KINH TE
KINH NGHIEM QUOC TE TRONG MUA SAM CONG XANH
VA BAI HOC CHO VIET NAM
> NGUYEN NGOC MINH
TO.M TAT:
Mua sim edng xanh la mgt yeu td quan trpng de thuc da\ chudi cung ung xanh. Trong he Ihdng thj trudng ty do hi^n nay. cau cd sue anh hudng dang ke den cac sy lya chpn ciia cung.
Neu ben mua quan tam nhieu den nhung san pham xanh, ben eung iing se dan ty thay ddi theo hudng xanh hda san pham neu khdng mudn mat thi phSn. Do dd. mua sim xanh la mpt cdng cy djnh hudng thi trudng huu hieu de phat trien nhung san pham va dich vy than thien vdi mdi trudng. titdd tirng buoc xanh hda chudi cung ung. Bai viet gidi thieu kinh nghiem qudc te trong mua sdm cdng xanh, tir dd riit ra bin hpc cho Viet Nam.
Tir khda: GPP, Bao ve mdi trudng, Chudi cung ung xanh, mua sam cdng xanh
I. Kinh nghiem quoc te trong mua s^m cong xanh /./. TrungQudc
Tmng Qudc nkm trong nhdm eac qudc gia cd tde d? ting truong GDP cao nhat the gidi va da cd nhirng bude tien an tupng ve mat kinh te de tra thanh mgt trong nhimg qudc gia cd tam anh huong Idn. Tuy nhien. dai dupe thanh tuu kinh te dd. Trung Qudc cung phai danh ddi \ e mdi tnrdng. De khac phue tinh tning nay, Trung Qudc da luu tam den phat trien theo hiriTng b^n \ ung va GPP la mdt trong nhfmg cdng cu dupe Chinh phu Trung Qudc lya chgn.
Mua sam ciia chinh phii la mot phan quan trgng trong he thdng quan l>' tai chinh cdng ciia Trung Qudc. Lu^t ve mua sam ciia chinh phu dupe thdng qua nam 2002 va cd hieu luc vao nam 2003. Ciing vdi dd la Lu^t Thuc da\ san xuat sach ciia Trung Qudc.
Sy ra ddi cua nhung \ an ban phap quy nay da thiic day mjnh me qua trinh mua sam cdng tai Trung Qudc.
Tuy nhien. dieu luat nay chua quy djnh cy the van de bao \'e mdi trudng, ma chi dimg d mirc thdng bao cac ho?! dpng mua sam cdng can hudng tdi cac san pham than thien vdi mdi trudng. Do dd. Bp Tai chinh (MoF) va 0\ ban Cai each va Phat trian Qudc gia (NDRC) da ihyc hien nhung bude tiep theo de thiic day GPP Cu the. nam 2004. hai ca quan tren da ra quy dinh yeu c^u cac CO quan chinh phu phai uu tien nhirng san ph^m liei kiem nang lupng trong danh myc mua sSm. Din
nam 2005 d3 yeu cau cac coquan chinh phii (cap qudc gia. cap tinh va cap co sd) ap dung GPP. Cung trong nam 2005. MoF \ a NDRC cdng bd danh sach chi tiC'i cua cac san pham tiet kiem mdi trudng cac ca quan chinh phii cd the mua sam bao gom khoang 1.000 san pham dugc chia thanh 6 nhdm: He thdng TV, tii lanh, dieu hda, den huynh quang va nhirng san pham tieu tdn nang lugng khac (Geng \a Dobersteintrich, 2008 dan tir Ma. 2006).
Danh sach mua sam xanh ciia Trung Qudc bao gdm 2 phan: Danh sach cac san pham cd dan mac mdi trudng va danh sach cac san pham tiet kiem nhien lieu. Danh sach nay da tiep tuc dupe cap nhat them 3
\hn vao cac nam 2006.2007,2009. Den ha nam 2009, danh sach cae san pham xanh da tang len thanh 30 nhdm. Them vao dd. mgt loat nhfmg van phap phap quy lien quan den van de xanh cung dugc ban hanh nhu: Thdng bao \e hoat dgng tiet kiem tai nguyen cua Hdi ddng Van phdng Nha nude; Quan diem ve ap dung mua sam cua chinh phii ddi vdi nhung san pham tidt kiem nang lucmg: Quyet djnh ve thuc hien phat trien khoa hpc thdng qua day manh bao \ e mdi trudng 2005: va Quan diem ve thuc hien mua sam ciia Chinh phii ddi san pham cd nhan moi trudng 2006.
G^n day. Trung Qudc dang thuc hien nhiing bude di nham dap img yeu cau cua WTO ve Thda thuan \ e mua s^m ciia chinh phii bang each tiep tuc thdng qua cac didu luat khu>dn khich GPP nhu Ke hoaeh 5 nam So 1 2 - T h a n g 5/2020139
i«pnfcliKnMK
lintbu II vi Bao %e mdi uudng qudc gia, Keho^di Tidt ld?m nhi«i lieu \a giam thai ch^ dpc \a Luai Tidt ki?m nSng lupng; Thdng tu ve Thuc diy kinh te va Quy dinh li^ kiem nang lupng cua ca: id chiic (2008)... (QiaovaWang.tr. 1037.2011).
Wk md hinh ap dyng GPR Tning Qudc ap dyng 2 md hinh: Md hinh c?nh ttanh va md hinh hop tac. Md hinh e^nh ttanh \e co ban cho phep cae co quan khi tien hinh mua sSm cdng dugc so sanh gia ca cua cae T\hk eung ung va dupe ty do lua chpn va tiet Idem chi phi. Phuong phap nay han eh^ viec thdiig ddng trong mua bdn khi cd sy c?nh tranh ciia nhieu ben. Ddng thdi. phuong phap nay cung tang tinh minh l^ch va dam bao sy cung ung h ^ g hda va dieh vy tdt hon.
Ngupe l^i, md hinh hpp tae dya vao mdi quan he hop tae dk\ h^n giOa b€n cung ung va cic co quan chinh phu. Md hinh niy eoi cac co quan chitih phu nhu khdch hdng than quen va ben eung dng ciing nhu cac CO quan chinh phii ndm rd nhihig yeu c3u cua nhau trong qud trinh giao djch. Md hinh nay eung s5 tiSt ki^m dupe thdi gian tim kilm nha cung ung va ed the v(ln hanh mpt each linh hoat hem so vdi md hinh canh tranh. Cdc md hinh diu hudng tdi viee giai quy6t tinh hieu qua kinh te bdng cdch giam thieu chi phi, do vay Trung Qudc dp dyng ea hai cdch tiep can ndi tren.
Tren thyc t6, GPP t^i Trung Qudc mdi dang d giai do^n ban ddu
vd dupe thyc hien d mpt vai thanh phd nhu Quang Chau. Bdc Kinh, Thi6n Tan, Thdm Quydn, Thanh Ddo,... Trong dd, Thanh Ddo Id thanh phd ddu tien ban hanh danh sdch mua sdm xanh va la thdnh phd ddu tien ehinh thiic dp dyng GPP tai Trung Qudc. Tuy nhien, GPP d Trung Qudc vdn tdn tai nhiing rao can i^dt djnh nhu:
• Nhan thuc ve tam quan trpng cua GPP chua dupe phd bien rpng rdi, Chinh phu mdi bude dau quan tam den mua s5m cdng xanh. Ngoai ra,, san phdm xanh rat khd gia nhdp thi trudng do muc ddu tu cdng nghe cdn thdp.
• Chua cd CO quan chuyen trach vk GPP va thidu sy Hen ket giira cdc co quan dang chiu trdch nhiem ve van de ndy.
• Khai niem ve san phdm xanh ehua nhdt qudn, cac tieu ehuan danh gia san pham xanh edn lap Id, danh sdch cdc sdn phdm xanh vi pham nguyen tic canh tranh md \ a cdng bdng.
• Thieu cdc ngudn lyc can thiet cho GPP nhu khdng cd cdc ehuyen gia vh ITnh vyc n ^ , ngudn lyc tai chinh ehua ddy dii: h^ thdng ha tdng thdng lin cho GPP cdn l?c h?u.
Trung Qudc cd thd dupe coi K> mP' " ^ * ^ . ' ' ' ^ J '.
tt^ng rmh vye GPP, cdn nhilu khoai r^ n oiig dd c6 tM phat Qidn linh vyc ndy. Thing Qudc u"' bude dau thiit lap khung khd phdp ly vh GPP nhung ^ iin cdn nhi&i vdn dd cdn phdi gidi quylt d l cd thi dp dyng GPP vio thye t^.
2. Nhat Ban
Mua sdm xanh t^ Nhdt Bdn dupe dl xuit tit ndm 1996 vdi sy ra ddi cua Mang ludi mua sdm xanh. Sau dd, chinh phu Nh^t Ban ban hanh Lu§t Mua sdm xanh vdo thdng 5 ndm 2000 vd cd hi?u lyc vdo thdng 5 ndm 2001. Tdt cd cdc td chdc bdt bupc phai mua nhihig mdt hang xanh dupe chi dinh bao gdm 18 nhdm: san phdm giay in/sao chep; vdn phdng phdm; do ndi thit vdn phdng; thiit bj ty dOng hda vdn phdng; thiit bj anh sdng; xe hoi; qudn do vd ddng phyc cdng sd; dyng ey vd djch vy xay dyng. DSn ndm 2007, tAt cd cdc b§, ngdnh chinh phu, 47 chinh quyen cap tinh, 12 thdnh pho dupe chi dinh vd 68% cua 700 thdnh phd bdt bu^c phai thyc hi$n mua sdm cdng xanh. Ket qud Id 95%
sdn phdm tir nhung nhdm chi djnh Id sdn phim xanh.
Chfnh phu Nh$t Ban dp dyng nhOng chi ti6u xanh theo chuang trinh nhSn sinh thdi Ecomark, cQng nhu chi tieu tir Energy StarS vd cdc bO chi tiSu khde dl hudng din vi^c quyet djnh mua bdn vd lya chpn cdc san pham xanh.
Tiip dd, vao ndm 2007, Nhdt Bdn ban hdnh Lu|t Thiic ddy nhimg hpp ddng ciia Nhd nude vd cdc thyc thd khac Ima tam din v i ^ gidm phdt thdi khi nhd kinh ("Ludt Hpp ddng xanh"). Bp ludt ndy quy dinh nhihig dieu kifn hpp ddng va yeu edu vl mdi trudng can duac bd sung ddi vdi cac co quan chinh phii khi thdo hpp ddng ve: Ndng lupng di$n, xe hoi, cac ke ho?ch dieh vy ndng luong va thiit kl cdng trinh. Lu$t Hpp ddng xanh la su bd sung h ^ ly cho Lu^t Thuc d4y mua sdm xanh khi chu y din viec gidm phdt thdi khi nha kinh. Hai bp lu?t nay kit hpp vdi nh&ng chuong OTiih qudc gia va m^ng ludi mua sSm edng xanh da qudc gia da gdp phdn hinh thanh khung khd phdp 1^
cho GPP d Nhdt Bdn. Ngoai ra, nhOng yiu td vl thi ehi chinh sdch con tao dpng lyc dl md rpng nhftng hoat dpng mua s3m edng xanh d Nhdt Ban.
3. Bdi bpe Idnh n^ifm cho \ i^i N ^ , ^
^ Tinh hinh vd kinh nghi?m thyc hi^n GPP cua mot so qudc gia tttn thd gidi cho phdp mi ra mpt vdi diem can luu y cho sy phdt uien GPP cua Vi^t Nam Dd Id-
• Can nang cao nhan thire cua x3 hdi hung va nhan thdc cua dpi ngu cdn bp khu vyc cd ,v rieng ve tdm quan trpng cua GPP. Dnj .^^ thdi cd h ' 140 So 12 - Thang 5/2020
KUHTf
d6i quan nifm cii vl sdn phdm xanh. Chi phi ban ddu dd, vai trd cua thi tmdng Id tao ddn bdy dOng lyc, cbo sdn [Adm xanh cd the cao hon ddi vdi nhimg san edn vai trd eua Nhd nude Id ban hanh cdc qui dinh ph^ cd cung chdc ndng khde, nhung Ipi ich ve lau hudng ddn mua sdm nhiing sdn phdm than thi?n vdi dii cua sdn phdm xanh cd the Idn hon rdt nhieu so vdi mdi trudng.
DhOng sdn phdm khde. • Tien hdnh nhihig khda dao t^o nang eao ky ndng
• Can cd nhihig qui djnh ro rdng va cy the trong cho cac can bp chuyen trdch v l ddnh gid sdn phdm
\T?c mua sdm chinh phu theo hudng xanh hod. xanh va cd the su dyng nhihig sdn phdm dd. Ngoai ra
• Qui djnh theo hudng "xanh" vd bdo dam tiet cdn ndng cao ndng lyc ve cdng nghe dl cd thi dp dyng b^m tdi nguyen vd bdo v§ mdi tiirdng ddi vdi cdc nhiing san phdm xanh mpt cdch tdt nhdt.
dcnnh n ^ $ p thye hi|n cung c4p hdng hod vd dich vy. • Than tt-png thiit l^ip mdi quan h? ddi tde ddi ben
• Sii dyng cdc cdng cy thj trudng 1dm ddn bay, ciing cd loi giCta Chinh phu, giuB cdc doanh nghi?p kit hpp vdi sit dyng vai trd ciia Nha nude. Trong Idn cd tinh quylt dinh va cac doanh nghi?p nhd"
TAI LItU THAM KHAO:
1. Chucmg trinh Ecomark, dieu hanh bdi Lien hiep Mdi tnrdng Nh§t Ban.dupc quan ly theo tieu chudn hudng dan ISO vd dugc mpt ben thii ba cdng nh^ln cd sire thuylt phue trong chuong trinh nhan sinh thdi Thong lin them vi chuang trinh ndy a dja chi www.ecomarkjp.
2. hllp://\vww2.epa.gov/toxics-release-inventory-tri-program.
3. htlp://www.epa.gov/smartwaylogistics Ngdy nhdn bdi: 23/4/2020
Ngdy phan bifn ddnh gid vd sva ehira: 3/5/2020 Ngdy ch&p nh$n ddng bdi: 12/5/2020 Thdng tin tac gid:
ThS. Nguyen Ngpc Minh Khoa Kinh tl CO sd
IVudng D^i hpc Kinh t l - Ky thudt cdng nghi|p
INTERNATIONAL EXPERIENCES OF GREEN PUBLIC PROCUREMENT AND LESSONS FOR VIETNAM
• Master. NGUYEN NGOC MINH Faculty of Fundamental Economics University of Economics - Technology for Industries ABSTRACT:
Green public procurement plays an important role in promoting the development of green supply chain. Amid the current free market system, supply options are significantly driven by the demand. If the buyers pay great attention to green products, the suppliers will gradually change towards green products to avoid losing their market shares. Therefore, green proeurement is an effective market-driven tool to develop eco-fiiendly products and services, ^adually resultmg in the greening of supply chains. This articl introduces international experience in green public procurement, thereby drawing lessons for \^etnam.
Keywords: GPP, environmental protection, green supply chain, green public procurement.
So 12-Thang 5/2020141
