KINH TE-XA HOI
MOT SO CHfNH SACH PHAT TRIEN CUM LIEN KET NGANH or NHAT BAN GIAI DOAN 2001 -2006
niNNGgcNHir Tdm fat: Bdu nhirng ndm 1990-1991, tdc do lang truong kinh ti Nhdt Bdn da sut gidm.
Binh qudn hdng ndm trong sudt thoi ky 1990, tdng sdn phdm qudc ndi thuc ti ctia Nhdl Bdn vd tdng sdn phdm kinh ti qudc ddn chi tdng 0,5%, thdp hon nhiiu so v&i hdu hit cdc nu&c cdng nghiep tien tiin khdc. Nin kinh li Iri tre, ty li thdt nghiip gia tdng qua timg ndm, ddu tu tu nhdn gidm, ng dgng keo ddi Nham ngdn chgn su suy yiu cita nin kinh ti vd thtic ddy cdc ITnh vuc ngdnh nghe m&i, Chinh phii Nhgt Bdn dd tap trung hd trg lodn diin cdc ngdnh kinh doanh cgnh tranh m&l trong bdi cdnh lodn cdu hda, dgc biil Id Chucmg trinh cum lien kit ngdnh. Ddy la hogt dgng quan trgng cua Chinh phii Nhgt Bdn nhdm tgo mgng lu&i viing ehdc, vd hinh di hlnh thdnh ctim cdng nghiip trong cdc khu vtrc, v&i mgc tliu nhdm phdt trien cdc ngdnh kinh doanh m&i, tdng cu&ng liin doanh lien kit vdi cdc truang dgi hgc.
Tir khda: Nhat Ban, Kinh td, Cym lien ket nganh 1. Phat trien cum lien ket nganh d Nhat Ban trong giai doan khdi dong
Nhat Ban hien dang la nen liinh te ldn thij ba the gidi, mot trong nhirng qudc gia phat trien, mot thj trudng tiem nang vdi tdng san phim qudc noi (GDP) tri gia 4,9 nghin ty dd la My nam 2018. Gia tri GDP cila Nhat Ban chidm 8,02% trong ndn kinh te the gidi'. Sau giai doan ndn kinh te suy thoai va tri tre vao cudi the ky XX, vai cac chinh sach thay ddi va hoach djnh myc tidu dua nen kinh te quay trd lai thdi ky hoang kim, ma trong dd dy an cum lien kdt nganh la mot nhan td cdt loi, Nhat Ban da dua dit nude phat triSn, dat
* ThS., Vien nghien ciJu Dong Bac A ' Word Bank, "Japan GDP". Trading https://tradingeconomics.coni/japan/gdp.
Avtqe nhidu thanh tyu trong chuang trinh phat trien cym lien kdt nganh ndi rieng va nen kinJi te dat nude ndi chung.
Trong giai doan khdi dpng nay, Nhat Ban da hoan thanh duoc myc tidu thiet lap cac van phdng khu vyc tai khip cac dja phuong, xay dung mang ludi lidn ket citng cac to chtjc kinh te, doanh nghiep vira va nhd, trudng hoc, vien nghien curu, ciing trien khai tdng cdng 19 dy an trdn toan nude Nhat.
Nhirng nd luc nay da tao nen mot mang ludi giiip cac thanh vien trao ddi thdng tin nhanh chdng, tien dung, do la mang ludi nhan lyc minh bach (transparent human networks) - nen tang ciia cae cym lien ket nganh.
^ Toshihiro Kose, "Second Term Medium Second Term Medium -range Industrial Cluster Program". Research
MOHIEN C(Ja rdMQ B^C A sd 10(224) 10-2019 19
Dua tren cac mang ludi da xay dyng dupc, chinh phii khuyen khich cac doanh nghiep tham gia vao lien ket nganh md rong them cae edng t> mdi, hd trp cac doanh nghiep mudn lidn ket, lien doanh vdi cac ngudn tai nguydn tri tue tir phia cac trudng dai hpc va cac td chiie khae. Mot cdng t.\
mdi bat dau kinh doanh se duoc cae doanh nghiep khac, cae trudng dai hpe, cac ca quan chinh phu hd trp, tai trp dy an nghidn ctru phat trien cua rieng minh.
l.L Tgo lap dugc mgng Iir&i doanh nghiep - tru&ng dgi hgc - ca quan nhd nu&c tgi cdc dia phuang
l.l.l. Mgng Itc&l "nhdn lice minh bgch "
10 ehi nhanh cua Bd Kinh te, Thuong mai va Cdng nghiep (METI) tai eac khu vye da den tham hdi cac doanh nghiep vira va nhd (SMEs) tai dia phuang, eac doanh nghiep lien doanh, cae tap doan ldn, trudng dai hpc, vien nghien ciru, cac co quan chinh phu, cac td chiic hd trp cdng nghiep, Vien nghien euu cdng nghiep ciia chinh phu (Government Industrial Research Institution), phdng thucmg mai, cae td ehirc phi lpi nhuan va cae doan the khac, nham tim hieu nhu eau ve cac bien phap, chinh sach can thiet. va ciing lam viec ve van de thiet lap mang ludi phyc vy cho dy an hinh thanh cym lidn ket nganh.
De ien ke hoach cy the cho cae hoat ddng, cac td chitc tu nhan ddng \ai trd chinh trong qua trinh tao lap mang ludi dupc dat d nhidu khu vuc vdi ten gpi 'id chirc xiic tien dy an".
Trong sudt giai doan nay, 10 chi nhanh ciia METI tai cac khu vuc da di tham hon 18.000 lupt cdng ty (mdt sd cdng ty dupc
institute of Economy. Trade and Industry, 2007, https//«\vw.rieti.go.jp/users/c[usler-seminar/pdf/023_e.
pdf.
tinh nhidu lin), va khoang 6.800 cac nha nghien ciru, to chirc 1.200 cupc hdi thao vol hon 200.000 ngudi tham dy; 1.400 cuoc lipp giira nha nghien cuu - kinh doanh (tong 120.000 ngudi tham dy); 400 budi kit ndi kinh doanh (khoang 163.000 ngudi).
1.1.2. Keu ggi them cdc thdnh vien tham gia mgng lic&l
Vdi nd luc nhu \ a \ . sau giai doan 1, Nhat Ban cd 19 dy an cum lidn kdt nganh dupc U-ien khai, hinh thanh dupe mang ludi rpng khap ca nude lien ket cac dcanh nghiep, cac trudng dai hpc va eac td chirc chinh phu vdi tdng sd 6.100 cac doanh nghiep vira va nhd, 250 trudng dai hpc'.
Trong nam tai chinh 2005, voi rauc tieu md rdng mang ludi, ben c^nh cac td chirc xuc tidn dy an khac thi cac td chirc hd trp cdng nghiep, trudng dai hpc, va cac to chitc khac cd the trd thanh nhan td cdt loi trong dy an cum lidn ket nganh tai eac dia phuong hay trong cac phan khuc cdng nghiep, ddu dupe eoi la cae "td chirc ep so".
Kdt qua, mdt sd luong ldn cac td chirc tham gia vao mang ludi gia tang nhanh chdng, nhu cac doanh nghiep vira va nhd, cac trudng dai hpc, cac td chitc hd trp cpng ddng, eae van phdng dia phuong. Chi trong nam tai chinh 2005, cd 81 td chirc dupc thidt lap la eae td chirc co sd, vdi muc tieu khi mang ludi dupe md rdng hon nua giiia cac trudng dai hpc va cac doanh nghiep thi day se la nen tang eho cac ben tham gia vao du an cum lien ket nganh.
' Junichi Nishimura and Hiroyuki Okamuro. "R&D Productivity and the Organization of Cluster Policy: An Empirical Evaluation of the Industrial Cluster Project in Japan". The Journal of Technology Transfer. 14/1/2010 hltps://link.springercom/article/10.1007/si 0961-009- 9148-9.
20 CHIEN Cfla OdNQ B S C fl. so 10(224) 10-2019
Nghien ciru khoa hpc
Bang 1: Tdng quan 19 du-an cum lien trong giai doan 2001.
liet nganh tai Nhat Ban 2006
s6 iv ia 1
2
3
4
5
6 7 8
9
10
II
Tia iv ia Dy in thiic day sieu cum nginh Hokkaido Dy An h§ tttf sin xuat cong n g h | thong tin, khoa hoc 6ij\ song, san xuit tien tien Dy an xuc tien cdng nghidp tiii tao djnh hu<:mg xS hOi
Dy an tai tao cdng nghiep kliu vyc TAMA Dyimg cao toe Chuo Khu vyc Tokatsu, Kawaguchi Qugn Sanen/
Nanshin Bic Tokyo
Khuyen khich cac dy in vk sinh hpc
Khuydn khich cac Dy in xay dyng cym nginh che tao Dy i n N h i miy Dy i n x i y dyng nginh cong nghiep che tao a Hokuriku Dy in c6ng ngh? t^
bio, m6 v i Cong ty sinh hoc Five-star Dy i n ho tro doanh nghiep san xuat
Linh vyc IT Bio ChS tao, IT,' Bio
N i n g lutmg Chl tao Che tao Chi tao Che tao Che tao
Bio
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t?o, IT Bio C h l tao
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Doanb nghifp 293
92
260
340
300
240
350
550 210
240
240 864 60 150
230
531 Trirtmg d a i h g c 13 16
27
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37
7
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47 14
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31 Vifn nghien
ciru cong 3 5
10
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5
5
4
2
6
18 15 6
15
15 Vn*ll
utrm doanh nghifp 6 8
5
7
3
5 4
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18 I
10
21 T 6 chih:
t i i chinh
8 42
76
76
17
12
7
2 2
8
1 18 3 7
19
25 NgSn
quy (trifu yfn) 2.026 4.795
2.734
1.440
2.757
2.446 2.572
1.393 3.149
3.673
1.668 8.237 2.241 1.273
11.063
10.654
Khu vvT cym
Hokkaido Hokkaido Aomori, Iwate, Miyagi, Akita, Vamagata, Fukushima Aomori, Iwate, Miyagi, Akita, Yamagata, Fukushima Tokyo, Nakagawa,
Saitama Nagano, Vamanashi Chiba, Saitama
Shizuoka, Nagano Tochigi, Gunma Ibaraki, Gunma, Saitama, Tokyo, Kanagawa,
Chiba, Shizuoka
Tokyo, Nakagawa Aichi, Gifti,
Mie Aichi, Gifu,
Mie Toyama, Ishikawa, Fukui
Fukui, Shiga, Kyoto, Osaka, Hyogo, Nara, Wakayama Fukui. Shiga, Kyoto, Osaka,
NQHIEN Cdu OdNO B^C A s610(22*) 10-2019
21
____^^
• S6 d^^
i n
12
13
14
15
16
17
IS
19
Ten du- i n
Eich hop Du an thuc day cum cong nghe thong tin Kansat Du an thiic day cum nginh ning luong - moi tnrdng Kansai D^r i n doi mdi nginh cong nghiep CO khi vung Chugoku
D^r i n hinh thinh
De i n hinh thinh vong cong nghifp tuin hoin
Ke ho^ich ciu tiu cong nghiep Shikoku
Du i n cym nginh Silicon Kyushu
Du in xuc tien cong nghifp vfing Okinawa
Linh virc
rT
Nang lugng
Ch6 t^o
NSng luong Che tao, IT, Nang iirgng.
Nang luong
Cha tao, IT
Ning luong,
Cha
tao.
Bio, IT Doanb nghi?p
480
123
110
110
300
184
150
170 Tnrinig d^ih^c
15
8
13
13
5
19
33
4 Vien nghien
cihi
3
3
8
13
9
6
8
2 Vumi
yom doanh
14
9 T«
chuc tii chinh
-
54
54
i6
5
6 Ngfin
qu?
{tri^u ven)
937
3 259
3.206
2.656
3.040
1.067
4.931
i.422
Khu^^n:'^'"
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Kj'oio. Osaka, H>ogo.Na^
"T^ikuTshiga.
Kyoto, Osaka, Hyogo, Nara, Wakayania__
Tottori, Shimane, Okayama, Hiroshima,
\^amaguchi Shimane, Okayama, Hiroshima, YamaguchJ Tokushima, Ehime, Kagawa, Kochi
Fukuoka, Saga, Nagasaki, Kumamoto, Oita, Miyazaki,
Kagoshima Fukuoka, Saga,
Nagasaki, Kumamoto, Oita, Miyazaki,
Kagoshima
Okinawa
Nguon: R&D Productivity gnd the Organization Evaluation ofthe Industrial Cluster Project in Japan
1.1.3. Bdo tgo ddi ngii qudn ly cum lien ctugc dua kit
of Cluster Policy: An Empirical
„„ a vao cac t6 chiic xuc tien du an va cac t6 chuc ca so- nhim thuc diy du an hoat Ngu6n nhan luc cung la mot y6u t6 quan dong diing va hieu qua. Trong nam 2005, trpng trong dir an cum lien k a nganh, c4n tren loan nude Nhat da co 105 nha quan ly
22 "^jiiliTcda OONQ BSC A S6 I O ( 2 M ) 7 ^ ^ ^
Nghien ciru khoa hpc
vai kinh nghiem lam viec tai cac doanh nghiep nho ducrc bo nhiem vao cac vi tri trong chucmg trinh cum lien ket nganh tai cac dia phuong.
1.2. Ho trg thdnh lap cdc doanh nghiep m&i vd cac nganh cdng nghiep m&i
Sau khi ket noi voi cac ben lien quan, tnrcmg hpc, doanh nghiep, co quan chinh phu, mang lutri se tro thanh mpt cong cu ho tro hieu qua, trp giilp nghien ciiu va cac hoat dpng khac vai nguon cong nghe sin co cing cac chuyen gia tir cac truang dai hpc va cac t6 chiic khac.
1.2.1. Tgo lap cdc doanh nghiep m&i Trong 3 nam, kS tir 2001 dSn 2003, da co them 17.000 nganh nghe kinh doanh mtii ctia cac cong ty thanh vien trong mang luai "Du- an cum lien ket nganh", bao gom san xuat, che bien v i quang cao cac san pham mai;
giai thieu cac quy trinh cong nghe mai, cac nha may thir nghiem. Cac cuoc hpi thao chuySn giao cong nghe va ket n6i kinh doanh thuang xuyen dupc to chiic voi 708 truang hop ket noi kinh doanh thanh cong va
145 cong nghe dupc chuyen giao.
1.2.2. Thuc ddy phdt triin cdng nghi thdng tin
Chucmg trinh lien hgp ldl lap nghiin ciru vd phdt triin tgi dia phucmg nham dua cong nghe thong tin vao ting dung trong thuc tiin, qua quan he hpp tac dSi tac giira cac doanh nghiep va truang hpc: tir nam 1997 den nam 2004, chuang trinh da hoan thanh 1.130 dit an lan nho, va 125 dir an khac dang dupc trien khai. Khoang 60% tong s6 du an dupc tijn hanh biji cac cong ty thanh vien trong mang Itrtii cum lien kSt nganh. Trong 1.130 du an da duoc hoan thanh, khoang 300 dir an
(27%) da phat trien thanh cong cac cong nghe dua vao ling dung thuang mai''.
Thuc day ngdnh cdng nghi diin tit thdng minh: Nain 2002, Bp Giao due. Van hoa.
The thao, Khoa hpc va Cong nghe Nhat Ban tien hanh du an tao lap cum nganh kinh te tri thiic (Intellectual Cluster Creation Project).
Mpt so bp nganh khac cung trien khai cac d\r an ve cac chinh sach nghien ctiu va phat trien (R&D). Nham h6 tra cac hat giSng cong nghe moi, chuang trinh lien ket voi cac bp nganh cung dupc de xuat chuan bj nhu mpt phan nam trong Chucmg trinh lien hpp tai lap nghien ciiu va phat trien t^i dia phuong. Muc dich nham lien tuc h6 trp cac du an tir liic phat hien cac hat giSng cong nghe mai cho den luc cong nghe dupc dua vao ling dung trong thuc tien va thutmg mai.
Trong nam 2005, 20 dir 4n da dupc thirc thi vai cac cong nghe mtii dupc dua vao ting dung thirc tien^.
Qudng bd cdc biin phdp, cdc chinh sdch ho trg cdc doanh nghidp vira vd nhd: Trong chien dich quang ba nay, chuang trinh Doi moi nganh che tao dia phuang (Local Manufacturing Innovation Program) cung dupc trii bj, nham tang trinh dp cong ngh? b mtic ca ban ciia cac doanh nghiep vira va nho va ciia cac nganh cong nghiep vat lieu len miic cao ban. Nam 2007, chuong trinh nay da trien khai 7 d^r an, va cung ciing co ho trp ca sa cho cac nganh cong nghiep
* Toshihiro Kose, "Second Term Medium Second Term [vledlum -range Industrial Cluster Program", Research institute of Economy, Trade and Industry. 2007, https://www.rieti.go.jp/users/cluster-seminar/pdP023_e.
pdf.
" Industrial cluster study report", MInislry of Economy.
Trade and Industry, 2009, htIps;//www.meti.go.jp/engiish.'
NGHIEN CflU OdNO BflC fl, Sd 10<22'i) 10-2019 23
Nghiencimkh^t
tham gia hinh thanh dir an cum lien kSt nganh.
Hd trg cdc truong dgl hgc kh&i nghiip kinh dognh mgo hiim: Cac doanh nhan tucmg lai trong truang dai hpc muon khai nghiep kinh doanh mao hiem dupc ho trp khi tham gia vao mang luai cum lien ket nganh.
Tit nSm 2001 den nam 2004, co 133 doanh nhan khii nghiep tir tnrcmg dai hpc va khoang 20% trong tong so 683 cac cong ty mao hiem dupc hd trp, tai trp tir cac nha nghien cun cita truong dai hpc.
1.2.3. Tdi trg, phdt triin thi truang, vu&n uom kh&i nghiep
Td chiic cdc hdi nghi tdi chinh hd trg cum liin kel ngdnh liin ket vol cdc td chicc tdi chinh: Co quan dich vu tai chinh FSA da lap mpt ke hoach hanh dpng nham tang cuong chirc nang cua cac moi quan he ngan hang.
Cac hpi nghi tai chinh nham ho trp cum lien ket nganh duac to chirc a 11 khu vuc trong n\x6c Nhat vdi 447 thanh vien la cac td chiic tai chinh tham gia va da cd 69 cudc hpi thao dupc td chiirc. Trong dd 160 td chiic tai chinh da tham gia thanh lap "He thdng cSu ndi cac khoan tai trp lien quan den ke hoach cum cdng nghiep". Tinh ddn thang 9/2005, he thdng da cho vay 2,4 ty yen cho 125 du an.
Cac hdi nghj nay lien tuc to chiic cac budi tuyen truyen hudng din kg hoach kinh doanh, giai thich cac chinh sach, bien phap cua cum lien ket nganh, td chiic cac budi tham quan cac td chirc nghien cim, cac phdng thi nghiem cdng ddng. Vdi sir trp giiip ctia cac hdi nghi nhu vay, nhieu quy da ra ddi nham hd trp ddi tac, quan he gitra cac trudng hpc - doanh nghiep - co quan chinh
24
phu, hd trp ca du an lien kSt nganh va P
trien cac doanh nghiep mtii. , Hd tra m& rgng cdc Ihi trudng fdi
chuong trinh nay ciing phat trien v"!
qudc gia khac va Td chirc xiic tien m?" '"^
Nhat Ban (JETRO):
Viec dung "Quy Sang kiSn dia phudnf cung phat trien cdng nghiep" cua JETRO hd trp cac cdng ty thudc cum lien ket ngaiui c the dat dupc mdi quan he ddi tac vdi cac cdng ty nude ngoai nhu: khu do thi cong nghe cao (TAMA) vdi Bennet, Italia; du an quan Hiroshima vdi Zug, Thuy SI; du an cita JETRO nham xuc tign diu tu tryc tidp tat Nhat Ban da trp giiip nha san xuat d td cua Dtic xay dung chi nhanh va cac van phdiig chi nhanh tai Nhat Ban; du an khao sat cua JETRO ve Cdng ddng qudc te Cum lidn ket nganh dupc sti dung de tien hanh danh gia cac dir an truyen thdng ve nganh cac cum nganh qudc te... Trong cac du an dupc khao sat, du an ve nhung sang tao trong san xuat cua cdng nghe sinh hpc tai Tokai van giii lien lac vdi cac doi tac ciia hp - phia Bac Corolina, Hoa Ky. Ngoai ra, ChiSn lupc phat frien sieu cum nganh d Hokkaido do cac cac ca quan chinh phii va cac doanh nghiep tu nhan, bao gdm ca cac cdng ty IT xay dung, da dupc gui din Thim Duong, Trung Qudc, mpt vai cdng ty da nhto dupc ydu cau lien ket hpp tac.
Hgp lac ciing cdc chuang trinh hd trg doanh nhdn (Vudm uom khdi nghiep):
chuang trinh vudm uom doanh nhan hd trp nha nghien cim cua cac trudng dai hpc khdi nghiep mao hidm va cac cdng ty vira va nhd mudn md rdng them nganh nghd kinh doanh mdi. Td chile cac doanh nghiep vira va nhd
^jtleiTcflUoOMS BSC fl, S6 1 0 ( 2 2 4 ^ 1 ^ ^ ^
Nghien cthi khoa hpc
va ddi mdi khu vuc (Organization for Small
& Medium Enterprises and Regional Innovation) da xSy dung ban 300 co sd vat chat cho cac doanh nghiep tu khdi nghiep.
Hcm 400 nha quan ly tham gia hd trg cac doanh nghiep. Trong sd dd, cd ban 100 doanh nghiep dupc danh gia la dac biet quan h-png trong du an phat trien ciim lien ket nganh'.
Tdm lgi, Nhat Ban la mdt trong nhimg nude cd cau triic cum lidn ket nganh phat trien nhat vdi cym nganh cu the, dac tnmg.
Cac cum lidn kit nganh d Nhat Ban chii ydu tap trung vao cac boat dpng sang tao ddi mtii, nhu la cac nghien ciiu, phat trien, hinh thanh Imh v\rc kinh. doanh mdi trong nganh cdng nghiep. HiSn nay, Nhat Ban dang d giai doan thir ba - giai doan phat trien ben vihig cua Dy an cum lidn ket nganh (tir 2011- 2020) vdi nhihig khai niem, chinh sach phat trien cy the ciia timg khu vuc. Cum lien ket nganh d Nhat Ban phat tridn trong khudn khd chinh sach cdng nghiep va khu vuc do METI hoach djnh.
Kinh nghiem ciia Nhat Ban cho thiy sir hd trp cua chinh phu va chinh quyen cac khu vuc vin la yiu td thiet yeu trong chinh sach khu vuc trong ndn kinh te thi tnrdng. Nhat Ban da tim ra cac co che ket hpp ca true tiep va gian tiip de phat triin va hd trp cac khu vyc, vdi muc tidu trong tucmg lai thu hut khu vuc tu nhan tham gia vao cac chuong trinh cua chinh phii.
' Toshihiro Kose, "Second Term Medium Second Tem Medium -range industrial Cluster Program", Research Institute of Economy. Trade and Industry. 2007, https://www.rieti.go.jp/users/cluster-seminar/pdf/023_c.
pdf.
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO 1. Word Bank, "Japan GDP". Trading Economies, https://tradingeconomics.com/japan /gdp.
2. Junichi Nishimura and Hiroyuki Okamuro,
"R&D Productivity and the Organization of Cluster Policy: An Empirical Evaluation of the Industrial Cluster Project in Japan", The Journal of Technology Transfer, 14/1/2010, https://link.
springer.com/article/10.1007/sl0961-009-9I48- 9.
3. Toshihiro Kose, "Second Term Medium Second Term Medium -range Industrial Cluster Program", Research Institute of Economy, Trade and Industry, 2007, https://\vww.rieti.go.jp/
users/cluster-seminar/pdf/023_e.pdf.
4. "Industrial cluster study report". Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry, 2009, https://www.meti.go.jp/english/.
5. Giovanni Abramo and Ciriaco Andrea D'Angelo, "The role of information asymmetry in the market for university-industry research collaboration". The Journal of Technology Transfer, 25/06/2009, https://link.springer.com/
article/10.1007%2Fs 10961-009-9131-5#citeas.
6. Philip Cooke (2002), Knowledge Economies Clusters, Learning and Cooperative Advantage, London, Routledge.
7. Farrukh Iqbal and Urata Shujiro (2002), Small Firm Dynamism in East Asia, Boston, Kluwer Academic Publishers 2002, qg.121-140.
8. Directorate-General for Intemal Market, Industry, Entrepreneurship and SMEs (2016), Smart Guide to Cluster Policy, European Commission, May.
9. Audretsch, David B. and Feldman, Maryann P. (2003J, Knowledge Spillovers and the Geography of Innovgtlon, Prepared for the Handbook of Urban and Regional Economics, Volume 4.
NGHIEN Ida OdNQ BflC fl, SO 10(224) tO-2019 25
