Chinh sach kieu hoi cua Trung Quoc va kinh nghiem cho Viet Nam
H o ^ V i a t m
Truong Dao tao, boi duong Can bo COng Thuang Trung uong
Hi|n nay d Viet Nam, trong bdi canh vdn ddu tu true tiep nude ngoai da chiing lai, trong khi vdn vay uu dai nude ngoai ngay edng gidm ddn, ngudn kieu hdi ttr kilu bao d nude ngodi ddng vai trd ngay cdng quan trpng. Vdn d l cdn thilt dat ra la can mpt chinh sach toan dien va thdng thoang hon d l thu hflt ngudn luc kieu hdi, cflng nhu hudng ddng kilu hdi chay vdo san xudt, kinh doanh, tao ddng lye thuc ddy tSng trudng kinh te. Thdng qua bdi vilt nay, tdc gid nghiln ctru chinh sach kilu hdi cua Trung Quoc — qudc gia hien dang dflng thu hai thi gidi vl tiep nhan cdc ddng kilu hdi, tu dd rut ra mdt sd kinh nghilm cd gid bi tham khdo cho Viet Nam.
1. Kieu hoi cua Trung Quoc nhirng nam qua Hien nay, cflng vdi sy hdi huong cfla ddng dao cua lye lugng Hoa Kilu khdp thd gidi cflng nhu sy gia tang manh me ludng dau tu true tiep cua Hoa Kilu vl nude, kilu hdi cfla Tmng Qudc dang gia tang manh me trong nhirng nam gdn day. Theo thdng ke cua Ngan hdng The gidi, bang nam lugng kilu hdi dd vl Tmng Qudc la rdt Idn, chiem khoang 14% - 20% GDP cua Tmng Qudc. Luang kieu hdi gfli ve nude nay da tang m^nh qua cac nam. Nam 2017, luong kilu hdi dd vl Tmng Qudc dat 63,86 ty USD, dflng thu hai the gidi chi sau An Do.
Hinh 1; Kiln lidi chuyin vl Trung Qu6c, 2010-2017 (Ty USD)
Bang t: 10 quoc gia dan dau vi kiia hoi vao Trung Qnoc (2017) fB07ivi Tt USD/
2D11 2012
Ngiioii ^vww worldbank ors/rennttancedatamflows (Apr 2018) Tmng Qudc da va dang thue hi|n chidn luge phdt huy duoc tiem nang cua Hoa kieu trong phat trien kinh te tiling qua thu hut ehdt xam, thu hut ddu tu va lay chinh Hoa kilu lam cdu ndi de dua hdng hda tham nhap thi tmdng qudc te. Nhflng nam qua, Tmng Qudc da Ulp dai trgng the eac hge gia la ngudi gdc Hoa va xay dung hon 70 tmng tam cho hg lam vile. Cac hge gia nay khi quay lai Tmng Qudc, cd thd duge miln tiiue thu nhap, cd dilu kien lam vi$e thuan Igi, duge cdp vdn vay va ed the tu vdn cho bO mdy hanh chinh cdp dia phuong.
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1 2 3 4 5
Quoc gia HoaKy Hong Cong
NI19I Ban Canada Hau Quoc
Kieu iiil 16.3 15,6 4,2 4.2 4,1
TT 6 7 S 9 10
Qu6c gia AusQalia Singapore Macao
Italy Tay Ban Nlia
Kieu ti6i 2.9 2.8 2,2 1.1 1.0 N^ioti WoHrl Bank Bilnleral Reimtlaiice Data. 2017
Sd lieu tren cho thay mac du Hoa Ky la qudc gia cd luong kilu hdi chuyen vl Tmng Qudc Idn nhdt (hon 16 ti USD), song Chau A vdi cac nude va vung lanh thd nhu Hdng Cdng, Macao, Nhat Ban, Han Qudc, Singapore... lai la chau luc rdt kilu hdi vao Tmng Qudc nhilu nhdt. Cd 2 ngudn chinh chuyin kilu hoi vl Tmng Qudc dai Iyc: Thfl nhat, tu luc lugng Hoa kilu ddng dao d khdp noi tren the gidi, trong dd d Bdc My la Idn nhat; va thu hai, lu nhung khoan ddu tu cfla eac doanh nghilp Tmng Qudc d nude ngoai chuyin Igi nhuan ve nude, trong dd nhilu nhdt d EU va mdt sd nude Chau A,
2. Chinh sach thu hut va sir dung kieu hoi cua Trung Quoc
Trong nhilu thdp ^y qua, Chinh phu Tmng Qudc da van dung nhilu chinh sach hop ly trong thu hflt va su dung kilu hdi.
Thu nhat, Chinh sach uu dai ddi vdi Hoa Kieu thdng qua chien dich mdi gpi Hoa Kilu vl nude. Sg phat triln manh me cua nen kinh t l Trung Qudc hien nay cd su ddng gdp khong nhd cfla bp phan ngudi Hoa sdng d nude ngoai. Cac Hoa kilu khi ddu tu vl nude dup'c chinh phu Tmng Qudc (ao nhilu uu dai nhu gia thue ddt thdp, gidm tien dien, thue kinh doanh thap, cho vay vdn d l kinh doanh luc ban ddu... Chinh phu Tmng Qudc td chuc nhung buoi hgp mat de tuyen
HAU A - THAI I
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NGHliN CUhj duong, d l nghe nhtrng nguyln vpng, nhiing suy nghi cfla nhtmg Hoa kieu hdi huong, qua dd cd nhflng dieu chinh phfl hgp. Song chat xuc tdc quan trpng nhdt chinh la van de loi nhuan, vdi mdt thi trudng tieu dung Idn manh, ngay cang cd nhilu doanh nhan gdc Hoa ddu tu tryc tidp vao Tmng Qudc, tai thi trudng dang rdt sdi ddng nay cd nhieu co hpi thanh cdng hon.
Ngoai ra, Chinh phfl Tmng Qudc con thuc hien nhilu eac chuang trinh uu dai ve nha ddt, tuyln dung vao bd may cdng quyln d l thu hflt Hoa kilu. ThIm nua, Chinh phfl Tmng Qudc phat hanh "bai philu kilu dan" — mpt loai ng chinh phu phat hanh bdng ndi t | bdn cho ngudi dan xa xu d l cd vdn ddu tu vao cdc dg an cu thi. Thdng qua hinh thflc nay, keu ggi Idng ylu nude cfla ngudi di eu ra nude ngoai cd nguyln vgng mudn ddu tu xay dgng ddt nude.
Thu hai, Trong nhirng nam qua, Tmng Qudc da cd nhilu nd luc bong viec cai each cac chinh sdch thuong m^i theo hudng minh bach va ty do hda ban, thi hien d cae cam kit da phuong vl phap ludt v l thi chi, cdng nhu cdc cam kit v l md eua thi tnidng hang hda va dich vy. Theo dd, cac doanh nghilp Hoa kilu cd dilu ki|n md rdng kinh doanh va ddu tu vl qui nha. Hon nua, djnh ky hang nam, chinh phfl Tmng Qudc td chuc cae cudc gap trgc tilp giua cae nha dau tu Hoa kilu d l hudng dan giai thich, gidi quylt nhting khd khan vudng mdc. Dae bilt, chinh phfl edn cd chinh sach thu hut ddu tu bdng each tu vdn hudng ddn miln phi hd so cac thu tuc hanh chinh nhdm don gian hda cac thu tuc, giflp cac nha ddu tu Hoa kilu trdnh duge bd ngd khi ed quylt dinh dau tu ve qui nha.
Thu ba, Tmng Qudc da va dang ap dung c b l do the xanh trong nhflng nam gdn day. Theo dd, nhflng ngudi tai nude ngoai duoc mdi nhgp eu vTnh vien, xudt nhap canh va duge tam tni vdi hp chieu cd sdn ma khPng cdn visa. Con cai hp duge ghi tin vao cac trudng hpc dia phuong vdi mflc hpc phi rat thdp theo thda thuan.
Ngoai ra, hp cd the dung thi xanh nhu chflng minh thu nhan dan hgp phap trong sudt thdi gian d Tmng Qudc va tham chi cd gia tri hon gidy td dinh cu hay dinh cu vinh vien.
Thu tu, De sfl dyng nguon kilu hdi hieu qua, Chinh phu Tmng Qudc da hudng dong kieu hdi vao phat triln san xudt thdng qua viec hP trg cac doanh nghiep d quy md nhd khdng dfl dieu kien d l vay vdn d eac ngan hang hay eac td chuc tin dung thing qua cac quy ggi tat la TVEs (Township and Village Enterprises).
Quy nay Idn ddu duge hinh thanh tu nhung nam cudi thap ky 70 khi nhilu gia dinh co ngudi than d nude ngoai cting nhau tap hgp nhtrng khoan tiln du thua gfli v l cho cac CO sd san xudt kinh doanh nhd dia phuong khdng du vdn ddu tu nhung vdn cd the boat ddng sdn xudt kinh doanh nhd nhtrng khoan tien nay.
Cdc don vi nay thudng boat ddng trong cae linh vgc nhu may mac, vdt li|u xay dung, ehl bien thge phdm...
3. Vai net ve i(]eu hdi cua Viet Nam va mot sdi([nh nghiem cd the van dung tv Uiuc tien Trung Quoc
Vdi hon 3,3 trieu Vilt kilu dinh cu d hon 100 nude va vflng lanh thd, vdi hon nua trieu ngudi Vilt Nain dang lao ddng xudt khdu tai 40 qudc gia ti^en thi gidi, edng ddng ngudi Viet Nam d nude ngoai cung ddng tien hg chuyin v l nude ddng vai trd ngay cang quan trpng ddi vdi sy phat triln cua ddt nude.
Hinh 2. KiJu h6\ vk Vift N a m 2010 - 2017 (Ty U S D )
Nguon: Tong c^c Thong ki Viet Nam 2017; Ngdn hang The giai 2017
Tu nam 1993 d i n nay, kilu bdi duge chuyin vl Viet Nam da ed mflc tang trudng dn tugng. Nlu nhu nam 1993 kilu hdi dat 140 tridu USD; den nam 2012 da dat 10 ty USD; nam 2015 dat hon 13 ty USD. Theo sd lieu cdng bd efla Bd Kl ho?eh Dau tu, nam 2017, Vilt Nam dat muc ky luc ve thu hflt kilu hdi 13,78 ti USD - dflng thu 4 d chau A va thfl 10 tren thi gidi v l thu hflt kilu hdi.
Nlu trudc day, kilu bao gfli tiln v l nude chfl ylu d l ngudi than tieu dung ca nhan, nay ddng vdn nay da tdp tmng ddu tu vao san xudt kinh doanh vd bdt ddng san. Theo thdng ke eua Ngan hang Nha nude va Bd Kl hoach - Ddu tu, co cdu su dyng kilu hdi trong 3 nam gan day gdm 30% ddu tu sdn xudt kinh doanh, 30% gfli tilt kilm, 20% mua vdng, ddu tu bdt ddng sdn 16% va tieu dung chiem 4%.
Theo danh gia eua cac dmh c b l tai chinh nude ngoai vd kilu bao, chinh sach thu hflt kieu hdi efla Vilt Nam nhtrng nam qua da ed nhilu tiln bd, thdng thoang hem. Ngudi nhan ed thi lua chgn nhan bang ddng Viet Nam hoac ngoai tl. Ngudi nhan kieu hdi khdng phai ddng bdt ky khoan thul hay phi nao cho cac td chuc tin dyng ma chi thu cua ngudi gfli. Ddng thdi, mflc phi thu tu ngudi gfli kilu hdi eua eac ngan hang thuang mai cflng rdt cgnh tranh, duge tinh theo ttmg chau luc va vflng lanh thd. ThIm nfla, mdt diem thu hflt kilu hdi chay ve Viet Nam nua la Ludt Nha d 2014 cd hieu Igc tu ngay 1-7-2015, da cho phep kilu bao, ngudi nude ngoai duge mua va sd huu nha tai Viet Nam. Tuy vay, ben canh nhflng chinh sach da cd nhilu kilu bao vdn cho rdng, Viet Nam quan ly ngoai hdi qua chat, chinh sach hien cflng chua dfl thpnc thoang d l nha ddu tu Viet kieu chuyin nhugne vdn hoac chuyin Igi nhuan kinh doanh ra nude nsoai thuan Igi, cflng tao rao can ddi vdi viec ddu tu v | nude
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HINH Tt C H A U A - T H JTu nhiing bai hoc kinh nghi|m vl thu hut vd su dyng ngudn kilu hdi cd hilu qua cua Trung Qudc, nhdm khoi thdng ngudn luc ddi dao ndy, Viei Nam cdn van dyng mdt sd bai hpc kinh nghi|m dudi day:
Thu nhdt, Ve thu hut kieu hdi, trong dilu ki|n n l n kinh t l Vilt Nam hi|n nay, cd thi thyc hi|n mOt sd nhflng bien phdp sau:
- Tao khudn khd phdp ly nhdm bdo hd va tao dieu ki|n cho doanh nhan, tri thuc kieu bao ve nude lam vl|e, ddu tu kinh doanh; khuyin khich vile hinh thdnh cae hiep hdi chuyen nganh, md rdng hop tac trong edng ddng va vdi trong nude theo tinh thdn "ich nude Igi nhd". Chinh phii cdn cd nhflng bi|n phap ddng bd va ed hieu qua nhdm gidm sg mdt can ddi trong ddu tud cac lang nghi, vflng lanh thd, gia tang ddu co trln thi tiirdng bdt ddng sdn va sg bat dn tren thi trudng vdn, han c b l lam dung nhung uu dai vl thul, ddt dai.
- Tich eye hp trg egng ddng ngudi V^iet Nam d nude ngoai dn dinh va phat trien, giu gin ban sac dan tdc thdng qua viec md rdng cae hoat ddng giao luu nhilu mat giua cdng ddng ngudi Vi|t Nam d trong va ngoai nude, tilp tyc td ehflc cae tr^i he, md ede Idp tiing Vl^t cho thanh thieu nien kilu bao, b6 trg xay dung tnidng hoc, cung cdp sach giao khoa. Khuyin khich eOng ddng phat huy vai trd edu ndi hflxi nghi va qudng bd hinh anh Vilt Nam vdi ban be qudc td.
- Dap flng nhirng nguyen vpng, Igi ich chinh dang cua kilu bao nhu xem xet van d l thi thyc xuat nhap canh, md rdng ddi tugng bdo lanh hdi huong, rut ngdn thdi gian giai quylt thdi qudc Uch va xem xet khd nang cho phIp kilu bao cd hai qudc tich... giai quylt tdt cae vdn de tam linh, nhan dao. Chinh phfl cdn ed chinb sach thdng tiioang hon niia cho Viet Kilu duge mua nha, mua ddt, gidi han ve ty le gdp vdn vao cdc cdng ty cd phdn, da dang hda eac hinh thue ddu tu va cai each thfl tuc hanh chinb d l thu hflt mcinh ngudn kilu hdi.
- Chinh sdch cfla Ddng vd Nhd nude cdn cdi md thdng thoang, khuyen khich vd tao dilu kien cho kieu bao d nude ngodi gfli tiln vl giflp gia dinh; ddm bao an toan cho sd tien ndy; ngudi than duge nhdn bdng ngoai te khdng han che, tao dilu kiln cho ddng tiln kilu hdi cd kha nang sinh sdi ndy nd, lam ra thIm nhilu cfla cai cho ddt nude. Khi dd, se khdng chi nang eao hieu qua cfla kilu hdi ma cdn tao ddng Ige thu hflt manh hon ddi vdi ddng ngoai te vl dat nude.
Thu hai, Vl sfl dyng kilu hdi: Md hinh quj' TVEs cua Tmng Qudc la mdt md hinh rdt hay va hilu qua ma \^i|t Nam edn tham khdo vd hpc hdi 66 su dung kilu hdi cho phat triln kinh t l xa hdi cua ddt nude, nang cao mflc sdng cfla nguoi dan, tao dgng Iyc cho tang tnidng kinh tl. Ndu nhtrng quy nay duge thanh Idp va phat triln d Vi|t Nam s i la mot ngudn lye h6 trg cho cae doanh nghidp vfla va nhd phdt biln hoat ddng kinh doanh sdn xudt cfla minh qua dd cd thi tao ra nhilu hang hda cho xa hdi d6ng thdi t^o edng an viec
lam cho xa hdi. Thdng qua nhflng quy nay, ngudn kieu hdi s i duge su dung true tilp d l tao ra tdng san phdm qudc dan cho ddt nude thay vi ddu tu vao vang, ngoai t|, hay bdt ddng sdn, nhiing linh vgc ddu tu khdng nhtrng khdng thflc ddy phat triln kinh tl, ma ngugc lai edn gay ra tinh trang ddu eo, rdi loan thj tnidng.
Thu ba, Vl thu hflt ngudi tai d nude ngoai vl nude:
tu nhtrng chinh sach thu hflt ngudi tai cfla Tmng Qudc, Vilt Nam cd thi ap dyng mPt sd bien phap nhu:
- Nha nude can cd chinh sach thdng thoang va rdng rai hon nua, mang ludi thdng tin minh bach ro rang hon d l nhilu doanh nhan la kieu bao tu cac nude trln thi gidi ddu tu vl qui huong. Ngoai tru cdc thdnh phd Idn, hiln tai khdng it cdc dja phuang van edn cd quan nilm dy an kieu bao la vdn ddu lu nude ngoai. Dilu nay gdy khd khan cho doanh nghilp vl nhilu mat nhu thfl tuc, thud, va cac each ddi dai khdng cdng bdng. Ddng thdi, tang cudng keu gpi kilu bao tham gia ddu tu vao cae dy an Idn tai Vi|t Nam.
- Hinh thdnh nhtrng td ehflc lam edu ndi thich hgp cho kilu bao vl nude, gidng nhu Tmng tam hd trg Kilu bao eua Thanh phd Hd Chi Minh vdi ehflc nang hd trg kilu bao va thu tyc phap ly cflng nhu trao ddi thdng tin ve nhting vdn d l trong nude. De tao dilu kiln thudn loi cho kilu bao ddu tu ve que huong nhilu hon, can nghiln eflu va xay dyng mdt diln dan cd tinh ehdt thudng nien ve tu van chinh sach cho Chinh phu ddi vdi mdt sd linh vyc quan trpng efla nln kinh td - xa hdi ed su tham gia efla tri thuc kilu bao, chfl tri se la mdt thanh viln cfla Chinh phu chju trach nhiem ddi vdi pham vi cdn lu vdn.
Thu tu, xay dung kenh thdng tin rdng rai cho kilu bao ve chinh sach ddu tu, chinh sdch ty gia va dieu hanh tiln te tai Viet Nam de hg cd thi tilp can cac eo hoi ddu tu. Dd la co sd d l Viet kilu yen tam chuyen tiln vl nude, cung nhu dua ra quydt dinh sfl dung ddng tien cd Igi nhdt ddi vdi hg, tu dd giflp Vi|t Nam thu hut kilu hdi tdt hon./.
Tai iieu tham khao
Nghi dinh sd 70/2014/ND-CP quy dinh chi tidt thi hdnh mdt sd dieu cfla Phap lenh ngoai hdi vd phap linh sua ddi, bd sung mdt sd dilu eua phap l|nh ngoai hdi.
Yin Lam, Thu hut kilu hdi cdn chinh sdch khai thdng ben viing, Sal Gdn Ddu tu— Tai chinh, 6/2017.
Truong Thi Huong Lan, Vai nhan djnh ve thu hflt kilu hdi cfla Viet Nam, Tap chi Tai chinh thang 9/2016.
Dang Thu Thfly, Chinh sach thu hut kieu hdi cfla Vilt Nam hiln nay. Tap chi Khoa hge Xa hpi Vi|t Nam, sd 12 (109) nam 2016.
Worid Bank, Migration and Development brief, Apr 2018.
