Chuyen san Khoa hoc Xa hoi va Nhan van ^ __^
D.\C TINH HI ^ EN THO.AI TRONG CL Gl.4 I &IDOICi.\HKH^SOid Cl -A GABRIEL GARCIA MARQl EZ
Le Tbi Thanh Triic'"
'Hoc \iijn cao hpc. Trudng Dai hpc Khoa hpc Xa hpi %a Nhan \an.
Dai hpc Qudc gia Thanh pho Ho Chi Minh
•Tac gia lien he letmcspi?gmail.com Lich sir bai bdo
Nga\ nhan nS 11/2019. Nga\ nhan chinh sua 02/01/2020: Nga> du\C-tdang --- -^ -^*-^
Tom lat
Tu xa xua, huyen thoai la mpt bp phan khdng thi tach rdi eua van hpc Dac biet, trong van chuong hien dai V a hau hien dai. huv In thoai u d lai vdi mpt hinh thirc hoan loan mdi, dd la sygiai thieng, phan huyen thoai. gilu nhai mang tinh dy ngdn Tac phim i 'u gid v&i dot cdnh khong 16 la mpt irong nhiing tmypn ngan xuat sac cua dai \ an hao ngudi Colombia Gabriel Garcia Marquez, tieu bieu eho su quay u d lai ciia huv In thoai trong van chuong Marquez ndi rieng va Chii nghja hien thyc huyin ao Mv Latinh ndi chung Bai viet se lan lupt giai ma cac motif ya bieu tupng huyen tiioai trong tac pham de chirng minh ring day la mpt tmyen ngin vira la huyen thoai hda, vira la phan huyen thoai lieu bieu
Tir khoa: Huv en thoai, Cy gia vdi ddi canh khdng lo, Marquez
LEGENDARY ( ILAR.ACTERISTIC IN OLD MAN WITH ENORMOUS HLNGS BY GABRIEL G A R C I A MARQUEZ
Le Thi Thanh True''
'Post - graduate student, Umversit\ of Social Sciences and Humanities,
\'iet Nam National Uni\ersit>', Ho Chi Minh Cit\
•Corresponding author: letmcspfS}gmaiI.com Article history
Rccencd 08/11/2019, Received m re\ised fomi. 02/01/2020; Accepted- 23/3/2020 Abstract
Since ancient times, myths are an inseparable part of literature In particular, in modem and postmodern literamre, myths come back in a completely new format, that is, the paranormal, anti- myth, and parodyical parody The work titied Old man with enormous wings is one ofthe excellent short stories by Colombian great writer Gabriel Garcia Marquez, representing the return ofthe myths in Marquez literamre in particular and Latin America's Realism of myth in general The article will respectively decipher tiie motifs and symbols of mytiis in tiiis work to prove that it is a typical short storv- containing characteristics of both myth and anti-myth.
Keywords: \lvths. Old man witii enormous wings, Gabriel Garcia Marquez
Tap chi Khoa hoc Oai hpc Ddng Thap, Tap 9, S6 2, 2020, 74-82 1. DSt van de
Nha nghien eim Nortiirop Frye Uong//i/yew thogi. truyan hu cdu vd su chuyin ddi da nhan xet: "Huyen thoai la va ludn ludn la mdt thanh to cau thanh van hpc, mdi quan tam ciia thi nhan vdi huyen thoai va huyen thoai hpc ludn ludn sau dam va Ihudng tryc ke tir thdi Homer" [6, tr 2].
Tit dd, cd thi thiy ring huyIn thoai la mpt bp phan khdng the tach rdi ciia van hpc, tu nhirng tac phim van bpc dan gian den van hpc viet Dac biet, trong van chuong hien dai (modernism) va hau hien dai (postmodernism), huyen thoai Ud lai vdi mpt hinh thire hoan toan mdi Dd la sy giai thieng, phan huyen thoai, gieu nhai mang tinh dy ngdn chir khdng cdn la nhirng thu phap chirc nang nhu trong tmypn cd tich, tmyen thuyet hay cac nghi le thdi xa xua
Ciing vdi su phat trien cua eae ddng van hpc khac ra ddi trong the ky XX, Chu nghTa hien thyc huyen ao (Magic Realism) da ra ddi va de lai dau an sau dam tren van dan the gidi, Dac tmng ciia khuynh budng van hpc nay la "sir dyng cac yeu to huyen ao, hoang dudng lam cho hipn thyc khac la, hap dan ngudi dpc, song dang sau ve ly ky do, tae pham eiia hp van dam bao mpt thyc trang CO ban ciia thdi dai" [I, tr, 138], Cd nhieu gia thuyet khac nhau ve su ra ddi ciia khuynh hudng van hpc nay, tuy nhien khdng the phii nhan chinh vimg dat My Latinh vdi nhirng ten tudi nhu .A Carpentier (nha van Cuba), M Asturias (nha van Guatemala), Jorge Luis Borges (nha vSn Argentina).., va Gabriel Garcia Marquez (nha van Colombia) da dua chii nghTa hien thuc huyen ao len den dinh cao, cd anh hudng den van chuong sau nay. Gabriel Garcia Marquez la ten tudi ldn ciia ddng van bpc hien thuc huyIn ao, tac pham eiia dng dam dac cac yeu td huyIn tiioai. Cd khdng it nhtrng bai vilt, luan van, luan an tim hieu ve yeu id huyen thoai trong sang tac ciia nha van (dac bipt la tiiu thuylt Trdm ndm co dan). Tuy nhien, chiing tdi muon di sau tim hilu ve dac tinh huyen thoai trong mpt tmyen ngin tieu bieu eiia Marquez la Cu gid v&i ddi cdnh khong Id nhu mpt each kham pha thi gidi nghe
thuat ciia mpt Uong nhimg tmypn ngan xuit sic nhat ciia Marquez
2. Npi dung
2.1. Khai niem huyen thoai va thi phap huyen thoai, svt trd lai ciia huyen thoai trong van chirpng
Huyen thoai (trong tieng Anh la myth) cd ngudn gdc tir tieng Hy Lap la mythos, vdi nghTa la loi ndi, cau chuyen. Trai qua qua trinh du nhap va tiep xue vdi van hda phuong Ddng, sy tham nhap vao trong cac ITnh vyc eua ddi song nhu nhan hpc, van hda, tam ly hpc, tdn giao, trilt bpc, van bpc... huyen thoai da trd thanh mpt phin khdng the thieu trong lich sir nhan loai.
Theo E.M Melestinky trong cdng trinh Thi phdp cua huyin thogi da dinh nghTa: "HuyIn thoai la mdt hinh thuc tu mdng cd nhat, mang tinh nguyen hpp, d ncri khdi nguyen eua cac hinh thire tu tudng da bi phan hda va phat triln hon"
va "trong khoa hpc ve huyen thoai, huyIn thoai thudng duoc djnh nghTa la tmyen ke thieng lieng, giai thich the gidi da hinh thanh va cd dupe dang tdn tai hien nay nhu the nao" [8].
Ngay nay, trong ky nguyen ciia khoa hpc - ky thuat, huyen thoai theo nghTa tren da khdng cdn dupe sang tao nhung tu duy huyen thoai thi van cdn tdn tai va duoc bieu dat dudi nhieu dang hinh thai khac nhau Dac bipt, trong van chuong nghe thuat, su van dung nhirng hinh thiic tu duy dac tmng cua huyen thoai trong sang tac dupe goi la "thi phap huyen thoai" Nd xuat hipn trong nhieu the loai van hpc tir van hpc dan gian den van hpc viet (ca trong tho, tmyen ngan va tieu thuylt). Thi phap huyen thoai cd the xuat hien trong cac bieu tupng huyen thoai, Idi phan anh huyIn thoai (hoang dudng, ky ao), hay cac motif huyIn thoai, cd mau . Van dyng thi phap nay, tac gia vira tang tinh ly ky, hap dan cho tac pham, vira chuyin tai nhtrng thdng diep an ngam trong be sau van hda ciia bieu tupng.
Theo Chu Xuan Dien "Huyen thoai la mpt hien tupng van hda, tinh than phirc hpp cua nhan loai. Trong huyen thoai cd dai cd chira dyng
Chuyen san Khoa hpc Xa hdi va Nhan van nhung mam mdng ciia ldn giao. ciia cac quan nipm triet hoc cd. ciia nghe thuat. tmdc bet la nghe thuat ngdn tu " [6. u 50] Tuy nhien, huyIn thoai khdng ehi cd vai trd la "cai khdi dau" cd tmdc van hpe (lam tien de cho sy phai triln cua van hpe) ma quan trong hon, huyIn thoai con la "cdng xudng nghe thuat" cung cip "nguyen vat lipu, y tudng . " cho sang tac van chuong Khdng khd de nhan ra su xuat hien true riep hoac gian tiep (nhting hinh mpng mang tim vdc huyen thoai, tu duy huyen tho&i) Uong \ an hpc tir xua den nay Trong van hpc dan gian. huyen thoai xuat bien thdng qua cac dl lai (sang thi, hiiy the. ) cdl tmyen (huyen thoai \ e vat td, hdn nhan vdi than linh ) Trong van hoc viet, tir nhung vd bi kjcb Hy Lap tiidi cd dai. nhirng nhan vat va de lai thuyen thoai da xuat hipn khdng it Ian (Eschyle vdi Promelhee bi xiing, Sophocle vdi Oedip Idm vuu ) Cac uao luu hien dai chu nghia cudi XI.X - dau XX da Iam sdng Iai huyen thoai trong van bpc bang nhirng sang tao ddc dao trong v iec nhao nan huyen thoai, giai thich huyen thoai (F. Kafka. W Faulkner ) Dac bipt, mia cudi the ky XX - dau XXI. sy ra ddi va phat trien manh me cua chu nghTa hien thyc huyen ao va nhirng trao luu ciia van hoc hau hien dai da cho thay sire sdng va sy tham nhap manh me ciia huyen thoai vao van hpc
2.2. Cac motif va bieu tupng huyen thoai tieu bieu trong Cu gia vdi doi canh khong lo
2.2.1. Motif dgi hdng thuy
Dai hdng thiiy la motif thudc chii dl hiiy thi quen thupc Uong huyen thoai Tir huyen thoai ciia ngudi Hy Lap den .\n Dd, Tmng Qudc,,, motif nay deu dupe nhac den nhung d dang thirc nhiimg cau ehuyen ke khac nhau. Tuy nhien, diem chung ciia motif nay d cac dan tdc la dai hdng thuy chi mpt uan lyt Ion nia cac than tao ra de trirag phat lpi loi cua con ngudi, tmdc con hdng thiiy se cd mpt (hoac mpt sd) ngudi duoc than lua chpn (nhd tai nSng, dtic dp, ) de chi cho each thoat nan va sau dd chinh ho se la thiiy td cua loai ngudi (mudn loai) ngav nay. Trong tae pham van hpe, motif nay ciing duoc v an dung thudng xuyen trong cac
tac pham tir v an hpc dan gian den vSn _ vdi y nghTa hiiy dipt tat ca nhtrng cai xau lai sinh nhung dieu tdt dep
Trong tmyen ngin Cu gid >' khdng Id, Marquez cung mupn m'
, Jdi cdnh orif dai hong tiiuy dl md diu cho cau chuypn ctia minh nhung bang mpt hinh mpng khac tran nura hen tyc suot ba ngay
Tr&i mim din ngdv thic ba Cua bj chit 6 trong nhd rdt nhiiu dim ndi /'^'/mv; phat Ipt qua .sdn nhd minh ngdp nirijc di ra biin nem chiing dl, hai vi dicu ire m&i smh ca dim qua sdt cao qud vd ngtc&i ta liin nght ngay rdng no dm Id do nhiim phai cdi min khdm cua xdc nhihig con vgt chit. Ngay tic ngdy thuba. khung canh Idng th4t budn bd Bdu trdn vd mat biin deu xdm mdu tro.
('ac bat biin mpt ngdy cu vdng rdm choi chang du&i dnh mat tr&i nay biit thdnh nhimg vung nie&c ndi vdng bim vd rdc ruai.
Khdng giai thieh hay kl nhilu vl nguyen nhan din den tran mua to ay nhung khung eanh ngdi lang, bai bien trd nen xo xac, hoang tan va am dam bdi Iran mua Khdng cd tran lyt du dpi, cung khdng cd su hiiy dipt ciia loai ngudi nhir motif dai hdng thiiy thudng thay nhung d day, Iran mua keo dai ba ngay ay da dien ra vao luc diia tre (con ciia Pelayo) ra ddi va dac bipt la dem den mdt dng lao vdi ddi canh tren lung dat vao bcr bien. Neu nhu dai hdng thiiy trong huyen thoai la hiiy the, la sy ket thiic cho mpt khdi dau mdi thi trong cau chuyen ciia Marquez, tran mua ba ngay ba dem ay cung la khdi dau cho cupc ddi cua hai con ngudi (dira tre ldn len cimg hanh trinh cua dng lao) va ca su hiiy dipt nhtrng gia tri "con ngudi" trong tac phim Dd la sy tha hda, mat dan di nhan tinh ciia vp chdng Pelayo khi nhot dng lao vao ehudng ga va bien dng trd thanh cdng cy kiem tien. Dd la su xudng cap ctia mdl xa hpi thu nhd kbi ma mpi ngudi chi cham cham td md vdi nhtrng thir mdi la, ky di ma quen di tinh thuong vdi mpt con ngudi bat hanh . Tit ca da diln ra uong lac pham sau khi tran mua tnit xudng va vi the, ngudi dpc thiy thip tiioang bdng dang (tinh chit) cua motif dai hdng thiiy
Tap chi Khoa hpc Dai hpc 06ng Thap. Tap 9, So 2, 2020, 74-82
2.2.2 Motif ngu&i hda vdt
Motif ngudi hda vat tiiudng dupe sir dyng rat rpng rSi Uong van hpc. d van hpc dan gian, khdng it nhtmg cau chuyen ve ngudi vi mpt ly do nao dd (Idi nguyin, thir thach cua Udi, danh doi ..) phai hda thartii dd vat, con vat hay mpt sy vat di dang (Sp Dim, Tdm Cdm, Ngu&i dep va qudi vdt .). Trong van hpc viet, cung cd khong it lan tac gia dl cho nhan vat bj bien dang, hda tiian thanh nhtrng vat khac (khdng phai ngudi) nhu mpt thu phap nghp thuat, chang han nhu Hda thdn ciia Kafka, Tdy du ky ciia Ngd Thira An, Trdm ndm co dan ciia Marquez.,, Cd the thay, motif ngudi hda vat trd di trd lai rat nhieu lan trong van hpe va d$e bipt mdi lan xuat bipn trong tac pham hien dai, nd lai mang mpt tang bac y nghTa khac nhau. Va trong tac pham Cii gid vcri doi cdnh khdng Id eung the. Nha van Marquez da hai lan de cap den motif ngudi hda vat trong tac pham qua hinh anh ey gia vdi ddi canh khdng lo va cd gai nhpn
Cy gia xuat hien mpt each hoan toan bat ngd vdi gia dinh Pelayo khi anh ta tinh ed eim sdng cy tren bd bien "mpt dng gia nga sap tren mat dat bim va dii cd sire vimg vay den dau dng gia cung khdng dung day ndi bdi hai canh to, rat to cir ghim cd lai" Ngoai hinh ky dj vdi ddi eanh tren lung, dng lao lai ndi thir ngdn ngu khdng ai hieu ndi, the la mpi ngudi khdng biet gpi dng la gi Mpt dng lao dang thuong, mpt vi thin bj day hay la mpt con vat ket hpp gitra hinh dang eiia ngudi va than linh? Khdng ai chac chin vl than phan ciia dng lao nhung vipe dng bi nhdt vao chuong ga la diiu da xay ra: "anh ta Idi dng gia tren dat biin den ehudng ga va nhot dng gia vao vdi biy ga Uong ehudng bung ludi sit" Thi la hi mpt vi than - mpt eon ngudi, gid day dng lao da hi danh ddng vdi bay ga Va dieu dang ngae nhien la hang tram, hang nghin ngudi din xem dng vao nhtrng hdm sau khdng ai len tiing cho viec dng bi nhdt trong ehudng ga. Ho chi xem dng ta mpt thir dd choi, mpt trd tieu khiln uong nhung liic ranh rdi. Khdng chi bj biln dang vl ngoai hinh, ca gia tri con ngudi ciia dng lao cung
bien dang trong mat nhiing ngudi xung quanh, dng lao ngang hang vdi bay ga Va cd le trong mat nhtrng ngudi hieu ky den xem, dng lao cung la mpt con ga, chi khac biet la nd cd ddi canh khdng 16. Mdt ehi net that dau ddn va diy tinh mia mai cua tac gia danh cho ca mpt xa hpi ma d dd, mdi quan hp giiia ngudi vdi ngudi trd nen Idng leo vd cimg, con ngudi chi nhan xet va danh gia nhau qua nhiing bieu hien be ngoai,
Cd gai nhen la nhan vat thir hai xuat hien trong cau chuyen vdi motif ngudi hda vat. Cd chi la nhan vat dupe nhac den trong cau chuyen ve mdt ganh xiee da den va thu hiit sy chu y cua dan lang dang danh cho dng lao
Do Id mpt con nhin khong Id to nhiccon cicu vd nd CO bp mat trdng nhu bp mat co trinh nu budn tui. Nhung diiu ddng thirang tdm han ca Id khdngphdi cdi hinh thii xdu xi, nice cu&i ciia CO a md chinh Id thdi dp ngdy tha chdn thdnh trong khi cd a ke lgi chuyin din minh v&i ddy dii cdc chi tiet nhd nhat nhdt ngay tic khi con Id Ire ranh, cd d dd trdn cha me di di khieu vii. Sau mpt dim khiiu vu khdng dupe phep cua cha me, tren du&ng ve co ta bi mot tiing sdm no rgch dot bdu tr&i vd mpt tia chdp xanh le bo xuong bien CO ta thdnh con nhin. Thuc dn duy nhdt ciia cd a Id nhihig vien thit bdm ngu&i ta vui vi nem vdo mom a.
Cau chuyen ve cude ddi cua cd gai nhen chi dupe gidi thieu ngan gpn qua vai ddng nhu the, Mdl tich tmyen cu nhung cung dii ly ky de gay chii y va ngay lap tire nd da thu hiit mpi ngudi.
Neu nhu dng lao vdi ddi canh bi xem nhu mpt con ga, mpt trd rieu khien thi cd gai nhpn d day ciing khdng khac hon Ca hai con ngudi ay dudng nhu da bi gat ra khdi the gidi eiia loai ngudi, bi danh ddng vdi nhirng con vat va trd thanh edng cu kilm tien cho nhirng ke bat nhan. Bang ngdi biit giau chit van chuong, thdng qua motif ngudi hda vat, Marquez da cho thay bp mat xa hdi day nhan tam.
2.2.3. Biiu ticang ddi cdnh
Trong tac pham, hinh anh ro net nhat va gpi
Chuyen san Khoa hpc Xa hoi va Nhan van lien mdng den huven thoai nhieu nhat voi cac nhan vat trong tmv en va ea ddc gia ta ddi canh khdng Id Day la bieu tupng dupe de cap kha nhieu trong cac mau chuv en huv en thoai, cd tich va mang nhieu y nghTa khae nhau [3].
Tmdc bet, ddi canh la bieu tuong cua su bay bdng, su giai phdng tarn hdn hav tinh than de chuyen nhap vao mdt the xac tinh nhp hon. Trong cac tmyen thuyet Men Ddng hoac Tay Au. giao li dao Hdi hoae dao Do Thai, dao Kitd deu khdng be khac biet d chu de nav Trong mpi huyen thoai.
ddi canh khdng bao gid duoc cho khdng ma phai gianh lay chiing bang each tu luyen, thy phap va lay ue lau dai, hiem nguy
Mat khac, canh bay cdn la bieu tmng cbo sy thdng hieu. "ai thdng hieu ngudi ay cd canh".
sach Brahmana xac dinh nhu the Kinh Rig Veda cung khing dinh Tri khdn la eon chim bay nhanh nhat Cd le vi the ma cac thien than, du la thien than that hay la bieu mpng ciia cac trang thai tinh than deu cd canh.
Trong tmyen thdng dao Kitd, canh bay bieu thi su chu> en dpng nhp nhang trong khdng tmng va tupng tmng cho pneuma - tinh than. Trong Kinh Thanh, chiing gan lien vdi dang chi thupng.
tit ca nhiing gi tiep can den dang chi thupng bang each hda hinh nhu thien than hay linh hdn con ngudi deu cd canh Trong triet hpc Platon. ddi canh bay cdn gan lien vdi binh anh Chua troi Chiing bieu tiii uy lyc. sy chan phiic va sy vTnh ciiu eua Thupng de: "Chiia se che chd con ngudi dudi bdng canh Chiia"
Cimg vdi sy sieu thang, ddi canh cdn la bieu mpng ciia sy giai phdng, khat vpng chinh phyc va sy chiin thang Than thoai Hy Lap cdn ghi lai cau chuyen ve cha con Daedalus va Icams
\ i kiln tnic su vT dai Daedalus vi mudn rdi khdi dao Crete da che tao ddi canh cho minh va eon trai tir Idng chim va sap Cho dii cudi ciing con trai Icams khdng nghe loi cha, bav qua gan mat trdi nen nga chet nhung cha con dng cung da thyc su bay luon tren bau udi vdi ddi canh ciia mmh.
Tu nhung y nghTa tren. cd the thay dupe
ddi canh v a ngudi mang canh nhm chung la bieu tupng eho sy hnh thieng. giai phong. ly do v a gin vdi thin hnh (co khi la Chua iroi) va g^n hen voi thin Iinh Trong tac pham. khdng duoi nipt lin cac nhan \at gpi dng gia voi ddi canh khong 16 la thien thin (Angel) Hp la nhung smh Imh mdi gidi giua Thupng dl \ a nhan the. dupe hinh dung dudi nhilu hinh dang khac nhau \a ihudng cd canh. Hp lam nhirng chuc phan phd ta cho Thupng dl nhu ttuyin ihdng diep. hudng dao cac tinh tu. canh giii, tiii hanh cac luat Ben eanh dd, thien thin cdn mang phudc lanh va bao hp cho nhirng ngudi thanh thipn va tmng chinh Trong uuyen cd tich Andersen ciing cd cau chuyen ve Linen thdn (trong liing Dan Mach la Engelen) kl vl mpt thien thin hp tong mpt dira tre da chel dl thu thap hoa d^ mang len thien dudng Vi thi, hinh lupng thien thin ludn dupe tdn thd va ngudng vpng lir xua den nay trong ddi sdng tam hnh ciia nhan Ioai
Trongtac pham, dnggia ndi batvdi ddi canh khong lo. Diu hipu eiia than linh iy dupe mieu ta rat ky "Ddi canh ciia dng gia gidng nhu canh ga, be bit bim iryi gan hel Idng, cit dinh chat xudng dat bim", "ddi canh ngai tryi het Idng" Khdng oai ve. dep de nhu trong huyen thoai, ddi canh cLia dng lao xau \i, do ban va nang ne Ddi canh xua kia la dau hieu cua than linh dupe tdn thd tbi gid day lai bien dng lao dang thuong thanh mpt ke di dang, mpt sinh vat la de mpi ngudi tieu khien, tim thu vui, That chua chat va mia mai.
Mupn bieu mpng ddi eanh, nha van da phoi bay hien trang dau long cua xa hpi duong thdi, noi than linh bi ha thap va cai tam ihudng len ngdi
2.2.4. Bieu tupng biin ca
Trong tac pham, bien dupe nhic din d dau va cudi tmyen nhung lai la mpt khdng gian mang day tinh bieu tupng huyen ao, noi giri gam nhieu y tudng ciia nha van Bien la mpt bieu lupng cd sy dung chira nhieu tang bac y nghTa va ciing dupe nhac di nhac lai nhieu lan trong nhiing sang tac khac ciia Marquez nhu Chuyen dt cudi cimg cua con tdu ma. Ngu&i chet trdi dep nhdt trdn gian, Bien cua thin dd mdt.
Tap chi Khoa hpc Dai hpc Odng Thap, Tap 9, So 2, 2020, 74-82
"Biln la mpt bilu mpng ciia dpng thai sy sdng Tat ca tir bien ma ra va tat ca Ud vl vdi bien day la noi cua nhimg cupc sinh de, nhung bien thai va nhtrng cupc tai sinh. La nude trong sy chuyen dpng, bien tupng trung eho mpt trang thai qua dp giira cac kha nang cdn phi hinh va cac thue lai da hipn hinh, cho mpt tinh the nude ddi, bap benh, day hd nghi, cd the ket thiic tdt hay xau"
[3]. Ndi each khac, bien la bieu hipn ciia thien nhien day quyen uy va bi an ddi vdi con ngudi.
C) dau tac pham, bien ca chinh la noi dua dng lao vdi ddi canh khong lo ay den vdi con ngudi mdt each day bi an va d cuoi tae pham, ehinh bien ca la diem den ciia dng khi vd canh bay di. Su bay len ciia dng lao viia la bieu bipn sy bat lyc ciia nha van khi chirng kien sy thdi nat ciia xa hpi, vira la noi giri gim khat vpng ty do, khat vpng vupt thoat khdi nhung dieu tam thudng, gia doi noi hipn thyc. Khat vpng ay, Marquez gui gam vao ddi eanh hdi sinh ciia dng lao va bien ea. Bien ia noi khdi nguon cung la diem kit thiic ciia cau chuyen, Ong lao 6u(?c tim thay ben bd bien va cung bay di ve phia bien Ro rang, vdi Marquez, bien ca la noi khdi ngudn va chira dyng su sdng, cua nhtrng gi ky bi nhat eiia ty nhien. Trd ve vdi bien, dng ey da trd ve ve noi thieng lieng cua minh va tim thiy ty do, Va cd le, dd cung la ude mo cua mpt ngudi nghp sT, mudn tim thay chan trdi ty do cua chinh minh,
2.3. Cu gia vdi doi canh khdng lo - mot tac pham phan huyen thoai
Gpi day ta lac pham phan huyen thoai bdi sir dyng cac motif va bieu mpng quen thupc trong huyen ihoai nhung hau het diu bi ha thap, bi xem nhp, tham chi la tam thudng hda di. Nha vSn Marquez vdi ngdi biit nghp thuat cua minh da viet Iai cau chuyen mang chat huyen thoai nhung phan anh nhiing van de cua cupc sdng thye tai noi dat nude Colombia, md rpng ra la cac nude My Latinh va ea thi gidi dang ddi mat Dd la su Ien ngdi cua ddng tien va sy xudng cap cua dao diic. nhan each va niem tin tdn giao. Bang nhtrng hinh tupng phan huyen thoai ket hpp vdi nhtrng chi tiet nghe thuat dam chat hien thyc da lam bat
len dupe nhting van de sau sac mang tim thdi dai.
2.3 I. Cu gid v&i ddi cdnh khong lo - vi thdn Igc xudng n-dn gian hay con ngircn di dgng v&i ndi co don
Ong lao xuat hien ngay Uong phan md dau ciia cau chuyen trong mpt khung canh thien nhien day am dam, thieu siic sdng sau may ngay mua tam ta lai la noi ma dng lao xuat bipn: "mpt dng gia nga sap tren mat dat bim va dii ed siie vimg vay den dau dng gia cung khdng dirng day ndi bdi hai canh to, rat to cii ghim cd lai" Ngoai hinh dac biet voi ddi canh to da khiln dng lao trd thanh tam diem ciia khung canh ay. Nhung neu dng lao hien ra vdi doi eanh trang mudt nhu nhirng thien than hay cd vang hao quang chdi lpi thi da chang cd gi dang ndi. CJ day, dng xual hipn vdi dac diem cua mpt vi than nhung lai la toi, khdn quan giiia nhirng bai bim va rac thai.
Qudn do eiia dng rach nhu to dia. Tren cat ddu hdi bdng la tha sol lgi mdy spi tdc bgc keo tir that ducmg ra sau gdy vd hai hdm rdng cung chi con lgi mdy chtic khdp khinh. Trdng dng gid trong tinh trgng dy that la thiiu ndo. Doi cdnh ciia dng gid gidng nhu cdnh gd, be bet bim trui gdn hit Idng, cir dinh chat xudng ddt bim.
Tao ra su ddi lap ay, phai chang nha van mudn gay an mpng ve mpt vi than lae gitra tran gian "den tdi" hay ehi la mdt dy bao cho cupc hanh trinh ciia cy gia vdi ddi canh tren lung trong the gidi nhan sinh?
Bat dau cudc phieu luu eiia minh, dng lao da thu hiit sy chii y cua mpi ngudi vi ngoai hinh eiia minh. Tmdc het la vp chdng Pelayo, rdi den "ba hang xdm thdng hieu nhieu chuyen ddi va chuyen bi an ciia than chet", nhiing ngudi dan hieu ky d khap noi, cha xir Gonzaga... Tir ehd dupe kinh so d dau tmyen, dng lao vdi ddi canh ciia minh da dan dan bi xem nhu mpt trd he, mpt "con ga"
ldn uong ehudng de mpi ngudi chi trd va cuoi cimg la bi lang quen nhu mdt sinh vat thira thai trong can nha ciia Pelayo. Dimg that la mpt bi kich cho "vi than" chang may sa co.
Mat khac, neu bd qua khia canh huyen bi ve 79
Chuyen san Khoa hpc Xa hpi va Nhan van
ddi canh, dng lao chang qua cung chi ta mpt CCHI ngudi chang may cd nhung dac diem di dang. k>
la tren co the. dng cung ddi khat, ciing bpnh tat va cung biet dau .Av vay ma cd ai uong tac pham xem dng nhu mpt con nguoi? Vp chdng Pelayo
"Idi dng gia uen dat bim den chuong ga v a nhdt dng gia vao voi bav ga uong ehudng bung luoi sat", cha xir Gonzaga thi nghi ngd ve tin ddn than thanh v e dng nhung cung tchdng giai thoat cy gta ra khoi ehudng ga \ ' a eang bi kich hon cho con ngudi dang thuong tpi nghipp ay khi chinh cy gia eung quen di minh la mpt con ngudi
Chi cd cu gid kia Id khong tham duvdo chinh su ki^n do nunh gdy ra. Trong luc th&i gian qua di, VI thdn gid tim cdch ndm thoat mdi trong cdi d ngirai ta ldm cho minh md chni dung cdi ndng khimg khiip nai hda ngiic do nhimg ngpn den ddu vd nin thdp sdng ngay bin cgnh gdy nen.
Ong thd o vdi mpi chuv en. chap nhan cupc sdng nhu mpt thir mua vui cho nhtrng ke hieu ky, Phai chang sy td md, lanh nhat den dpc ac cua ddng loai da khien dng lao cd don av lang quen chinh minh cung la mpt con ngudi. chap nhan sdng nhu mpt con ga, mpt u d tieu khien'*
Qua that, vi than - cy gia av dang thuong biet bao nhieu'
2.3.2. Huyin thogi tir gdc nhin cua cdc nlidn vdt irong cdu chuyin
Trudc het la vp chdng Pelayo, ban dau, hp rat kinh hoang, vira lo sp vira quan sat dng lao bdi hp chua timg thay bat ky ai nhu the Tuy nhien, sy sp hai dd khdng keo dai lau. "do ngam nhm dng gia qua lau va qua quan tam lo lang cho dng gia, ca hai ngudi khdng cam thay sp nu-a v a bat dau cam thay dng gia gan gui vdi minh hon". \ a v ra phan ling tire thi eua Pelayo va v o la sp hai, de phdng chir khdng phai la kinh trpng Trong Kinh Thanh, nhirng ngudi cd canh la cac thien than, phyng su cho Chiia trdi, tham chi uong mpt sd huyen thoai, ddi canh cdn ngy y chi Chiia. Do v av trong tam thirc cua nhtrng ngudi siing dao nhirng ngudi cd canh nao cung dang dupe tdn thd, kinh trpng Thai dd ciia v o chdng Pelayo vdi dng lao cho thay hp khdng phai la ngudi simg dao bay
It nhat la dire tin chua den duoc voi gia dinh ay.
Khi dira be khdi benh, hp cho dng lao an trong mpt cai mang \ a hao phong nghT vai hdm sau se tiia dng VI biln ca T h i rdi khi moi ngudi hieu kv tap tmng din xem. dam ddng da dem den mpt ngudn lpi ldn cho vp chdng Pelayo. ho khdng nghT din ehuyen tha dng lao ma tiep tyc nhdt dng trong ehudng ga de nioi nguoi \em va bmh tuan \ e dng nhu mpt trd giai in \ oi Pelayo, dng lao da trd thanh mpt sinh vat la giup ban tmc Ipi, ban khdng xem dng la con ngudi niia ma chi la cdng cy kiem tiin Den luc mpi ngudi dan chan dng lao, Pelayo va vp cung lang quen ludn su tdn lai ciia dng vi bp da eo sy giau co ma minh mong mudn
Tilp din la hanh ddng va thai dp eua mpi ngudi vdi dng 15o Dam ddng vi hilu ky da keo den Ae dupe tan mil chimg kiln "vj thin". Nhiing mdng mpi ngudi se kinh trpng. tdn kinh dng lao ma hp gpi la "than" kia nhung mpi dieu lai hoan loan trai ngupc
Hdng .xdm Idng giing keo den ddng nghit dimg trin'rc t hudng gd md tren chpc vi thdn gid, md nem cho ngdi cdc thirc dn Idm nhu thi vi thdn gid Id mpt con nginri khdng hinh thu&ng md cht Id mat con vdt ldm xiec md thdi.
Hp binh luan sdi ndi ve dng;
Nhirng nguin ddn dpn hmi ca thi nghi rdng cn le dng gid se ducrc bd nhiim ldm quan ihi trif&ng cua ca the giiri. NhOtig ngiriri khdc. nhihig nguiri cd ttnh thdn hi quan lgi nghi rdng ong gid
\e dupe phong tu&c nam .sao di chiin thdng tdt ca cdc cudc chiin tranh. NhOng ke hay ma mpng hdo lat nghi rdng dng gid se dut/c bao quan vd giir gin can than nhu con vdt gidng de gieo rdc Irin trdi ddt nay miii logi ngiciri cd cdnh vd thdng minh di ldnh dao ca thi gicri.
Phia sau nhirng loi binh luan iy. ta lai thiy thap thoang su mia mai ciia chinh tac gia doi vdi nhting ke ddc lai, ham quyen lyc, nhtrng ke hilu chien va ca nhiing ten ed y muon thilt tap tai trat ty tiie gidi tiieo dang cap chimg tpc (theo ki eu cua Hitler) Nhirng ke nay xuat bien trong tae phim
Tap chi Khoa hoc Oai hoc Dong Thap, Tap 9, S6 2, 2020. 74-82 vdi tu each la nhan vat dam ddng, khdng ten,
khdng cd nhieu hanh dpng hay tam ly nhung da gdp phan khoi gpi dupe trong tam tri ngudi doc mpt kieu nhan vat dac tmng trong sang tac My Latinh - ke dpc tai Mat khae, dam ddng cdn la dai dien cho thai dp ciia xa hpi, cua quan ehiing.
Co the thiy, qua each mieu ta eiia Marquez, dd la mpt xS hpi ciia nhirng con ngudi hieu ky. td md va kem hieu biet, tham chi la nhan tam Hp khdng tdn kinh than linh - dire tin da khdng cdn nhieu y nghTa; hp xem ong lao - mpt con ngudi - nhu mpt con vat mua vui, tham chi san sang
"diuig mpt con ddu sdt nung do dn vdo mgn su&n ngdi" da eho thay sy vd luong eua dam ddng, ciing cd nhiing ngudi den cau xi n than chiia bpnh That mia mai va chua xdt cho vi than bdi trong mat nhtrng ngudi dirng vay xung quanh ehudng ga, ban the ciia dng bi phan chia thanh hai thai cue mpt phia chi xem dng la "mpt con vat lam xiec", phia cdn lai thi la vi than y chua Ianh bach benh - mpt dang ha bp, mpt dang tdn vinh.
Tit thai dp iy eiia dam ddng, cd the thay trong xa hpi Iiic bay gid, cae gia tri dao dire nhu Idng nhan ai bi ha thap, ma thay vao do la sy lan ldn giiia cac pham tni cao ca, thap hen Va dudng nhu Marquez mudn nhan manh sy thap hen dang chiem uu the hon khi dat dng lao trong the ddi sanh ngam vdi ganh xiec va cau chuyen cua ed gai nhen. Khi ed mpt dieu gi mdi me, ly ky hem, mpi ngudi da tap tmng ve phia dd va dng lao ciing dan bi lang quen
Chi cd mpt ngudi ludn chii y den dng lao vdi ddi canh khdng Id, dd la cha xir Gonzaga Ngai da den sdm va xem xet dng lao kha ky, thir xem dng cd phai la than khdng bang ngdn ngir Latinh va cudi cung dua ra nhan djnh rang:
Cdng quan sdi ki, cha cdng thdy dng gid gidng ngiciri nhieu hem gidng thdn. cung cd min hdi dm trong trdn bdo. co reu xanh le trong hai cdnh, vd nhimg chiec long l&n cimg bi bdo Idm cho xa xdc vd nhu vdy Id khdng mpt bieu hten bi ngodi ndo ciia ong gid ndy phii hpp vin cdc thdnh dupe ve trong tranh.
\'i the cha khuyen mpi ngudi: "quy dii ciing
thudng ranh ma tra hinh cac thanh, tra trpn trong cac vii hpi cac-na-van de danh lira nhiing ke nhp daeatin". NTiin tir phia tdn giao, cha xir la ngudi phung su cho Chiia trdi, vay ma cha lai cd mpt cai nhin thien can den vay Chi bang ve ngoai nhech nhac cua dng lao khdng gidng nhtrng hire tranh, cha da ket luan dng chi la ngudi thudng, tham chi la ke lira gat 0 dav cd mpt dieu dang cudi khi nha van xay dung nhan vat nay dd la ke dai dipn cho tdn giao lai chinh la ngudi phii nhan sy hien dien ciia dau hieu than Hnh not dng lao mpt each ro rang nhat Phai chang, nha van da gian tiep thira nhan rang vi tri ciia tdn giao da khdng cdn nhu tmdc trong xa hpi ay' Mat khac, vipc cha xira viet thu xm y kien cua cap tren nhung chd mai khdng thay hdi am cung da ngy y the hipn sy thieu hieu biet, do dy ciia vi cha xii nay cung nhu thyc chat quan lieu ciia bp may thdng tri tdn giao va ea thdng tri xa hpi,
Xay dyng hinh anh dng lao vdi ddi canh khdng Id ky la qua thai dp, each nhin ciia nhung ngudi xung quanh, Marquez khdng chi giiip ngudi dpc hoan thipn birc chan dung cua dng lao ay ma cdn hoan thien birc tranh ve ngdi lang cua Pelayo cung nhu ve dat nude Colombia hay ea khu vyc Nam My ndi chung. Bang each viel day gieu nhai ve hinh anh huyen thoai - ngudi mang ddi canh, nha van da bdc tach nhtrng van de cua xa hpi mdt each tinh te. Dd la the gidi ma nhiing gi eao ea, thieng lieng da bi nhan loai thdi nay lam cho thap hen di Dd la xa hpi vdi nhtrng con ngudi CO hdi, tham lam (nhu vp chdng Pelayo), nhirng ke tham vpng va quyen li'c, nhiing ngudi kem hieu biet, theo dao nhung khdng he siing dao (cha xir Gonzaga) va ca nhtrng con ngudi ich ky, kem hieu biet, chi biet chay theo nhiing trd mua vui re tien (dam ddng) . Qua dd, nha van gidng len mdl tieng ehudng bao ddng ve sy xuong cap ciia xa hdi de lay ddng va thire tinh eon ngudi - nhtrng ai cdn luong tam va ly tri.
3. Ket loan
Cd nhieu con dudng dan den the gidi nghp thuat ciia mdt tac pham nghe thuat Dac biet, vdi nhiing tac pham sau sac thi the gidi nghp thuat
Chuyen san Khoa hoc Xa hpi va Nhan vdn ay ludn rpng md. Tim hieu tmypn ngan Cu gid v&i doi cdnh khong 16 eua Marquez bing gdc nhin thdng qua dac tinh huyen thoai, ehiing tdi eiing mudn thir kham pha the gidi ay thdng qua y nghTa cua nhirng motif va bieu mpng huyen thoai Bang loi v iet gieu nhai nhe nhang nhung sau sac ve nhtmg bieu tupng va motif mang tinh chat huyen thoai, Marquez da ke cau chuypn d tran gian vdi nhiing con ngudi day dye vpng: dja vj, quyen lyc, tien bac. De rdi tir do, ngudi dpe nhan ra mpt dieu rang trudc nhting gia tri tmyen thong, nhiing cai dupe xem la thieng lieng, cao ca, con ngudi ta khdng the va khdng nen chdi bd neu khdng se danh mat ehinh minh. Mat khac, nhirng yeu td tmyen thdng dd cung phai thay ddi de phii hpp vdi dieu kipn, hoan canh mdi "Dimg den vdi con ngudi trong vdc dang cti ky gia nua Icia ma h§y la "ddi canh vT dai" tcieu himg ciia ehii chim dai bang mang udc mo cua eon ngudi vupft thoat mdi tmdng am dam, te nhat ciia sy giau sang (hay ngheo khd, tii dpng) cua ngdi lang kia, den i^n chan trdi tham xa ngoai bien ca" [1, tr. 153], Nghp thuat ciing vay, phai tung ddi canh bay tren bau trdi rpng ldn chir tchdng nen an phan, quan quanh trong eai ehudng ga nhd be./.
Tai lieu tham khao
[1]. Le Huy Bic (2009), Chii nghia hiin
thuc huyen do vd Gabriel Garcia S fdrque:. N X B Giao dye. Ha Npi
[2] Le Huy Bic (2017). ('an /HK hdu hi^n ihi ' iy thuyi'i vd tiip nhdn. NXB Dai hpc Su Pham. Ha Npi,
[3]. Jean Chavelia va .\lain Gheerbrant (1997), Tiediin biiu tirpng vdn hoa thi gi&i, NXB Da Ning - Tmdng \'iet van Nguyen Du, Da Nang.
[4] Dao Ngpc Chuong (2008), Phi binh huyen thogi, NXB Dai hpe Quoc gia. Thanh phd Hd Chi Minh,
[5]. Nguyen Van Dan (2015), Cdc ly thuyel nghiin eiru vdn hpc - Anh hmmg vd nip nhdn tie ngdy ddi m&i din nay. NXB Khoa hpc Xa hpi, Ha Npi
[6], Chu Xuan Dien, Huyin thogi vd vdn hpc, NXB Dai hpc Quoc gia, Thanh pho Ho Chi Minh
[7], Phuong Lyu (20 \\),Ly thuyet vdn hpc hgu hiin dgi, NXB Dai hpc Su pham, Ha Npi.
[8] E M Me\eiim\cy{2QQ^), Thi phdp cua huyin thogi (Tran Nho Thin va Song Mpc djch), N'XB Dai hpe Quoe gia. Ha Npi
[9], Nhieu tac gia (1999), "Van hpc My Latin", Thong tin Khoa hpc Xd hpi, sd chuyen dl.
