Pham 06 NhSt Tien, Nguyin Hong TtiuSn, ViiOng Ttij Phuang Hanh
Giao due gia trj trong trufGlng plid tliong:
Kinh nghiem qudc te va bai hpc cho Viet Nam
Pham Do Nhat TiSn', Nguyen Hong T h u | n ^ VUKng Thj Phirdng Hanh^
' HQC vi^n Qu^n li Gi^o dgc
31 Phan Dinh Giot, Thanh XuSn, HS Npi, Vi$t Nam Email' [email protected]
^ Emaii: hon#[email protected]
^ Emaii: [email protected] Vi§n Khoa hoc Giio due Vi?t Nam 101 Tran iHiing Oao, iHoan Kiem, Ha Noi, Viet Nam
TOM TAT: Xay ddng he gia tri van hda cho hgc sinh trong tn/dng pho thong la mgt bai toan khd, chi it tren hai phddng dien: Thd nhat la hieu the nao ve gia tri van hoa de co the ed SL/ ddng thudn; Thd hai la lam the nao li/a chgn cac gia tri van hoa cot ldi trong vo van gia tn van hoa de dUa vao nha tn/dng. Bai viet nay muon tim ldi giii td mgt sd bai hgc kinh nghiem tren cO sd nghien edu tong quan ve giao due gia tri va Ida chgn gia tn trong nha tn/dng pho thdng cua mgt so nude trdn thS gidi.
lii KHOA: Gid trj van h6a; gia trj; giao due gid trj; giao due pho th6ng.
-> Nhan b^i 20/12/2019 -> Nhan ket qua phan bien vk ciiinh sila 15/01/2020 -> Duyet dang 25/02/2020
1 . Dat v a n d e
Trong van thu qu6c tfi, gia tri n6i chung, gia tri van hoa noi rieng, la nhung khai niem da nghia, duoc dinh nghla theo nhieu each khae nhau tuy theo each tilp can. CJ Viet Nam, giao due (GD) gia tri van hoa trong truang hoc la mot khai niem moi trong GD Viet Nam. Do la vi trong chuang trinh GD pho thong nuac ta, thay vi dung khai niem GD gia tri van hoa, chiing ta dung cac khai niem khae nhu mon Dao diiCj Hoat dpng trai nghiem (cap Tieu hpc), GD cong dan va Hoat dpng trai nghiem, hucmg nghiep (cap Trung hpc ca SCT, cap Trung hpc pho thong). Cac mon hpc va hoat dpng nay deu hucmg tcfi viec hinh thanh va phat triSn d hpc sinh (HS) Viet Nam nhtmg gia tri cot loi la yeu nuac, nhan ai, eham chi, trung thuc, trach nhiem. Neu coi cac gia tri nay chinh la cac gia tri ma GD gia tri van hoa can huong toi thi tuy r§ng khai niem GD gia tri van hoa chua thuc su dupc sii dung trong GD Viet Nam nhung hoat dpng GD gia tri van hoa vin co va la mot phan khong the thieu cua GD Vifl Nam. Co dieu, hi6u nhu vay la gioi han gia tri van hoa trong cac gia tri dao due va gia tri cong dan. Do la hieu theo nghTa hep vk gia tri van hoa. Trong bai viet nay, gia tri van hoa dupc higu theo nghia rpng. No bao gom cac loai gia tri, bao gom gia tn dao due, gia tri cong dan, gia tri ca nhan, gia tri xa hpi, gia tri moi truang, gia tri tham ml ...Theo each hieu nay, GD gia tri van hoa la xu th6 hien nay trong GD the giai, dual ten gpi chung la "GD cac gia tn" (values education). No co muc dich khae phuc cac khiSm khuyet Clia GD hien nay von nang ve truyen thu kien thiic va nang lire, huang tcri thi cii va hinh thanh con nguai cong cu. No huong tdi con nguai trong sii toan ven cua no. No doi hoi viec xae lap cac gia tri van hoa cdt loi can hinh thanh trong HS, cac nguyen tSc cSn tuan thii trong t6 chuc thirc hien, vai tro Clia giao vien, phu huynh va cpng dong, each danh gia ca ve ket qua thuc hien lan tac dpng len viec day ciia giao vien va viec hpc ciia HS. Bai viet nay chi tap trung vao viec lam ro mot vin de la each thiic lira chpn cac gia tri de dua
vao GD trong tnrong pho thong tren ca so nit ra mpt so bai hpc kinh nghiem tu mpt khao sat tong quan ve GD gia tri a nhieu nuoc tren the gioi.
2. Ndi d u n g n g h i e n cufu
2.1. Giao due gia trj trong nha trUdng pho thdng 2.1.1. Djnh nghta
Dieu khong tranh khoi la cUng co nhi^u dinh nghla ve GD gia tri xuat phat tir boi canh cu the, truyen thong, triet li ciia moi he thong GD.
ff MT, thuat ngu dupc sii dung chinh thiic la GD pham cich (character education). Ciing co nhieu dinh nghia ve thuit ngii nay trong suot lich sii phat trien ciia no trong GD MT. Tuy nhien, dii hieu theo each nay hay each khae thi muc dich cuoi ciing ciia GD pham each van la dem den cho HS cac gia tri dao diic va gia tri cong dan [1]. Theo to chiic Character.org, mpt to chiic phi chinh phu voi sii menh thuc day GD pham each trong nha truang pho thong MT thi GD pham each la no luc nham muc dich phat tnen a thanh thieu nien cac gia tri ve su hoan thien va dao diic cot loi von duac khang dinh rpng rai trong mpi nen van hoa [2].
O Uc, GD gia tri khong don thuan la hoat dpng co chii dich va tuang minh de day ve cac gia tri ma con bao gom cac phuang thiic khong tuang minh de dua gia tri den voi HS. Vi the, GD gia tri can hieu theo nghTa rpng, no bao gom
"mpi hoat dpng tucmg minh hoae an tang thuoc pham vi nha truang de thiic day HS hieu va biet ve cac gia tri, de khae sau trong cac em kT nang va thien huang sao cho cac em CO th^ bpc Ip cac gia tri nhat dinh vai tu each la ca nhan va thanh vien ciia mpt cpng dong rpng lan" [3],
O Chau Au, trong pham vi cua du an Ethika thuoc chucmg trinh Erasmus+ thi GD gia tri va dao diic la mot the thdng nhit, theo do GD gia tri va dao diic co mat trong mpi khia canh ciia tign trinh GD, no co quan he mot each tudng minh hoae an tang vai cac chieu do dao dire cua ddi song va vi thi nd cd the dupc cau friic, din dat va giam sat bang
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cac phuang phap va cdng cu GD thich hpp [4].
O'An Bp, trong cac bai giang chinh thiic v'e GD gia tri thi GD gia tri la GD "Nham thuc day d HS cac kha nang, thai dp va kT nang rdng hon, khdng phai chi vi viec hpc trong tnrcmg ma cdn vi cupc sdng ngoai trudng, de the gidi la noi chdn tdt dep hem khong phai cho rieng cac em ma cdn cho gia dinh, ban be va nhung ngudi khic. GD gia tri dem lai sir hieu biet chac ehan rang cac gii tri phai dupc khae sau trong HS, khdng phai vi Ipi ich ciia rieng cac em ma cdn vi lai ich chung, phan anh su can bang giira lai ich ci nhan va cpng ddng... GD gia tri chinh ia GD dem den sir phit trien tdng thg cho HS" [5].
Co the dan ra day nhieu each hieu nua vg "GD gia tri"
trong cac he thong GD tren the gidi. Su khae nhau nay la can thiet bdi le "GD gia tn" can phai dat trong bdi canh cu the Clia timg qudc gia. Tuy nhien, dii cic dinh nghia ve GD gia tri CO khic nhau nhimg ban chat la mpt' GD gia tri vg ban chat la day va hpc lim ngudi. Nd vdn la mdt sii menh cdt loi ciia GD, nhung da khdng dugc coi trpng trong thdi gian dai va mdi dupc hdi smh trong khoang 20 nam gan day.
2.1.2. Khung ho^ng gia trj va sti hoi sinli cua giao due gia trj trong nha tru'dng
Vio thdi cd dai, vdi Socrates ciia phuang Tiy va Khdng Tli Clia phuang Ddng thi GD la day ngudi, ren luyen tu duy va trau ddi cic gia tri. Tuy nhien, trong phan ldn chieu dai lich su Clia nd, GD gia tri chi la GD cho mpt sd it ngudi, nhung ngudi se lam quan trong nha nudc phong kien hoae nliimg ngudi se diing trong tang Idp tinh hoa ciia xa hdi trong nhi nudc Ur san, Buac sang the ki XX, khi bat dau hinh thinh he thdng GD vdi td chiic cap hgc va trudng ldp nhu hien nay, thi dii ring GD da timg budc chuygn thanh GD cho sd dong nhung tu duy GD lai hi chi phdi bdi tu duy hang loat cua nen san xuat cdng nghiep, va vi thg GD gii tri vin bi coi nh? so vdi GD vdi muc dich lipc dg biet, de cd viec lam. Dii rang, cic mdn hpc vg dao diic, ve GD cdng dan dgu cd trong cic chuong trinh GD nhung cii ma ci thiy va tro dgu quan tam va coi trgng lai la cac mdn hpc de thi, cac mdn hgc nay thien vg nhin thirc hon la vg cam xiic va hanh vi,
Trong khi dd, theo each ndi ciia Feyrial [6] thi cung vdi budc tien cua ngn san xuat cdng nghigp, HS dang sdng trong thg gidi Dickens, mdt the gidi tdt nhat cua mpi thdi dai va ciang li thg gidi te nliat cua mpi thdi dai. Mdt mat cic em chiing kign budc tien ciia van minh, thu hudng mdt cupc sdng vat chat ngay cang tien nghi, hien dai; mat khae cic em la nan nlian trong su xudng cap ciia van hda, bi tdn thuang vg tinh than vi cam xiic bdi cac dio ldn gia tri. Hien tupng nay mang tinh chat toan cau va dupc Mc Murtry [7]
gpi la cugc khung hoang toan cau vg gia tri.
Digu dd din dgn su canh tinh ve GD. Vg mat li luan, tim quan trpng ciia GD gii tri duac Edgar Faure va cgng sir khae sau vio nhan thiic xa hdi qua cdng trinh Hpc de lam ngudi: The gidi GD hdm nay va ngiy mai (Leaming to be:
The world of educaction today and tomorrow) nam 1972.
Tigp din cdng trinh cua J. Delors va cdng su "GD. m.
bau tigm in" (L'education: Un tresor est cache dedans^ ^ ^^
1999 thi hoc dg lam ngudi, ciing vdi hgc de b'et, 9 hinh, hpc dd Chung sdng tao thanh 4 tru cot cua OU tr g thi ki XXI. . , ,, ,^^
GD gia tri duoc hdi sinh trong bdi canli li Iuan va t n ^ tiln nhu vay. Cac nha hoach dinh chinh sach va cac nhauu d cic nudc phit triln nhu MT, Diic, Ha Lan, Thuy Dieii, Dan Mach, tilp dgn cac nudc dang phat trien nhu An Dp, Maroc, Indonesia, Philippines- Thai Lan.,, tien hanh nhung budc di manh me dg diy manh GD gia tri trong nha tnrong phd thdng. Nghien cihi xuygn quoc gia cua Cummings va cdng su cho thiy tir cudi nhihig nam 1980, GD gia tn da timg budc hdi smh va trd thanh mdi quan tam toan cau [8].
2,1.3. Cac muc tieu cija giao due gia trj Irong nha tri/dng phd thdng , , . Cummings va cdng su [8] cho ring, tuy moi quan tam ve GD gia tri la toan ciu, nhung each tilp can co su khic biet giua phuang Ddng va phuang Tay. Nhin chung, cac nudc phuang Tay hudng muc tieu ciia GD gia tri den con ngudi cdng dan, vdi trgng tam la cac gia tri xa hdi. Trong khi do, GD gia tn d cac nudc phuang Dong dat trpng tam vao cac gia tri dao diic, hudng den con ngirdi diic dp.
Thirc ra, moi nudc xuit phat tir hmh inh cu the vl con ngudi mong mudn ma GD cd sir menh hinh thanh de dat ra cac muc tigu cu thg cho GD gia tri. Chang han, d MT, Bg GD MT [9] quy dmh muc tieu tdng quit cua GD gia tri la "Tao dieu kien cho HS va ngudi ldn trong mgt cdng ddng trudng hpc de hieu biet, quan tam vi hanh ddng dua tren cac gii tri dao diic cot Idi nhu ldng tdn trpng, su cdng bang, dao diic xa hpi va quyen cdng dan, ciing tinh than trach nhiem doi vdi ban than va nhiing ngudi khae. Dua tren nhirng gia tri cdt ldi dd, chiing ta hinh thanh cac thai dp va hanh ddng tao ngn dau an ciia cic cdng ddng an toan, lanh manli va am tudng, dd la nen tang ciia xa hdi chiing ta".
O Uc, GD gia tri hudng tdi muc tieu kep la mpt mat cung cap cho HS nhimg gia tri qudc gia vl dan chii, binh ding va cdng li, mat khae hmh thinh d HS nhung gii tri va diic tinh ca nhan nhu sir luong thign, tinh kien cudng va thai do tdn trpng ngudi khae. Su phat bilu cu thd vg muc tieu GD gia tn trong nha tnrdng IJc la nhu sau [10]: "Nha trudng cin phat trien thanh thieu nien thanh nhiing ngudi: 1/ Cam kit vdi cac gii tn dan chii, binh ding va cong li va tham gia vao ddi sdng dan su Uc; 2/ Co kha nang quan he va giao tilp qua cac nen van hda, dac biet la cic nln van hda va qudc gia Chau A; 3/ Lam viec vi lgi ich chung, dac bigt la duy tri va cai thien cac moi trudng tu nhien va xa hgi; 4/ La nhirng cdng dan dia phuong va toan ciu cd trach nhiem"
6 An Dd, muc tieu chung ciia GD gia tri la tao dilu kign cho HS hoan thien nhin each dl thinh cdng trong cude song va cdng viec, dong gop cho su hanh tdn ciia qudc eia
va the gidi xung quanh. ^ Nhin chung, theo quan dilm cua UNESCO [11] thi "CD
gia tri cd muc dich dat dugc hai kit qua diu ra can ban-
2 TAP CHI KHOA HOC GIAO DUG VIET NAM
Pham 0 6 Nhat Tien, Nguyen H6ng Thuan, Viidng Thj PhUdng Hanh
Giup HS hilu bilt rd hon vl cac gia tri dSn dit eudc sdng hang ngay cua cac em va gdp phin vio nhiing thay ddi gii tri trong cdng ddng va ca nhan". Chang han, trong GD vi sir phat trien bin vimg thi djnh hudng ciia su thay ddi nay la gdp phan vao vide nang cao sir hidu biet, long bao dung va tinh cong bing ddi vdi ngudi khic (thdng qua cac gia tri cdng bang xa hpi, hda binh va dan chu) va gdp phan vao tmh ben virng trong viec sir dung va khai thae cac tai nguygn thidn nhien.
2.2. Lda chpn cac gia trj can dila vao giao due Day la van de khd va ludn cd tranh cai. Cummings [8]
nhan djnh nhu sau: "Cach tigp can trong viec lua chpn cac gia tn cho chuong trinh GD cd lien quan den su khae biet qudc gia. Cac xa hgi phuang Tay cd xu hudng dat trgng tam vao cac gia tri cdng dan, du rang d phin ldn cac nudc Chau Au cac gia tri nay cdn dugc bd sung bdi cac gia tri dao diic va tdn giao. Nhat Ban cd xu hudng dat trpng tam vao gii tri dao diic han gii trj cdng dan,, .O cic xa hdi dang phat trien, dac biet d nhimg noi mi Chinh phu mudn nhin manh di sin dan tdc, thi viec lira chpn gia tri cang phiic tap. Khdng phai chi la khd khan trong viec lira chgn giira cic gia tri ban dia canh tranh nhau ma con vol truyen thdng dang dugc hien dai hda theo kieu phuang Tay. Thudng thi can su hien dien cua mdt nha nuoc rat manh mdi cd thg lim cho tien trinh lua chgn thanh cdng".
Nhan dinh tren cho thay, vide lira chpn cac gia tri trong GD nha trudng dupc quy dinh bdi bdi earth kinh tg - xa hgi timg qudc gia. Cdn each thiic lira chpn nhu the nao thi hien chua cd bit ki mgt phucmg thiic mau muc nao dg hgc tap theo, Trong pham vi nghien ciiu ciia bai bio nay, cd the thay mpt sd each thiic hien dang dugc sii dung nhu sau:
2.2.1. Chon cac gia tri lii l<h^o sa! thiic le, nghien ciiTu tdng quan va lay y kien chuyen gia
Day la cich lam cua nudc Uc. Ngay 19 thing 7 nam 2002, Hdi ddng Bg trudng vl GD, Viec lam, Dao tao va Cdng tie thanh nien nhit tri thdng qua Dg an nghien ciiu qudc gia vg GD gia tri do Chinh phii Uc iiy quyln dg tao ca sd li luan va thuc tign cho viec xay dung rapt khung ciing cac nguyen tic vl GD gia tri trong nha trudng phd thdng Uc. Bao cio kit qua nghien ciiu nam 2003 [7] cho bilt each lim gdm: 1/
Khao sat thuc tl viec tiln hanh GD gii trj trgn toin nudc Uc vdi miu khao sat gdm 69 tnrdng dai dien cho tinh da dang Clia he thing GD phd thdng Uc; 2/ Nghien ciiu tdng quan GD gia tri tren thi gidi; 3/ Liy y kien chuygn gia vi dieu tra qua mang y kign cua giao vien, HS va phu huynh ve cac gia hi ma cgng ddng mong m'ldn nha trudng Uc phat huy, Ve viec lira chpn cac gia tri, Bao cio nhan dinh: "Cic gii trj thudng bl tranh cai rat nhigu va vi the bit ki tap hpp gia tri nio de xuat vdi nha trudng Uc ciing phai la chii de thao luan va tranh Iuan mdt each thuc chat voi cpng ddng trudng hgc, Viec ip dung cic gia tri dd vao cac tinh huong thuc ciia nha trudng nliat thiet ddi hdi cac gia tri do phai phii hgp vdi bdi cinh ciia cgng dong nha tnrdng va ldi cudn dugc sir tham gia cua cpng dong dd vio tien trinh thuc hien".
Bd GD, Khoa hpc va Dao tao Uc da can cii vao Bao cao do de ban hanh Khung qudc gia ve GD gia tri trong nha trudng Uc vdi 9 gia tri nhu sau [12]: 1/ Su quan tam va long trac an; 2/ Lam that tdt; 3/ Ddi xu cdng bing; 4/ Tu do; 5/ Tnmg thuc va ding tin cay; 6/ Chinh true; 7/ Su tdn trpng; 8/ Trach nhiem; 9/ Higu bief, bao dung va hda nhap.
Dd la cac gii tri cdt loi ma du bdi canh cu thg la gi, trudng phd thdng Uc cd trach nhiem thtic day, nudi dudng, truyen thu cic gia tri den moi HS trgn nguygn tac khang djnh nha tnrdng khdng phai li nai bd trdng ve gia tri hoae trung tinb ve gii tri, dam bio GD trau ddi pham each cho HS khdng kera gi viec cung cap cho hp nhiing kT nang cin thiet.
2.2.2. Giao quyen \\1 chu cho nha trddng trong viec Ida chgn cac gia tri
Dd la cich lam ciia nudc MT, Nam 2006, Bd GD MT ban hinh van ban dudi tieu de "GD pham each...Traeh nhiem cimg chia se cua chiing ta" [9], trong dd sau phan ndi ve muc tidu Clia GD pham each, da xic dinh vai trd cua nha trudng nhu sau: "Trong trudng hpc, GD phim each phai dupc tiep can mgt cich toan dien dg bao gdm cac pham chat cam xiic, tri tue va dao diic ciia mgt ngudi hoae nhdm ngudi. Nd phai dem lai vd van ca hdi de HS hpc, thao luan vi thirc hien cac hanh vi xa hdi tich cue. Sir tham gia va vai trd diu tiu ciia HS la ygu td then chdt de GD pham each trd thanh mdt phan trong cac niem tin va hanh ddng ciia HS Dg thuc hien thanh cdng GD pham each, nha tnrdng dupe khuyen khich phat huy vai tro lanh dao trong viec Idi cuon dpi ngu nhi trudng, phu huynh va HS ciing nhau nhin dang va xae dinh cac ydu td pham each ma hp mudn nhan manh", Nhu vay, viec lua chgn cac gia tri de dua vio GD gii tn thudc quygn tu chu ciia nha trudng nham muc dich cudi cung la hinh thanh d HS "cac thdi quen tu duy va hinh dgng dl sdng va lam viec cimg nhau nhu gia dinh, ban be, hang xdm, cdng ddng, qudc gia". Tuy nhidn, nha trudng MT khdng don ddc trong edng viec nay. Ho cd the tim hd trp tir rit nhieu ngudn khic nhau, bao gdm cac td chiic GD pham cich, cac hdi nghj vl GD pham each hoae hpp ddng vdi cac cdng ty thucmg mai de cung cap cac chuang trinh va tai lieu phii hop vdi yeu cau ciia nha trudng.
Theo quan dilm ciia GD MT, chang co mot chuang trinh hieu qui nao cho GD pham each nhung cd mdt sd nguyen tic din dit dl thuc hien GD phim each thanh cdng, Dg chi ra cac nguydn tic nay, td chiic thiic diy GD pham cich trong nhi trudng MT la Character.org da tdng ket kinh nghiem thanh cdng cua cac nha trudng de chi ra 11 nguyen tac ma cac nhi trudng, nha giao can tuan thii de phit trien va td chiic thuc hien GD phim each vdi chit lupng cao [13].
2.2.3. Dda vao cac quy djnh cua Hien phap de Ida chgn cac gia trj Dd la cich lam a An Dp. Trdn pham vi thi gidi, An Do dupc bilt din la dit nudc cd su quan tam manh me dgn viec thiic diy GD gia tri trong nha ti'udng. Nam 2009, Hdi ddng qudc gia ve nghien ciiu GD va dao tao phat hanh tai lieu "Khung GD gia tn trong trudng hgc"[5] nhim gnip cac
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trudng hpc cd mdt tigp can toan dien va thuc tl trong GD gii tri thdng qua viec lam rd tam nhin, cic ki vpng, chien lupe va Id trinh trien khai va dinh gii.
Quan diem ca bin cua Khung GD gii tri nay la "GD gia tri vdn thudc vg GD. Khdng the tmyln dat GD gia tri taeh biet vdi cac quy trinh va dinh hudng ciia cae bd phan khae trong he thong trudng hgc. Gang tich hpp vao toan bp qua trinh GD, eang cd cac ket qua dau ra tdt hon trong truygn dat cac gia tri. Khung GD gia tri cho ring cin dat GD gia tri trong mpt nd lire cd ke hoach ciia nhi trudng nhim nudi dudng cic gia tri phd quit cdt ldi dugc quy djnh tren hdt trong Hign phap. GD gii tri gdp phin dem din mdt Id trinh dan dat tre em va thanh thieu nien tiln budc dl sdng mdt cupc sdng dua trgn cac nguyen tac dao due quan trgng trong bdi canh ca nhan cung nhu tap the".
Hien phip An Dp, trong ldi ndi dau da quy dinh bdn gia tri phd quit sau: 1/ Cdng li (vg phuang didn xa hdi, kinh tg va chinh tri); 2/ Tu do tu tudng, ngdn ttr, niem tin, tdn giio va thd Cling; 3/ Binh ding ve vi thi va co hdi; 4/ Doan kit, tdn trgng pham cich ci nhan, su loan ven va thdng nhat qudc gia, Ngoai ra, cac quy dinh cua Hien phip cdn hudng con ngudi ddn cac gia tri sdng hai hoa vdi ban than, vdi mdi trudng tu nhien va mdi trudng xa hgi. Nhimg quy dinh do tao CO sd de hinh thanh khung gii tri trong GD gia tri ciia nhi tnrdng.
Tuy nhidn, dg van dung cac quy dmh cua Hign phap vao trong GD, can lam ro nhiing quan tam hien nay trong bdi canh cu the ciia nha trudng ve GD gia tri. Diem quan trpng cua Khung GD gia tri la dua vio tdng ket thuc tien, ket hpp vdi dieu tra xa hdi hpc va y kien chuygn gia dg cho thay cac quan tam gii tri cdt loi (Core Values Concerns) cua nhi trudng An Dp hien nay bao gdm: Sire khde va ve sinh, trach nhiem phit triln ban than, trich nhiem vdi cdng viec, trach nhiem xa hdi, tinh ygu, su quan tam va long trac an, tu duy phe phin va sang tao, su trin trpng cai dep vi thim mT.
Vdi quan diem khdng ngn coi gia tri nhu nhirng khai niem li tudng roa la "cdng cu giiip sue" de HS ed thg duong dau vdl nhirng thich thiic cua thg gidi ngay nay, nen mdi gia tri la sir hda trdn phiic tap ciia kien thiic, thii do, niem tin, hanh vi va kT nang. Moi gii tri cdt loi neu tren ciing bao gdm td hop cac thai do va kT nang ma HS can cd de gii tri chuygn thanh cdng cu giiip sire cho minh trong eudc sdng.
Cie gii tri cdt ldi nay tao thanh kliung tham chigu de mdi nha trudng xae dinh cic gia tri uu tien phii hgp vdi bdi canh van hda, nhu ciu, ngudn lire, hien trang, dinh hudng phat trien va ca chg quan tri cua minh.
2.2,4. Lda chpn cac gia trj tren cd sd dong thuan ve mpt so gia trj Chung
Dd la cich lam cua cac nudc thinh vien trong Lien minh Chau Au Khao sat nam 1993 tai 26 nudc Chau Au ciia Lidn doan cac ca sd nghidn cim va phat trien GD Chau Au (CIDREE) [14] cho thiy, GD gii tri dupc thuc hien trong mdt bdi canh chung vdi nhirng dac tnmg sau: Thay ddi nhanh tren pham vi toan cau, khiing hoang xa hdi, gia tang
tinh da dang sic tgc va vin hda, vi tri then chdt ciia ^°'^^^^°' viec dl cao tinh thin dan chu va quygn cdng dan, § chu nghTa dan tpe. Bdi thi, cac chii dl_ve GD g ' « ^ * " ^ ^ ^ duac dl cap din trong 26 nudc Chau Au la H^]'^ ;, ^.^,^
vl mdi tnrdng (14 nudc), GD hen van hda (1-), J"
qudc tl (12), trach nhiem cdng din (H), dan chu (U), tioa binh (11), chdng phan biet chiing tpe (10). ,
DT nhien, mdi nudc cd nhihig gia tri rieng can duac de cao trong GD gia tri cua minh, xuit phat tir boi canh kmh tl-chinh h^ vi tmyln thdng van hda - lich sir '^"^ nuac do^
Theo Piero [14] thi "GD gii tri gin chat vdi tinh hmh chinh tri cua dit nudc bdi le mdi chinh phii se coi trgng nhung gia tri khic nhau. Bdi thi, cd thi thiy nhidu he thdng GD nhu dang trong qua trinh cai each khdng ngimg nhin tu goe dp chuang trinh GD gia trj, Chung vira phan anh vira tac dpng trd lai cac thay ddi vl y thiic he va xa hdi, hiy nhien ro rang la dang cd nhung chuyin ddng manh me theo hudng din chii, thi hic va liy ngudi hgc lam trung tam".
Gin day nhit, trong pham vi ciia du an Ethika thudc chuang trinh Erasmus+ [4], cac tic gia cho thay cic xa hpi Chau Au ngay nay dang dli dien nhirng thach thiic sau sac, manh me va chua timg cd, bit ngudn tit su hdi tu ciia nhidu tlln trinh nhu toan ciu hda, khung hoang di cu, chii nghTa khung bd, sir mit nilm tin vao Lien minh Chau Au, gia tang thit nghiep trong gidi tre, ti Ie sinh sin thip, d nhilm mdi trudng, chu nghTa dan tiiy, chii nghTa bai ngoai, chii nghia dan tdc cue doan ...Cac tidn trinh niy cd tac dgng sau sac va lau dai trong bdi canh da dang ve xa hdi, van hda va tdn giao cua cac nudc trong Lien minh Chau Au va dat cac nudc nay trudc cac thach thiic trong 5 lmh vuc chinh sau:
An ninh, di dan va gan kdt, canh tranh vi viec lam, sir tham du ciia cdng dan va trach nhigm dan chu, vai tro cua ngan sach EU trong viec dap iing cac nhiem vu niy sinh.
GD, dac biet la GD gia tri, ddng vai trd quan trpng trong vige gdp phan tim ra idi giii trong viec vugt qua cac thich thirc trong cac ITnh vuc ndi tren. Tuy nhien, dii da cd nhiing chinh sich de dua GD Chau Au thanh noi tham chilu vg GD dangcap thi gidi, EU lai van chua cd mgt chinh sach thdng nhat cimg nhimg chi din cu thi vl phit trign GD gia tri. Dg khae pliuc tinh trang niy, mgt khao sat da dupc tiln hanh de danh gia nhung bat cap trong GD gia tri va tham van y kien td chiic, ca nhin hong EU vl tinh hieu qua ciia cac tilp can trong GD gia tri. Kit qui tham vin cho thiy cac tiep can sau day dugc ung hg: GD cdng dan, phat triln chuang trinh ve cic van hda, tdn giao va tin ngudng khic nhau, tridn khai cac mdn hpc vl van hda nghe thuat dl thiic day su hieu biet lien van hda, phit trien cac chuang trinh nham thuc diy hilu bilt vl cac gia tri cimg chia se, tao dung mdi trudng hpc tap dan chu [15].
Can cir vao cic khuyen nghi tir kdt qua khio sat, Hdi ddng Chau Au da ra ban khuyen nghi ve viec thiic diy cac gia tri chung, GD hda nhap vi chieu do Chau Au trong giana dav [16], Theo do, cac nudc thanh vien cd trach nhiem tane cudng cac gii tri chung trong GD gii tri. Cic gia tri chung nay da dugc quy dinh tai Dili' 2 ciia Hiep udc vl Li&n minh
TAP CHi KHOA HpC GIAO DUC VIET NAM
Pham 0 6 Nhat Tien, Nguyin Hfing-ThuSn, Vifdng Thj Phddng Hanh
Chau Au, cu thi nhu sau: "Lien minh dupc thanh lap dua tren cac gia tri vl su ton trong pham gii con ngudi, tu do, dan chu, binh ding, phap tri va tdn trgng quyen con ngudi, bao gdm quyen ciia ngudi thieu sd. Nhiing gia tri nay la chung ddi vdi cac qudc gia thanh vien trong mpt xa hdi ma tinh da nguygn, su khdng phan biet ddi xir, long khoan dung, cdng bing, doan kit va binh dang giiia phu nii va nam gidi chilm uu thi", Viec tang cudng chia se cic gia tri chung nay dugc yeu cau thuc hien xuyen sudt he thdng GD, tir mim non den dai hpc, chinh quy va khdng chinh quy, trong boi canh hpc tap sudt ddi, vdi muc dich tang cudng su gin kit xa hpi, thuc day y thiic chung tich cue va bao triim ve su gan bo d mpi cap dp, dia phucmg, khu vuc, qudc gia va Lien minh.
2.2.5. Lda chon cac gia trj xuat phat td cac gia Irj chung, cac gia trj gia dinh, tam nhin the ki XXl va cac thong diep giao due quoc gia
Day la each lam d Singapore. GD gii tri ludn dupc coi la tam diem ciia he thong GD Singapore (0 Singapore, dimg thuat ngu character and citizenship education, tam dich la giao due pham each va cdng dan). Dieu dd dugc cu thg hda trong khung cac nang luc va chuan dau ra cua the ki XXI do Bd GD Singapore ban hanh [17],
Trong khung nay (xem Hinh I), cac gii tri cdt loi nam d vi tri trung tam va dugc coi la nen tang, tren dd hinh thanh cic kien thirc va kT nang. Tigp theo la vanh cac nang lire cam xiic va xa hdi, nhiing nang luc can thiet de HS nhan biet va didu khign dugc cam xiic ciia minh, cd su quan tam vi eham sdc ddi vdi nhiing ngudi xung quanh, ra quyet dinh cd trach nhiem, xay dung cac mdi quan he tich cue, xir li cd hieu qua cic tinh hudng mang tinh thach dd.
Vanh ngoai ciing the hien cac nang lire ciia the ki XXI ma HS phii cd de sdng va lam viec trong mgt the gidi toan cau hda. Cac nang luc nay gdm: Kign thirc cdng dan, nhan thirc toan cau va kT nang giao thoa van hda; Tu duy phg phan va sing tao; Cic kT nang giao tiep, hgp tic va thdng tin.
Sir kdt hgp cac gia tri va nang luc trong khung se cho phep HS Singapore tan dung cac ca hdi phong phu ciia thdi dai kl thuat sd, trong khi van giU ban sac qudc gia, de dat dupc cic chuin diu ra mong mudn la trd thanh mdt ca nhan tu tin, mpt ngudi hpc tu dinh hudng, mpt ngudi ddng gdp tich cue va mdt cdng dan cd trich nhiem. Cac gii tri cdt loi bao gdm 6 gia tri la: tdn trgng, trach nhiem, kien cudng, chinh true, quan tam vi hda hop. Viee lira chpn cic gii tri nay dugc thuc hien tren nguyen tac suy ra tir cac gii tri chung, cac gia tri gia duih, tam nhin thg ki XXI vi cac thdng diep GD qudc gia cua Singapore.
Cac gia t r i cot loi
• Neo tang cua pham each
• La ban cho hanh vi
Cac oang Iwc xa faoi va cam xiic - kien tblrc, kinang va thai du giiip hoc sinh:
• Quan li hieu qua ban than va cac quan he
• Ra quyet dinh co (rach nhiem
Cac kl nang lien quan trirc tiep den tinb than cong dan, giiip HS:
• Hoat dgng hieu qua vai tu each nhiing cong dan tich eire
• G5n kit voi da! nudc Singapore Hinh 1: Khung cdc ndng lue vd chudn ddu ra cua the kiXXl
So 26 thang 02/2020 5
NGHIEN cau ULUAN ^''
2.3. Cac de xuat ve gia trj cua mdt so to chufc guoc te 2.3.1. Cac fle xuat ciia UNESCO-APNIEVE
Trong Bao cao mang tgn "GD: Mgt kho biu tiem an" ciia Uy ban qudc td vg GD thg ki XXI trinh UNESCO, hgc dg lam ngudi la "Su hoan thien eiia con ngudi, trong tat ca su phong phu cua nhan cich, sir phiic tap cua cac cich thirc bidu dat va cac cam ket khic nhau cua anh ta - vdi tu each la ca nhan, li thinh vign ciia mgt gia dinh va ciia mgt cgng ddng, la cdng dan va nha san xuat, la ngudi phat minh ra cic kT thuat va ngudi ma mgng sing tao" [18].
Hgc de lam ngudi ddi hdi GD trong the ki XXI phai vupt qua nhiing khiem khuyet ciia GD trong the ki XX de tim nhin GD khdng bd hep trong viec dao tao con ngudi cdng cy ma la hinh thanh con ngudi toan ven. Hgi nghi lan thii 6 cac bd trudng GD va cac nha phu trach lap ke hoach kinh tg khu vuc Chau A - Thii Binh Duang, hpp tai Kuala Lampur thing 6 nam 1993, dudi su chii tri cua UNESCO, da ra tuyen bd bay td niem tin sau sac rang "Con dudng duy nhat dg phuc hot sir can bang ve gia tri trong mdt the gidi ngay cang bl dinh hinh bdi chu nghTa vat chat la gianh mdt vi tri ximg ding cho viec day dao ddc, gia tri vi van hda trong chuanghinhGD"[19].
Trudc nhiing yeu cau dd, APNIEVE (Mang Chau A - Thai Binh Duong ve GD qudc tg va GD gia tri) phdi hgp vdi UNESCO da td chiic nghien ciiu va cdng bd cdng trinh mang tgn "Hpc dd lim ngudi: Mgt tigp can tdng thd vi nlial thd vg GD gia tri vi su phat trign con ngudi" [20], Dd la each tidp can trong dd con ngudi dugc nhin nhin dudi tat ca cic chidu do dan xen vi chdng cheo nhau, vdi tat ca su phong phli va phirc tap cua con ngudi, vdi tu cich ca nhan va thanh vien xa hdi. Cac chieu do nay bao gdm cic chidu do thg ehit, tinh thin, tham inT, dao diic, kinh te, van hda - xa hot, ehinh tri va tam linh cua con ngudi trong mdi quan he vdi ngudi khic trong gia dinh, dat nudc, khu vuc va the gidi. O'ng vdi mdi chidu do tren li nhirng gii tri cdt ldi cin hinh thanli d cac HS trong trudng. Cu thg la cic gii tri sau:
Siic khde va hda hpp vdi thidn nhien, ehan H va su thdng thii, tinh yeu va long trac an, tinh sing tao va su cam thu cai dep, hda binh va cdng li, su phit tngn con ngucri bgn viing, Su thdng nhit qudc gia va su doin kgt toan cau, tam linh bao triim.
APNIEVE cho ring, vdi nhiing gia tri cdt ldi ke tren, GD gia tri trong nhi tnrdng se gdp phin vao vide hinh thinh va phit tridn con ngudi toin ven - thg xae vi tinh thin, tam tri va tam hdn, tri lue va cim xuc, sing tao va nhay cam, tu chii va trach nhiem, bdn phan va cam ket.
2.3.2. Oe xuat cua OECD
Trudc cac thich thirc cia Cich mang cdng nghiep lan thii tu, OECD lign hanli tir nam 2015 Du an "Tucmg lai ciia GD va kl nang 2030". Cau hdi dat ra la: "Lam thg nao chiing ta cd thd chuin bi cho HS de lam nhung cdng viec chua dupc tao ra, giii quydt iiliimg thach thirc xa hdi chua the thiy va su dung cae cdng nghe chua dugc phit minh? Lim thg nao chiing ta cd thd trang bi cho hg dd vuon len trong mdt thd gidi kgt ndi, noi hp cin hidu va danh gii nhimg quan digm
• V, trnns thi vol va tim nhin khic nhau, tuong tac mgt ^ach trpi K ^^- ^^^
ngudi khic va hanh ddng cd trach nhiem doi
virng va hanh tdn ciia mgi ngudi?"- . . . Dg tri ldi can hdi .dn, hidn ^^ ^^^^^^^^ ^ n g dung cai goi la "La ban hpc tap 2030 (OBCJJ ^ s Compass 2030). La ban niy xae dinh cac ^^^^^^'^
nang thai dd va gia tri ma ngudi hgc can de phat tnen day di. tilm nang cua minh va ddng gdp vao su haiJi ton cua cdng ddng va thd gidi. Theo dd, tnrdc het nguai hge phai xay dung duac ba ndn tang cdt loi de cd the phat m n day du t,gm nang cua minh, trd thanh thanh yien lanh m ^ va ngudi ddng gdp cd trich nhiem cho xa hgi. Ba nen tang cot loi dd la: 1/ Ngn ting nhan thire, bao gdm viee sang chu ya sang tinh toan, tren dd hinh thanh sang sd va sang du lieu (digital literacy and data literacy); 2/ Nen tang sue khoe, bao gdm sire khdethd chit va tinh than; 3/ Ndn tang xa hpi va cam xuc, bao gdm cac gia tri. _ , , .
Cic tic gii cua Du in OECD cho rang, mac du cac thuat ngir duoc sir dung dl ndi vd cic gia tri khdng giong nhau, nhung cd mdt sd gii tri chung duoc ndi len vd tam quan trong. Dd la cac gia tri: "nhan phim", "su tdn trong", "binh ding", "cdng bing", "trich nhiem", "tir duy toan cau", "da dang van hda", "tu do", "khoan dung" va "dan chii". Nhihig gia tri nay se giiip dinh hinh mdt tuong lai chung dugc xay dung tren six hanh tdn ciia ci nhan, cdng ddng va hanh tinh.
Viec lira chpn cae gii tri de dua vao GD nha tnrdng la mgt cdng viec phuc tap. Tuy nhien, nhin chung, khao sat qua cic chuong trinh GD, cd thd thiy mdt sd gii tri sau day thudng dugc d6 cap ddn. Dd la: "ton trgng", "khoan dung",
"chinh true" va "kien cudng".
Mdi nudc se cd cac gia tri cua rieng minh trong GD, phii hgp vdi hdi canh kinh tg - xa hdi. Diem quan trpng ma cac nha nghien cun ciia Du an OECD mudn luu y la ttong bdi cinh each mang cdng nghigp lan thii tu, cii lim nen sir khae biet khdng the thay thd cua con ngudi so vdi robot la kha nang ket hpp kign thuc, kT nang vdi thai dp va gia tri. Cd rat nhidu cdng viec rdi day se bi thay the bdi robot, nhung van cd nhimg cdng viec dan giin nhu giup da va eham sdc ngudi khic lai chi cd thd do con ngudi thuc hien. Vi the, trong su phit trign hien nay ciia cdng nghe, GD gia tri va dao due dupc dat lgn hang diu. "Nhung phit tridn gin day hong cdng nghe, dac biet la tri tue nhan tao AI, da dat dao diic vao tmng tam ciia thao luan vd van de HS ngay nay cin nhirng loai nang luc nio cho tucmg lai cua ho. Cd dao diic trong sir dung AI la cdt tii ddi vdi viec dua AI vio trong cugc sdng ciia chiing ta,.. Khi coi thai dp va gia tri la mdt phin ciia GD, cin hdi, bay gid va sau nay: Chiing ta mudn cac nha lanh dao va hoach dinh chinh sach cua chiing ta cd nhiing thai do va gia tri nao, de dim bao mpt thd gidi cdng bing va tdt dep, nai ma mpi ngudi mudn sdng va vuon lgn?" [21].
2,3.3. Cac 6^ xuat cua Hiep hgi giao due gia tri song qudc te (Association for Living Values Education Internationa!, AllVE) Hiep hpi ALIVE la mdt tap hgp cac td chiic, hiep hdi va ci nhan tai ban 40 qudc gia, duac thanh lap vao nam 2004 vdi muc dich tao thanh mpt td chirc ngudn trong viec cung line GD eia tri sdns ti-en ca hat phuang dien: tndn khai mdt
TAP CH! KHOA HOC GIAO DUC VIET NAM
Pligm 0 6 Nh|t Ti^n, Nguyen Hong Thu^n, VUdng Thj PhUdng Hgnh
tidp can GD liy gia tri sdng lam ndn tang va cung iing cac tai heu GD cimg cac tai nguyen GD khae cho cac nha giao tren toan the gidi dg sir dyng trong nha trudng.
GD gia tri sdng eua ALIVE dua tren cac quan didm ca ban sau day: 1/ Da la con ngudi thi ai ciing mudn dupe quy, dupc hieu, dupe yeu, an toan va dugc tdn trpng; 2/ Mpi ngudi tren khip thd gidi chia se cac gia tri nhan van ca ban, cd tigm nang phit trien ban than va tucmg tic tich cue vai nhiing nguai khic va mdi trudng xung quanh; 3/ GD vdn la mdt hoat ddng dua tren gii tri va HS, sinh vien tnrdng thanh trong mpt mdi trudng dua tren gia tri, eham sdc, tdn trpng va cd trach nhiem vdi nhau; 4/ Khi nao co sir coi trgng each tiep can dua tren gii tri ddi vdi cupc sdng thi se dg dang tim ra cac giai phip mang tinh xay dung de vugt qua cac thach thirc mi cac cdng ddng phai ddi dien; 5/ Dem lai cho tre em va ngudi ldn cac ca hgi phu hgp va moi trudng thuan lpi dua trdn gia tri cd thg tao ra su khae biet mang tinh quyet dinh trong viec tao dung va duy tri mdt hudng tich cue trong cupc sdng ciia hg.
Vdi cic quan diem co ban neu trdn, ALIVE xic dinh GD gia tri sdng la GD nham thuc day su phat trien ciia cac cgng ddng hpc tap dua tren gii tri; 1^ GD dupc thidt ke de giiip nhan loai phit trien va vi the can coi trpng gii tri "va tinh toan ven ctia moi ngudi trong GD, can bao dam su phat trien toan dien cua ca nhan va van hda cua cac gii tri tich cue trong moi xa hdi va tren toan the gioi. Viec lira chpn gia tri la rat da dang, tuy nhien vdi tu each la thanh vien Clia cgng ddng loai ngudi, bat kg chung ta cd khic biet gi ve hoan canh song, truyen thdng van hoa, gidi tinh, dan tdc, trinh dp, tudi tie... tat ci chiing ta deu cd mdt sir thdng nhat ki la ve cac gii tri ma chiing ta cung dugc GD, theo dudi vi nam bat trong cude sdng.
Tam nhin ciia ALIVE dugc phat bieu nhu sau: "Tam nhin ctia chiing tdi la su xuat hien cua mdt the giai tdt han, trong do cic gii tri nhu: tinh yeu, hda binh, tdn trpng, khoan dung, trach nhiem, hop tic, hanh phiic, trung thuc, khiem tdn, don gian, tu do, doan ket trd thanh la ban de tat ci mgi ngudi vach ra hanh trinh cugc doi hp va hanh trinh hudng din su phit triln cua nhan loai ndi chung. Chimg tdi tin rang, GD li mdt phin thidt yeu ciia hanh trinh den mgt the gidi tdt dep hem nhu vay" [22].
Trong GD gia tri, hien nay tren thd gidi ddng gop cua ALIVE da vugt len nhiing tranh cai hpc thuat de ddng gdp hieu qua cho viec de cao tam quan trpng cua GD gii tn ndi chung, hd trp tndn khai GD gia tri co hieu qua d hang loEit nudc trgn thg gidi, tao nai tm cay de mgi nha giao, nha nghien ciiu cd thg tim dgn dg lam giiu thgm kidn thiic, kT nang va nang luc cita minh trong GD gii tri.
2,4. B^i hoc kinh nghi§m chfl Viet Nam
2.4.1. Nhan thifc lai tam quan trong va sti can thiet cua giao due gia trj trong boi canh hien nay
Xay dung con ngudi vdi tu each viia la muc tieu viia la ddng luc Clia phat trign kinh te - xa hdi vdn la chu trucmg xuyen sudt ciia Ding va Nha nudc trong tign trinh ddi mdi.
Trong GD, chii truang nay dupc cu thg hoa trong ddi mdi
chuang trinh GD ma tai Hdi nghi Trung uang 2 (Khda VIII) da yeu cau bao dam su can ddi giiia day ngudi, day chir, day nghg, trong dd day ngudi Ii muc tieu cao nhat. Tuy nhien, tren thuc te, day ngudi chua bao gid dupc thuc su quan tam trong GD nudc ta. Cung nhu khidm khuyet chung ciia GD thg gidi trong the ki XX, mac dii cac muc tieu ve GD dgu hudng tdi phat trien con ngudi toan dien vg due, tri, the, mT, nhung su chi phdi cua tu duy san xuit cdng nghiep da khien GD the gidi ndi chung, Viet Nam ndi rieng, chi lo vao viec trau ddi nhan thiic, hudng tdi dao tao con ngudi cdng cu ttic la con ngudi vai tu each chii ygu la phucmg tien trong tang trudng kinh te. Cich tiep can nay da dan ddn mdt the gidi giau cd ve vat chat nhung sa sut ve gia tri, tham chi la khimg hoing ve gii tri. Tinh trang nay hien ciing dang dien ra d nuoc ta khi ma su xudng cap vd van hoa, su suy thoai ve dao diic ldi sdng, dii da dupc nhan dien va canh bao tir each day 20 nam trong Nghi quyet Trung uong 5 (Khda VIII), nhung khdng he cd bidu hien suy giam, ma trii lai dang cd chieu hudng gia tang. Viec khae phuc tinh trang nay li cap bach. Da din luc can tu duy lai mdt cich nghigm tiic vg tam quan trgng va su can thigt ciia GD gii tri de con ngudi, san pham cua GD khdng chi la phuong tign mi chu yeu, trudc het vi thuc su la muc tieu ciia tang tnrdng kinh te. Day ngudi phai thuc su la muc tieu cao nhit ciia GD.
2.4.2. flanh gia dung hien trang, ctf hgi va thach thOc cua giao due gia trj trong nha trif^ng hi§n nay
Thuc ra, GD gia tri o nudc ta, dS dupe thuc hien gian tigp qua tit ci cic mdn hgc ciia ehuong trinh GD, va true tiep qua mdn dao dire, GD cdng dan, ciing cac hoat ddng trai nghidm. Tuy nhien, cd mdt thuc te li tinh trang HS, sinh vidn vd le, bao hanh, trdm cap, bd hpc, sa vao cac te nan xa hpi ngay cang trd thanh van de ndng dugc toan xa hgi quan tim. Vi vay, theo kinh nghiem the gidi, cdn dgt GD gid trf trong bdi cdnh. Khdng cd mdt md hinh GD gia tri chung, kd ca vl muc tieu cu thg lin cich td chiic thuc hign va danh gii. Ngay ca d nhieu nudc cung chi cd mdt sd quy dinh khung, cdn vigc td chirc cu the ciing giao cho timg trudng tu chu trong viec xae dinh ndi dung cac gia tri ciing nhu eae giai phip tridn khai.
2.4.3. Xae djnh diing vj tri cua giao due gia trj trong chi/dng trinh giao due
Hien nay, cic nuoc tren the gidi dgu de cao vai trd ciia GD gia tri, ttiy nhien viec xic dinh vi tri cua GD gii tri trong chuang trinh GD la khic nhau. () An Dp, GD gia tri dupc quan niem khdng phii la mdt mdn hgc hay mdt bg phan cua GD ma chinh la GD. Do dd, GD gia tri ddi hdi mdt tidp can toan trudng, tir cdng tac quin tri, hoat dgng hanh chinh din viec day va hpc tren lap hpc xuyen sudt mpi mdn hpc trong chucmg trinh GD. 6 Uc, GD gia tri vira dupc thuc hien mdt cich an tang qua chuang hinh an (hidden curriculum) vira dugc thuc hien tudng minh qua cic mon hgc, trong dd cd cac mdn hgc true tiep vg GD gia tri, sao cho hrong bit ki bdi canh nao nha trudng phai nudi dudng.
ang 02/2020 7
NGHIEN CCTULf LUAN
thiic day va chuydn giao cic gia tri din mgi HS va GD phii xay dung pham each ngudi hgc ciing ngang bing vdi viec trang hi cho hp cac kiln thiic, kT nang cin thilt [12]. Trao ddi ve van dd nay, Robb cho ring [23]: "Ddi vdi tdi, cd dii bang chung trong bai vidt nay cung nhu trong cac bii vilt khae dg kliuyen nghi la nen loai bd cac GD tdn giao, dao diic, ca nhan va xa hdi vi thay thd bdi GD gia tri. Cimg khuyen nghi li phii danh cho GD gia tri mdt thai gian nhit dinh trong chucmg trinh GD va phai coi nd cd tim quan trpng nhu tidng Anh va Toin hgc". 6 nudc ta, tuy GD gii tri dupe thuc hien qua cac mdn hpc Dao diic, GD cdng dan vi cac mdn hpe cd lidn quan khae, nhung chua bao gid dugc trao ddi, thao luan dg di tdi xdc dinh mgt vi tri xdc ddng cho no trong chuang trinh GD. Hien nay, trong chucmg trinh GD phd thdng 2018, GD gii tri dugc hilu la GD phim chit cua ngudi hpc va dupc thuc hien thdng qua ca ndi dung GD va phuang phip GD. Cach tidp can so vdi trudc day cd nhigu tidn bg dg the hien dung ydu cau ddi mdi chuang trinh GD phd thdng theo dinh hudng phit trign phim chit vi nang lire ngudi hgc.
2.4.4. Lam ro mue tieu cua giao due gia trj trong moi ti/c(ng quan vdl muc tieu chung ciia giao due phd thong
Khdng cd mdt GD gia tri chung nhit. Chi cd cac GD gii tri cu the nam trong bdi canh kmh te - xa hdi cu thg cua tirng qudc gia. Dd la qui trinh day va hpc ve cic gii tri ma qudc gia coi la quan trpng vi su hanh tdn cila ca nhan ngudi hpc, Clia cdng ddng nha trudng vi xa hdi. Vi thi, cin lam ro muc tigu nhan cich ma GD gia tri hudng den, mot muc tieu theo nguyen tdc SMART, nghTa la cu the, do ludng dupc, khi thi, phu hpp va rang budc ve thcri gian. Day la vin dd ma GD Viet Nam can dac biet quan tam bdi le cic phit bilu ve muc tieu GD ciia chiing ta thudng qua eao sieu, hudng ddn con ngudi li tudng cua chu nghTa xa hdi, trong klii bdi cinh kinh te - xa hdi sudt hon 30 nim ddi mdi vira qua da cd nhirng bien dgng quan trpng ve gii tri. Kinh nghigm xay dung muc tieu GD gii tn ciia cac nudc la can cd su phan tich hlgn trang nghigm tuc, trgn ca sd dd viec xae dinh muc tigu GD gia tri phai la mpt qui trinh phdi hpp tir tren xudng va tir dudi len.
2.4.5. Khong cd mot he gia trj chung eho mgi ehitcfng trinh giao due V i nliimg le tren m i GD gia tri ciia radi qudc gia dlu hudng den nhirng gii tri phii hgp vdi ygu cau eg the vg md hinh nhan each ciia qudc gia dd. Tuy nhign, iing vdi mdt md hinh nhan each van cd rit nhieu lua chpn vg gii tri. Vi thd, dat dugc mdt su ddng thuin ve he gia tri hay tap hgp gii tri cho GD gia tri trong pham vi qudc gia la bai toin klid. Nhin chung hien nay, cac nudc xir li theo hudng khdng co mdt quy dinh cimg ve cdc gid tri md mgi nhd tnidng phdi hu&ng din. CJ Uc, tuy cd dua ra mgt danh muc cac gia tri nhung timg nha trudng deu chi coi dd la mgt khung tham khao, viec dua cac gia tri cu the nao vao trong day vi hpc ia tiiy vao sir ddng thuan giua niia trudng, cac phu huynh va cdng ddng dia phirong. d An Dp, tham chi khdng cd danh muc
8 TAP CHI KHOA HQC GiAO DUC VIET NAM
gia tri nao ma chi cd danh muc cic quan lata gia tri >
lam ca sd cho nhi tnrdng tham khao y kiln cac phu huy^^
vi cdng ddng dia phucmg trong viec ra quyet dinh ve cac gia tri eu flil cin dua vao day vi hpc.
2.4.6. Khong co each thu'c chung cho viec lUa chgn he gia tri Irong chi/dng trinh giao due
Trong GD cd hai bai toan khd khan vl lira chpn. Thir nhit li lira chgn cic nang luc mi HS ngiy nay cin dugc trang hi. Thir hai la lua chgn cac gia tri ma HS ngiy nay cin trau ddi. Khd khan la d chd cd vd van nang lire, cd vd vin gia hi. Mdi ngudi cd thd xuit phat tir each nhm khic nhau, each tilp can khae nhau dh dl xuit nhitag nang lire, nhihig gia tri raa ngudi dd coi la cdt ldi. Dd khae phuc tinh trang nay, each giai quylt la dua ra phuang phap luan lira chpn. Ching han, trong bai toin nang luc, cic nha nghidn ciiu ciia td chitc OECD da dua ra phucmg phip luan lira chpn thdng qua du an mang ten DeSeCo (Definition and Selection of Competences, tam dich la Dinh nghTa va Lua chpn cac Nang lire). Trong bai toin gia tri hien nay, co thi coi APNIEVE-UNESCO da dua ra mpt phuang phip luan lua chpn khi nhin nhan con nguoi dudi tat ca cac chieu do thd chit, tinh thin, thim mT, dao diic, kinh tl, van hda - xa hpi, chinh tri va tam linh. Tuy nhign, phucmg phip luan nay ciing chi cd gii tri tham khio, Tren thuc tg, cdch l\ca chgn thudng dugc su dung Id suphoi hgp da chieu tir nhieu gdc do. Trudc hgt la cac van ban chi dao tam qudc gia nhu Hien phip, cie dao luat ed lign quan, cac tuyen bd chien luge.
Thii hai li cic y kign ddng gdp tir ca sd, cic nha trudng, nha giao. Thir ba li cac y kiem tham van ciia cae chuyen gia.
Thir tu la cac tham khao qudc tl.
2.4.7. Can xay difng khung giao due gia trj qudc gia Do khdng cd quy dinh ciing ve cac gia tri cin dua vio GD gia tri, cung khdng cd phucmg phap luin cu thi trong viec lira chgn gia tn ngn kinh nghiem cua mdt sd nuac la ban hanh khung GD gii tri qudc gia. Day la van bin chi dao de cac nha tnrdng can cir vao do td chiic thuc hien GD gia tn trong nhi trudng. Ngi dung ciia khung nay tip mmg vao mdt sd vin dg chinh sau: Trudc hit li mgt sd vin dl ve li l u p lien quan din khai niem gia Iri, tim quan trpng va su can thiet ciia GD gii tri, bdi cinh hien tai, muc tigu cua GD gii trj; Thii hai la cac lua chgn vl gii tri; Thii ba la cac nguyen tic va bai hgc kmh nghiem trong t'6 chiic GD gia tri cd hieu qua, bao gdm mdt loat vin dl tu van hda nha trudng, lanh dao nha trudng, dio tao vi bdi duong giio vien den theo doi, giim sat va danh gia. Diy la mdt kinh nghiem ma Viet Nam cd thg hgc tap dl bd sung vao chuona h-iuh GD phd thdng 2018.
3. Ket luan
GD gia tri la mgt ITnh vuc phiic tap va ludn cd tranh cai tir cac khii niem cho ddn viec lua chgn va td chiic th hien. Trong bdi cinh hdi smh GD gia tri hon 20 nam tren thg gidi, nhilu nudc va td chiic qudc tl dS PA L-I 1 . , . A •- , 1 •' . ^^ i-o nhieu Kinh nghiem tot trong viec lua chon gia tn va to chu th
Pham Do Nhat Ti^n, Nguyen Hfing Thuan, VUdng Thj PhUdng Hanh
hien GD gia tri trong nha trudng, khdng chi hpc tap cac UNESCO, ALIVE ... la mgt giii phap cin dugc dac biet kinh nghiem niy ma thiic diy va tang cudng hgp tic qudc te quan tam va coi trong de gdp phin td chitc thirc hien GD vdi cac nudc nhu Uc, Singapore..., cac td chiic qudc tl nhu gia tri thanh cdng trong nha tnrdng phd thong Viet Nam.
Tii lifu tham khSo
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VALUES EDUCATION IN GENERAL SCHOOLS:
INTERNATIONAL EXPERIENCES AND LESSONS FOR VIETNAM
Pham Do Nhat T i e n \ Nguyen Hong Thua^^
Vuong Thi Phuong Hanh^
' National Academy of Education Management 31 Ptian Dinh Giot, Thanh Xuan, Hanoi, Vietnam Email. phamdntien26@gmaiLcom
^ Email horglhuan70@gma;l com ' Email. [email protected] T?ie Vietnam NaKonal Institute of Edjcational Sciences 101 Tran Hung Dao, Hoan Kiem, Hanoi, Vietnam
ABSTRACT: Building a cultural value system for students in general schools is a difficult problem, at least in two aspects. The first is how to understand about cultural values so as to have consensus. The second is how to choose the core cultural values among the multitude of cultural values to include in the school. This article wants to find answers from some learned lessons based on an overview of values education and values selection in schools of some countries around the world.
KEYWORDS: Cultural value; value; values education; general education.
So 26 thang 02/2020
