Chinh sach phat trien cum lien ket nganh va co cdu Iqi nen kinh te d Viet Nam
P H A M T H I T H A N H H O N G N G U Y f i N B I N H G I A N G
^ ^ d i viit tap trung ddnh gid chinh sdch phdt triin cum lien ke't ngdnh d Viet Nam: cho tdi J^^ nay, Viet Nam vdn chUa cd chinh sdch phdt triin cum lien kit ngdnh thitc sit. Ddnhgid chung ciia JETRO vi cd sd hq tdng cdng cda Viet Nam la chUa du diphdt trien cdc cum lien ket ngdnh. Tren ca sd dd, tdc gid neu mdt sd' kiin nghi la Viet Nam cdn cd chinh sdch phdt triin cum lien ket ngdnh trong chuang trinh ca edn lai nin kinh ti, nhU: ca cdu Iqi cdc viing Idnh tho;
quy hoach phdt trien cdc khu cdng nghiep: quy hoach giao thdng van tdi gdn vdi quy hoach viing lanh thd; ndng cao ndng lite vc mat cd sd hq tdng, the chi, diiu kien sd'ng; xdy dUng chUcfng trinh hoac sdch trang phdt trien cum lien ngdnh...
1. K h a i q u a t v e h o i t u n g a n h Tfl cud'i the ky XIX, Alfred Marshall dfi n b l c tdi a n h hfldng ngoai lai ciia hpi tu san xua't tdi cac doanh nghiep vfi sfl p h a t tridn cua eac "industrial district". NbUng kinh td' hpc t a n ed dien rfi't it quan t a m tdi vfi'n de khdng gian vfi dia ly. Tfl dau t h a p nien 1980, eac hoc gia kinh td' m a tidu bieu lfi Paul K r u g m a n trd lai chu de nfiy vdi each tid'p can mdi eua mdn dia ly kinh te' mdi (NEG - new economic geography). Cae hpc gia NEG dUa t r e n sti tUdng tac gifla ldi tfle tfing d i n , chi phi van tai va sti di chuyen cfic nhfin to' san xua't de giai thich cd che hinh t h a n h bdi tta n g a n h cung nhU a n h budng cua hoi tu. Cudi t h a p nien 1990, cac n h a khoa hpc kinh doanh m a tidu bieu la Michael Porter da p h a t trien nen t a n g kinh td' hpc vi md eho chii de nay.
Cae n h a khoa hpc kinh doanh thidn ve q u a n t a m tdi cfic doanh nghiep bpp tfic vdi n h a u r a sao de gia t a n g ldi I'cb vfi k h a nfing canh t r a n h , sfing tao vfi ddi mdi.
Hdi tia n g a n h (industrial agglomeration - each NEG thudng dung) hay cum lien kd't ngfinh (industrial cluster - each kinh doanh hpe thfldng dung) la hidn tfldng cac doanh nghiep trong cflng n g a n h h a y trong cac n g a n h CO lien quan tdi n h a u thfldng dat ed sd kinh doanh cua minh d gan n h a u ve m a t dia ly. Dieu nfiy tao t h a n h nhflng vung c6 so"
Ifldng doanh nghiep cflng n g a n h Idn cung nhfl m a t do doanh nghiep cao. Khi ban vl cum lien ke't ngfinh, kinh doanh hpc khong chi xem xet doanh nghiep mfi cdn xem xet ca sfl lien ke't gifla doanh nghiep vdi cae trfldng dai hpc vfi vien nghidn cflu.
Nghidn cflu ve hdi tti ngfinh eho ta thSy mdt so'diem q u a n trpng sau day.
Mdt la, efie doanh nghiep se nhfin dUdc a n h hfldng ngoai lai tich cflc khi d g i n nhau ve m a t dia ly. Nhflng a n h hfldng nfiy c6 the lfi thdng tin kinh doanh, q u a n he ban hang, hfiu c i n , v.v... Nhflng a n h hfldng tich cUc nfiy hfi'p dfin doanh nghiep dd'n mflc dia phfldng nfio cd nhflng dieu kien td't cho hpi tu ngfinh tbi du dfla r a ft flu dfii hdn vfi du tien cdng lao ddng cao hdn so vdi cac dia phfldi^
khac thi vfin cd the gifl chan, t h u hut difdc d i u tfl. Nhflng nfldc c6 dieu kien tot cho hoi tu CO t h e gifl chan doanh nghiep trfldc sil canh t r a n h t h u h u t FDI bfing liu dfii thu^vd n h a n cdng ciia cac nude khac.
Hai la, hpi t u ngfinh d cac nUdc Ddng A dUdc thuc d i y bdi dfldng 161 p h a n tfin san xufi't ciia cac cdng ty xuyen qud'c gia cua Nh§t Ban, Hoa K^, H a n Quo'c, Dai Loan, v.v...
Hanh lang Hsinehu-Taipei la viing hdi tu nganh Pham TTu Thanh Hdng, Vifin Kinh te' vd quan ly;
NguySn Binh Giang, TS., ViSn Kinh t^vd ch&ih tri th^gitS.
3 8
Chinh sdch phdt trien ...
cong nghiep IT khi cfic cong ty IT 6 Silicon Valley tim cac b a n hfing ODM/OEM d Dai Loan. Quang Chfiu vfi mpt vai diem duyen hai Trung Qud'c la vflng hoi t u ngfinh IT khi cae cdng ty Dfii Loan d i u tfl vfio. Ddng Bangkok vfi viing Ifin cfin, J a k a r t a vfi vung lan can. ThUdng Hai, Trudng Xufin (Cat Lam), ThiOn Tfin, Bic Kinh, Quang Ddng trd thfinh ndi hoi tu ngfinh cdng nghiep 6 td khi cac bang che' tao 6 td Nhfit, My d i u tfl vao. Tudng tU, ddng bfing sdng Chu d Quang Ddng-Trung Qudc, bang Penang d Malaixia, Xingapo, vflng Bfing Cdc md rpng lfi ndi hdi tti nganh dien tii. Phnom Pdnh va cfic tinh Ifin can dang ndi len nhU lfi ndi hdi t u ngfinh ddt-may. da-gily. Kolkata (bang Tfiy Bengal, An Do). Okinawa (Nhfit Ban) lfi nhiing ndi hdi t u eiia cae call center.
Ba Id, mac du khdng c6 pham vi thd'ng nhfi't cho cac vung hpi tu ngfinh nay, song pham vi khdng qufi be vi can chd cho nhieu doanh nghidp, pham vi cung khdng qua rdng vi hen quan ddn yeii to Uen kd't dich vu gifla cac doanh nghiep. Theo tinh toan ciia cfic hpc gia Nhfit Ban, viing hpi t u ngfinh cho nganh chd' tao (manufacturing) cd bfin kinh khoang 50 km, lfi ndi mfi mat dp giao dich ciia mdi doanh nghiep tdi thieu lfi mpt vu mdi ngfiy, thdi gian giao hfing dudi 2,5 gid, binh thfle van chuydn bang hda gifla eac doanh nghidp chu yd'u lfi xe tai, cfl ly van chuyen dfldi 100 km. Ndi each khae, viing hpi t u nganh lfi vung cd pham vi dia ly phu hdp cho che' dp cung iing just-in-time (JIT logistics). Trong khi dd, Michael Porter dua ra pham vi dia ly khoang 200 dam (nghia la khoang 320 km). Vtmg hoi t u nganh cdng nghiep d td d Hoa Ky lay Detroit lfim trung tam vfi trai dpc theo cae dfldng cao tdc Uen bang 65 va 75 qua Indiana, Ohio, Kentucky, dd'n Tennessee - co nghia lfi theo kieu hfinh lang dfii den nghin km. Diem chung giiia hai ddng ly thuyd't nfiy la khoang cfich dia ly phai cho phep cac doanh nghidp cd the gap nhau tnic tie'p de giao dieh.
Bd'n la, vung hdi t u nganh khdng n h a i thid't nam hoan toan trong dUdng bien gidi ctia mpt qudc gia. Cd nhiing vflng hdi t u ngfinh nam d vung bien gidi gifla hai nfldc, t h a y ro n h a t lfi d
Chau Au. Vi du, vung dd thi Basel d bien gidi Phap-Dflc-Thiiy Si lfi vung hdi tu ngfinh hda dupe, vung Chfiu Au Meuse-Rhine gifla Bi, Dflc va Ha Lan vfi vung hdi tu nganh cd khi, che' tao otd, vung Detroit-Windsor hai ben bien gidi Canada-Hoa Ky lfi ndi hdi tu ctia nganh ehe'tao d td.
Ndm la, tfl d i u thap nien 2000, sau khi ly lufin ve hdi tu ngfinh va ctim lien ket nganh phat trien. ngfiy cfing c6 nhieu nflde, nhfi't lfi nflde cdng nghiep phat tnen, xay dflng chinh sach phat tridn eiim lien kdt nganh eung nhfl chinh sach cdng nghidp vung. Nhfit Ban b i t d i u chinh thfle trien khai chinb sach phat tridn cum hdn kd't ngfinh vfio nam 2001, Chau Au vfio khoang sau nfim 1999, Han Qud'c tfl nam 2002. Mdt sd' nfldc dang phfit trien trong khi thi hfinh chien Ifldc phat tridn mdt ngfinh cdng nghidp nhfi't dinh ciing da cd nhiing net ctia chinh sfich phfit trien eiam lidn ke't ngfinh.
Sdu Id, cae vung hpi tu nganh ed tac dung rd ret trong thuc d i y sang tao vfi doi mdi, tao ra hidu flng lan tda manh me, tich cUc phat trien kinh td' dia phUdng. De'n mdt mflc do nhfi't dinh, cfic viing hdi t u ngfinh c6 thd trd thfinh cflc tang trfldng cua mdt p h i n lanh thd.
Trong Bao cao canh tranh toan c l u 2008, Michael Porter tham gia viet p h i n ve cd sd kinh te'hpc vi md cho vide tinh toan ehi so. Ong c6 dfla yd'u td' ve hdi tu nganh vfio vfi danh eho nd mpt be sd'quan trpng.
Ve kieu cum lien ke't ngfinh, gidi NEG qud'c td' nhin ehung eho rfing co 4 kidu ciim hdn ke't nganh.
Tha nhdt, cum ben ke't ngfinh kieu Marshall lfi ndi hpi t u cua cac doanh nghidp nhd vfi vfla trong ciing nganh.
Tha hai, cum hen kd't ngfinh kidu true vfi n a n hoa lfi ndi hpi tii cua mpt doanh nghidp Idn vfi nhieu doanh nghiep hdn ke't vdi nd. Nhfit Ban gpi kieu nay lfi company town.
Tha ba, ciim hen kd't ngfinh kieu ve tinh la ndi hpi t u ciia cac doanh nghidp chi nhfinh.
Tha ta, cum hen ke't nganh kieu nha nfldc trung tam la ndi bdi tu cua cfic doanh nghiep xung quanh mdt hofic vai doanh nghidp cua nhfi nflde. Thfldng kieu nay lfi trong cdng nghidp qud'c phong.
Nghien cdu Kinh tesd413 - Thdng 10/2012 3 9
2. ChifcJng trinh coi ca'u lai nen kinh td' vfi chinh sach phat trien cum lien ket nganh of Viet Nam
2.1. Ca cdu lai nen kinh ted Viet Nam Tai Nghi quyd't Dai hpi dai bieu tofin qud'c l i n thfl 11 (thang 1-2011) Dang Cong san Viet Nam tuydn bd'ebu trfldng cd cau lai nen kinh td'. Chid'n Iflpc phat tridn kinh te - xa bdi 2011- 2020 dupc thdng qua tai Dai hdi nfiy neu rd:
"Chuyen ddi md hinh tfing trudng lfl chii yeu phat trien theo chieu rdng sang phat trien hpp ly gifla chieu rdng vfi chieu sau, vfla md rpng quy md vfla chfl trpng nfing cao chfi't Ifldng, hidu qua, tinh ben vflng. Thtic hien cd cfi'u lai nen kinh te, trong tam lfi cd cfi'u lai cac nganh san xua't, dich vu phfl bpp vdi eae vflng;
thuc da\' cd ca'u lai doanh nghiep vfi dieu chinh chien lupe thi trUdng; tfing n h a n h gia tri ndi dia, gia tri gia t a n g va sflc canh t r a n h eiia san pham, doanh nghiep va eua ea nen kinh td'; phat trien kinh td' tri thfle". NhU vay,
"cd ca'u lai kinh td" eiia Viet Nam bao gdm bd'n ndi dung chinh lfi nang cfi'p cd ca'u, tai bd' tri san xufi't theo Ifinh tho, nang cao nfing lUe canh t r a n h va nang cao hieu qua.
Cho tdi nay, cd ca'u kinh td' cdng nghidp hda ciia n h a n loai cd mfi'y cfi'p sau dfiy: (1) nen kinh td' Ifi'y cfic ngfinh cdng nghiep nhe sfl dung tfii nguydn san cd lfim chu dao, vi du ngfinh det t h a m dung lao dpng; (2) nen kinh td' Ifi'y cac nganh cdng nghidp nang cd ban quy
md Idn vfi thfim d u n g vo'n lfim chii dao, vi du ngfinh luyen kim, hda chfi't; (3) nen kinh te llfy cfic ngfinh edng nghidp t h a m d u n g vd'n vfi san xiiiVt theo module lfim ehii dao, vi du ngfinh che tao d td, dien tfl; (4) nen kinh te' lly cac ngfinh edng nghiep sang tao dtia tren R&D lfim chii dao, vf dii ngfinh che' tao p h i n cflng cdng ngbd thdng tin; vfi (5) nen kinh te Ifiy Internet lfim ehu dao, vi du cfic ngfinh sang tao ndi dung so (DC'C) Trong do, ba cfi'p diu tien chinh la kinh te che tao, cdn hai efi'p cu3i lfi kinh td'tri thfle. Cnna d cfi'p cao hdn thi qua trinh san xufi't cfing de p h a n doan bdn vfi de phfin tfin san xuat hdn, bao gdm ca phan tan san xuat qudc te'. Ddng thdi, cfing d cfi'p cao hdn thi nhflng ty trpng p h i n mem so vdi phin cflng trong cd sd ha t i n g cho cfi'p dd hinh t h a n h vfi phfit trien cang cao.
N a n g cfi'p cd cau kinh te chinh lfi chuyen ttt mdt cfi'p len cfi'p kd' tiep trong t h a n g ndi tren.
Kinh te' Viet Nam bidn tai dang d cuoi cfi'p thfl hai vfi dfi bfit dfiu c6 nhflng ye'u td'cua d p thii ba. De dflt khoat n a n g Idn efi'p thfl ba - nea kinh td' vdi cae ngfinh thfim dung vdn vfi san xufi't theo module, can chuyen hi nhflng dieu kidn cho no. Mdt trong so' nhflng dieu kien quan trpng nhfi't lfi p h a t tridn cfic cum hdn ket ngfinh. Ke ca theo dudi chii trfldng di tfit len nfi'c t h a n g thfl t u hay thfl nfim thi phat trien eae cum lidn kd't nganh vfin lfi bien phap quan trpng bfing d i u .
Cap CO cau kinh te
cap I
ca'p II
Cap III
i
cap IV
*
CIpV
Co sd ha tfing
Cac dich vu co ban, giao thdng, thdng un Iheo each truyen thd'ng
Giao thdfig (dudng sli vfi hfing hai) chuydn chd nguyan lieu rdi va san phim, nhfi kho. nfing
lupng, c0 sd ha ting dd thj
"JIT" logistics, giao thdng (container hoa), nfing Iirpng, dudng cao tdc, cd sd ha ting dd thi
td'c dd cao (tau diSn ngfim,...) Cdng vien khoa hpc, vien nghiSn cflu
Mang internet, wifi, GPS
J\ le phan mem so vdi ph^n Cling trong CO sd ha tfing
Tha'p
Ngudn: Ozawa (2009).
40 Nghidn cdu Kinh t^s6413 - Thdng f 020(2
Chinh sdch phdt trien
P h a t t r i e n cum lien kd't n g a n h cung lfi mpt bidn p h a p q u a n t r o n g thfle hidn bd' tri lai san xua't theo l a n h t h d vfi n a n g cao hidu qua k i n h te'. Do hdi t u ngfinh se dien r a 6 mpt sd'dia diem cd dieu kidn p h u hpp (sfin cd cfic k h u cdng nghidp, cd sd h a t i n g va doanh nghiep k h a e mfi nha't lfi anchor firms), nen nhflng cd' gang t h u b u t doanh nghiep vfio nhflng ndi k h d n g cd dieu kidn p h u hdp cho hdi t u ngfinh sd khd cd hieu qua. Mat khac, khi nhflng dia diem phfl hdp eho bdi t u ngfinh lai lfi nhflng ndi da't dai mfiu md tbi viec p h a t trien cfic cum lien ke't n g a n h ddi bdi p h a i d a n h doi gifla p h a t tridn cdng nghidp hoac duy tri ndng nghiep. Ddng thdi, nhfl t r e n dfi t r i n h bay, cac v u n g hpi t u ngfinh phfit tridn den mdt mflc nhfi't dinh ed t h e trd thfinh nhflng cflc t a n g trfldng vung, tao r a hidu flng t r a n r a cac ndi edn lai trong vung va s a n g v u n g khae.
2.2. Hgi tu ngdnh d Viet Nam Trong lich sii, co nhflng k h u phd' chuyen k i n h doanh mpt n g h e nao dd, chuyen san xua't mdt loai s a n p h a m nao dd. Nay v l n eo the thfi'y nhflng di s a n dd b k h u phd' co Hfi Ndi.
Mdt nghidn cflu eua J E T R O cho thfi'y cd da'u hieu hpi t u n g a n h chd' tao d td, ngfinh didn tit gia d u n g va v a n phdng d vung H a Ndi vfi x u n g q u a n h , ngfinh p h a n mem/ICT d Ha Ndi va thfinh phd' Hd Chi Minh, may mac d v u n g dd t h i thfinh phd' Ho Chi Minh va v u n g T h u dd H a Ndi, thep d thfinh p h d Hd Chi Minh, H a Ndi, Dfi Nfing, Hai Phong, Thai Nguydn, che' bieii t h u y san d ddng b a n g sdng Cliu Long (Riedel et al, 2005). Mot nghien cflu k h a c cua J E T R O cho thfi'y da cd sU hdi t u n g a n h x u n g q u a n h Canon d Hfi Noi vfi cfic t i n h l a n cfin, x u n g q u a n h Toyota, Honda vfi Y a m a h a d Phuc Yen-Sdc Sdn- Ddng Anh-Me Linh. X u a n Kien - n h a san xufi't dtd m a n g n h a n hidu Vinaxuki - cd 3 nhfi mfiy d e u d k h u vflc Ddng Anh-Me Linh.
Ford V i e t n a m , GM V i e t n a m cung each do chfla tdi 100km. Trfldng Hai Auto dang nd
lflc xay dUng k h u edng nghiep d td cho minh va cac cdng ty lidn ke't d Chu Lai va Ddng Nai. 0 phia Nam, Suzuki d Ddng Nai, Mitsubishi d Binh Dudng, Isuzu d Gd Vfi'p (TP. Hd Chi Minh) - tfle lfi deu g i n nhau.
Khao sat eua Trfldng Thi Chi Binh (2010) cho thfi'y cd khoang 60 h a n g dd'n tfl Dfii Loan d Ddng Nai cung cfi'p linh kidn cho Cdng ty T N H H VMEP Viet Nam che tao xe may.
Nghien cflu khao sat ctia Trfldng Thi Binh (2008), N g u y i n Binh Giang (2011) ghi nhfin sd'lUdng Idn doanh nghiep ddng d vung Hfi Noi vfi cfic tinh Ifin can cung nhU vflng TP. Hd Chi Minh vfi eac tinh lan can mac dfl ed nhieu nhfin to' ve mat cd sd ha t i n g cflng va mem chfla tao t h u a n ldi cho hdi t u ngfinh d nhflng ndi nfiy.
Nghien cflu thUc nghiem ctia Dinh Thi T h a n h Binh (2009) cho thfi'y cfic cong ty cd vdn d i u t u nUde ngoai c6 xu hfldng dfit nhfi may tai nhflng dia phfldng da cd san nhieu n h a may, eac doanh nghidp co vd'n dau tfl nfldc ngofii trong cung ngfinh cd xu hfldng d gan n h a u nhflng khong bi a n h hfldng bdi vi trf cua cfic doanh nghiep trong nUde, doanh nghidp trong nUde khi chon vi tri dfit n h a may eung khdng bi a n h hudng cua doanh nghidp nUde ngoai cung ngfinh, eac doanh nghiep cd vd'n d i u tfl nfldc ngofii tfl cung mdt nfldc cd xu hfldng d gan n h a u .
Nhin chung, bdi t u ngfinh cd xay r a d Viet Nam, nhflng theo mdt each tti nhien. Van cd nhflng ngfinh hoac cdng ty ma cd sd san xufi't thfi'y r a i rac k h a p nUdc.
2.3. Ddnh gid chinh sdch phdt trien cum lien kit ngdnh d Viet Nam Cho tdi nay, Viet Nam v l n chfla cd chinh sfich phfit tridn cum lidn kd't ngfinh thfle sti.
P h a n tich dfldi day se chflng to dieu nay.
Trong hofin canh Viet Nam khdng co doanh nghiep Idn t i m ed qud'c te' hoac doanh nghiep cd nfing liic canh t r a n h t a m cd qud'c td', t h i vide t h u h u t dau tfl trflc tie'p nfldc ngofii la ra't q u a n trpng. Do do, kieu cum
Nghidn cdu Kinh tgs6413 - Thdng 10/2012
lidn kd't ngfinh thfl hai trong 4 kieu ndu d p h a n 1 nen dflde p h a t trien d Viet Nam.
De xem chinh sach phfit trien ciim lien kdt nganh d Vidt Nam, ea loai chinh thfle hofic loai khdng chinh tliUf. cd the danh ^la tflng budc theo luu dd cua Kuchiki (2005).
Theo Kuchiki. chinb sach phfit trien cum lien kd't nganh cua mot nfldc dang ])lii'it trien ndn theo budc: thit nhdt, nfldc dd ci'in phat trien mang ludi cfic khu cdng iifihidp va khu chd xufi't (neu hUdng tdi xuat khau)- Thit hai.
nude do can nfing eao nang liie ciia minh Nang lUc d day gom cd sd ha t i n g cflng (giao
thdng, thong tin lidn lac, dien, nUdc), cd sd ha (Ang mem (lufit p h a p , bp mfiy hfinh ehfnh nhfit la cac ed q u a n cfi'p phdp vfi kiem tra, ngudn nhfin Itic ca phd thdng Ifin co ky nfing, vfi eae (hdu kien sd'ng cho doanh n h a n nfldc ngofii vfi gia dinh hp). Thd ba, t h u hut FDI ctia eac cdng ty xuyen qud'c gia h a n g dau the gidi bao gdm cae b r a n d firm, cfic OEM \i ODM firm. Tha tU, t h u h u t cac cdng ty gia edng, cac nhfi t h I u phu vfi cac cdng ty lien kd't khac ciia nUdc ngofii vfi trong nUdc vfio dl t h a m gia vfio chuoi gia t r i / m a n g san xufi't do cac cdng ty xuyen qud'c gia Idn dfin d i u .
Phfit t r i e n c a c k h u c o n g n g h i e p
N a n g c a o n a n g li^c - Cd sd ha t i n g - The che - Ngudn nhfin lUc - Dieu kidn sdng
T h u b i i t c a c M N E h a n g d a u
C u m l i e n ke't n g a n h Cd the tha'y, Viet Nam da cd bfldc thfl nhfi't
kha td't. Tinh tdi thdi diem hd't nam 2010, ea nfldc dfi cd 260 khu cdng nghidp dfi thfinh lap (ngofii ra, edn co rfi't nbie'u khu dfi dUdc cfi'p phep nhflng chfla t h a n h lap hofic da dUde dUa vao quy hoach nhUng chfla dflpc ca'p phep).
Mpt sd Ifldng Idn cac khu cdng nghidp ciia Viet Nam tap t r u n g d vung kinh te' trpng didm phia Bac (nhfi't lfi vung Hfi Ndi va xung quanh) va vflng kinh te trpng diem Nam Bp.
Cac tinh, t h a n h cd nhieu k h u edng nghiep nha't la Ddng Nai (28 khu), Binh Dudng (27
khu), t h a n h phd' Hd Chi Minh va Ha Noi (moi dia phUdng 16 khu). Da tha'y hinh thanh
"nhflng h a n h lang k h u edng nghiep", do la doc quoc Id lA, 2A, 5. 10, 13, 14, 18A, 22', 51A, v.v...
Viec cd nhieu k h u cong nghidp, khong q u a n trpng dien tich moi k h u Idn hay be, gan n h a u d cdc v u n g dd t h i Idn va dpc cac quoc lo q u a n trpng lfi mpt cd sd td't cho xuc tidn chinh sfich phfit trien ctim lien kd't ngfinh.
1. D6i khi gpi 1& Dudng xuyen A.
42 Nghidn cdu Kmh tes6413 - Thdng I
Chinh sdch phdt trien ,
BANG 1; so' lifOng v a t o n g d i e n t i c h c a c k h u c o n g n g h i e p d a t h a n h l a p t i n h de'n b e t n a m 2010 p h a n t h e o v u n g l a n h t h o
Viing
0 6 n g bang sCiig H6ng Trung du mien niii phfa Bflc Mi^n Trung
Tay Nguyen D6ng Nam B^
Dong bang sfing Cihi Long ( a nu<Jc
Su iuumg KCN
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T^ng dien ticli (liecla)
15031 2478 9256 1261 33290 10078 71394 Nsu^ii: Vu Quan ly c:k- kliu kinii le' (thdng 2-2011).
Ve bu6c thii hai, tru6c tien hay xem xet cd s5 ha t a n g cring. Cd sd ha t a n g giao thong cua Viet N a m dxiac diu til 6 a t trong thdi gian gan day. Nghien ciJu cua J E T R O (2008) cho t h a y Viet N a m da c6 nhiing budc tien Idn ve cd sci h a t a n g giao thong dudng bo. Mac du van con nhiing ldi ca t h a n ve t i n h t r a n g giad thong toi te, nhUng do thUcIng la d noi do cac t h a n h pho' 16n hoac mien niii. Dii sao, so vdi Thai Lan, cd sd h a t a n g giao thong dudng bo cua Viet N a m van con t u t h a u xa. Trong khi h a u het quoc lo cua Viet N a m la h a i lan xe, thi quoc lo tieu c h u a n cua Thai Lan dang la bon lan xe. Niit tac khac ciia Viet Nam la hai cum cang bien chinh cl Hai Phong va TP. Ho Chi Minh khong dii cong sua't lam h a n g . Hai san bay quo'c t e chinh la Noi Bai va Tan Sdn Nha't deu q u a tai do cong sua't nho.
Cd sci h a t a n g t h o n g tin lien lac ciia Viet N a m dildc d a n h gia cao fl ASEAN, chi kem Xingapo va Malaixia. Tuy nhiSn, ma't dien nhieu va dien ap khdng on dinh la trcl ngai b Viet N a m . Khong p h a i k h u cong nghiep nao ciing CO may p h a t di$n dU phong. Nudc sach cho san xua't k h o n g d a t c h u & quo'c t e ciing la mot trd ngai.
D a n h gia c h u n g cua J E T R O ve co sd h a t i n g Cling ciia Viet N a m la chUa dii de p h a t trifo cac cum lien kg't n g a n h (khao sat bang
phong va'n chuyen gia ciia Kuchiki va Gokan cl Ha Noi nam 2008).
Doi vdi cd sd ha tang mem, trildc tien c i n xem xet cac quy hoach phat tri^n cac n g a n h ccng nghiep.
- Trong nganh cd khi c6:
•I- Quy hoach phat trien nganh cong nghiep oto Viet Nam den n a m 2010, tam nhin de'n 2020. Ban h a n h n a m 2004 kem theo 177/2004/QD-TTg.
+ Quy hoach phat trien nganh cong nghiep xe may Viet Nam giai doan 2006- 2015, CO xet de'n n a m 2020. Ban h a n h nam 2007 kem theo 002 /2007/QD-BCT.
+ Quy hoach phat trien cong nghiep san xua't may dong lilc va may nong nghiep giai doan 2006-2015, c6 xet de'n n a m 2020. Ban h a n h n a m 2008 kem theo 02/2008/QD-BCT.
- Trong nganh da-gily co Quy hoach tong the phat trien nganh da - giay de'n nam 2010. Ban hanh nam 2007 kem theo 36/2007/QD-BCN.
- Trong nganh det-may co Quy hoach tong the p h a t trien nganh cong nghiep dit-may de'n n a m 2010. Ban h a n h n a m 1998 k^m theo 161/1998/QD-TTg.
- Quy hoach phat trien cong nghiep ho trd de'n n a m 2010, tam nhin de'n n a m 2020. Ban h a n h nam 2007 kem theo 34/2007/QD-BCN.
Nghl4n cuu KM Ies6'413 - Thing 10/2012 43
- Theo vung va lanh tho cd;
+ Quy hoach tong the phat trien cac ngfinh edng nghiep Viet Nam theo cac viing Ifinh thd de'n nfim 2010, tam nhin nfim 2020. Ban hfinh nfim 2006 kem theo 73/2006/QD-TTg.
+ Quy hoach quy hoach phfit tridn eae khu cdng nghiep d Viet Nam de'n nfim 2015 va dinh hudng den nfim 2020. Ban hfinh nfim 2006.
+ Quy hoaeh tdng thd phat trien kinh td' - xfi hdi vung dong bfing sdng Hdng. Ban hfinh nfim 1997.
+ Quy hoach tdng the phat trien kinh te' - xfi hdi viing Ddng Nam Bd. Ban hanh nam 1997, sda dd'i nfim 2012.
+ Quy hoach tdng the phfit trien kinh te - xa hdi vung ddng bang sdng Ciiu Long ddn nfim 2020. Ban h a n h nam 2012.
+ Quy hoach tong the phat trien kinh td' - xa bdi viing Tay Nguydn de'n nfim 2020. Ban hfinh nfim 2012.
+ Quy hoach tong the phat trien kinh td' - xfi hdi vung kinh te trpng diem Bflc Bd thdi ky 1996-2010. Ban hfinh n a m 1997.
+ Quy hoach tong the phat trien kinh td' - xa hpi vung kinh td' trpng diem mien t r u n g giai doan tU nay dd'n n a m 2010. Ban h a n h nfim 1997.
Cae quy hoach phfit trien cac ngfinh cong nghiep rieng le khdng de cap de'n vi tri dia ly cho cfic cd sd san xufi't-kinh doanh, cfing khdng de cap de'n hdi t u nganh hay cum lidn ke't ngfinh.
Quy hoach phat trien cac ngfinh cdng nghidp theo vung Ifinh tho, cfic quy hoach phfit trien cfic viing kinh te' trpng diem thi chi de cfip dd'n viing rdng (chia ca nUde thfinh 7 vung) chii khdng de cap den vimg cd ban kinh 50 km phu hdp vdi ehe' do eung ting just-in-time.
Thdm vfio dd, vide phfin vung theo nganh khdng rd, nhieu ngfinh cd d dong thdi nhieu vung, ed vung dong thdi qua nhieu ngfinh.
Quy hoach phat trien eac k h u cdng nghidp chi de cap dd'n t i n h nfio se cd thdm k h u cdng nghiep hay dUdc md rpng khu edng nghidp,
dien tich ra sao, khdng he de cfip dd'n ngfinh ngbd".
Quy hoach p h a t tridn eac ngfinh cong nghiep ho trd bfit dfiu cd nhiing yeu to" cua chfnh sach phat trien cum lidn ke't ngfinh khi quy dinh;
- Doi vdi ngfinh d?t - may; xay dung vfi phat trien 3 trung tam nguydn phu lidu ddt may h Hung Ydn, Long An, Binh DUdng vfi Dfi Nfing.
- Dd'i vdi ngfinh da - gi^y; xdy diing trung tam nguydn phu lieu da giiy d Hfi Tay (cu), Binh Dudng vfi Q u a n g Nam.
+ Dd'i vdi ngfinh cdng nghidp d to; thu hiit d^u t u lien doanh san xufi't dpng cd diesel tai khu cdng nghiep d td Cii Chi (thfinh pho Ho Chi Minh). tie'n tdi hinh thfinh khu cdng nghiep ho trd cho vide san xufi't ddng ed vfi 6 to tai thfinh phd' Ho Chi Minh, Binh Dudng, Tay Ninh. Xfiy dUng mdi n h a mfiy che' tao banh rfing true cho he thd'ng truyen lUc tai thfinh phd' Hd Chi Minh hofic Dfi Nfing.
f Doi vdi ngfinh cd khi che' tao: xfiy dUng cfic khu, cum cdng nghiep hd trd cd khi tai Ha Noi, Vinh Phuc. Bfic Ninh, Hung Ydn, Hai Phong, Dong Nai, Bfi Ria-Vimg Tau, Binh DUdng, Tay Ninh vfi Da Xang.
Quy hoach phfit trien kinh te' xfi hdi cac viing Ddng Nam Bp. dong bling sdng Cilu Long, Tay Nguyen mdi b a n hfinh ciing da co nhflng ndt ciia chinb sach phat trien cum lien kdt nganh khi x;ic dinh cfic viing tren lfi ifia bfin trpng diem ciia cac n g a n h nao eiia nen kinh te, vi du xac dinh v ^ g Ddng Nam B6 la dia bfin trpng diem phfit tridn cdng nghd cao t^m cd khu vUc Ddng Nam A, viing dong bfii^
sdng Cdu Long la dia b a n trpng diem phat trien cdng nghidp chd bidn ndng-tbuy san hudng vao xua't kh^u, det may va da giay, cd khi phuc vu ndng nghiep, viing Tay Nguydn la dia b a n phat trien edng nghiep ehe' bie'n ndi^.
lam san. Theo quy hoach mdi, vung Doi^
Nam Bd khdng con la dia bfin trpng diem phat trien cdng nghidp d td - xe may.
Ve cfic loai cd sd h a t^ng mim khac, liic lUdng lao ddng cd ky n a n g thieu (theo khao sat phdng va'n doanh nghiep cua Vien Kinh t l va
44 Nghidn ciiu Kinh td's6413 • ndng 10/20^^
Chinh sdch phdt trien ,
chinh tri^ thd' gidi n a m 2010)^ luc lUdng lao ddng pho t h d n g n h i e u nbUng h a y bd viec vfi hay dinh cdng, eac t h u tue cfi'p phdp vfi kidm t r a t u y be ngofii tudng nhU ddn gian va n h a n h chdng nhUng thUc te' lai khdng n h a n h , d u t lot vfi q u a n h e khdng ehinh thiic dUde xem lfi khdng t h e thid'u k h i cac doanh nghidp lfim cfic loai thii tuc. Ve did'u kien sd'ng eho doanh n h a n vfi ngUdi lao ddng, t i n h t r a n g thieu trUdng hoc, benh vidn, ed sd giai tri; n a n trdm cfip lfi ro rang.
Mac du cfic dieu kien d budc t h d hai khdng dii, nhUng Viet N a m eo chinh sach xiic tidn dau tu nhfim vfio cac M N E Idn khfi tich cUe. Ke't qua lfi dfi t h u hiit dUde khfi nhidu cdng t>- Idn cua thd' gidi n h u Panasonic, Canon, Samsung,...
Nd'u dieu kien d bude t h d bai td't hdn, budc t h d ba chfic ehfin se co ke't qua td't hdn.
3 . K i e n n g h i
Viet N a m can co chinh sfich p h a t trien cum lien ke't ngfinh trong chUdng t n n h cd cfi'u lai nen k i n h td'.
- Cd ca'u lai cac v u n g l a n h tho, v u n g dd thi theo chUc n a n g hep dd tao cd sd cho phfit trien cfic cum hdn kd't ngfinh.
- Quy hoach phfit t r i e n cac khu cdng nghidp theo n g a n h vfi chiic nfing ngfinh cua viing.
- Quy hoach giao thdng v a n t a i gan vdi quy hoach vung l a n h tho, ehinh sach phfit trien cac cum Udn kd't n g a n h ciia Viet N a m va phfin bd' khdng gian ciia cfic m a n g s a n xufi't tofin cfiu, cfic v u n g hpi t u edng nghidp dang co eua cac nUdc trong k h u viic.
- Hdp tac qudc td' t r o n g xay diing chinh sach phat t r i e n cum b e n k e t n g a n h vi cd nhidu nUde hd trd doanh nghiep eua m i n h d a u tU r a nUde ngofii va do do q u a n t a m tdi chinh sach localization d cac nUdc tiep n h a n d^u tU.
- Nang cao n a n g lUc ve m a t cd sd h a t^ng, the chd', didu kidn sd'ng (eae dieu kien d bUdc thii h a i trong luu do Kuchiki ndi tren).
- Xay dung ehUdng t n n h hofic sach trfing phfit tri^n cum h e n k^t ngfinh trong dd cd ghi noi dung eua ehUdng trinh, mue tieu, giai p h a p vfi dieu kidn t r i e n k h a i cae giai p h a p dd. Cd t h e t h a m khao k i n h nghidm cua N h a t Ban, Hfin Qudc, cac nUdc C h a u Au./.
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
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Cambridge: MIT ftess.
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London: Macmillan.
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In Ruth Banomyong and Masami Ishida (ed., 2010), A Study on Upgrading Industrial Structure of CLMV Countries.
Bangkok Research Center.
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10. Porter, Michael E. (1998a), "Clusters and Competition: New Agendas for Companies, Governments, and Institutions." In M. Porter, On Competition (pp. 197- 287). Boston: Harvard Business School Press.
11. Porter, Michael E. (1998b), "The Microeconomic Foundations of Economic Development [parts I and H],"
The Global Competitiveness Report 1998 (pp. 38-63).
Geneva- World Economic Forum.
12. Riedel J., McCaity A. and Record R. (2005),
"Industrial Ousters in Asia: Analyses of Their Competition and Cooperation: Vietnam Case Study." In Kuchiki A. and Tsuji M.
(eds.. 2005), IndusUial Cluster in /\sia - Analyses of Their Competition and Cooperahon. Palgrave MacMillan.
13. Truong Chi Binh (2008), "Factors of Agglomeration in Vietnam and Recommendations." In Mohamed Ariff (ed., 2008), Analyses of Industrial Agglomeration, Production Networks aiul FDI Promotion. ERIA.
14. Truong Thi Chi Binh (2010), Phdt trien cdng nghiep hd trff trong ngdnh dien tU gia dung d Viet Nam. Luan an tifi'n sT. Tntcmg dai hoc Kinh te qufi'c dSn.
15.Vo Tn Thanh, Tran Kim Hao, Le Xuan Sang, Nguyen Trong Hieu, Nguyen Thi Thu Huyen, Nguyen TTii Nguyet, Nguyen Binh Nguyen (2012). "Promoting Industrial Ouster Development in Vietnam." Vietnam Economic Management Review, special issue.
2. Tuy nhien, khao sat bang phong vSn chuyfin gia cua Kuchiki va Gokan nam 2008 thi tinh trang lao dflng CO ky nang a Ha NOi lai duoc danh gid la dii.
Nghidn cuu Kinh te'sd413 - Thdng 10/2012 45
