Ho tr<y tang trnomg xanh: kinh nghiem quoc te va bai hoc cho Viet Nam
T r d n Thj V^n A n h P h a m Van NghTa
Tdm tdt: Su dung cac bifn phap kinh tl la mgt each tilp can hifu qua ma chinh phu cac quoc gia cd thi van dyng dk h6 trg tang trudng xanh. Bai vilt phan tich nhihig bien phap kinh te ma cac quoc gia da trien khai dl hd trg tang trudng xanh, nhu: ho trg doanh nghifp; cac hinh thdc thue, phi moi trudng; phat triln thj trudng tai chinh xanh; hf thong ddt cgc va hodn tra, tren ca sd dd dua ra mpt s l ham y chinh sach cho Viet Nam.
Tu khda: Tdng trudng xanh; bao vf mdi trudng; bifn phap kinh tl.
1. Tong quan ve tang t n r d n g xanh Y tudng phdt tridn md hinh tang trudng xanh xudt hifn td nhflng nam 1970 do dp Iyc ciia cugc khdng hodng ndng Iugng 1972 - 1973. Tuy nhien, van dh ndy trd nen cdp bdch hon ttong hai thdp ky gdn day. Vao
td vdi mdc phdt thai carbon thap, sd dung hieu qua cac ngu6n tdi nguydn vd giam su mdt cdng bdng xd hgi. Trong nen kinh te xanh, tdng trudng ve thu nhap vd vifc lam dugc tao ra thdng qua cdc khodn dau tu ciia nhd nudc va tu nhdn giup gidm thilu khi cuii ndm 2008, Chuang trinh Mdi trudng thai CO2, gidm d nhiem mdi trudng, sii cua Lien Hgp Qudc (UNEP) da phat dgng
"Sdng kien kinh te xanh" vdi muc tieu tang cudng hgp tdc qudc te dng phd vdi khung hoang tdi chinh di ddi vdi xu Iy cdc van de todn cdu nhdm hudng tdi phdt trien b i n vihig cua kinh te the gidi hdu khiing hodng.
Ndm 2009, Td chuc Hgp tdc vd Phat triln
dyng hifu qud nang lugng, tdi nguyen v^
ngan chan suy gidm da dang sinh hpc, cdc djch vu hf sinh thai.
+ Theo OECD, tang trudng xanh Id mpt each de dat dugc muc tieu tang trudng kmh t l va phat triln ttong khi bdo tdn moi trudng, ngdn chdn su m i t mdt ve da dang kinh te (OECD) da dua ra chiln Iugc tang sinh hgc vd giam thieu vifc su dyng khdng trudng xanh. ben vimg tdi nguydn thidn nhien.
M|c du tdng trudng xanh dugc d l cap + Uy ban kinh t l - xa hgi khu vyc Chau nhieu trong thdi gian qua, nhung cho tdi A - Thai Binh Duong cua Lien Hgp Qu6c nay v§n chua cd mgt djnh nghta thdng nhit (UNESCAP) djnh nghTa, tdng ttudng xanh ve tdng trudng xanh: l i chiln Iugc tim k i l m su tdi da hda frong
+ UNEP cho rdng, mgt nen kinh t l xanh san lugng kinh t l va t6i thilu hda ganh Id nen kmh t l cd sy cdi thifn v l ddi song va
cdng bang xd hpi ddng thdi gidm mdt cdch ddng k l nhttng tdn hai v l m | t mdi ttudng va smh thai. Dien dat theo cdch don gian nhat, mgt nen kinh t l xanh la mgt nen kinh
'*' Tifin Sl, Tnr6ng Dai hpc Kinh te. D^i hpc Qii6c gia HANpi. DT: 01258847676. Email: [email protected].
'"'Tiln sT, Hpc vifn Bdo chi vi Tuyfin truyin.
DT: 0979619146. Email: [email protected].
34
Hd trg tdng truang xanh...
nang sinh tiidi hay tdng trudng xanh Id each tidp can dl dat dugc tang trudng kinh tl, vdi muc dich phat triln kinh tl ddng thdi ddm bdo su bin vimg vd mdi ttudng.
+ Chinh phd Han Qudc xdc dinh, tdng trudng xanh Id phdi dam bdo ty If tang trudng vdi mgt ty If sd dung ndng lugng vd tai nguyen thidn nhien mgt each cd hifu qua, giam thilu tac dgng cua biln ddi khi hau va thift hai cho mdi trudng, duy tri dgng luc tang trudng thdng qua nghien cim vd phat triln cdng nghf xanh dam bdo sy hdi hda giua phat triln kinh tl va bdo ve mdi trudng.
+ Theo Vifn Nghien cdu mdi trudng thugc Trudng Dai hgc Tdng hgp Kyoto (Nhat Bdn), tdng trudng xanh dong nghia vdi vifc xdy dung mdt xd hgi carbon thip ddm bao sy phdi hgp chat chd vd hai hoa gitta phdt triln kinh tl va bdo vf mdi trudng. De thyc hien dugc nhiem vy nay cdn thilt phdi gidm thilu khi CO2 frong tdt cd cac ITnh vyc cda ndn kinh tl, tdng cudng bao vf mdi trudng va ngu6n tdi nguyen thidn nhidn, gia tdng chat lugng cugc song cita ngudi ddn.
+ Trong Chidn Iugc tdng trudng xanh cua Viet Nam, tdng trudng xanh dugc xdc djnh Id chien luge thuc day qua trinh tdi cau ttdc vd hoan thidn thd chl kinh te theo hudng sd dung hifu qua hon tai nguydn thidn nhidn, ndng cao sdc canh tranh ciia nin kinh tl, thdng qua tdng cudng vao ddi mdi cdng nghf, vdn ty nhien, cdng cu kinh te. Tu dd gdp phdn ihig phd vdi bidn ddi khi hau, giam ngheo va dam bao phat tridn kinh tl bin vflng.
Cdc khai nifm cua cdc t6 chdc khac nhau cd each diln dat khac nhau vl tdng ttudng xanh. Tyu trung lai tdng trudng xanh la: (1) tdng trudng kinh tl sach, than
thien vdi mdi trudng, gidm phdt thai kiii nha kinh dl gjdm thilu bidn ddi khi hau; (2) tang trudng kinh tl theo chieu sdu, hao tdn it nhien lidu, tdng cudng cdc ngdnh cdng i^hifp sinh thai, ddi mdi cdng nghe; (3) tang trudng kinh te ben vung, xda ddi gidm ngheo vd phdt tridn cdng bang.
Co thi khm quat tang trudng xanh la sy phat tridn bin vung theo do dap ung ve mgi mat nhu cdu trong hifn tai ma khdng dnh hudng, tdn hai den kha nang dap dng nhu cau ciia cdc thi hf tuong lai. Chidn luge tang trudng xanh c6 3 ddc diem chinh Id: (i) ddu tu than ttgng vao vdn tai nguyen, thay the nang lugng hda thach bdng nang Iugng tdi tag va cdng nghf it carbon; (ii) phdt trien dd thi bin vihig vd giao thdng it carbon;
(iii) thiet lap co che tdi chinh, tdi khda cflng nhu xdy dyng hf thdng phdp luat, chinh sdch ho frg phu hgp.
Tang trudng xanh du chua dugc dinh nghia vd nhdn thdc mgt cdch rd rang va day dli, nhung dang frd thanh mdt xu hudng trdn thi gidi, cd the dp dyng cho tit cd cdc ndn kinh td nhdm ddi phd vdi cac cugc khung hoang hifn tai vd ngan chsui nguy co xay ra cac khiing hodng frong tuong lai.
Vifc chuydn ddi sang md hinh tang trudng kinh te xanh dugc xem Id mgt chiln luge dl cac qudc gia hudng tdi phat triln bin vftng;
frong do phdt tridn kinh tl, phat triln xa hgi va bdo vf mdi trudng dugc bdo dam can d6i, hdi hoa vdi nhau. De phat triln kinh tl xanh, cac qudc gia cin can cu vao ddc dilm kinh tl, ngudn lye ty nhien, vdn hda, xa hgi, trinh do phat trien ciia minh va xdc djnh myc tidu, hudng di, lg ttinh, quy md vd phuong phap tiep can cu thi.
Qua trinh chuyin ddi sang md hinh tang trudng kinh tl xanh cd sy khdc nhau ttong each tilp can. Trong khi cac nudc phdt triln
Tgp chi Khoa hgc xa hgi Vi?t Nam, so 10(95) - 2015 tap trung chuyin ddi sang mdt xa hdi it carbon (nhin manh din ylu td mdi trudng) thi cac nudc kem phdt triln hon lai nhan manh vao ylu td tdng trudng ttong xa hdi it carbon. Vi thi, ngodi khdi niem kinh te xanh, cdc nin kinh tl mdi ndi vd dang phdt triln cdn quan tam hem tdi khai nifm tdng trudng xanh do muc dich tang trudng ludn dugc d^t len hang ddu ddi vdi cdc nin kinh tl nay. Ben canh do, budc di, thdi gian vd chi phi dl chuyin sang md hinh kinh te xanh giita cdc qudc gia cung cd sy khac nhau, phy thugc vdo d ^ dilm cua timg nudc vl ngudn Iyc ty nhien, con ngudi va trinh dg phat triln. Nhin chung, vifc chuyen dli sang md hinh kinh te xanh cd hai con dudng chinh: cdc nudc phdt trien cd dieu kifn tdi chinh, ngudn nhdn Iyc vd cdng nghf thi cd thi chuyin sang nen kinh te xanh thdng qua dau tu, phdt trien nhttng Imh vyc mdi ttong nin kinh te cd the giup xa hdi phdt triln, mdi trudng ben vthig; frong khi dd, cdc nin kinh tl dang phdt trien phai tdn nhieu chi phi vd thdi gian hon bdng cdch didu chinh din din dd nen kmh te tmydn thdng trd nen than thifn hon vdi mdi trudng.
2. Cac bifn phdp kinh te ho tro tang tnrdng xanh: kinh nghifm quoc te
Hudng img "Sang kien kinh tl xanh" cua UNEP nhieu quoc gia tten thi gidi da tich cue xay dyng vd thyc hifn cac chiln luge tdng trudng xanh. Trong sd cac bifn phap ho trg dd phdt trien tdng trudng xanh thi nhftng bifn phap kinh tl mang lai hieu qua cao hon do cdc bifn phdp kinh tl nay tac ddng true tilp tdi chi phi vd Igi ich ttong hoat ddng ciia cd nhdn va doanh nghifp, qua dd anh hudng tdi hanh vi cua hg theo hudng cd Igi cho mdi ttudng. Vifc dua chi phi su dung mdi ttudng ttd thdnh mdt phin cua chi phi san xuit va tieu diing da hd ttg
ndng cao y thuc trdch nhidm bdo vf moi trudng ciia doanh nghidp vd ngudi tiSu dung. Nhihig bien phap kinh tl hd trg tang trudng xanh dugc cac qudc gia frdn thi gioi su dyng, bao gdm:
2.1. Hdtr^ doanh nghiep
Dd khuydn khich doanh nghifp thyc hifn cac bifn phdp bdo vf mdi trudng, chinh phi cd thi lya chgn: (i) trg cip khdng ho^ 1^
cho doanh nghifp cam kit thyc hifn cdc bifn phdp gidm thilu d nhilm mdi ttudng frong tuong lai; (ii) hd frg Idi suit cho vay ddi vdi doanh nghidp ndu frong ke hoach sdn xuit kinh doanh thyc hifn cdc bifn phdp gidm bdt tac dgng tieu cyc tdi moi trudng; (iii) ttg cdp qua thud dudi hinh thiic mien, gidm thud khi doanh nghifp dp dyng nhflng bifn phap chdng d nhiem mdi trudi^
theo quy djnh.
Chinh phu cdc nudc OECD (d§c bift 1^
Phdp, Due, Italia) thudng dp dung nhihig chinh sdch h5 ttg doanh nghifp tren ddi v6i nhftng ngdnh cd ty Id gdy d nhilm moi trudng cao nhung doanh nghifp khdng c6 du ndng luc tdi chinh dd thyc hifn cac bifn phap gidm thidu d nhiem.
De huy ddng ngudn lye bo sung trien khai hoat ddng ho ttg ndy, chinh phu cac nudc cd the can nhac vifc ngimg ho$c chuyen hudng cdc khodn ttg cip cho nhihig hoat ddng cd thi gdy dnh hudng ti8u circ din mdi trudng. Vi du, moi ndm, chinh phii cac qudc gia tten the gidi chi khodng 700 tj USD dd frg cap cho viec sd dyng nguon nhien lifu hda thach. Khodn chi ndy Idn gSp ndm lin tdng sd tiln ddnh cho ho trg phdt tridn. Phdn Idn ngudn ttg cap dugc phdn bo din cdc nudc dang phat triln frong no Iyc Idm dju cd sdc tdng gid nhidn Hfu doi v6i ngudi ngheo. Tuy nhien, nhilu nghien citu da chi ra rdng frg cip nhidn lifu hda thach
Hd trg long truang xanh...
Ia khfing hieu qua doi vcri nguoi ngheo, thuong ho dugrc huong loi khong tuong xiing so vcri cae nhom co thu nhap cao hon.
Go bo cac khoan trcr cdp g4y hai moi truong hoac thay thS bang cac loai h5 trg hudng den c4c muc tieu cu thS hem se dem lai lgi ich cao hon cho d6i tugng dugc trg cip, mat khac se co them ngudn l\rc dS h6 trg cho cac ho^it dgng thuc thi chifc luge tang truong xanh.
2.2. Thui va phi moi truing Thue va phi mdi truang la nhung bien phap kinh te thuang dugc cac qu6c gia su Bang I: Mgt sA hinh thuc thu6/phl
dung nham tao nguon thu true tiep cho ngan sach nha nude (NSNN) (Bang 1). Doanh thu tit nhom thud/phi nay trung binh chiSm khoang 5% tdng san pham qudc ngi (GDP) va dao dgng tCr 3% - 13% GDP tuy thudc vao timg qudc gia. Ap dung nhom thue/phi nay con nh4m muc dich khuyfa khich ngucri gay d nhilm mdi trudng giam lugng chit thai ra mdi truong thdng qua vide dua ehi phi sir dung mdi trudng vao gia thanh san phim theo nguyen tac nguoi gay d nhilm phai tra tiln va ngudi sit dung phai tra tien.
bao ve mdi trudng tai cac nudc OECD Nudc
6xtrdylia Bi Canada D a n M ^ h Phan Lan Phap Bile Nh?t Ban Ha Lan N a U y Th\iy Dien Anh HoaKjr si nudc sii d u n g ( % )
P h i d nhilm khdng khi
+ +
13 P h i d nhiem
nudc +
+ +
30 Phi rdc thai + +
+
+ 30
Phi gay dn
+ + + + + + + 50
Phi sit dung
mdi trudng
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + 100
Le phi mdi trudng
+ + + + + + + + + + + 75
Thue mdi trudng
+ + + + + + + + + 40
Trg gia
+ + + + + + + + + + + 65
Hoan trauy thac
+ + +
+ + +
40
Bang 1 cho thay:
+ Thul carbon la m^t loai thul tmdng ddnh vao lirgng CO2 phat thai nhidn li?u. Bio cao cia UNESCAP cho mute thue carbon trung binh ddi vdi
Nguon.
mdi cua bilt cac
•OECD
nudc trong khu vuc nay la 10 USD/1 tin khi thai CO2. Trong do, thul carbon tsii Oxtraylia la cao nhit thi gidi, khoang 12,60 USD/1 tin khi thai CO2.
Thul carbon la mdt trong nhitag chinh 37
Tgp chi Khoa hgc xa hgi Vift Nam. so 10(95) - 2015 sach thue gay nhieu tranh cai vdi mdt sd y kien phan ddi cho rang thue carbon se chi lam tang chi phi, d ^ biet la trong nganh cdng nghidp khai thac mo va dien than. Tuy nhien, phan ldn eac y kien coi do la mdt trong nhihig bi^n phap tai khoa hiiu hi?u nhim bao ve mdi trudng va cung cd nin kinh te quoc gia. Thue carbon gidng nhu bat ky logi thue khac ciing co tinh luy thoai va nhu vay chi tao ra mgt tac dgng rit nhd ve chi phi va nhd hon nhilu so vdi tac dgng tir cac ylu td khac nhu ty gia hdi doai, chi phi thi trudng lao dong va gia nhien lieu.
Trong trudng hgp ciia Oxtraylia, Chinh phu da dua ra cac phuang an ho trg cho nganh cdng nghifp va ngudi dan bi anh hudng gian tilp khi Lu|it Thul carbon dugc ap dying. Khoang 97% gia dinh cd thu nhap trung binh thip nhan dugc hS trg tir Chinh phii xuit phat tir khoan tiln dugc trich tir nguin thu thul carbon. Chinh phu cdn ho trg 40% doanh thu cho cac doanh nghi$p khi chuyin sang sir dung nSng lugng sach hon nlu gSp phai canh tianh tir nudc khac.
De khuyin khich cae doanh nghi$p diu tu vao nang lugng sgch nhim muc tilu giam 80% lugng khi thai vao nam 2050, Chinh phu 6xtraylia_ da dua ra chi: truong hd trg 10 ty dd la OxtrayUa cho khu vuc doanh nghi?p trong 5 nam tdi khi diu tu vao linh vyc nang lugng gid, nang lugng mjt trdi va cac ngudn nang lugng tai tao khac.
+ Phi bao ve mdi tnrdng trong khai thac khoang san la mgt trong nhthig bi$n phap tai khda dugc xdy dimg vdi muc tieu tao nguon lyre tai chinh ii bii dip cac t6n thit do ho?t ddng khai khoang gay ra. Hinh thiic thu phi bao V? mdi trudng trong linh vuc khai khoang d cac qudc gia kha kh4c bi^t Ph. cd the dugc tinh dyra tren dien tich dit dugc su dying phuc vy khai thac, quSng
dudng qujng dugc vjn chuyin hay kli6i lugng khoang san dugc khai thac. Vide thu phi bao vd mdi trudng trong khai thac khoang san da dugc thirc hifn d nhilu qu6c gia nhu Canada, Oxtraylia, Thiiy Diln, Anh, Dan Mach, Cdng hda Sdc hay mdt sd bang ciia Hoa Kjr.
Cac nudc Lien minh Chau Au (EU) dang ap dimg chl do cip han ngaeh khi thai cho eac nganh cdng nghifp, theo dd tir nSm 2013 trd di EU ban diu gia 60% giiy phep hjn nggch khi thai trong Hnh vyrc nang lugng va din nam 2020 tit ca cae cdng ty cdng nghiep diu phai mua giiy phep han ngaeh khi thai trir mdt sd nganh, nhu: luyjn kim, xi mang, hda chit. Trong chinh sach gin kit Chau Au, EU dir kiln chi 54 tj EUR cho vi$c giiip da cac ehinh phii thanh vien EU tuan thu he thdng phap lu|t vl ni6i trudng cua EU. Mdt khoan ngdn sdch khac gia tri 48 ty EUR dugc sii dymg dl dat duyic cac myc tidu vl khi h ju va tgo ra nin kinh te cd lugng carbon thip, dgc biet trong do danh rieng 28 ty EUR cho vide cai thijn ngudn nudc va quan ly rac thai.
2.3. H^ thSng Oft cgc - hoin Ira He thdng dat cgc - hoan tra quy djnh dli vdi mgi ddi tugng thyre hien san xuit, kinh doanh cac san phim cd kha nang gay 6 nhiem mdi trudng cao phai ngp vao QuJ bao ve mdi trudng mdt khoan tiln dat cpc trong mdt thdi gian cam kit nhit djnh. Nlu qua thdi gian nay ma hg khdng vi phgm cie quy dinh vl bao vf mdi trudng thi s5 dugc nhgn lgi khodn tiln dat cgc nay. Trdi lgi thi khoan tien ddt cgc sd sung vao Quy bdo vf mdi trudng.
Quy dinh ndy cung cd thd bilu hifn bSng mgt khodn phyi phi them vdo trong gid thinh sdn phim cd khd nang gay d nhiem moi trudng. Ngudi tieu dung nhihig sdn pham
Hd tra t^g tru&ng xanh...
nay phai tra them mdt khoan tiln d^t cgc khi niua hang. Hg chi dugc nhan lai sd tiln nay neu nhu dem sdn phim sau khi tieu diing hgac phan cdn lai cua sdn phim tta lai cho don vi cd trdch nhiem thu gom phi thai hode tdi nhflng dja dilm quy djnh dl tdi chl, tai su dyng theo each thdc an toan dli vdi mdi trudng. (Juy dinh ddt cgc - hoan ttd ban diu dugc cdc nudc OECD su dung dl thu gom bao bi, chit thai cua cdc loai nudc udng nhu bia, rugu. Sy hifu qud cda quy djnh ndy dd Idm cac nudc OECD md rdng quy djnh dl thu gom nhilu hinh thdc hang hda vd dd gia dyng khac (nhu vd tdu, d td cu, dc quy) dd qua su dyng. Vi du, tai Ddc, nhd sdn xudt tham gja quy djnh ddt cgc - hodn tra vd cd co sd thu gom va tai chl bao bi cua mmh se danh ddu tren sdn pham vd nhu vay cd thi tranh dugc vifc ty thu gom vd tdi chl bao gdi san pham. Ndu doanh nghifp nudc ngodi mudn dua sdn phim vao thi trudng Ddc se phdi nhan 1^ bao bi va ttd phi thu gom hode neu khdng mudn ty thu gom thi cd the cho mgt cdng ty Due ddng gdi.
Kinh nghifm cua cdc nudc OECD cho thay dl quy djnh nay cd thd di vao thyc tien can phai xdc djnh dugc mdc ddt cgc hgp ly.
Neu mdc d|t cgc thdp se khdng tao ra dugc tac dyng rdn de cin thidt ttong khi mdc ddt cgc qud cao sS anh hudng ddn hoat dfng san xuit kinh doanh cua doanh nghifp.
Phin ldn hf thong dat cgc - hoan tra dugc dp dung ttdn ca sd ty nguyen. Do nhung quy djnh ndy Idm gia tang gia thanh cho nha sdn xuit ciing nhu ngudi tieu dung, bdi vdy di ddi vdi triln khai quy djnh ndy chinh phu cung can phdi kit hgp vdi nhflng bifn phap quang bd, nang cao y thuc trdch nhiem ciia doanh nghifp va ngudi tidu diing.
2.4. Phdt triin thi tru&ng tai chinh xanh Theo nghidn cdu cua Co quan ndng
lugi^ qudc tl (lEA) va Bdo cao kinh td xanh cua UNEP, dl giam Vi Iugng tidu thy nang lugng trdn toan the gidi tdi ndm 2050 cdn mdt lugng dau tu bd sung hang nam udc tinh Idn tdi 1 - 2,5% GDP todn thi gidi.
Vifc xanh hda thj trudng tdi chinh hien hdnh sd cho phdp cac qudc gia thuan Igi hon trong vifc huy dgng ngudn vdn cdn thilt di thyc hifn cac chien Iugc tang trudng xanh cua mmh.
Qua trinh phat tridn thi trudng tai chinh theo djnh hudng xanh ma mgt sd qu6c gia frdn thd gidi theo dudi da ddn tdi sy ra ddi cua nhilu cdng cy thj trudng mdi nhu tdi chinh carbon, tai chinh vi md xanh va cdc quy hd trg tdng trudng xanh. Nhihig cdng cy nay dd gdp phin ung phd vdi tinh trang suy thodi kinh te trong nhimg ndm gdn day, ddng thdi md rgng khdng gian vd quy md cho ddng vdn luan chuyen trdn thj trudng nhdm ho ttg thyc hidn chiln Iugc tdng trudng xanh. Tuy nhidn, cac dong von van cdn nhd so vdi nhu cdu ddu tu vd cdn phdi dugc md rgng mgt each nhanh chdng ndu mudn ddy nhanh tdc do thyc thi chiln Iugc tang trudng xanh dd chuyen dli sang md hinh kinh td xanh, thay thi cho nin kinh tl ndu truyen thdng hifn nay.
Nhung kenh tdp trung tai sdn Idn nhu cac cdng ty bdo hidm vd cdc quy diu tu cin phai dugc huy dgng dd hd ttg chiln Iugc tang tmdng xanh trong nhdng thap kJ- tdi.
Vi dy, ttong ndm 2009, quy md thj trudng qudc te vl tdi sdn cua cac td chuc nay khodng han 121 nghin ty USD, tuy nhien frong sd cdc thanh phin qudn Iy s6 Iugng tai sdn khdng Id nay, chi cd 7% Id quan tdm tdi vifc tich hgp Igi ich kinh tl vdi vin dl bao vf mdi trudng. Them vao do chinh phu cdc nudc ciing can the hifn vai trd cua minh hon niia trong vifc su dyng cac nguin luc
Tgp chi Khoa hpc xa hgi Vi?t Nam, so 10(95) - 2015 tdi chinh cdng hudng tdi cdc hinh thdc ddu tuxanh.
Hifn nay mgt sd qudc gia da tien hanh trien khai chiln luge xanh hda thj trudng tai chinh theo mgt sd hinh thdc vdi nhung cap dg khac nhau:
+ Xdy dymg H thdng tdi chinh xanh Thdng 4 ndm 2015, Ngdn hang Nhan dan Trung Hoa dd cdng bd mdt chuong trinh cu thi nhdm xanh hda thi trudng tai chinh cua minh theo hudng dap dng dugc cac nhu cau cua nin kinh tl xanh va phdt triln ben vdng. Ddy Id mgt phin quan ttgng ttong chuong trinh "chung sdng hdi hoa vdi thien nhien" ddnh diu mdt chuyin biln trong chiln Iugc phdt triln kinh tl cua Trung Quoc. Theo do Trung Qudc dang chuyen dli tu nen kinh tl chi tap trung vdo tdng trudng dd tdn tai td 30 ndm nay dan tdi nhflng ton hai nghiem frgng cho mdi trudng sang mgt md hinh tdng trudng xanh Idnh manh, ddm bdo phdt triln hdi hda vd todn difn hon.
Tuy nhien dd xdy dyng nen kinh tl xanh ddi hdi nhihig khodn ddu tu khdng Id vdo cdc ITnh vyc xanh. Theo tinh todn cua Ngdn hang Nhdn dan Trung Hoa, dy kiln trong vdng 5 ndm tdi Trung Qudc se cin tdi 320 ty USD hang ndm cho dau tu xanh nhdm ddp iing cac muc tieu bao ve mdi trudng cua nudc nay. Tuy nhien ngudn ngan sdch nhd nudc hifn chi cd thi dap ung 15% nhu cau, bdi vay hf thdng tdi chinh se ddng vai trd quan trgng ttong vifc luan chuyin vdn vd huy dgng ngudn von ca nhan ddu tu vdo cdc ITnh vyc xanh.
Chuang trinh xanh hda hf thdng tai chinh Trung Qudc bao gdm 14 khuyin nghj chinh thuc kem theo 16 phy luc cung cip nhihig phdn tich chi tilt vl co sd Iy luan vl tai chinh xanh. Ngi dung cua chuang trinh
tap trung vdo cac van de Idn nhu sau: (1) xdy dyng mgt hf thdng tai chinh xanh hi?u qud su dyng nhieu cdng cy tdi chinh khac nhau vdi cac khodn cho vay xanh, cac quj ddu tu xanh, bdo hilm xanh, v.v..; (2) xay dyng nhflng quy djnh va chinh sdch ho tn;
gidm chi phi ddi vdi cdc du dn xanh va ci thifn CO che cdp vdn cho cac du an xanh;
(3) phdt trien cdc td chdc tdi chinh chuyen cho vay va dau tu xanh (nhflng td chdc moi nay cin cd sy diu tu mgt phdn tu phia chinh phu de the hifn cho thi trudng tai chinh thay dugc cam ket cua chinh phii khuyin khich ddu tu xanh va se giam hot su e ngai ciia khu vyc tu nhdn ddi vdi nhimg rui ro khi ddu tu vao cdc dy dn xanh); (4}
xdy dyng khung phdp ly ho frg ddu tu xanh va khdng khuyen khich cdc ddu tu co h^
cho mdi trudng.
+ Phdt hdnh trdi phieu xanh Trdi philu xanh la mgt hinh thuc trai philu dugc phdt hdnh gdn lien vdi nhfing khodn ddu tu thdn thifn vdi mdi frudng.
Ban ddu ttdi phieu chu yeu dugc phat hanh td cdc td chuc tai chinh qudc td vd cac to chdc tai chinh do chinh phfl bdo lanh bao gdm cd Ngdn hang thd gidi (WB), Ngan hang Phat triln Chdu A (ADB), Ngan hang Xudt Nhap khau-Han Qudc. Cac ngdn hang diu tu qu6c tl thudng tham gia vdi tu each la ngudi bdo lanh phat hanh trdi phieu xanh.
Cac nha ddu tu bao gdm cac nha ddu tu to chdc vd mgt sd ca nhan. Ky han trai phieu trung binh la tu 5 din 6 nam. Tinh tu nam 2007 tdi nay, cd khoang 18 ty USD trai philu xanh dd dugc phat hdnh qudc tl. T6 chuc phdt hanh chii ylu la cdc djnh che t^
chinh qu6c tl nhu WB, Cdng ty tai chinh qudc tl (IPC).
Trai philu xanh thu hiit cac nha ddu tu do mgt sd nguydn nhdn sau day: (i) cd gia
Hd tra tang trudng xanh...
tn xd hgi vi hd trg cho phat trien bin viing va tdng trudng xanh; (ii) ky han tuong dli ngdn, cd tinh thanh khoan cao (phin ldn tidi phidu xanh cd ky han tu 1 - 7 nam va cd thi mua bdn de dang ttdn thi frudng thd cip);
(iii) nhieu ttdi philu xanh dugc midn thul va do vdy cd mdc Igi nhuan cao; (iv) dg riii ro tuang ddi thdp.
Nhu vdy khi diu tu vdo frai philu xanh nha dau tu cd thi ttanh dugc riii ro lien quan den viec diu tu vao mgt dy an mdi truang dgc lap do ngudi phat hdnh trdi phieu xanh cung phdi thyc hifn mgt qua trinh xem xet ky Iuong cdc dy an ddu tu.
+ Phdt triin md hinh Ngdn hdng xanh Ndm 2010, Chinh phfl Anh tuyen bo kl hoach thdnh lap Ngdn hang dau tu xanh chuyen dau tu vao cdc dy an xdy dung co sd hg ting xanh ma thj trudng khdng thi tdi trg dugc do lo ngai nhflng riii ro di kdm. Ngdn hang dau tu xanh ciia Anh dd di vdo hoat dgng nam 2012 va la mgt ngdn hang chinh sach thugc sd hihi cua Chinh phfl Anh. Chinh phu Anh cung cap ngudn v6n dilu Id cho ngdn hang tri gid 3,8 ty bdng vd Id mdt thanh vien trong Hdi dong qudn trj. Tuy nhidn hogt dgng cua Ngdn hdng Id ddc ldp va khdng chju sy kiem soat cfla Chinh phfl.
Myc tieu chinh khi thdnh ldp Ngan hdng diu tu xanh Id de giai quyet sy khd khdn khi huy dgng ngudn vdn tai frg cho cdc dy an CO sd ha tang xanh. Thdng qua vifc thdnh lap va hoat dgng cfla Ngan hang ddu tu xanh, Chinh phu Anh hy vgng cd the khuyin khich ngudn vdn tu nhdn cho cac dy an xanh nhdm gia tdng qud trinh chuyen dli sang nen kinh td xanh. Muc tieu cua Ngan hang la thu hut khodng 18 ty bdng ngu6n vdn tu nhan diu tu vao khu vyc xanh trong ndm tai khda 2015 -2016.
Ngan hang ddu tu xanh ddnh gid tiem ndng ciia du an tren co sd sy chdc chan, hifu qud diu tu vd mdc do dap ung cdc yeu ciu than thifn vdi mdi trudng. Nhflng ITnh vyc diu tu chu yeu cua ngan hang bao gdm nang lugng tai tao, giao thdng, xd Iy rdc va ngudn nudc, v.v.. Ngan hang gidnh uu tien cho cac dy an co sd ha tang xanh cd riii ro thap, gid trj thuong mai cao.
3. Mot so ham y chinh sach cho Vift Nam Ciing gi6ng nhu nhieu qudc gia tren the gidi, trong Chien Iugc phat trien kinh td - xa hgi giai doan 2011 - 2020, Vift Nam da xdc djnh yeu cau xuyen sudt ttong chien Iugc la phdt trien nhanh gdn lien vdi phdt trien ben vung. Dd thyc hifn myc tieu nay, Chinh phu da de ra 3 nhifm vu chfl yeu la: (1) tai cdu true vd hodn thifn the che kinh te theo hudng xanh hda cac nganh hifn co vd khuyen khich phat ttien cac nganh kinh te sd dung hifu qua ndng lugng vd tai nguyen vdi gid trj gia tdng cao; (2) nghidn cdu, dng dung cdng nghf tien tien nhdm su dyng hieu qua hon tai nguyen thien nhien, gidm cudng do phdt thdi khi nhd kinh, gdp phdn dng phd hifu qud bien ddi khi hgu; (3) ndng cao ddi sdng nhdn ddn, xdy dyng Ioi sdng than thifn vdi mdi trudng thdng qua tgo vifc lam td cdc ngdnh cdng nghifp, ndng nghiep va djch vy xanh. Chinh phu cung da dp dyng niiidu bifn phdp kinh tl dl triln khai nhiing nhifm vy nay va dat dugc nhilu kdt qud khd quan.
Tren co sd kinh nghiem mgt sd qudc gia tren thi gidi dp dyng cac bifn phap kinh tl thyc hien chidn Iugc tang trudng xanh va thyc ttang ap dyng nhung bifn phap nay tai Vift Nam trong thdi gian qua, dl thuc diy tdng trudng xanh, Viet Nam cin luu y nhu sau:
Tgp chi Khoa hgc xS hgi Vift Nam. sd 10(95) • 2015 Tha nhdt, d l bd sung NSNN cho tang trudng xanh can phai ddnh gid, rd soat lgi tir dd cd nhihig bd sung phu hgp cdc co che chinh sach, he thdng lugt phdp dgc biet nhimg quy dinh lien quan den bdo ve mdi trudng nhim tdng ngudn thu hi$n hdnh.
Hien nay, Vidt Nam da cd Thue bdo ve mdi trudng, Thue tdi nguyen, Nghi dinh thu phi nudc thdi, Nghi dinh chi trd dich vyi mdi trudng, Nghi dinh boi hodn thiet hgi mdi trudng, v.v.. Tuy nhien, nhihig vdn bdn ndy cdn cd nhieu bat cap vd chdng cheo, nhit Id Lugt Thue bao v? mdi trudng vd Thul tdi nguySn. So vdi cdc nudc khac, thue suit tdi nguydn ciia Viet Nam cdn thip, nhit la ddi vdi cdc kim logi quy hilm nen cdn phdi dieu chinh tang. Them vdo dd Vidt Nam can lyia chgn cdn cir tinh mdc phi bao ve mdi tmdng mdt cdch day du hon, ddm bdo muc phi ndy phdi cao hon chi phi van hdnh h? thdng xu ly d nhiem mdi trudng. Bdi vi, cd nhu vgy mdi khuydn khich doanh nghiep trien khai cdc bi$n phdp gidm thilu d nhilm mdi trudng.
Tha hai. can xdy dymg nhihig chinh sdch uu dai, nhit Id uu dai v l thul, phi, cho vay tdi chinh phii hgp cho khu vyic doanh nghidp nham khuyin khich doanh nghiep diu tu doi mdi cdng nghf theo hudng cdng nghe xanh, vi?c ldm xanh, tgo ra thi mgnh trong canh ttanh ciia doanh nghiep hen thi ttudng. Bilu ndy la cin thilt vi cac chi phi xay dymg, xu 1;? hd thdng giam thilu d nhiem mdi ttirdng hode dl san xudt sgch thudng kha ldn, gdy khd khdn khdng nhd cho cdc doanh nghidp mudn ttiln khai nhitag he thing nay, dac bift Id cac doanh nghidp viia va nhd v6n chiem da s l ttong nin kmh t l Vift Nam Mdt khdc cdc uu dai v l thul hidn nay chua du mgnh de khuyin khich doanh nghi$p gidm thieu d nhiem mdi ttudng.
Tha ba, c i n xem xet dp dymg nhihig chj tdi xd phgt ddi vdi nhitag hdnh vi vi pham quy dinh bdo v? mdi trudng. Cdc doanli nghiep cd xu hudng chgy theo lgi nhuiin mi cd tinh bd qua nhimg tdc hgi dli vdi moi frudng, ttong khi dd hien nay chua cd chj tdi dd manh d l ngan chdn nhiing hanh vi bat lgi cho mdi trudng.
Tai lieu tham k h a o
1. Kyoto University Japan, National Institute for Environmental Studies (2010), Primiiimiy study on sustainable low carbon developmm towards 2030 in Vietnam.
2. Ministry of Oovemment Legislation, Korea (2010), Framework Act for Low Carbon.
Green Growth.
3. UNTACD (2010), The World Investma Report.
4. UNTACD (2014), The World Investmm Report.
5. UNEP (2011), Towards a Green Ecommy:
Pathways to Sustainable Development and Poverty Eradication.
6. The World Bank (2009), State and trends of the Carbon Market.
7. Thu tudng Chinh phii (2004), Djnh humg chien luge phdt triin ben vOng a Vift Nam ban hanh theo Quyet dinh so 153/2004/QD-ng ngay 17 thang 8 nam 2004.
8. Thu nrdng Chinh phu (2012), Chien iufc quoc gia ve tdng tru&ng xanh thai ky 2011 • 2020 va tdm nhin din nam 2050 ban hanh theo Quyet djnh sd 1393/20I2/QD-TTg ngay 2S thang 9 nam 2012.
9. Thu tudng Chinh phii (2014), Phe duyit ke hogch hanh dgng qudc gia ve tdng Iructis xanh giai dagn 2014 - 2020 ban hanh theo Quylt djnh so 403/20 M/QD-TTg ngay 20 thanga nam 2014.
