lAI HQC VAN LANG ChJu TJn Phit
AY TRONG CONG NGHE SINH HOC VA A ^ Q N G CUA CHUNG f)6l V d l M 6 I TRU^OfNG
'•lOTECH CROPS AND THEIR IMPACTS ON THE ENVIRONMENT CHAU TANPHATO
TOM TAT: Sy phdt trien Iiin tue trong vi$c ehdp nhgn edy trdng cdng nghi sinh hpe dugc xem nhu la CO su dnh hu&ng lich cyc vi mat cong nghi ddi vai mdi truang. con ngu&i vd sue khde ddng vgt cUng nhu la viic edi cdch diiu kiin kinh ti xa hpi ciia nguai ndng ddn vd ehinh quyin dia phuang. Tuy nhiin, vdn cdn nhiiu sy tranh eai cimg v&i nhiing lugn diim phdn khoa hpc vi dnh hu&ng cda edy trong cong nghi sinh hpc ddi v&i ede ddi tugng tren. Nhimg nghiin ciru cho thdy.
viec tri hodn trong vi$c chdp nhgn edy trdng cdng nghe sinh hpc ddn din nhiing thit hgi l&n vi mat kinh ti vd nhiing gid h-i tiim ndng. Lai ieh eua edy trdng cdng nghi sinh hpc cho ngu&i ndng ddn vd ngu&i tiiu diing vdn se duac duy tri khi cd sy bd sung lien tuc nhiing diiu ehinh tren ca sd khoa hpc. tap trung tren nhiing ich lgi md cay trdng edng nghe sinh hpc mang t&i nhu ndng sudt nong nghiip ben cgnh tde dpng t&i bdo ton mdi truang vd sy dn dinh sinh thdi...
Tie khda: edy trong cdng nghi sinh hpc; mdi tru&ng; kiiu gene.
ABSTRACT: The continuous development of adoption ofbiotech crops is seen as having a positive technological impact on the environment, people and animal health as well as reforming socio- economic conditions of farmers and local authorities. However, there is still a lot of controversy with the unscientific arguments about the impact ofbiotech crops on those objects. Studies showed that the delay in adopting bioleeh crops results in significant losses of economy and potential values. The benefits of bioleeh crops to farmers and consumers will be maintained with the continued addition of scientific-based adjustments focused on the benefits ofbiotech crops such as agfieultural productivity along with the impact on environmental conservation and ecological stability...
Key words: bioleeh crops; environment; geneotype.
I. DAT VAN D E chi cd 1,4% dat sin xuit nhung lai'chilm tdi Dan sd gia tang, trai dat ndng len va da 20-25% dan sd cua till gidi [19, tr.l5]. Tinh dgng sinh hgc mit din dang anh hudng rit trgng nay cang nghidm tigng han vi so lugng nghiem tigng den mdi trudng. Din nam 2050, dit canh tie ngiy cang giira, sir thidu hut dat din sd tien hanh tinh se ldn tdi 9,5 ty ngudi. canh tic do xdi mdn, tiiilu hyt cic ngudn lgi tai Dieu niy ed nghia la khdng tdi 50 nira nifa, six dyng va nude. Sy phi huy rinig y i mdi dan so udc tinh se ting len 3 t^. Nudi sdng sd trudng ty nhidn sir dyng ngay cing nhieu tiian ngudi nay ddng nghia vdi nhdng thay ddi hang da din tdi su gia tang khdng ngdng lugng COz loat trong sin xuit, phan phdi va binh dn luang lam Trii Dit ndng len. Ngudi ta du doan ring, tiiyc. Dilu khdng may li dan s l v i dit eanh tic nhidt do trung bmh eua Trai Dit se ting 1,4- Igi phin bd khdng ddu. Ching hgn, Trung Qude 5,8"C tinh ddn nam 2100. Su biln doi khi hiu
*•* TS. Tmdng Dgi hpc Vin Lang, [email protected]. Ma so: TCKH22-05-2020
- ' • " - ^ • -' 1 1 9
TAP CHI KHOA HOC BAI HOC VAN LANG ed thd lam thay ddi can bin ehi do mua, do dd giy nen su di cu eua eon ngudi va nhirng bidn ddi trong cae hogt dgng ndng nghiep. Thdm vio dd, dan sd gia tang dan din phi buy tu nhien, giim ehit lucmg nude vi thay ddi ddng ehay.
Sinh cinh bi rait, nhidu loii dang bi tuyet chiing. Bdi viy, dl bio tdn rirng, sinh canh va su da dang sinh hgc, ehung ta cin phai dara bio nhu cau luang thuc tiong tuang lai dua trdn quy dit hidn cd. Nham dip ung nhu eau lutmg thue dang ngay cang khan hidra ciy trdng cdng nghd sinh hge dugc xem la mgt giii phip tidm nang de giii quydt bii toan luong thuc tiong tuang lai.
Ciy tidng edng nghd sinh hgc (Genetically Modified crops hay Biotech crops) la nhirng logi cay tidng dugc sii dung tiong ndng nghidp mi DNA da duge bidn ddi thdng qua ung dung ky thuit di tiuydn. Trong hiu het cie tiirdng hgp, myc tidu la dua ragt tinh tigng mdi vio cay trdng mi nhirng tinh tiang niy khdng xuit hidn mgt each ty nhidn trdn loai do. Theo udc tinh cua Cropnosis, gii tii thi tiudng toin ciu eua ciy tidng edng nghd sinh hgc tiong nam 2017 udc tinh 17,2 ty USD. Gii tii nay cho thiy ring, ting 9% gia tri thi trudng toin ciu cua cay trdng cdng nghd sinh hgc tir nim 2016 (15,8 ty USD). Gii tri niy chilm khoan 23,9%
cCia 70,9 t^* USD thi trudng thude bio vd thue vat toan eau trong nam 2016 va 30% cua 56,02 ty' USD thi trudng hat gidng thuang mgi toin eau. Trong nam 2018, nira thu 22 eua vide thuong mgi hda eay trdng edng nghe sinh hgc trdn the gidi, chung ta cd khoin 191,7 tridu ha eay trdng cdng nghd sinh hgc da duge eanh tie cho han 17 tiidu ndng din tgi 26 quoc gia v i vung lanh thd. Tinh tu lue bit diu trdng khoing 1,7 tii?u ha vao nam 1996 khi eay trdng cdng ngh0 sinh hgc dau tidn dugc thuang mai hda, den nay di§n tieh nay dS dgt 191,7 tri?u ha (gip khoin 113 lin so vdi ban diu) [1, tr.1-20]. Vi v§y, ciy tidng cdng ngh? sinh hgc dugc coi nhu li ky tiiugt ciy tidng dugc chip nhgn
nhanh nhit trong lich su cua nen ndng nghi?p hi$n dgi. Nhung cudc tianh lugn xung quanh anh hudng ciia cay ehuyin gene ddi vdi moi trudng ngiy cang phuc tap, eing thing v i rit nhgy cim. Van dl nay eing phdc tgp han khi ed eac nghien cuu mdi duge edng bd. Nhu vgy, eay ehuyin gene ed an toin vdi mdi trudng hay khdng? v i n dl nay dugc Iam sing td bang each di siu vao cic cau hdi ca bin vd eiy ehuydn gene va mdi trudng. Vide dinh gii anh hudng cua eay chuyen gene tdi mdi trudng thudng rit khd khan do phai xem xet nhidu yeu td. Mgt so nha khoa hgc tip trung vio nguy ca tilm ting eua ciy chuyin gene tiong khi sd khie lgi nhan manh tiiln vgng vd lgi nhuin. Vgy van dd la gi v i chiing ta phii giai quyet ra sao?
2. N Q I DUNG
2.1. Tinh hinh canh tac cay trong cdng ngh|
sinh hoc tren the gidi
Cay trong cong nghi sinh hpc & nhihig nu&c cong nghiep vd cdc nu&c dang phdt triin:
Trong biy nim viia qua, eie nude dang phit tiiln da tidng ciy cdng nghe sinh hgc nhidu han cic nude cdng nghidp. Trong nam 2018, 21 nude dang phit tiiln da trdng 54% dien tieh eay edng nghd sinh hgc tien toin the gidi (103,1 tiidu ha), tiong khi dd, 5 nude edng nghidp dat 46% (88,6 tridu ha) didn tich edn lgi.
Xu hudng nay dugc mong dgi se tidp dien tiong vdng nhiing nim tidp theo do vide ting so lugng qudc gia phia nam bin eiu chip n h ^ eiy trdng edng ngh? sinh hgc va thuang mgi hda ciia nhihig logi cay trdng edng ngh? sinh hgc mdi nhu lua ggo (duge trdng hiu hit d cic nude dang phat trien).
Sy phdn bd eua edy trdng edng nghi sinh hpc theo diin tich: Tinh tir liic bit dau tidng khoing 1,7 tridu ha vao nim 1996 khi eay trong cdng nghd smh hpc diu tien dugc tfiuang mgi hda, ddn nay didn tieh niy da dgt 191,7 trieu ha (gap khoin 113 lan so vdi ban diu). Trong sd 26 nude trdng eay cdng ngh? sinh hgc vio nim 2018, 18 qude gia dugc eoi nhu li nhirng nude
TAP CHi KHOA HQC BAI HQC VAN LANG Chlu Tan Phit ldn vS cong nghe sinh hoc (uoc ti'nh trong
khoan 50.000 ha). My la qu6c gia san xuat hang diu cay tr6ng cong nghe sinh tren toan the gidi (75 trieu ha trong nam 2018), chiem khoan 39% tren t6ng s6 cay cong ngh? sinh hpc dugc canh tac. Brazil dirng o vj tri thii 2 voi 51,3 tri?u ha hoac 27% tdng dien ti'ch canh tac (Bang 1).
Bang I. Di^n tich to^ c3u cSy ti^ng cong nghg sinh hgc (2017-2018) theo qudc gia (oi?u ha) [1,1r.l-20]
Xep hang 1 2 3 4 5 i 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26
Tf Qudc gia
USA' Brazil*
Argentina*
Canada' India' Paraguay'
China' Pakistan*
South Africa' Uruguay'
Bolivia*
Australia*
Philippines' Myanmar'
Sudan' Mexico'
Spain' Colombia'
Vietnam Honduras Chile Portugal Bangladesh Costa Rica Indonesia Eswatini ngs6
2017 75,0 50,2 23,6 13,1 11,4 3,0 2,8 3,0 2,7 1,1 1,3 0,9 0,6 0,3 0,2 0,1 0,1 0,1
<0,1
<0,1
<0,1
<0,1
<0,1
<0,1
- -
189,8 2018 75,0 51,3 23,9 12,7 11,6 3,8 2,9 2,8 2,7 1,3 1,3 0,8 0,6 0,3 0,2 0,2 0,1 0,1
<0,1
<0,1
<0,1
<0,1
<0,1
<0,1
<0,1
<0,1 191,7 Ghi chu: Nhieng nu&c l&n vi cong nghi sinh hpc
trdng nhiiu han 50.000 ha Sychdp nhgn todn cdu cua dgu ndnh, bdp.
bdng vdi vd Canola cd nguon gdc cong nghi sinh hpe: Nhimg logi ciy tidng edng ngh$ sinh
hge dugc tidng hiu hit trong nam 2018 la dgu ninh, bip, bdng vii v i Canola (diu hat eii).
Mac dil chi tang 2% trong vide tidng dau ninh cdng nghd sinh hgc trong nam nay nhung nd da duy tri d ty Id chip nhin cao hem 50% didn tieh tdng sd eay dgu ninh toin ciu (95,9 tiidu ha trong tdng sd 123,5 tridu ha). Didn tich niy chiem khoang 78% tdng sin lugng diu nanh trdn toan thi gidi.
Bip cdng nghe sinh hgc chiira khoang 58,9 tridu ha tren toan eiu, ude ti'nh 30% san lugng bap toin can nam 2018. Cd giira nhe 1% ddi vdi didn tich bap edng nghe sinh hge tir nam 2017 nguydn nhin do ben dilu kidn thdi tilt khdng thugn lgi d Chiu My La tinh, gii tiii trucmg tiiip han thudc bio v? thyrc vat, tdn kho cuoi nim cao va vin ngn hat gia d Phillippmes.
Bdng vii cdng nghd sinh hge dugc tidng len tdi 24,9 tii?u ha tiong nam 2018, tang nh?
khoing 3% tir nam 2017 va diilm khoang 76% sin lugng bdng vii toan can. Vide tang nhe nay do cii cich vl gii thi trudng toin ciu vi t>' 1? chip nhin cao cua bdng vai khing thudc bao v? thye vat nam 2018.
Canola edng nghd sinh hgc giim 1% tir 10,2 tridu ha nim 2017 xuong cdn 10,1 tridu ha nam 2018 v i chilm khoang 29% sin lugng Calona toan ciu. Cd su giim tidng logi ciy nay d My va Canada do nhu ciu giim tir ngudi tidng d phia bic ban cau.
Ben cgnh diu ninh, bip, bdng vai, Canola nhihig logi ciy tidng edng nghe sinh hgc khic ciing dugc tidng d cic nude khae nhu: du du, c i phdi, khoai tay, tio, khdm va mia dudng.
2.2. Cay trong cdng nghe smh h9c va mdi trudng Nhirng lgi ieh cua edy chuyin gene doi vai mdi tru&ng: Mgt trong nhimg lgi ieh to ldn cua cay tidng chuyen gene ddi vdi mdi trudng la ehiing giup lam giam ding kl lugng thudc tior siu sii dyng do cae die didm mdi duge dua vao ciy trong dd. Mgt nghien ciiu ve cic tae dgng cua eay tidng edng nghd sinh hgc ddi vdi mdi tinrdng v i kinh tl sau 20 nim dugc canh tie
pOA HOC DAI HOC VAN LANG (1996-2016) eho thiy vide iing dyng edng nghd sinh hge da lam giam lugng thudc trir siu cin phai sir dung khoang 671,2 trieu kg v i lam giam eac tie ddng ldn mdi trudng khoang 18,4%. Cdng nghd sinh hge ciing gdp phin lam giam dang ke lugng khi nha kinh thii ra tir cie
^ ^ 1 dgng ndng nghiep tuang duang vdi logi bd khoang 16,75 tiidu xe dtd [2, tr.204]. Theo phan tich bien dgng tren sir inh hudng ciia eiy trdng cdng nghd sinh hge, ky thuit nay da gdp
^ ^ ^ n i m giim khoing 37% lugng thudc bio vd tfiuc vgt [3, ti.26].
Mgt nghien ciru tien nhiing hg ndng dan tidng bap va diu ninh tai Hoa Ky tir nim 1998
1
2011 kdt luin rang, nhimg hd nio chap I trdng bip khang thuoc diet ed sir dyng it [diet ed ban khoang 1,2% (0,03kg/ha) so I h d khdng chip nhin trdng ciy ehuydn l^nhitiig hg trdng bip khing siu sti dung lugng thudc bio ve thue vat it han khoang 11,2% (0,013 kg/ha) so vdi nhung hd khdng trdng ciy ehuydn gene [4, ti.27].Tgi Trung Qude, vide sii dyng bdng Bt lim giim khoing 78.000 tan thudc tru sau nam 2001. Con sd niy tuang ung vdi VA tdng sd thudc tru siu dugc sir dung d Trung Qudc vao giiia thip nien 90 [5, ti.423-430]. Han nua, mgt nghidn ciru khie tii viec thu thip dii lieu tu nam 1999 ddn 2012 cho thiy ring, sir dung bdng Bt cdn giup cho ngudi ndng din giim dang kl vide sii dyng thudc bio vd thue vat [6, ti.68].
Vide trdng bdng vii Bt giim cd y nghTa nhihig rui ro va tai ngn tiong vide sii dung thudc bio vd thyc vgt eiia ngudi ndng din [7, tr.296-303].
Thyc vat khing thudc diet ed tiep tyc tao dieu ki$n thugn lgi cho su phit tridn eiia phuang phap canh tic giup bio tdn dit d Hoa Ky, die bi?t la phuang phip canh tie khdng cin eay dit. Vide su dung phuang phip canh tic bao tdn dat niy giii dugc khoang 1 ty tin dit 1 nira [8]. Ciy bdng vai edng ngh? sinh hge da dugc ehiing minh la cd anh hudng tieh ege len sd lugng va su da dgng eiia eie logi edn
triing cd lgi trdn eanh ddng bdng cua Hoa Ky v i Australia [9]. Ngd Bt d\sqe su dung d Philippines khdng eho tiiiy bit eii anh hudng tidu cue nao ldn su da dgng va phong phu eua edn trimg [17, tr.258-267].
Cay chuyin gene dugc danh gid nhu the ndo ddi v&i an todn mdi truang? Cie cay ehuyin gene duge dinh gii ein thgn ve inh hudng tdi mdi trudng tnrdc khi dua ra thi trudng. Chung duge eae nhi ehiic trach dinh gii tuin theo cie quy tie do cae ehuydn gia mdi trudng trdn khip thd gidi dua ra [10, tr.1-95], [11], [12]. Nhihig ngudi danh gia anh hudng ciia cay ehuydn gene gdm nhting ngudi tgo ra chiing, eae ca quan kidm soit va eae nha khoa hge. Hiu het cic qudc gia sir dung cic quy trinh dinh gia tuang tu de xet xem su tuong tie giua cay chuyen gene va mdi trudng. Bao gom nhirng thdng tin v l vai tid cua gene dugc dua vao, anh hudng ciia nd ddi vdi ciy nhan gene, dong thdi e i nhung eau hdi cy the ve anh hudng khdng mong mudn nhu: 1) Anh hudng Idn cic sinh vit khdng phii li sinh vat ein diet tiong mdi tiudng do; 2) Cay chuyen gene cd ton tgi tiong mdi trudng lau ban binh thudng hoic xira chidm nhihig ncd eu ngy mdi khdng?
3) Khi nang gene phit tan ngoai y mudn tir ciy ehuydn gene sang Ioai khic v i nhung h|iu qua cd thi.
Cay ehuyin gene vd nhieng rui ro cd thi xdy ra? Khi nang gene mye tieu dugc lai xa vdi hg hang hoang dgi ciing nhu kha nang tgo ra nhihig loai mdi: Lai cheo xa la lai khdng raong mudn giua ciy trdng vdi mgt ciy cd quan h? hg hing. Lo ngai chinh vl inh hudng ciia ciy ehuyin gene doi vdi mdi tnrdng l i khi ning tgo ra loii cd mdi tiidng qua lai cheo xa vdi cic eay hg hang hoang dgi hoic dan gian ban la tdn tgi liu trong tu nhidn. Khi ning tren ed till xiy ra, dugc danh gii trudc qua trinh ehuyin gene va dugc kilm soit sau khi cay dugc dua ra trdng. Mgt nghien cuu bit diu tii nim 1990 keo dai 10 nim chihig minh ring
TAP CHi KHOA HOC DAI HOC VAN LANG thuc vgt ehuydn gene (nhu eii dau, khoai tiy, ngd, cu cai dudng) va nhirng dae tinh khang (khing thudc diet ed, khing cdn triing) khdng lam ting nguy ca xim ehilm hay tdn tgi lau dai trong mdi trudng tu nhidn so vdi cac ciy khdng chuyen gene tuang ung [13]. Tuy nhien, cic nhi nghidn eiiu phit bidu ring "nhihig kit qua ndy khong cd nghTa la sy thay ddi di truyin khong thi ldm gia ldng tinh hoang dpi hay khd ndng phdt tdn cua cay trdng md chiing chi ra rdng nhimg edy trdng ndng sudt kho cd thi tdn tai idu ddi md khdng dupe eanh tac". Do do, vide danh gii ciy chuyen gene theo timg trudng hgp nhu da quy djnh la rit quan trgng.
Anh hudng true tidp len cic sinh vat khdng phii l i sinh vit can diet: thing 5—1999, xuat hidn bio cio rang, hat phin tir eay ngd Bt {Bacillus Thuringiensis) cd anh hudng bit lgi doi vdi iu triing budm Monarch. Bio cao gay ra nhQng Io ling vd nguy ca tidm tang ddi vdi budm Monarch vi ed thd ddi vdi nhiing sinh vgt khdng phai la sinh vat ein diet khic. Mdt sd nhi khoa hgc lgi cho l i cin phii than trgng trong vide giii thich nhihig kdt qua nghien eiiu vi nghidn ciiu phin inh mgt tinh hudng khie vdi thye tiang mdi tiudng. Tic gii chi ra ring,
"nghien 'cuu cita chung toi duge tiin hdnh trong phdng th nghiim vd Id kh&i ddu eua nhimg vdn di quan trpng nhung ch dya vdo nd khong du ca s& di riit ra kit lugn vi nguy ea doi v&i qudn thi bu&m Monarch tren cdnh ddng". Nim 2001, mgt nghien ciru ciia PNAS da kit luin rang anh hudng ciia phan ngd Bt ldn so lugng ciia loai budm Monarch la khdng dang kd [14, tr.682-683], [16, ti.l 1937-11942].
Mdt bio cio ciia Uy ban bio vd mdi hudng My [15] chi ra "cdc sd lieu da chimg minh rdng, protein trong cay trdng khdng cd dnh hu&ng bdt lgi ddi vdi sinh vgt Ididng phdi Id sinh vpt edn diif\ Han nfta, trong mgt
Chiu Tin Phit nghien ciru, eac nhi khoa hgc Bie My di kit luin ring, trong hiu hit cie giong lai vi myc dich thucmg mgi, do bilu Id Bt tiong phin hoa la fit thip [13]. Them vio dd, mgt nghidn euu ciia Trudng Dai hgc Illmnois ehi ra ring, budm Monarch khdng bi gay hai bdi hat phin Bt tiong dilu kidn ddng rudng thuc su [18].
Phit tridn tinh khing ciia cdn trimg: Mgt lo ngai khac vl tiiye vat Bt li sy phit tiiln tinh khang cua edn triing ddi vdi Bt. Chinh phu, bd, nganh vi cic nha khoa hge da dua ra cae kl hogch quan ly tinh khang cua cdn triing dl giii quylt vin dd nay. Nhimg kl hogch nay bao gdm mdt quy dinh ring, mgi eanh ddng trdng cay ehuydn gene khang cdn triing phai cd ea ciy khdng ehuydn gene dl edn triing phit tridn, khdng hi chgn lgc doi vdi nhiing gidng khing sau. Nhung bien phap quin ly tinh khang khac cung dang duge eac nha khoa hgc tren khip thi gidi xay dung [15].
3. KIET LUAN
Nhinig mdi quan tam tdi sinh thii vi mdi trudng xuit phit tir eiy ehuydn gene duge danh gia trudc khi thucmg mgi hda chiing. Ddng thdi, cin cd su kidm soit va eac hf thdng ndng nghidp tdt dd phit hien va giam thieu nhung mdi nguy hgi ed the xay ra. Chiing ta can so sanh phuang phap chuyen gene, phuang phap truydn thdng va cic phuang phip ndng nghifp khie dd lim sing td nhung moi rui ro tuong doi eiing nhu nhihig lgi ieh cua vide ip dung ciy chuyin gene. Mac dii cd sai so, nhung cd mdt didu ro rang ring, dd bio vd mdi trudng eua chiing ta khi luang thyc dip iing nhu ciu tiong tuang lai chi dua tien quy dat hidn ed, ciy tidng cdng nghg sinh hge la mgt su lua chgn khdng tdi. Do dd, dieu quan tigng li chung ta phii sii dung tit ea mgi bidn phap de giai quydt vin de cap thidt niy.
TAP CHI KHOA H p c DAI HOC VAN LANG TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
[I] ISAAA (2018), Ghbat Status of CommercializedBwtecyGMCmps in 2018, ISAAA (54XISAAA: Ithaca, NY.
[2] Brookes, G. and P. Barfoot (2018), GM crops: Global socio-economic and environmental impacts 1996-2016, FG Economics Ltd, UK.
[3] Klumper, W. and M. Qaira (2014), A Meta-analysis of the impacts of geneetically modified crops, VLoS ONE 9{U).
[4] Peny, E.D., F. Ciliberto, D.A. Hennessy, and G.C. Mosehini (2016), Geneetically engineered crops and pesticide use in U.S. maize and soybeans. Science Advances 2(8).
[5] Pray, C.E., J. Huang, R. Hu and S. Rozelle (2002), Fiveyears of Bt cotton in China - the benefits continue. The Plant Joumal, 31 (4).
[6] Qiao, F., J. Huang, S. Wang, and Q. Li (2014), The impact ofBi cotton adoption on the stability of pesticide use, Joumal of hitegrative Agriculture, Doi: 10.1016/S2095-3119(17).
[7] Hossain, F., C.E. Pray, Y. Lu, J. Huang and R. Hu (2004), Geneetically modified cotton and farmers' health in China, International Journal of ©ceupational and Environmental Health, (10).
[8] Faweett, R. and D. Towery (2002), Conservation tillage and plant biotechnology, how new technologies can improve the environment byredueing the need to plow. Conservation Tillage Information Center, West Lafayette, Indiana.
[9] Carpenter, J., A. Felsot, T. Goode, M. Hammig, D. Onstad and S. Sankula (2002), Comparative environmental impacts of biotechnology-derived and traditional soybean, corn and collonerops.
Council for Agricultural Science and Technology, Ames, Iowa, June.
[10] Canola Council of Canada (2001), An agronomicand economic assessment of transgeneie canola, Canola Council of Canada.
[II] US National Research Council (1989), Field testing geneeticallymodified organisms: framework for decisions. Committee on Scientific Evaluation of the Introduction of Geneetically Modified
Microorganisms and Plants into the Environment, National Academy Press, Washington, DC [12] Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (1992), Safety considerations for biotechnology, OECD, Paris.
[13] Government of Canada (1994), Assessment criteria for determining environmental safety of plants with novel traits, Dir. 9408, Plant Products Division, Plant Industry Directorate, Agriculture and Agri-food Canada.
[14] Crawley, M.J., S.L. Brown, R.S. Hails, D.D. Kohn and M. Rees (2001), Biotechnology:
transgeneie crops in natural habitats. Nature, (409).
[15] US Environmental Protection Agenecy (2002), Bt biopesticides registration action document preliminary risks and benefits sections Bacillus thuringiensis plant-pesticides.
[16] Sear, M., R.L. Helmich, D.E. Stanley-Hom, K.S. Obenhauser, J.M. Pleasants, H.R. Matilla, B D Siegfried and G.P Dively (2001), Impact of Bt corn pollen on monarch butterfly, PNAS 98(21) [17] Yorobe, J.M., C B . Quieoy, E.P. Alcantara and B.R. Sumayao (2006), Impact assessment ofBt corn in the Philippines, The Philippme Agriculturaf Scientist 89(3).
[18]Ammann,K(2004X7femfWC/^i:SriMto#a^Ajo^^
[19] China urges further protection of arable land, March 23.
Ngay nhgn bai: 16-4-2020. Ngiy bidn tgp xong: 24-6-2020. Duy^t ding: 24-7-2020 124
