TAP CHl mi THIfdNG
QUAN TRI DAI HOC:
KINH NGHIEM CUA HOA KY VA BAI HOC CHO VIET NAM
> NGUYEN DONG ANH XUAN
TOM TAT:
Giao due dai hpc cd vai tro rat quan trpng, tae ddng irifc lie^p de'n sff phai trien va thinh vtfdng cua mdi qud'c gia. Vidt Nam la qud'e gia dang phat tridn, ngSn sach nha nffde dau ttf eho giao due so vdi GDP ludn d mffc eao, nhifiig cha't Itfdng giao due ehtfa dap tfng td't nhu eau phat trien kinh le - xa hdi, dae biel la giao due dai hpc. Hoa Ky khdng phai la qudc gia cd truyen thdng phat tnen hpc thuat lau ddi so vdi cae ntfdc chau Au nhff Dtfc hay Phap nhtfng ngay nay, Hoa Ky da trd thanh qud'c gia ed nen giao due dai hpc chCt Itfdng va danh tid'ng hang dau the' gidi. Theo xd'p hang cac ed sd giao due dai hpc (GDDH) nam 2019 cua Td chffc Quacquarelli Symonds cd stf tham gia cua 1.000 cdsd GDDH tfu lu nhS'i loan cau, HoaKy tid'p tuc din dau vdi 11 trtfdng nam trong lop 20, trong do cac vi tri iff 1 dd'n 4 deu thudc cac cd sd GDDH eua Hoa Ky; Vien Cong nghd Massachuset dtfng vi tri sd' 1 cua bang xe'p hang. Mo hinh giao due dai hpc eua Hoa Ky la dien hinh nha't cho n^n giao due md, da dang ve loai hinh va eha'l Itfdng, trd thanh hinh mSu eho nhieu qud'c gia ngtfdng md va hoe tSp, trong dd cd Vidt Nam. Do vay, bai vid'l nay gidi thieu ve kinh nghidm quan tridaihpccuaHoaKy, tff do de xua't mpi sd'bai hpc kinh nghidm cdkha nang vSn dung vao thffc lien lai Viet Nam.
Tuf khda: Giao due dai hoc, quan tri dai hpc, md hinh quan tri dai hpc.
1. Md hinh quan tri dai hpc trdn the gitfi Nghidn cffu ve quan tn dai hpc la chu de cd linh Ihdi sff, thu hut sff quan tam eua nhieu hoc gia, nha quan ly. Cac nghien cffu nay khdng ngffng dtfde bd sung va hoan thidn, nhieu cdng trinh nghidn cffu gia iri, nhtf nghien cffu eua eac tae gia Dennis, Tewarie & White (2003), "Quan iri dai hoe hieu qua trong the' ky XXI", John Fielden (2008), "Nhffng xu hffdng toan eau trong quan tri dai hpc"; Pavel Zgaga (2008), "Quan tri
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dai hpc, itfchu va quan iy trong GDDH". Dd'i vdi Viet Nam, ke iff khi chuyen sang nen kinh te thi trtfdng dinh htfdng XHCN va hdi nhfip sau rdng vao nen kinh id' the' gidi, dac biet trong thdi gian gan day da ed nhieu cong trinh nghien cffu ve quan tri dai hoc gan vdi thtfc lien GDDH d ViSt Nam, nhtf nghien cffu eua tac gia Dao Van Khanh (2010), "Hffdng di nao cho ddi mdi quan tri dai hpc Vidl Nam"; Pham Thi Ly (2008), "Xay dtfng mdt he thd'ng quan tri dai hpc hieu qua - Kinh
QUAN IR!-QUANLY
nghiem cua Hoa Ky va kha nang vSn dung lai Viet Nam"; Nguydn Ddng Phong & Nguydn Hffu Huy Nhfft (2013), "Quan tri dai hpc va md hinh cho cd sd GDDH khd'i kinh te d Viet Nam". Nhtf v$y, nghien cffu ve quan tri dai hoc cd nhieu each tie'p can khac nhau, tuy theo dd'i tffdng, pham vi va muc dieh nghidn ctfu eua eae tae gia va kem theo each thffe tie'p can khac nhau ve thuat ngff quan tri dai hpc. Theo quan diem Gallagher (2002), cho rang: "Quan tr; dai hpc la ca'u true cua cae md'i quan he nham mang de'n stf ke't dinh, liy nhidm chinh sach, kd' hoach va ra quye't dinh, chiu trach nhiem trtfdc nha trtfdng, cpng ddng xa hoi va ngtfdi hpc ve stf tin cay, tinh thich ffng va hieu qua ehi phi quan ly ". Thuat ngff nay dtfdc sff dung kha phd bie'n trong cae nghien ctfu ve quan tri dai hpc d Viet Nam va tren the gidi vdi each hieu quan tri dai hoc la hoach dinh dffdng Id'i, chinh sdch va quye't dmh cae dinh hffdng chie'n Iffdc trong ed sd GDDH.
Theo bao eao tdng quan ve xu the' quan tri dai hpc iren the' gidi eua World Bank 2008 da khai qual 4 md hinh quan tri dai hoe, the hien dia vi phap ly cua cac c0 sd GDDH irong xa hot. Cac md hinh nay bao gdm: i) Md hinh nha ntfdc quan ly - kiem soat hoan toan (state control) nhff d cac nffde My Lalinh, Malaysia trffdc day; ii) Md hinh ban ttf chu (semi-autonomous) nhtf d Phap va New Zealand; iii) Md hinh ban doe lap (semi independent) nhtf d Singapore; iv) Md hinh doe lap (independent) nhtf d My, Anh, Uc. Mdi md hinh quan in dai hpc deu the hien tinh tff chu d eae mffc dp khac nhau, do'i vdi md hinh nha nffdc kiem soat hoan toan thi cae cd sd GDDH vIn dffde Iff ehu d mffc dp nhal dinh trong thffe hien nhiem vu chuyen mdn, lai chinh. Ngffdc lai, md hinh ddc lap (nha nffdc giam sat) the hien ro nha nffde ehi ddng vai trd giam sal he ihd'ng dam bao eha't Iffdng dai hpc va duy tri mffc dp ttf chu, chju trach nhiem cao cho cac cdsd GDDH.
Thffc tien eho tha'y, iff ehu dai hoe giup eho cac cd sd GDDH van hanh td't hdn, hoat ddng hidu qua hdn, ddng ihdi cung Iam lang tinh eanh tranh giffa eae ca sd GDDH, lao dieu kien de da dang hda cac hoat ddng GDDH. Xu hffdng ehung tren toan cau hien nay la chuyen dan iff md hinh
nha nffde kiem soat sang eae md hinh cd mffc dp tff chu cao hdn, sff thay doi nay thtfdng dtfdc md ta la chuyen iff he ihd'ng nha nffde kiem soat sang he tho'ng nha ntfde giam sat. Nhat Ban la vi du dien hinh khi da thdng qua Luat Tap doan Dai hoc quo'c gia vao nam 2003, da gidp eho cac ed sd GDDH qud'e gia dtfdc ttf chu theo luat dinh, vdi nhieu quyen Itfc dtfde giao cho hdi ddng quan tri va hieu trtfdng. Hdi ddng quan in dffdc xem nhtf cd quan quydn Itfc cao nhat, quye't dinh cac chinh sach, chie'n Itfde, dinh htfdng phat trien va giam sal eac hoal ddng eua ed sd GDDH, chiu trach nhidm trtfdc nha ntfdc va xa hdi. Trong khi, hieu trtfdng chiu trach nhiem dieu hanh, quan ly cac cdng viee hang ngay va ihtfe thi eae ehinh sach, dinh htfdng cua hdi ddng quan tn.
Dd'i vdi cae cd sd GDDH edng lap d Vidt Nam dang chuyen dan iff md hinh Nha ntfde kiem soat sang md hinh Nh& ntfdc giam sal vdi quyen ttf ehu dai hoe ngay cang md rdng. Dac bidt, Luat GDDH sffa ddi nam 2018 ed hieu Itfc Iff ngay 01/07/2019 se lid'p lue md rdng quyen Iff chu ve hpc thuat, td chffc va nhan stf, tai ehinh eho cac ed sd GDDH. Tuy nhien, thffc trang quan tri dai hoc d Viet Nam van cdn nhieu han che', nhff: i) Cd che'"ed quan ehu quan" the hien stf can thiep eua ed quan quan ly vT md vao cac van de ttf chu dae biel la bd may quan ly va nhan stf va dau ttf cua cae cd sd GDDH va ddng vai trd gan gio'ng Hdi ddng trtfdng/Hdi ddng quan tri eua cd sd GDDH ntfdc ngoai; ii) Hdi ddng irffdng ne'u cd dffdc thanh lap d eae irffdng cdng lap theo Luat GDDH, Dieu le trtfdng dai hpc vSn ehtfa thtfc hidn dung ehtfc nang la mot id chffc quan tri dai hpc gid'ng nhtf cac ntfde. Vdi ed ca'u Ehanh vien ngoai trffdng chie'm ty Id tha'p, Hdi ddng trffdng khd thtfc hidn vai trd mot ed quan quyen Itfc cao nha't va dpc lap vdi Hidu trtfdng ma chi thien ve ttf vd'n cho hieu trffdng; iii) Cd chd'lai ehinh cdn phu thupe vao ngan sach dtfde giao, ehtfa ed phffdng an kha thi de lang cffdng linh tff ehu va nang cao, dn dinh ngudn tai chinh trong dai han, dae biet cae ngudn thu iff boat ddng nghien cffu khoa hpc ehtfa dffde khai thac hidu qua nhff cac ed sd GDDH Idn tren the' gidi; iv) Mot sd cd sd GDDH id ra midn ctfdng, hinh thffc trong viee
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TAP CHi CONB THHIING
edng khai minh bach, trach nhiem giai trinh ddi vdi ngtfdi hpc va xa hdi.
Nhtf vSy, xu hffdng tren the' gidi hien nay, chuyen dan ttf md hinh nha nffdc kiem soat sang md hinh nha ntfdc giam sal vdi muc dich tang ctfdng ttf chu cho cae cd sd GDDH va Viel Nam khdng the nam ngoai xu thd' do.
2. Md hinh quan tri dai hpc cua Hoa Ky He Ihd'ng GDDH eua Hoa Ky chiu nhieu anh htfdng cua giao due chau Au, dae biel la Anh va Dtfc. Tuy nhidn, GDDH cua Hoa Ky khdng bi rang budc bdi cac khudn phep iheo kieu chau Au cu ma Itfa chpn md hinh iff chu daihoc tuyet dd'i.
Mdt quan he gida nhd nUdc vdi cdc ca s3 GDDH
Khac vdi hau he't cae nffde khac, Hoa Ky khdng ed he thd'ng quan ly giao due qud'e gia (trff cac hoe vien quan sff va eac trffdng hoc danh cho ngffdi My ban dia), cac cd sd GDDH khdng chiu stf chi dao, quan ly cua bS'l ky cd quan trung ffdng nao, trach nhidm chu ye'u cua cae tieu bang. Cac tid'u bang chi quan ly mdt phan, bang viec dau ttf mdt khoan kinh phi va cff dai dien tham gia Hdi ddng quan tri. Bd Giao due Hoa Ky quan ly hoat ddng kiem dinh eha't Itfdng giao due mdt each gian lie'p Ihdng qua viec edng nhan cd quan, hiep hdi kiem dinh chat Itfdng giao due va cung cap chtfdng Irinh hoe bong, tin dung eho sinh vien cua cd sd GDDH da dtfdc cdng nhan kiem dmh. De canh tranh va Ihu hut sinh vien, eae ed sd GDDH lien luc ddi mdi va nang cao vi tri trong bang xe'p hang cua cac lo chffc kiem dinh ndi tie'ng.
Quyen luc vd ddc diem cda hgi dong qudn in Trong cac cd sd GDDH cua Hoa Ky. hdi ddng quan tried quyen Itfc td'i eao, giam sat chinh sach dam bao chat Itfdng GDDH, thdng qua chu trffdng lien quan de'n chffdng trinh dao lao, id ehffc nhan sff. Ve mat tai ehinh, vai tro eua hpi ddng quan tri la thie'l lap cd che', chinh sach giup hoat ddng lai chinh dien ra lanh manh va kiem soat chi tieu de bao dam cac ngudn lai ehinh dffdc sff dung hieu qua, dung quy dinh. Thanh phan cua hdi ddng quan tri kha da dang, thtfdng la nhffng ngtfdi cd danh tie'ng, uy tin, thanh cdng dac bidt ve mdt
ITnh vffc nao do d dia phffdng hoac cd nhffng ddng gdp tai chinh nen hpi ddng quan tri eua Hoa Ky cd quan diem loan dien. Sd'lffdng thanh vidn cua hdi ddng quan tri tff 25 de'n 35 ngffdi do cac giang vien bau cung vdi cac thanh vien ngoai trtfdng do tieu bang de cff, ii le thanh vien ngoai trtfdng ehie'm khoang 60-70%.
Nguon tdi chinh vd quyen tu chd cua cdc casd GDDH
He Ihd'ng GDDH eua Hoa Ky dtfdc xem la td't nha't the" gidi. Dieu nay ed dtfde khdng chila do ngudn Itfe lai ehinh ddi dao, ma cdn bdi quyen Iff chu ra'l eao eua cac cd sd GDDH Chinh quyen tff chil nay tao ra stf linh hoat irong hoat ddng giang day va nghien cffu khoa hoc do khdng bi chi phd'i bdi cac thu tue hanh ehinh nang ne, eae ed quan quan ly cong kenh. Dong thdi, cd che' ttf chu cua Hoa Ky da tao ra mdi trtfdng canh tranh, khuye'n khich nghien cffu khoa hpc, doi mdi va sang tao.
Ttf ehu tai chinh la didm manh cua cac cd sd GDDH d Hoa Ky, ngudn tai chinh chu ye'u lu:
nghien cffu, dau tff, dieh vu, hoe phi va tai trd.
Dd'i vdi cac ed sd GDDH edng lap d Hoa KJ thi hie'n tang la nguon lai chinh quan trpng dd dtu Iff cd sd vSt chS't, nghien cffu khoa hpc, ca'p hpc bdng, giam hpc phi eho sinh vien. Ngudn ngan sach do tieu bang ca'p chie'm khoang 20-30%
Irong sudt the ky 20, de'n cud'i the' ky 20 lieu bang cap chiem khoang 36% eung vdi dd khoang 11%
tff lien bang va 4% ehinh quyen dia phffdng, sang the' ky 21 cac ed sd GDDH cdng lap ehi nhan phan it khoang 10% tff tieu bang. Cae ed sd GDDH chi chiu quan Iy, kiem soat eua chinh quyen bang do'i vdi phan nhd tai ehinh ttf ngan sach nha ntfdc cap. Viee dffde chu ddng sff dung va phan phd'i ngudn tai chinh ngoai ngan sach nha nffde, khdng phai chiu ba'i ky quan ly, kiem soat nao iff phia ehinh quyen bang dffdc Ihffc hidn ra't hieu qua d Hoa Ky.
He thdng GDDH dinh hUdng thi trUdng cao Mo hinh ttf ehu dai hoc tuyet dd'i irong nen kinh te' thi trtfdng ta't yd'u se lao ra hd thdng GDDH gan ke'l chat che va ben vffng vdi cdng ddng, quan he mat thie'l vdi nen kinh te', bam sat
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nhu cau cua thi trtfdng lao ddng. Mae dii, quy luat thi trffdng trong GDDH Hoa Ky dtfdc coi trpng va khai thac nhtfng khdng phd mac cho thi trtfdng ma van dung, khai thac cac quy luat cua thj trtfdng trong quan ly, dieu hanh. Ngoai ra, chinh phu Hoa Ky con hd ird gian tie'p cho cac tac ddng lieh ctfc cua thi trtfdng dd'i vdi GDDH.
3. Bai hpc kinh nghiem dd'i vdi quan tri dai hpc ^ Vidt Nam
Qua nghien cffu, phan tich quan trj dai hoc cua Hoa Ky va ihtfe tidn d Viet Nam, bai vie't de xua't mdt sd bai hoe kinh nghiem cd the van dung vao Viet Nam, eu the nhtf sau'
Thd nhdt, tdch bgch qudn ly nhd nudc vdi quyen qudn tri dgi hgc cua cdc ca sd GDDH.
Xu htfdng tren the' gidi phan cap quan ly rd ring giffa nhii nffdc vdi eac cd sd GDDH, cae cd sd GDDH dtfde md rdng quyen ttf chu, khdng cdn trffe thudc Bd chuydn nganh qudn ly, vai tro quan quan ly nha nffdc chi tSp trung vao nhffng va'n de ldn nhff chid'n Iffdc, quy hoach, ke' hoach phat tri^n GDDH va phat trien hieu qua he ihd'ng kiem dinh cha't Iffdng GDDH, Ddi vdi eac ed sd GDDH, md rdng quyen itf chu gSn vdi iraeh nhiem giai trinh va kiem dinh cha't Itfdng ddc lap theo chuan qud'c gia va qud'c id'de bao dam ldi ich cua ngtfdi hpc, xa hdi va phu hdp vdi mue lieu phat trien kinh te' - xa hdi eua da't ntfdc.
Thd hai, xdy dung hgi dong trudng thUc chd't, dung nghia.
Cd ehd hdi ddng quan tri irong cac cd sd GDDH cua Hoa Ky da chffng minh dtfdc linh eha't hieu qua, la do da tach baeh quan tri (trach nhiem cua hdi ddng trtfdng) ra khdi quan ly (irach nhiem cua ban giam hieu), tach viec quan In ra khoi nhffng md'i quan he ve quyen ldi vat chat. Do vay de eae eae ed sd GDDH ttf chu ben vffng, phat trien theo htfdng ttf chu, ttf chiu trach nhiem, viee thanh lap va trao day du quyen Itfc cho hdi ddng trtfdng la dieu can thie't. Kinh nghiem ttf Hoa Ky cho tha'y, stf can thie't phai da dang thanh phan hdi ddng trtfdng, thanh vidn ngoai trtfdng nhieu hdn thanh phan ben trong trffdng va dai dien eho nhffng tie'ng ndi khac nhau de lao ra cd che' giam sal hdp ly, han che'
vide lam quyen va nang eao trach nhidm ea nhan eua ngtfdi quan ly, lam cho nha trtfdng gSn bd vdi ldi ich va nhu cau eua xa hdi.
Thd ba, trao quyen tU chu dgi hgc todn dien cho cdc ca .sd GDDH.
Thffe Id' eho tha'y, ttf ehu dai hoc la dieu kien can thid't de thtfc hien cac phtfdng thtfc quan tri dai hpc lien lie'n nham nang eao eha'l Itfdng dao tao, nghien cffu khoa hpc, bao gdm ba thanh to' cd ban, ed quan he mat thid't vdi nhau trong qua trinh md rdng quyen ttf ehu dai hoe toan didn: ttf ehu ve td chffc va quan Iy, iff chu ve lai chinh, Itf ehu ve hpc thuat. Trong do, ttf chii ve tai ehinh ddng vai tro ndng cd't vi nd dam bao eho eac ed sd GDDH trang trai cae chi phi ve nhan stf, hoc thuSt va Iff do mdi ed the nang eao eha'l Itfdng hoc thuat va canh iranh thu hut giang vien cd irinh dp cao.
Do vSy, can trao quyen iff chu tai chinh toan dien cho cac cd sd GDDH tff khau thu eho de'n khau chi, tff viec quan tri cac ngudn tai chinh theo md hinh doanh nghiep cho de'n viec kinh doanh cac ngudn Iffc tai ehinh de huy ddng va phat trien hieu qua eae ngudn thu va lai san phue vu cho eac hoal ddng giang day va nghien ctfu iheo htfdng ddi mdi va hdi nhap qud'e le'.
Thii tu, xdy dung ca che, chinh sdch hieu qud de thu hut ddu tu cua xa hgi cho GDDH.
Tff thffc trang nguon lai chinh eho GDDH, ehu ye'u tff NSNN ca'p va thu iff hoc phi, le phi cua ngffdi hpc. Cac ngudn lai chinh iff hoal ddng dich vu, nghien cffu khoa hoe cdn rat tha'p, cae ngudn tai ird dau ttf cua xa hdi cho GDDH chffa dang ke. Vi vay, de tao ngudn tai ehinh ben vtfng cho eae ed sd GDDH ihl can ed cae giai phap, chinh sach hieu qua thu hut dau ttf ciia xa hdi cho GDDH, Nha ntfdc can ddi mdi cd che' phan bo ngan sach nha ntfdc cho cae ed sd GDDH theo cd ehe' eanh tranh dffa tren cac lidu ehi vd giang day va nghien effu. Cac cd sd GDDH can day manh hoat ddng nghien cffu khoa hpc, tang cffdng hdp tac chuyen giao, ihffdng mai hda ke'l qua nghien cffu de nghien cffu khoa hpc trd thanh ngudn ihu chu ye'u trong cac cd sd GDDH; thtfc hien hieu qua cae giai phap, ehinh sach huy ddng quy hid'n tang ttf ctfu sinh vien va doanh nghiep.
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TAP GHl CUNG THIfUNG
cdng khai minh bach, trach nhiem giai irinh ddi vdi ngffdi hpc va xa hdi.
Nhtf vay, xu htfdng trdn the' gidi hidn nay, chuyen dan tff md hinh nha nffde kidm soat sang md hinh nha nffde giam sat vdi mue dich lang ctfdng Itf chu cho cae cd sd GDDH va Viet Nam khdng the nam ngoai xu the'dd.
2. Mo hinh quan tri dai hpc cua Hoa Ky He thdng GDDH cua Hoa Ky chiu nhieu anh hffdng ciia giao due chau Au, dae bidt la Anh va Dtfc. Tuy nhien, GDDH eua Hoa Ky khdng bi rang budc bdi eac khudn phep theo kieu chau Au cu ma Itfa chpn md hinh ttf ehii dai hpc tuyet do'i.
Mdi quan he gida nhd nifdc vdi cdc ca sd GDDH
Khac vdi hau he'l cae ntfde khac, Hoa Ky khong cd he ihd'ng quan ly giao due qud'e gia (trff eac hoc vien quSn sff va cac trffdng hpc danh cho ngffdi My ban dia), eac ed sd GDDH khdng chiu stf chi dao, quan ly cua bat ky cd quan trung tfdng nao, trach nhidm chu ye'u eiia eae lieu bang, Cac tieu bang ehi quan ly mdt phan, bang viee dau ttf mdi khoan kinh phi va cff dai dien tham gia Hdi ddng quan trj. Bd Giao due Hoa Ky quan ly hoat ddng kiem dinh cha't Itfdng giao due mdt each gian lie'p thdng qua vide cdng nhan cd quan, hiep hdi kiem dinh eha'l Itfdng giao due va eung ca'p chtfdng trinh hpc bdng, tin dung cho smh vidn eua ed sd GDDH da dtfde cdng nhan kiem dinh. De canh iranh va thu hut sinh vien, eac cd sd GDDH lien tue ddi mdi va nang cao vi tri trong bang xe'p hang ciia cac td chffc kiem dinh ndi tie'ng.
Quyen lUc vd dgc diem cda hoi dong qudn tn Trong cac ed sd GDDH cua Hoa Ky, hdi ddng quan tri cd quyen Iffe td'i eao, giam sat chinh sach dam bao eha't Iffdng GDDH, thdng qua chu trtfdng lidn quan de'n chtfdng trinh dao tao, td ehtfc nhan sff. Ve mat lai chinh, vai trd ciia hdi ddng quan tri la thie't lap ed ehe', chinh sach giup hoat ddng tai chinh dien ra lanh manh va kiem soat chi lieu de bao dam cac ngudn lai chinh dffde sff dung hidu qua, dung quy dinh, Thanh phan cua hdi ddng quan tn kha da dang, thtfdng la nhffng ngtfdi cd danh tid'ng, uy lin, thanh edng dae bidt ve mot
ITnh vtfc nao do 6 dia phtfdng hoac cd nhffng ddng gdp tai chinh nen hdi ddng quan tri eua Hoa Ky cd quan diem toan dien. Sd' Iffdng thanh vien eua hdi ddng quan tri iff 25 de'n 35 ngffdi do eac giang vien bau eung vdi cac thanh vien ngoai trffdng do lieu bang de cff, ti le thanh vidn ngoai Irffdng ehie'm khoang 60-70%.
Nguon tdi chinh vd quyen tU chu cua cdc casd GDDH
He Ihd'ng GDDH eua Hoa Ky dffde xem I&
td't nha't the'gidi. Dieu nay ed dtfdc khdng ehi la do ngudn Iffc tai ehinh ddi dao, ma edn bdi quyen tff ehii ra't cao eiia eac ed sd GDDH. Chinh quyen tff chu nay tao ra su* linh boat trong hoat ddng giang day va nghien cffu khoa hoc do khdng bj chi phd'i bdi cac thii tuc hanh chinh nang nd, cae ed quan quan ly edng kenh. Dong Ihdi, ed ehe' iff ehu eua Hoa Ky da tao ra m6i trffdng eanh tranh, khuye'n khich nghidn cffu khoa hoc, ddi mdi va sang lao.
Ttf chu tai ehinh la diem manh eua cac cd sd GDDH d Hoa Ky, ngudn tai chinh chu ye'u tiJf nghien ctfu, dau Itf, dich vu, hpc phi va lai trd.
Dd'i vdi eae cd sd GDDH cdng lap d Hoa Ky thi hie'n tang la ngudn tai chinh quan trong de dau tff cd sd vat chat, nghien effu khoa hoc, cap hpc bong, giam hpc phi cho sinh vien. Ngudn ngan sach do tieu bang ca'p ehie'm khoang 20-30%
irong sud't the' ky 20, ddn cud'i the' ky 20 tieu bang ca'p ehie'm khoang 36% cung vdidd khoang 11%
tff lien bang va 4% chinh quyen dia phffdng, sang the ky 21 eae ed sd GDDH cdng lap chi nhSn phan it khoang 10% tff tid'u bang. Cac cd sd GDDH eh? chiu quan ly, kiem soat cua ehinh quyen bang dd'i vdi phan nhd tai ehinh tff ngSn sach nha ntfdc cap. Vide dffde chu ddng sff dung va phan phd'i ngudn lai ehinh ngoai ngan sach nha ntfde, khdng phai chiu ba't ky quan ly, kiem soat nao iff phia chinh quyen bang dtfde thtfc hien ra't hidu qua d Hoa Ky.
He thdng GDDH dinh hUdng thi trudng cao Mo hinh ttf ehu dai hpc tuyet dd'i trong nen kinh te thi trffdng ta't ye'u se lao ra he thd'ng GDDH ga'n ke'l chat che va ben vffng vdi cdng ddng, quan he mat thie't vdi nen kinh td', bam sat
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nhu cau cua thi trffdng lao ddng. Mac du, quy luat thi trtfdng trong GDDH Hoa Ky dtfdc coi trpng va khai Ihae nhtfng khdng phd mac eho thi trtfdng ma van dung, khai thac eac quy luSt ciia thi trtfdng trong quan Iy, dieu hanh. Ngoai ra, chinh phu Hoa Ky cdn hd trp gian lie'p cho cac tac ddng tich cffc eiia thi trtfdng dd'i vdi GDDH.
3. Bai hpc kinh nghidm dd'i v^i quan tri dai hoc d Vidt Nam
Qua nghien effu, phan tich quan trj dai hoc cua Hoa Ky va thffc tien d Viet Nam, bai vie't de xua't mdt sd bai hpc kinh nghidm cd the van dung vao Viet Nam, cu the nhff sau:
Thd nhdt, tdch bgch qudn ly nhd nudc vdi quyen qudn tri dgi hgc cua cdc ca sd GDDH.
Xu htfdng tren thd' gidi phan cap quan ly rd rang giffa nha nffde vdi eac ai sd GDDH, eae ed sd GDDH dffdc md rdng quyen Iff chii, khdng edn trffc thudc Bp chuyen nganh quan ly, vai trd quan quan ly nha ntfdc chi tSp trung vao nhu'ng va'n de ldn nhtf chie'n Itfdc, quy hoach, kd' hoach phat trie'n GDDH va phat trien hidu qua hd Ihd'ng kiem dinh chat Itfdng GDDH. Ddi vdi cac cd sd GDDH, md rdng quyen ttf chu gan vdi trach nhidm giai trinh va kiem dinh chat Itfdng ddc lap theo chuan qud'c gia va qudc te'de bao dam Idi ich cua ngtfdi hpc, xa hdi va phu hdp vdi mue lieu phat tnen kmh te' - xa hdi eua da't nffde.
Thd hai, xdy dung hgi dong trudng thUc chdt, diing nghia.
Cd ehe' hdi ddng quan tri trong eae ed sd GDDH cua Hoa Ky da chffng minh dffde linh eha't hieu qua, la do da tach bach quan iri (trach nhidm cua hdi ddng irffdng) ra khdi quan ly (trach nhiem eua ban giam hieu), tach vide quan tri ra khoi nhffng md'i quan he ve quyen ldi v3t chat. Do vay de eae eae ed sd GDDH iff ehii ben vffng, phat trien theo htfdng ttf ehii, ttf chju trach nhiem, viee thanh Itp va trao day dii quyen life cho hdi ddng trtfdng la dieu can thie't. Kinh nghiem tff Hoa Ky cho tha'y, stf can thie't phai da dang thanh phan hdi ddng trtfdng, thanh vien ngoai trtfdng nhieu hdn thanh phan ben trong trffdng va dai dien cho nhffng tie'ng ndi khac nhau de tao ra ed ehe'giam sat hdp ly, han che'
viec lam quyen va nang eao trach nhiem ca nhan ciia ngffdi quan ly, lam cho nha Irffdng gin bd vdi ldi ieh va nhu eau ciia xa hdi,
Thd ba, trao quyen tU chu dgi hgc todn dien cho cdc ca sd GDDH.
Thtfc Id' cho tha'y, ttf ehii dai hpc la dieu kien can thie't de thtfc hien cae phffdng thffc quan iri dai hgc lidn tie'n nham nang cao chat Iffdng dao tao, nghien ctfu khoa hpc, bao gdm ba ihanh to' cd ban, ed quan he mat thie'l vdi nhau trong qua trinh md rdng quyen ttf chu dai hpc loan didn: Itf ehii ve id ehffc va quan Iy, iff ehu ve lai ehinh, tff chii ve hpc thuat. Trong do, iff chu ve lai chinh ddng vai trd nong cd't vi nd dam bao cho cac cd sd GDDH trang irai eae chi phi ve nhan stf, hpc thuat va Iff do mdi cd the nang eao eha't Iffdng hpc ihual va canh tranh thu hiit giang vien cd Irinh dp cao.
Do vay, can trao quyen Iff ehu tai chinh loan dien cho eac ed sd GDDH Iff khau thu eho dd'n khau chi, Iff vide quan tri cae ngudn tai ehinh theo md hinh doanh nghiep eho dd'n vide kinh doanh eae ngudn Iffe lai ehinh de huy ddng va phat irien hidu qua cac ngudn thu va lai san phue vu eho eac hoat ddng giang day va nghien cffu theo htfdng ddi mdi va hdi nhap qud'e le'.
Thd tu, xdy dung ca che, chinh sdch hieu qud de thu hut ddu tU cda xd hgi cho GDDH.
Tff thffe trang ngudn lai ehinh cho GDDH, chu ye'u tff NSNN ca'p va thu Iff hoe phi. Id phi cua ngffdi hpc. Cac ngudn lai ehinh iff hoat ddng dich vu, nghien ctfu khoa hoc cdn rat tha'p, cae ngudn lai trd dau ttf eua xa hdi cho GDDH ehtfa dang ke. Vi vay, de lao ngudn lai chinh ben vffng eho cac cd sd GDDH ihl can ed eae giai phap, ehinh sach hieu qua thu hut dau iff eiia xa hdi cho GDDH. Nha ntfde can ddi mdi cd ehe' phan bd ngan sach nha ntfde cho eae cd sd GDDH theo c6 che'canh tranh dtfa tren cac lieu ehi ve giang day va nghien effu. Cac cd sd GDDH can diy manh hoal ddng nghien effu khoa hpc, lang ctfdng hdp lac chuyen giao, thffdng mai hda ke't qua nghien ctfu de' nghien ctfu khoa hpc trd thanh ngudn thu chii ye'u trong eae ed sd GDDH; thffc hien hieu qua cae giai phap, chinh sach huy ddng quy hie'n tang ttf ctfu sinh vien va doanh nghiep.
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4. Kd't Iu3n giai trinh cdn nhieu han che, thidu chinh sdch Trong nhtfng nam qua, he thd'ng giao due dai hieu qua de ihu hut dau ttf cua xa hdi eho GDDH.
hoc cua Viet Nam da gdp phIn quan irong vao Bai hpc iff Hoa Ky, eho thay quan ly nha nffdc Sff nghiep ddi mdi va hdi nhap qudc id eiia da't "en ehuyen tff kiem soat trffc tiep sang kien tao, ntfde, Tuy nhien, cha'l Itfdng dao tao, nghien cffu gi^m sat; d£y manh ihffc hien cd che iff ehii, trach khoa hoc ehtfa dap ffng td't nhu eiu phat tridn kinh "hiem giai trinh va doi mdi quan tn da. hoc theo te - xa hdi, cd che tff ehu dai hoe va iraeh nhiem hffdng hpi nhap qudc le •
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO:
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Social, Political, and Economic Challenges (2nd ed.) (p. 16) Baltimore, Maryland: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
2. Ddo Vdn Khanh (2010), "Hudng di ndo cho ddi mdi qudn tn dai hgc Viet Nam". Bdo Gido due vd Thdi dgi, ngdy 27/5/2010.
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11. Philip G. Altbach (2008), CasdGDDHvd todn cdu hda: Thuc te trong mot the gidi but binh dang. PhgmThi Ly dich. Vien Ddo tgo qudc t^, Dai hgc Qud'c gia TP.HCM
12. Tom Chrislensen (2011). University governance reforms: potential problems of more autonomy?, Springerhnk com.
13. Vien Nghien cdu lap phdp (Uy han Thudng vu Qud'c hoi). Thdng lin chuyen de "Tu chu dai hoc: Kinh nghiem qudc te'vd bdi hgc cho Viit Nam", Tdi Uiu phuc vu Ky hop thii ndm, Qudc hgi khda XIV, Ihdng 05/2018
Ngay nhSn bai: 10/4/2019
Ngay phan bien danh gia va su'a chffa: 20/4/2019 Ngay chap nhSn dang bai: 30/4/2019
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Thong tin tdc gid:
ThS. NGUYfeN DONG ANH XUAN Trtfdng Dai hoc Cdng nghiep Ha NOi
UNIVERSITY MANAGEMENT:
EXPERIENCE FROM THE U.S'S HIGHER EDUCATION SYSTEM AND LESSONS FOR VIETNAM
• Master. NGUYEN DONG ANH XUAN Hanoi University of Industry
ABSTRACT:
Higher education plays a very important role, directly impacting the development and prosperity of each nation. The slate budget investment in education compared lo GDP of Viemam, a developing country, is always high, but the country's quality of education, especially the quality of higher education, has not met the demand of soeio-eeonomie development. Although the United Slates does not have a long academic tradition compared to European countries such as Germany or France, the education system of the United States has renowned for its leading education system in the world. According to the ranking of 2019 higher education institutions of QuaequareUi Symonds, with the participation of 1,000 of the world's most elite higher education institutions, the United States continues to lead with 11 schools in the top 20. The Massachusetts Institute of Technology ranks number 1 in the list.
The higher education model of the United Stales is the most typical model for open education which has a variety of types and quality, becoming a model for many countries including Vietnam to learn. This article introduces the experience of university management in the United Slates to draw some lessons for Vietnam.
Keywords: Higher education, university management, university management model.
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