md ca, md md cda ddng vit vi ti-d thinh nguin d^c t l tilm In khi con ngudi fin cic sin phdm c6 nguin gle ddng vfit nfiy.
Gflo vi ngd li cic lofli luong thyc chinh cda ngudi dfin cic tinh miln nui phia Bfie.
Trong dilu ki^n canh tic nhd 16, thilu thin ve phuong tien bfio qufin sau thu hoflch ciing vdi khi h^u ndng am, dilu ki$n elt gid khdng phd hpp nSn rdt thuin lpi dl cic lofli ndm mIe dpc phit triln vi ting hpp ddc t l nhu aflatoxin vi fiimonisin. Cho din nay, d nudc ta vSn chua cd nghiSn cdu nio dupe tiln hinh dl dfinh gii nguy CO dli vdi sdc khde ngudi tieu ddng do su dyng luong thyc thyc phdm nhilm d0c tl vi ndm. Do dd, chung tdi da tiln hinh nghiSn cdu
" 0 nhiem ddc t l vi ndm trong ngu coc: Nguy CO ve sue khde cda ngudi din tinh Lio Cai"
Muc tieu nghien cuu: Xic djnh mdc dp d nhiSm aflatoxin B1 va fiunonisin B1 trong ngd vfi gflo vi dinh gii nguy ca ve mfit sue khde cda ngudi dan tai Thinh pho Lfio Cai do tieu thy cic luong thyc niy.
II. PHirONG PHAP NGHIEN ClTU 2.1. Dja diem nghiSn ciru
N ^ e n cuu dupe tiln hinh tfli xa Ti Phdi vi Hpp Thfinh, Thinh phi Lio Cai,Tinh Lio Cai. Day li hai xfi khd khin nhdt cda Thfinh phi Lio Cai. Tfli dfiy c6 6 din tpc sinh song bao gim: din tpc Dao, Giiy, Hmong, Kmh, Tfiy viXa Phd.
2.2. Doi tupng aghiSn cihi
Ting c0ng 214 mSu ngd vfi gflo da dupe thu thflp tfli cfic hd gia dhih. Khoing 1 kg cda moi mau dupe ldy sau khi da tr$n ky tofin b$
lupng gflo hoic ngd cd ti-ong thdng chda cda efie gia dhih. Mlu dupe dyng trong cic tui vd triing, dan kin vi chuyin vl phan tich tfli Vien Dinh duong.
2.3. Phuong phip nghiSn cdu
NghiSn cdu cfit ngang md t i cd ung dyng quy trinh dinh gii nguy co djnh lupng 2.4. NOi dung nghiSn cdu
2.4.1. Phdn tich dinh luf/rng aflatoxin vd fumonisin
Qui trinh djnh lupng hai d^c to vi nam li aflatoxm Bl vi fiimonisin Bl di dupe tiln hfinh biing phuong phfip ELISA cflnh tranh tryc tilp sd dyng bp sinh phdm cua hfing Neogen, Hoakl.
2.4.2. Tinh liiu phai nhiim
Lilu phcri nhilm vdi cfic dde t l dupe tinh toin dya trSn muc dd d nhiim ddc t l vi ndm trong thyc pham tieu thy, lupng fin vfio thyc tl rali ngfiy vi trpng lupng co thl ciia dli tupng nghiSn euu dya tren cdng thuc:
Phai nhilm = (Nong dp chdt 6 nhiem x lupng thyc phdm tiSu thy/ ngiy): trpng lupng CO thl.
Chung tdi sd dyng trpng lupng co thl trung binh li 50 kg. Lupng gflo v i ngd tiSu thy dupe tham khfio td so lieu ting dilu tra tieu thy luong thyc thyc phdm toin quoc nfim 2000 do Yi^ Dinh dudng tiln hfinh.
2.4.3. Mo td nguy cff
Trong nghiSn cdu nfiy, chung toi dfi tien hinh udc lupng nguy ea ung thu gan nguySn phit do tiSu thy ngu cic d nhiem aflatoxin.
Nguy CO niy dupe ude lupng dya trSn sl Ueu vl lilu phai nhiem vfi he s l nguy ca tiem ting trong nhdm doi tupng mang ho$e khdng mang khfing nguySn be mit ctia vi mt viSm gan B ti-ong dd ty le mang khing nguySn be mflt vi mt viem gan B l i 2 5 % [4].
Nguy CO sdc khod do phoi nhilm fiimonisin cda ngudi dan trSn dja bin nghien cdu dupe so sinh vdi tieu chuan cda JECFA (The Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives).
2.4.4.Qudn Uvdphdn tich so lipu Sl U^u dupe nhflp vi Ifim sflch trSn phin 34 Tflp chi Y hpc du phdng, T^p XXH, s5 2 (128)
mem Epidata vfi phin tich ti^n SPSS 15.0.
2.4.5. Dpo dih: nghiSn cdru
Nghien cdu niy tuan thu theo efie ySu cau ciia hpi ding dflo ddc nghien cdu Vi§n Dmh Duong dinh cho cfic nghiSn cdu y sinh hpc.
III. KET QUA 3.1. 6 nhilm d$c t l vi ndm
Ty le v i mdc dd d nhiem aflatoxm vi
fiimonisin trong cfic mau ngd vi gflo dupe trinh biy d bing 3. Aflatoxin Bl dupe phit hi^n d 19 mau gflo (17,1%) vi 29 mau ngo (28,1%).
Mdc dp d nhilm d cic mhi gflo dao dpng td 2,8 tdi 77,8 ng/g ti-ong khi d mlu ngd tii 20,5 den 110,4 ng/ g. Bfiy mau gflo vi 24 mau ngd bj nhiem fiimonisin B1 vdi mde nhiem trong khoing td 18,2 din 623,5 ng/ g vdi mau gflo vi 20,8 den 254,6 ng/ g vdi mau ngd.
Bing 1. Ty 1$ v i mu>c d^ d nhiSm aflatoxin Bl v i fumonisin Bl trong miu gflo (n= 111) vfi ngd (n= 103)
NgQ c6c D$cti s l miu d nhiSm (n,%)
Mdc nhiSm trung binh (ng/g)
Gifi'l hfln (ng/ g) Aflatoxin B1
Fumonisin B1
19(17.1) 7(6,3)
11.3 90,8
2,8- 77,8 18,2- 623.5 Ng6
Aflatoxin Bl Fumonisin B1
29(26,1}
24 (23,3)
91,2 54,6
20,5-110,4 20.8-254,3 3.2. Lilu phoi nbiem v i m6 t i nguy c<r
Theo s l li^u dilu tra cda Vi§n Dmh Dudng, d Idiu vyc Ddng Bac trong dd cd Lio Cai lupng gflo'tiSu thy trung binh khoing 400,4 g/ ngudi/ ngfiy; lupng ngO tieu thy trung binh khoing 34,6 g/ ngudi/ ngfiy [5]. Ting lilu phai nhilm aflatoxin Bl vfi fiimonisin Bl do tieu thy eic lofli ngii coc dupe tinh toin vdi mdc
d nhiem chung cua c i hai xfi, muc d nhiem tai tijnig xa vfi so sinh vdi mdc phai nhiem toi da do JEFCA khuyin nghj [6]. Kit qua udc tinh Ueu phoi nhilm dupe trinh bfiy d b ^ g 2, bang 3. Nguy ca ung thu gan nguySn phit dupe tinh dya theo khuyin cio cda Tl chuc y tl the gidi [1] vi dupe trinh bfiy trong bing 2.
Tsip chi Y hpc du phdng, T i p XXU, s6 2 (128)
Bing 2. Lliu phai nhiSm v i nguy cor K gan nguyin phit do fin gflo, ngfi nhlflm aflatoxin 81.
X9
Hffp Thanh
T i PhM
Halxa NgQ cic
G90 NgO G90 vd ngO GQO
Ng«
G90 vd ngO G90 NgS G90 vd ngO
MOc 6 nhiSm trung binh
(ng/ g) 2,2 90,9
30,4 92,9
11.3 91,2
Lu'O'ng tIAu th^
trung binh (g/ ngiy)
400,4 34,6 435,0 400,4 34,6 435,0 400.4 34,6 435,0
Phoi nhlftm (ng/ kg thi trpng/ ngiy)
17,6 62,9 80,5 243,4 64,3 307,7 90,5 63,1 153,6
Nguy ca K gan nguyin phit ( s i ca/
nim/100.000 din)
1,5 5,2 6,6 20,1 5,3 25.4 7,5 6,2 12,7 JECFA khuyin ngtij
Bing 3. Lliu phcl nhidm do tiiu thy gflo v i ngfi nhilm fumonisin B l .
Mi>c 0 nhifim trung Lirang tliu thy Pho^ nhiSm NgQ cdc binti trung binh (ng/ kg thi trpng/
(ng/ g) (gl ngiy) ngiy)
H(7p Thinh
T i Phil Gao NgO Gao v i ngO Gao NgO Gao v i ngi
106,9 43,1
34,5 65,6
400,4 34,6 435,0 400,4 34,6 435,0
856,0 29.8 885.9 276,3 45.4 321,6
Gflo 90,8 400.4 727,1 Hai x i Ngd 54,6 34.6 37,8
GflO vfi ngfi 435,0 764,9
JECFA khuyin ngtij 2000
36 Tflp chi Y hpc dvphdng, T§p XXH, stf 2 (128)
III. BAN LUAN
NghiSn cdu eua chdng tdi ehl ra ring, d nhiem d^c to vi nfim rit phi biln trong gflo vi ngd tfli Lio cai. Aflatoxin Bl dupe phfit hi?n trong khokig 25% sl mSu ngu eic vdi mdc dO d nhilm td 2,8 din 77,8 ng/ g d gao vi 20,5 din 110,4 ng/ g d ngd. Muc dd d nhiem niy tuong ty nhu kit qui cda mdt sl nghien euu trudc dfiy tai ^^?t nam vfi cic nudc khie cd cdng dilu ki?n kinh te xi hpi [7,8,]. Ding luu f li trong nghien cdu niy, chung tdi ehi djnh lupng aflatoxin B1 nSn thyc te mde d nhilm aflatoxin tong so se cao ban so vdi kit qui cSng bo.
Fumonisin Bldupc phit lii?n trong 8,1 % sl mSu gflo vfi 23,5 % mSu ngd dfi phfin tieh. Nong dd dye to vi nim niy nim trong khofing tu 2,3 tdi 624,5 ng/ g d mfiu gao vi 6,0 tdi 254,3 ng/
g trong efie mau ngd. Kit qufi nfiy th4p hon cic nghien cdu trudc dfiy [9]. Mde dd d nhilm cda cic d^c td vi nfim nay cd thl 1^ gifii lfi do finh hudng eua cfic phuong phfip thu hoflch va phoi khd trSn bd rupng hay tren dudng di Ifli lfim gia tfing sy d nhiem cda cic bao td nam moc vao trong ngu coc. Ben cflnh dd, thdi gian bio quin keo dai, cfit giu tryc tiep trSn nSn dat am cung lfi dieu ki^n thuan lpi dS cic loai nim mic phfit trien vfi tong hpp dOc to.
Khi ip dung tiSu chuan cda JECFA, lupng aflatoxin tdi da cd trong thyc pham li 20ng/g thl miic dp phoi nhiem se la 20,48 ng/
kg the trpng/ ngiy. Mdc phoi nhiem aflatoxin eua quan thl nghiSn cuu cao ban so vdi tieu chuan cua JECFA li hi 1,025 din 5,52 lin vfi trung binh lfi eao hon 4,56 lln. Ting hiu phai nliilm trung binh vdi fiimonisin Bl li 764ng/
kg thl trpng/ ngfiy. Mpt so nghien cdu Inrdc day dfi chdng minh fiimonisin Bl, B2, B3 ton tai trong thyc phim flieo 1^ 1§ 8:3:1 nSn tong lupng fiimonisin trong cd thl udc tinh li 1000 ng/ kg thl trpng/ ngfiy. Lieu phai nhiem nfiy thip hon tong lupng in vio tli da do JECFA
khuyen nghj nhung van cao hon nhieu so vdi mdc d$ phoi nhiem dupe xic dinh trong nghiSn cuu tong lupng in vio cda Phip [10].
Nguy ea giy ung thu gan nguySn phit d cfic mde phoi nhilm aflatoxin td 2 lofli ngu eic dupe udc tinh drade 12,7eab§nh/100000 din/ nim doi vdi efi hai xa trong dd ty 1§ ca b^nh tfli Hpp thinh li 6,6, tfli Ti phdi li 25,4 tren 100 000 dan/ nfim. De so sinh chung tdi cung dfi tiln hfinh lupng gii nguy co ung thu gan nguySn phit theo Ulu tli da cho ph6p do JECFA khuyin cio, vi dupe kit qui li 1,69 ca b?nh/100000dfin/n3m.
IV. KET LUAN
NghiSn cdu cda chung tdi da ehl ra sy 6 nhiem khfi cao cic ddc t l vi nim trong gflo vi ngd. Dfiy li via dl ed liSn quan ch^t che din sdc khde cpng dong vfi can dupe ghi nhan nhu mdt tic dyng den an ninh luang thyc d nhung villng kh6 khin. Vi^c phdng ngda vi quin ly phoi nhiem ddi hdi cfin ed nhimg bi^n phfip dong bp nham cfii thifn dieu ki?n canh tic, thu hoach, bio quin v i che bien cung nhu thyc hfinh an toin v^ sinh thuc pham cda ngudi din.
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
1. EAO, 2011. Mycotoxins. Food Agriculture Orgnisation.
2. WHO, 1998. Safety Evaluation of Certam food Additives and Contaminants.
Aflatoxins., in: Orgnization, W.H. (Ed.), WHO Food Additives Series 4a WHO, Geneve, pp. 3 59-468.
3. Shephard, G.S., 2008. Risk assessment of aflatoxins in foodinAfiica. Food Additives
&Contammants:PartA25,1246— 1256.
4. Richard, L. J., 2007. Some major mycotoxins and tiieir mycotoxicoses- An overview.
International Joumal of Food Microhilogy 119,3-10.
Tflp chi Y hpc dii phdng, T^p XXU, s6 2 (128) 37
5. Vi^n Dmh dudng, 2003. Dilu tra tieu thy luong thyc thyc phim toin quie, 2000.
Vifn Dinh dudng, Nhi xuSt bin Y hpe.
6. JECFA, 2002. Safety evaluation of certain mycotoxins in food. Prepared by the Fifty- sixtii Mcctmg of Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives. WHO, Geneva.
7. Reddy, K.R.N., Saritha, P., Reddy, C.S., Muralidhaian, K., 2009. Aflatoxin Bl producing potential of Aspergillus flavus strains isolated fixjm stored rice grains.
Afiican Joumal of Biotechnology 8, 3303- 3308.
8. Tmng, T., 2008. Mycotoxins m maize in Vietiiam. World mycotoxin Joumal 1,87-94.
9. Yoshizawa, T, Yamashita, A., and Choketiiawom, N., 1996. Occurrence of fiimonisins and aflatoxins in com fi'om Thailand. Food Additives & Contammants 13,163-168..
10. Leblanc, J.C, Tart, A., Volatier, J.L., et dl., 2005. Estimated dietary exposure to principal food mycotoxins fi'om The First French Total Diet Shidy Food Additives and Contaminants 22, 652-672 THE CONTAMINATION OF MYCOTOXINS IN STAPLE CEREALS: HEALTH RISK FOR PEOPLE IN LAO CAI PROVINCE
Bui Thi Mai Huong, Le Danh IHiyen National Institute of Nutrition, Hanoi Mycotoxin contaminations occur world- wide and represent one of the most challenging and prominent food safety threats. In terms of exposure and severity of chrome disease, especiaUy cancer, mycotoxins appear at present to pose a higher risk than anthropogenic contaminants and pesticides.
This study was performed to determine the occurrence and determinants of aflatoxin and fimionism contamination in rice and maize and to assess health risks through dietary intake exposure Lao Cai city. Aflatoxin Bl (AFBj)
and fimiinisin B1(FB|) were tested by an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).
The excess risk of liver cancer mcidenee by ingestion of cereals containing AFBl and the average intake of FBI were calculated. Our findings highlight that rice and maize are highly contaminated with mycotoxins at levels representing actual health hazards for the ethnic minority groups consuming these stable cereals.
Keywords: aflatoxin; fiimonisin;
exposure; liver cancer; risk.
38 T%p chi Y hpc dv ph6ng, T ^ XXH, s6 2 (128)
