CHINH SACH CUA NHAT BAN D O I V d l C Q N G DONG NGlTCH AINU: M O T S 6 GOl Y CHINH SACH CHO VIET NAM
L u u Thi Thu Thiiy Tom tat: Nam 1899, chinh quyen Minh Tri da ban hdnh sdc lenh Luat bdo ve nguoi bdn dia Hokkaido nhdm dong hoa nguai Ainu vai nguai Nhat Bdn. Nhung den thap nien 1970, khi phong trdo doi quyen binh dang vd bdo ton van hoa Ainu phdt trien, tir day thuc su cd nhieu thay doi trong each nhin nhan ciia Chinh phu Nhat Bdn ve ngudi Ainu. Vi vay, sac lenh ban hdnh nam 1899 bi huy bd, thay vdo day bang luat mai sira doi, nhdm chan hung van hoa Ainu. Thdng 6/2008, Nghi quyet Ainu minzoku o senjumin-zoku to suru koto o motomeru ketsugi cua Chinh phu Nhat Bdn da chinh thicc cong bo dan toe ''Ainu Id nguai bdn dia vai ngon ngu, ton giao vd van hoa rieng biet", da ma ra ky nguyen mai cho cong dong nguai A inu Tren ca sa bdi hoc ve chinh sach cua Nhat Bdn da dp dung vai ngudi Ainu, gai ma cho Viet Nam mot so kinh nghiem trong viec hoach dinh cac doi sach danh cho cong dong nguai dan tgc thieu so. Bo Id bdi hgc ve qudn ly, tuyen truyen chinh sach cua Nhd nuac dot vai cong dong dan toe thieu so, ve bdo ton, gin giu nen van hoa dan tgc thieu so, ve viec khai thdc vd su dung nguon tdi nguyen van hoa da dang ciia cac nhdm tgc ngudi.
Til'khoa: Ngudi Ainu, chinh sach; Nhat Bdn; Viet Nam.
Mffdau
Nguoi Ainu sinh song 6 viing Hokkaido thugc quan dao Nhat Ban tir khoang 1.200 nam TCN (Boone Collection, 2007), vai mot nen van hoa dac trung, gop phan lam nen net doc dao cua van hoa Nhat Ban. Nhimg nghien ciiu gan day nhat da chiing minh rang, nen van hoa nay noi len tir nen van hoa Okhotsk va Satsumon (Takehiro et a l , 2007, tr. 618-627) va CO nhirng lien he dau tien giira nguoi Nhat Ban va nguoi Ainu bat dau tir the ky thii VIII (Weiner, 1997). Ngay tir dau cgng dong nguoi Ainu la mot xa hgi song theo kieu san bat, danh ca hoac trong cay va theo truyen thong vat linh, dan ong de rau, phu nii tu trang diem bang each hinh xam tren mat truoc khi ket hon (Crawford, 2000). Nen van hoa nay da t6n tai d^n tan the ky XIX voi su lien he han ch^
trong giao luu voi cgng dong nguai Nhat.
Trang phuc fruyen thong cua nguoi Ainu la ao choang Attushi Day la loai y phuc dugc sir dung hang ngay ciing nhu trong nhirng dip dac biet, la bieu tugng dien hinh cho van hoa Ainu.
Vai ao lam tir sgi go va co hinh dang giong kimono ciia Nhat Ban voi hoa van uon lugn dugc theu tren nhiing duong vien xanh tham.
Ao chii yeu do phu nir lam thii cong tir xe chi, det, theu. Hien nay, y thiic bao ton van hoa Ainu ngay cang tang va nguoi phu nir van tiep tuc lam ao Attushi theo each truyen thong.
Ngon ngii chinh ciia nguoi Ainu la tieng Ainu va cho toi dlu th^ ky XX, ngon ngu Ainu vhi con hien dien tai mien Nam dao Sakhalin va mot s6 noi thugc quan dao Kuril. Nhung hien nay ngon ngu nay gan nhu da sap bi tuyet chiing khi nguoi cuoi cimg sir dung no da qua dai vao nam 1994. Dac biet h-ong cugc dieu tra nam 2016, Ethnologue liet ke tieng Ainu vac lop 8b, gan tuyet chung (Lewis et al., 2016), khi
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ma no da dan sut giam hi truoc thap nien 1960. Hien nay, nguoi Ainu 6 Nhat Ban hau nhu chi sii dung tieng Nhat nhu la ngon ngir thuong ngay. Viec tieng Ainu gan nhu bi tuyet chiing cimg vai chinh sach bao ton van hoa truyen thong dan toi Chinh phii Nhat Ban hien tai dang nghien ciiu cac chinh sach nham phuc hoi lai ngon ngii nay va tao ra cac dia diem nai CO the to chirc nhimg nghi le tam linh truyen thong. Tuy nhien, Chinh phii Nhat Ban da gap khong it kho khan khi thuc thi chinh sach nay.
Khi Nhat Ban buoc vao giai doan Minh Tri duy tan, ciing voi hang loat cac cong cugc cai each ve van boa, kinh te, chinh tri vai hy vgng hien dai hoa dat nuac theo kieu phuong Tay, Hokkaido - que huong ciia nguoi Ainu ciing bi thugc dia hoa, tac dong Ion den cgng dong cu dan sinh song 6 khu vuc. Truoc het, so lugng Idfn nguoi nhap cu khien dien tich sinh song cua nguoi Ainu bi thu hep, dan den hang loat cugc noi day da dien ra. Tuy nhien, ngay nay cugc song ciia nguoi Ainu da thay doi Ion do anh huong cua cac chinh sach ma Chinh phu Nhat Ban ap dung doi voi tgc nguoi thieu so nay.
L Tinh hinh nghien cihi ve chinh sach cua Nhat Ban doi vol ngiroi Ainu
Tren the gioi, Nhat Ban la mot trong nhirng quoc gia tuong doi dong nhat ve van hoa va sac tgc, voi khoang hon 98% dan so la nguai Nhat. Ngoai ra, Nhat Ban con co khoang hon 1% cac tgc nguoi khac ciing sinh song tren quan dao Nhat Ban nhu Yamato, Ryukyu, Trieu Tien va Ainu. Ainu la tgc nguai thieu so a Nhat Ban, sinh song chii yeu o khu vuc Hokkaido hi khoang 1200 nam TCN va hg chung song hoa thuan ciing voi thien nhien cho den truoc thoi ky Minh Tri duy tan. Sau do, voi hang loat chinh sach cua Chinh phii Nhat Ban nham dong hoa tgc nguai nay, cimg voi lugng lan nguoi nhap cu nen nguoi Ainu bi gap nhieu kho khan, bi phan biet doi xti tren
chinh manh dat que huong. Do do, hang loat cugc noi day da dien ra nhu cugc noi day ciia Tu truong Shakusain (1669 va 1772) va MenashiKunashi(1789).
Nghien ciiu ve nguoi Ainu cung nhu chinh sach cua Chinh phu Nhat Ban doi voi sac dan nay dugc nhieu tac gia trong va ngoai Nhat Ban quan tam. Truac het Id nhom cac cong trinh nghien cuu chung ve lich su - van hoa - dan toe. Gonai Mitsum va Wakabayashi Masam (1972), Watanabe Hitoshi (1973) da cung c^p cho nguoi dgc mot biic tranh toan canh ve nguoi Ainu tir thai ky truoc Minh Tri duy tan va nhiing bien chuyen trong doi song cua tgc nguoi nay. Nhiing nghien ciixi tren da dugc cac hgc gia sau nay ke thira, bo sung va lam ro hon ve dai song van hoa kinh te, dac trung van hoa, su giao thoa van hoa ciia nguoi Ainu vai cac nen van hoa khac, nliu nghien ciiu thuc dia cua Lynn (1999) va Yamaura va Ushiro (1999), Fitzhugh va Debreuil (1999). HSu hk cac tac gia tren la nhimg nguoi co thoi gian dai sinh song va lam viec tai Nhat Ban.
Su giao thoa van hoa giiia dan tgc Ainu voi cac nen van hoa khac cimg da dugc Walker (2001) bang cac tiep can dgc dao khai quat hoa, nang len tam cao moi. Day la cong trinh dong g6p Ion cho viec nghien ciru ve cgng dong nguoi Ainu, voi viec nguoi viet da hoa minh vao vao the gioi nguai Ainu, tim hieu nen kinh te chinh tri, van hoa, moi truong sinh thai ciia cgng dong nay da bi xam nhap nhu the nao bdi cac hien tugng van hoa, thuc hanh va y hgc tir nhimg chinh sach ma Chinh phu Nhat Ban thi hanh tir thd ki XIX. Nghien cim nay ciing chi ra rang giao thoa van hoa trong cgng dong nguai Ainu mang tinh hi dong, cuong biic va da tac dong lan dSn dai s6ng kinh te, van hoa, chinh tri ciia nguoi Ainu.
Nhin chung, cac cong trinh tren deu dugc danh gia la cac tap chuyen luan sau nhat ve Ijch su, van hoa va dan tgc hgc nguoi Ainu.
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Lini Thj Thu Thuy Chinh sach cua NhSt Ban...
Ngoai cac nghien cim cua hgc gia phuong Tay con c6 mot so cong trinh noi bat ciia hgc gia Nhat Ban. Tieu bieu nhu nghien ciru cua tap the tac gia do Trung tam Nghien ciiu dan tgc Amu - Hokkaido phat hanh nam (2010), theo do vai voi viec thong qua Tuyen bo ciia Lien hgp quoc ve quyen ciia nguoi ban dia nam 2007, tinh hinh xung quanh Amu va nhung nguoi ban dia khac da thay d6i dang k^.
Tai lieu nay la mot ban ghi chep ve mot hgi nghi chuyen de cua cac nha nghien ciru Ainu va nguai Ainu voi cac ben, va no dugc chia thanh sau linh vuc: lich sii, khao co hgc, nhan chiing hgc, luat phap va chinh tri, nhan chiing hgc van hoa va ngon ngii hgc. Mot so cong trinh co ham lugng gia tri khoa hgc khac c6 the ke den gom Susumu Emori (2007), Nakagawa Hiroshi (2019) va Kojima Kyoko va Bao tang dan tgc Ainu (2018).
Nhom nhimg cong trinh de cap true tiep den chinh sach eua Nhat Bdn dot vai dan toe Ainu, truoc het la cua Siddle (1995), dua tren nguon tai lieu thu thap dugc, nghien cim ve lich sii hinh thanh ciing nhu chinh sach ciia Chinh phu Nhat Ban doi vai cgng dong sac dan nay, tren co so do phac thao ra nhiing net chinh ve hinh anh cua nguoi Ainu trong the ki XXI. Tac gia Levin (2001) trong nghien ciiu ciia minh, da phan tich nhirng van de chiing tgc, nhiing tinh chat phap ly nham bao ve va chiing minh tinh hgp phap ciia nguoi Ainu trong viec bao ve chu quyen dat dai truoc khi bi nha nuoc Nhat Ban dong hoa va quan ly tir sau thoi ki Minh Tri duy tan. Khac voi Levin, Stevens (2001) lai di sau vao phan tich moi quan he nhan quyen ciia nguoi Amu, tinh chat phap ly tir goc do trong va ngoai nuac, ly giai nguyen nhan can thiet khi chinh quyen Minh Tri ban hanh chinh sach dong hoa nguai Ainu;
dong thoi ciing giai thich tai sao Nhat Ban da phai ban hanh sac lenh mai, buy bo sac lenh cii, ban hanh chinh sach mai, cong nhan Ainu
la dan tgc ban dia c6 van hoa va ban sac rieng.
Poisson (2002) da k§ thira cac nghien ciiu di truoc, dua tren viec khao ciiu, phan tich cac du lieu v6 lich sir, dia ly, thuc tien cugc song van hoa - xa hgi ciia nguoi Ainu, ly giai nguyen nhan cugc dau tranh cua nguoi Ainu trong viec bao ton nen van hoa dan tgc doi voi chinh sach dong hoa cua Chinh phu. Ngoai ra, tac gia nay ciing lam ro nguyen nhan tai sao Nhat Ban khong CO su nhat quan trong chinh sach doi voi nguoi Ainu ma tuy theo dieu kien thuc te ma moi mot giai doan lai c6 mot chinh sach khac nhau. Cong trinh ciia Aoki la nghien cihi chuyen sau nhat ve chinh sach cua Nhat doi voi cgng dong nguoi Ainu. Vi vay, quan diem cua Poisson da dugc cac hgc gia khac nhu Ann (2016) va Siddle (2002, 2003, 2006) d6ng thuan.
Trong khi do, hien nay mang de tai nghien ciiu chuyen sau ve chinh sach cua nha nuoc doi voi cac nhom dan tgc thieu so o Viet Nam gan nhu thieu vang. Do do, tac gia ky vgng bai viet nay co the thong tin toi nguoi dgc buc tranh ve chinh sach cua Nhat Ban doi voi nguoi Ainu; dong thofi ggi m o mot so bai hgc kinh nghiem cho Viet Nam trong viec dua ra doi sach cho cgng dong nguoi dan tgc thieu so 6 nuoc ta.
2. Chinh sach ciia Nhat Ban doi voi cgng dong ngu'tri Ainu
Nam 1899, Chinh phu Nhat Ban da thong qua Luat bdo ve nguai bdn dia Hokkaido {Hokkaido Former Natives Protection), ggi nguoi Ainu la tho dan cu, vai y tuong dong hoa nguoi Ainu voi nguoi Nhat Ban. Dieu nay lam cho dat dai ciia nguai Amu bi Chinh phii chiem giir va nam quyen kiem soat (Loos va Osani, 1993, tr. 74-84). Theo Luat nay, nguai Ainu khong dugc sir dung ngon ngir Ainu, phai hgc va sir dung ngon ngii Nhat, sir dung ten tieng Nhat, song theo phong tuc tap quan Nhat, va tuan thu theo phap luat ciia Nha nuoc.
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LV LUAN - TRAO eOl
ma no da dan sut giam tir truoc thap nien 1960. Hien nay, nguoi Ainu o Nhat Ban hau nhu chi sii dung tieng Nhat nhu la ngon ngii thuong ngay. Viec tieng Ainu gan nhu bj tuyet chiing cimg vai chinh sach bao ton van hoa truyen thong dan toi Chinh phii Nhat Ban hien tai dang nghien cuu cac chinh sach nham phuc hoi lai ngon ngu nay va tao ra cac dia diem noi CO the to chiic nhii'ng nghi le tam linh truyen thong. Tuy nhien, Chinh phii Nhat Ban da gap khong it kho khan khi thuc thi chinh sach nay.
Khi Nhat Ban buoc vao giai doan Minh Tri duy tan, ciing voi hang loat cac cong cugc cai each ve van hoa, kinh te, chinh tri vai hy vgng hien dai hoa dat nuoc theo kieu phuong Tay, Hokkaido - que huong cua nguoi Ainu ciing bi thugc dia hoa, tac dong lan den cgng dong cu dan sinh song 6 khu vuc. Truoc het, so lugng Ion nguoi nhap cu khien dien tich sinh song ciia nguoi Ainu bi thu hep, dan den hang loat cugc noi day da dien ra. Tuy nhien, ngay nay cugc song ciia nguoi Ainu da thay doi Ion do anh huong ciia cac chinh sach ma Chinh phii Nhat Ban ap dung doi voi tgc nguoi thieu so nay.
1. Tinh hinh nghien ciru ve chinh sach cua Nhat Ban doi voi ngiroi Ainu
Tren the gioi, Nhat Ban la mot trong nhii-ng quoc gia tu'ong doi dong nhat ve van hoa va sac tgc, voi khoang hon 98% dan so la nguai Nhat. Ngoai ra, Nhat Ban con co khoang hon 1% cac tgc nguai khac ciing sinh song tren quan dao Nhat Ban nhu Yamato, Ryukyu, Trieu Tien va Ainu. Ainu la tgc nguoi thieu so 6 Nhat Ban, sinh song chii yeu a khu vuc Hokkaido tir khoang 1200 nam TCN va hg chung song hoa thuan ciing voi thien nhien cho dSn truoc thoi ky Minh Tri duy tan. Sau do, voi hang loat chinh sach cua Chinh phii Nhat Ban nhSm dong hoa tgc nguoi nay, ciing voi lugng Ion nguoi nhap cu nen ngiroi Ainu bi gap nhieu kho khan, bi phan biet doi xir tren
chinh manh dat que huong. Do d6, hang loat cugc noi day da dien ra nhu cugc noi day cua Til truong Shakusain (1669 va 1772) va MenashiKunashi(1789).
Nghien cuu ve nguoi Ainu ciing nhu chinh sach cua Chinh phii Nhat Ban doi voi sac dan nay dugc nhieu tac gia trong va ngoai Nhat Ban quan tam. Truac het Id nhom cac eong trinh nghien ciru chung ve lich sic - van hoa - dan toe. Gonai Mitsuru va Wakabayashi Masam (1972), Watanabe Hitoshi (1973) da cung ckp cho nguai dgc mot biic tranh toan canh ve nguoi Ainu tir thoi ky truoc Mmh Tri duy tan va nhiing bien chuyen trong doi song ciia tgc nguoi nay. Nhung nghien ciiu tren da dugc cac hgc gia sau nay ke thira, bo sung va lam ro hon ve doi song van hoa kinh te, dac trung van hoa, sir giao thoa van hoa cua nguoi Ainu voi cac nen van hoa khac, nhu nghien ciiu thuc dia cua Lyim (1999) va Yamaura va Ushiro (1999), Fitzhugh va Debreuil (1999). HSu hk cac tac gia tren la nhiing nguoi c6 thai gian dai sinh song va lam viec tai Nhat Ban.
Su giao thoa van hoa giira dan tgc Ainu voi cac nen van boa khac cung da dugc Walker (2001) bang cac tiep can dgc dao khai quat hoa, nang len tam cao mai. Day la cong trinh dong gop Ion cho viec nghien cuu ve cgng dong nguoi Ainu, voi viec nguoi viet da hoa minh vao vao the giai nguoi Ainu, tim hieu nen kinh te chinh tri, van hoa, moi truong sinh thai ciia cgng dong nay da bi xam nhap nhu the nao boi cac hien tugng van hoa, thuc hanh va y hgc tir nhirng chinh sach ma Chinh phii Nhat Ban thi hanh tir tha ki XIX. Nghien cim nay cung chi ra rang giao thoa van hoa trong cgng dong nguai Ainu mang tinh bi dong, cuong biic va da tac dong Ion dgn dai s6ng kinh te, van hoa, chinh trj ciia nguoi Ainu.
Nhin chung, cac cong trinh tren dSu dugc danh gia la cac tap chuyen luan sau nhSt vS lich sir, van boa va dan tgc hgc nguai Amu.
14 P H A T TRltN BfN VU'NG VUNG Q U Y E N 9. SO 1 (3/2019)
Liru Thj Thu Thiiy Chinh sach cua Nhat Ban..,
Ngoai cac nghien ciiu cua hgc gia phuong Tay con co mot so cong trinh noi bat ciia hgc gia Nhat Ban. Tieu bieu nhu nghien cixu cua tap the tac gia do Trung tam Nghien ciiu dan tgc Ainu - Hokkaido phat hanh nam (2010), theo do voi voi viec thong qua Tuyen bo cua Lien hgp quoc ve quyen ciia nguoi ban dia nam 2007, tinh hinh xung quanh Ainu va nhung nguai ban dia khac da thay doi dang ke.
Tai lieu nay la mot ban ghi chep ve mot hgi nghi chuyen de cua cac nha nghien ciiu Ainu va nguoi Ainu voi cac ben, va no dugc chia thanh sau linh vuc: Ijch sir, khao co hgc, nhan chiing hgc, luat phap va chinh tri, nhan chimg hgc van hoa va ngon ngii hgc. Mot so cong trinh c6 ham lugng gia tri khoa hgc khac co the ke den gom Susumu Emori (2007), Nakagawa Hiroshi (2019) va Kojima Kyoko va Bao tang dan tgc Ainu (2018).
Nhom nhiing cong trinh de cap true tiep den chinh sach cua Nhat Bdn doi vai dan toe Ainu, truoc het la ciia Siddle (1995), dua tren nguon tai lieu thu thap dugc, nghien ciiu ve lich sir hinh thanh ciing nhu chinh sach ciia Chinh phii Nhat Ban doi voi cgng dong sac dan nay, tren co so do phac thao ra nhiing net chinh ve hinh anh ciia nguoi Ainu trong the ki XXI. Tac gia Levin (2001) trong nghien ciiu ciia minh, da phan tich nhung van de chiing tgc, nhimg tinh chat phap ly nham bao ve va chiing minh tinh hgp phap cua nguoi Ainu trong viec bao ve chii quyen dat dai truac khi hi nha nuoc Nhat Ban dong hoa va quan ly tir sau thai ki Minh Tri duy tan. Khac vai Levin, Stevens (2001) lai di sau vao phan tich moi quan he nhan quyen ciia nguoi Ainu, tinh chat phap ly tir goc do trong va ngoai nuoc, ly giai nguyen nhan can thiet khi chinh quyen Minh Tri ban hanh chinh sach dong hoa nguoi Ainu;
dong thoi cung giai thich tai sao Nhat Ban da phai ban hanh sac lenh mai, huy bo sac lenh cii, ban hanh chinh sach moi, cong nhan Ainu
la dan tgc ban dia co van hoa va ban sac rieng.
Poisson (2002) da ki thira cac nghien ciiu di truoc, dua tren viec khao ciiu, phan tich cac dir lieu ve lich su, dia ly, thuc tien cugc song van hoa - xa hgi cua nguoi Ainu, ly giai nguyen nhan cugc dau tranh cua nguoi Ainu trong viec bao ton nen van hoa dan tgc doi voi chinh sach dong hoa ciia Chinh phu. Ngoai ra, tac gia nay ciing lam ro nguyen nhan tai sao Nhat Ban khong CO sir nhat quan trong chinh sach doi vai nguoi Ainu ma tuy theo dieu kien thuc te ma moi mot giai doan lai c6 mot chinh sach khac nhau. Cong trinh ciia Aoki la nghien ciiu chuyen sau nhat ve chinh sach cua Nhat doi voi cgng dong nguoi Ainu. Vi vay, quan diem ciia Poisson da dugc cac hgc gia khac nhu Ann (2016) va Siddle (2002, 2003, 2006) dOng thuan.
Trong khi do, hien nay mang de tai nghien cim chuyen sau ve chinh sach ciia nha nuoc doi voi cac nhom dan tgc thieu so o Viet Nam gan nhu thieu vang. Do do, tac gia ky vgng bai viet nay co the thong tm tcfi nguoi dgc biic tranh ve chinh sach ciia Nhat Ban doi vai nguai Ainu; dong thai ggi ma mot so bai hgc kinh nghiem cho Viet Nam trong viec dua ra doi sach cho cgng dong nguoi dan tgc thieu so a nuoc ta.
2. Chinh sach cua Nhat Ban doi vol cong dong ngiroi Ainu
Nam 1899, Chinh phii Nhat Ban da thong qua Luat bdo ve nguai bdn dia Hokkaido {Hokkaido Former Natives Protection), ggi nguoi Ainu la tho dan cu, voi y tuong dong hoa nguai Ainu voi nguoi Nhat Ban. Dieu nay lam cho dat dai ciia nguoi Ainu bi Chinh phu chiem giir va nam quyen kiem soat (Loos va Osani, 1993, tr. 74-84). Theo Luat nay, nguoi Ainu khong dugc sir dung ngon ngii Ainu, phai hgc va su dung ngon ngir Nhat, sir dung ten tieng Nhat, song theo phong tuc tap quan Nhat, va tuan thu theo phap luat cua Nha nuoc.
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Day ciing la giai doan Chmh phii Minh Tri ap dung cac dao luat tuong tu voi quan dao Okinawa 6 cue Nam va cac thugc dia khac cua Nhat Ban.
Tai thoi diem do, nguoi Ainu dugc chinh quyen Minh Tri cap quyen cong dan Nhat Ban, bi phii nhan la nguoi ban dia, va Chinh phu tuyen bo khong c6 mot nhom tgc nguai thieu s6 nao 6 Nhat (Takehiro et al, 2007, tr. 625).
Mac dii dugc cong nhan la cong dan Nhat Ban, nhung nguoi Ainu ngay cang gap phai sir phan biet doi xir ngay tren manh dat cua minh. Theo Philippa (2008), trong khoang 36 nam, nguoi Ainu di tir cho la mot nhom nguai song tach biet, da bi dong hoa ve lanh tho, ngon ngir, ton giao, phong tuc voi nguoi Nhat Ban, va day co the coi la viec cuong hon van hoa. Them vao do, dat dai ciia nguofi Ainu sinh song da dugc phan bo cho nguoi Wajin (nguai Nhat), nhiing nguoi di cu quyet dinh tai song lau dai tai Hokkaido. Hg dugc Chinh phii Nhat Ban thoi Minh Tri khuyen khich trong viec tan dung su mau mo, giau co cua nguon tai nguyen thien nhien tren dao, xay dung trang trai theo khuon mau nong nghiep - cong nghiep hoa kieu phuong Tay. Su phat trien do dugc ggi la Kaitakushi (Hohmann, 2008, tr. 20-24). Di kem voi lugng Ion nguoi di cu, su phat trien ciia trang trai theo kieu phuong Tay, hang loat cac nha may liia mi, nha may bia va khai thac khoang san, co so ha tang gom duong sa va duong ray xe liia da dugc xay dung (Sjoberg,
1993, tr. 117).
Tir thap nien 1970, phong trao doi binli dang va quyen bao ton van hoa Ainu bat dau phat trien va lan rgng tren toan khu vuc. Tieu bieu nhat la su kien nam 1992, ong Nomura Giichi dai dien cho nguoi Ainu, co bai phat bieu ve Ijch sir Ainu va chinh sach dong hoa dugc ban hanh boi Chinh phii Nhat Ban truoc Dai hgi dong Lien hiep quoc. Bai phat bieu da nhan dugc nhieu sy ung hg tir cgng dong quoc
te (Lewallen, 2016, tr. 24), va tir day thuc su da CO nhieu thay doi trong each nhin nhan ciia Chinh phii Nhat Ban ve cgng dong tgc nguoi thieu so nay.
Luat Bdo ve nguai bdn dia Hokkaido nam 1899 da dugc bai bo vao nam 1997, va Chinh phii ban hanh luat moi ggi la Luat Chan hung van hoa Ainu {New Ainu l a w ) vai muc dich phat trien, bao ton van hoa, truyen thong ciia nguoi Ainu. Ngoai ra, den thang 6/2008, Nhat Ban moi chinh thiic cong nhan nguoi Ainu la mot nhom nguai ban dia, dugc the hien bang viec Ha nghi vien thong qua Nghi quyet ngay 6/6/2008, chinh thiic cong nhan Ainu la nguoi ban xir, dong thoi keu ggi cham diit viec phan biet doi xir vai tgc ngucri Ainu. Nghj quyet nay la dua tren Tuyen bo quoe te lien quan den quyen cua cac dan toe thieu so (Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples) ma Lien hiep quoc dua ra vao thang ngay 13/12/2007, va Nghi quyet Ainu minzoku o senjumin-zoku to suru koto o motomeru ketsugi ciia Chinh phii Nhat Ban da cong nhan nguoi Ainu la
"nguoi ban dja voi ngon ngii, ton giao va van hoa rieng biet (Ito, 2008).
Hien nay, uoc tinh c6 khoang 25.000 nguai Ainu song tai Hokkaido va vai ngan nguoi song rai rac o nhirng noi khac ciia Nhat Ban (Poisson, 2002, tr. 5). Tuy nhien, gin nhu khong con nguoi Ainu nao su dung tieng Ainu trong sinh boat hang ngay hay s6ng theo tap tuc truyen thong nhu cha ong ciia hg. Nguoi Ainu ciing giong nhu nhieu dan tgc ban xir khac tren the gioi, phan Ion khong con giii dugc loi song rieng sau nhieu thap ky chju tac dong ciia chinh sach dOng hoa dan tgc. Trong cugc song sinh boat hang ngay, hg gin nhu chiu anh huong ciia nguoi Nhat, va d6i voi nghe nghiep, nguoi Ainu c6 mat trong hlu het cac nganh nghe, nhung tap trung vao nhirng nhom nhu nong nghiep, lam nghiep, ngu nghiep, danh bat hai san, dich vu, che tao, kiln thilt,...
PHAT TRIEN B E N VU'NG VUNG Q U Y E N 9, S6 1 (3/2019)
Liru Thj Thu Thuy Chinh sach cua Nhat Ban...
Ve trang phuc, hien nay nguai Ainu sir dung trang phuc nhu nhiing nguoi dan Nhat Ban khac, con nhung nguai mac trang phuc truySn thong hlu hk la nguofi Amu lam viec cho cac khu Bao tang tai Hokkaido. Trong nhung nam gan day, Hokkaido xay dung hinh anh du lich "Hokkaido Cool", nhin manh d6n su khac biet giiia Hokkaido va ba dao Ion con lai tai Nhat. Chinh vi the, lugng khach du lich den tim hieu ve van hoa, ngon ngii Ainu tai Hokkaido kha cao. Bao tang Shiraoi Ainu hay con biet den voi ten ggi Porotokotan (ti^ng Ainu nghia la "ngoi lang Ian n^m ben bo song"), nam o Noboribetsu la mot trong nhiing diem tham quan hap dan tai Hokkaido, vi vay, n6 da dugc cong nhan la di san van boa UNESCO vao nam 2009.
Tuy nhien, dii tinh trang phan biet doi xir vai nhom tgc nguai nay da giam dan, nhung su chenh lech ve thu nhap ciing nhu giao due giira hg va cac nhom dan tgc khac 6 Nhat Ban van con ton tai. Ve giao due, nguoi Ainu dugc huong chinh sach nhu mgi cong dan Nhat Ban khac, moi cum tir 7-80 hg dugc thanh lap mot truong tieu hgc bang kinh phi nha nuoc, cac hg ngheo dugc tra hgc phi va khuyen khich di hgc. Neu nhu nam 1911 mai co 21 truong tieu hgc dugc xay dung cho nguai Ainu vai so lugng tre den truong khong nhieu thi nam 2006 so tre em nguai dan tgc nay toi truong tang len 96,6% trong khi toan quoc la 98,5%
(Yoshigasu, 2009, tr. 22-47). Hien nay, nguoi Ainu gan nhu la da hoa nhap vao cugc song ciia nguoi Nhat, nen hau nhu con rat it truong tieu hgc chi danh cho con em nguoi Amu.
Ve thu nhap cua nguoi Ainu, nghien ciiu cua Kure Yoshigasu tai cugc dieu tra ve moi truong sinh song cua nguoi Ainu tai thanh pho Hokkaido thang 3/2007 cho thay ty le nguoi CO thu nhap duoi I trieu yen/1 nam chiem tren 80% va s6 lugng nguoi co thu nhap hi 3-5 trieu yen mot nam chiem con so nho trong khi
thu nhap frung binh ciia nguoi Nhat la khoang 4,2 trieu yen mot nam (Yoshigasu, 2009, tr.
29,32).
Nhu vay, dS x6a di ranh gioi nay, nguai phat ngon ciia Chinh phii Yoshihide Suga nhan manh, can bao ve danh du va nhan pham ciia tgc nguoi Ainu va giu gin nhirng gia tri nay cho the he mai sau ciia hg de tao ra mot xa hgi day siic song vai su da dang gia tri. Do vay, Chinh phu da de ra du luat nham thuc hien cac chinh sach bao ve nhung gia tri can dugc bao ton'. Trong khi do, dai dien ciia tgc nguai Ainu, ong Mikiko Maruko cho biet day la bien phap dau tien cua Chinh phii Nhat Ban mang lai su cong bang cho dan tgc Ainu theo diing phap luat^ Vi vay, ngay 15/2/2019 Nhat Ban da ra phan quyet moi cong nhan Ainu la nguoi ban xir va ban hanh Luat Ainushinhdan, chinh thirc dem lai dia vi phap ly mai cho cgng dong nguai Ainu. Dao luat nay da chinh thirc dugc thong qua vao ngay 19/4/2019, lan dau tien cong nhan nguoi Ainu la mot tgc nguoi ban dia va keu ggi tao ra mot xa hgi noi nguai Ainu CO the tu hao ve di san ciia hg. Ngoai ra luat nay ciing bat huge Chinh phii Trung uong, chinh quyen dia phuong phai co trach nhiem thi hanh cac giai phap de dat dugc muc tieu tren, gop phan giiip nguai Ainu c6 the giii dugc danh du va ton nghiem, cQng nhu truyen
' Maimchi (2018), T-fp^irffi \%\']L^m] mW. * ¥ )i!3^@^lgffi--~- tmy cap ngay 30.3 2019 tai httpsV/mainichi jp/articles/20181220/ddm/005/010/041000
^ AFP JIJI (2019), Japan to recognize indigenous Ainu people for firsl time, tren trang The Japanlimes tai dia chi liltps //www.japantimes.co jp/news/2019/02/15/nationai/jap an-rccognize-indigenous-ainu-peoplc-first-
tinie/# XKhITFUz27Y
^ . Dai truyen hinh NHK (2019), "Quyet dinh cua noi cac vg iuat nidi cho ngirai Amu" (T-f 5 ? f r & 3 $ " ^ M E ^ S , tren dia chi https //www,nhlc.or.jp/snsenglish/news/n i 90227 html) truy cap ngay 30/3/2019
P H A T T R | £ N B E N VU'NG VUNG QUYEN 9, SO 1 (3/2019)
LY LUAN - TRAO D C I
lai cho the he sau de tao ra mot xa hgi nang dong, nai mgi nguoi co the ciing chung song.
3. Mot vai lien he vdi Viet Nam Nhat Ban la mot trong nhirng nuoc c6 tam anh huong rat Ion trong nen kinh te the gioi noi chung va Viet Nam noi rieng. Dat nuoc dugc menh danh "xii so hoa anh dao" la mot cuong quoc kinh te da trai qua nhieu nam phat trien than ky vao truac thap nien 90 ciia the ky XX, khien cho ca the gioi kham phuc.
Thu nhat, tang truong kinh te va bao ton thanh cong nen van hoa truyen thong, ciing nhu each ling xir ciia Chinh phii nuoc nay doi voi tgc nguoi thieu so da tro thanh mo hinh nghien ciiu cho nhieu quoc gia dang phat trien, trong do co nuoc ta. Do do, viec phan tich, hgc hoi nhiing chinh sach, chien luge ma Chinh phii Nhat Ban da ap dung voi cgng dong nguoi Ainu de so sanh voi viec ap dung nhiing chinh sach cho dong bao dan tgc thieu so 6 nuoc ta la mot viec rat can thiet nham tao da cho su phat trien ben viing ciia dan tgc. Mot trong nhiing bai hgc do la viec Nhat Ban tuy theo timg thoi ky ma co nhirng chinh sach linh boat, mem deo: dong hoa nguoi ban dia de phat trien, nhung khi phong trao phan doi len cao, Nha nuoc da buy luat cii, thay bang luat moi phu hgp voi dieu kien thuc te, hgp long dan va dugc nguoi Ainu ung hg. Hien nay, nhieu chinh sach dugc ban hanh a nuoc ta con chua theo kip tinh hinh thuc te, nen chang can CO va hgc tap su nhay ben nhu Nhat Ban trong van de ling xir voi nguoi Ainu, chac chan chiing ta se thanh cong ban nua doi voi viec xay dung mot khoi dai doan ket cac dan tgc.
Thie hai, viec Nhat Ban cong nhan Ainu la tgc nguoi cimg voi viec phuc hoi nen van hoa truyen thong cung nhu ngon ngir ciia tgc nguoi nay se la bai hgc kinh nghiem cho chiing ta trong viec bao ton va gin giii nen van hoa ciia cac dan tgc thieu s6 dang chung song hoa binh.
Hien nay 6 Viet Nam nhieu he ngon ngu ciia mot so nhom tgc dang dan mai mot, do do d^
tranh xay ra nhu tinh trang Nhat Ban khi phuc hoi ngon ngii Ainu da gap rat nhieu kho khan, do gan nhu con rat it nguoi Ainu c6 the noi va viet tieng Ainu, do do chung ta can co ke hoach, chinh sach phii hgp vdi dieu kien thuc te. Mot so dan tgc thieu so o nuoc ta hien nay nhu dong bao 0 Du, Rue, Xinh Mun, Kho Mii, La Ha,V.V..., nguy co bi mat tieng noi va ngon ngir dan tgc rat cao, nen viec hgc tap Nhat Ban, tao ra cac noi co the to chiic nghi le tam linh truyen thong, mot mat giiip phuc hoi ngon ngii, mat khac thu hiit khach du lich, phat trien kinh te la mot trong nhiing giai phap co the ap dung tai Viet Nam.
Thu- ba, ben canh viec bao ton khoi phuc nen van hoa truyen thong ciia nguoi Ainu, Nhat Ban da bien no thanh nguon tai nguyen du lich, hang nam thu hut hang trieu lugt khach trong va ngoai nuac den day tham quan, the nghiem van hoa ban dia, dua du lich tro thanh mot trong nhiing nganh kinh te miii nhgn ciia viing. Vi the, doi voi Viet Nam, mot dat nuoc CO hon 54 dan tgc ciing chung song, su da dang van hoa se la nguon tai nguyen v6 ciing Ion cho viec khai thac va quang ba du lich, gop phan xay dung phat trien kinh te dat nuoc. Viec thanh lap khu du lich hay lang van hoa Ainu a Hokkaido la mot trong nhung mo hinh thuc te, huu ich doi voi chiing ta. Vai sir da dang sac tgc cimg sinh song nhu hien nay, chiing ta co the lap nen nhieu ttnng tam van boa theo mo hinh lang van hoa Ainu cua Nhat Ban, noi do \ara co the gin giii, luu truySn nhirng net van hoa dac trung ciia timg dan tgc, vii'a tao them viec lam, tang thu nhap, cai thien doi song kinh te cho ba con.
Thu tu, can luu y bai hgc ve quan ly nha nuac doi voi tgc nguoi thieu s6. D§n nay, chiing ta van chua co mot dao luat rieng \k cong tac dan tgc, de cu the hoa cac quan di8m
PHAT TRIEN B^N VU'NG VUNG QUYtN 9, Sc5 1 (3/2019)
Lini Thj Thu Thuy Chinh sach cua Nhat Ban...
Ciia Dang va Nha nuoc, cac dieu luat ghi trong Hien phap lam can cii phap ly dieu chinh cac quan he dan tgc, luat boa cac chinh sach dan tgc, dau tu cho vimg dan tgc va giai quyet cac van de dan tgc. Mot so dieu luat da ban hanh, nhung thuc thi 6 vimg dan tgc hieu qua con r4t thap. Viec Nhat Ban thanh cong trong cac chinh sach doi voi nguoi dan tgc Ainu cho thay su thong nhat trong quan ly nha nuoc a Nhat tir tren xuong duoi, va day se la bai hgc cho chiing ta trong quan ly nha nuoc doi voi nhom dan tgc thieu so.
Thu nam, bai hgc ve tuyen truyen giao due chu truong chinh sach ciia Nha nuoc doi voi cong tac dan tgc thieu so dat hieu qua chua cao, boat dong tuyen truyen con ban che, mang tinh hinh thirc. Nhat Ban da rat thanh cong trong viec tuyen truyen, quang ba chinh sach den timg nguoi dan va tren mgi mat tran. Vi vay qua bai hgc kinh nghiem ciia Nhat Ban:
quang ba van hoa qua du lich, tuyen truyen long ghep qua su kien va boat dong; chinh sach di lien voi hanh dong..., chiing ta se cai thien dugc phan nao trong chien dich tuyen
dTiySn chinh sach ciia Nha nuoc den voi moi nguai dan bao gom ca dan tgc thieu so.
Ket luan
Co th^ noi, trong hang tram nam qua nguai Ainu da chiu rat nhieu anh huong do chinh sach d6ng hoa cua ngucri Nhat Ban tir thoi Minh Tri. Nguoi Ainu timg buoc mot da hoa nhap vao voi doi song xa hgi ciia nguoi Nhat nhung sau tham trong tam hon moi nguai con dan tgc nay deu khat khao dugc tro ve voi coi nguon, dugc khang dinh vi the cua dan tgc trong long xa hgi Nhat Ban. Su ben bi dau tranh cuoi cung da dugc Chinh phii Nhat Ban thira nhan va lan dau tien trong lich sir hg da dugc cong nhan la tgc nguoi ban dia c6 van hoa va ban sac rieng, de tir day nguoi Ainu chinh thirc buoc sang mot trang sii moi. Do do, nhiing bai hgc tir Nhat Ban se la kinh nghiem thiet thuc, hiiu ich giup chiing ta trong viec hoach dinh chinh sach doi voi cgng dong nguoi dan tgc thieu so a nuoc ta von dang con nhieu van de con ton dgng.
Titi lieu tham khao
AFP Jiji (2019). Japan to recognize indigenous Ainu people for first dine. The Japanlimes. truy cap https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2019/02/15/nationai/japan-recognize-indigenous-ainu-people-first- time/#,XKJiITFUzZ7Y.
Boone Collection (2007). Image Gallery: Ainu Artifacts, tmy cap http://archive.fieldm useum.org/research_collections/anthropology/anthro_sites/boone/ainu/ainu_map/ainu_map6.html Crawford, G (2000). Island of the Spirits: Origins of the Ainu, tren Nova Online, tmy cap ngay 23.3.2019, tai dia chi https;//www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/hokkaido/ainu.html.
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Emori Susumu (2007). Lich su dan toe Ainu. Nxb Thao Phong Duong, Taiwan ( M ^ JM (2007^), Fogarty, P (2008). Recognition at last for Japan's Ainu, tmy cap ngay 30/3/2109 tren http7/news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7437244.stm
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LV LUAN - TRAO DOI
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Thong tin tac gia:
Lu-u Thi Thu Thuy, Th.S Ngay nhan bai: 19/1/2019 - Dan vi cong tac: Vien Thong tin Khoa hgc xa hgi, Ngay nhan ban sira: 27/1/2019 Vien Han lam Khoa hgc xa hgi Viet Nam Ngay duyet dang: 26/2/2019 - Dia chi email: luuthuthuy76@yahoo com
PHAT TRISN BSN VCfNG VUNG QUYEN 9, SO 1 (3/2019) 21
