Nguyen Thj HUflng
Phat trien dich vu giao due tai mpt sd qudc gia tren the gi6i va bai hpc kinh nghiem cho Viet Nam
Nguyen Thj HUdng
TnJting Oa hpc Giao due - flgi hgc Quoc gia Hi Ngi 144 Xuan Thiiy, Cau Giay, Hi NOi, Viet Nam Email: nguyenhuong@vnu edu.vn
TOM TAT: Giio due li chia khoi de phit trien kinh ti, chfnh tri, xa hdi cda mgt quoc gia. Tuy nhien, tai moi quoc gia, giao duo tai thinh thi va ndng thdn hign deu dang co sU chenh lech rd rang. Vi viy, diphit triin quoc gia viphit huy cdng bang xa hgi, mgt muc tieu cap bich dat ra la phai phit triin dich vu giio due cho ngUdi din ndng thon nham thu hep khoang each gida ndng thon va thanh thi. Bai bio tap trung vio mdt sd ndi dung chinh:
Khii niem, ngi dung dich vu giio due; Khii quit md hinh phat triin djch vu giio due cho ngudi din ndng thdn; Kinh nghiem quoc te cda mot so qudc gia vi phat triin dich vu giao due cho ngUdi dan ndng thon. td do de xuat cic bai hoc kinh nghiem cd tfnh chat phu hop vdi thuc tien Viet Nam.
T O KHOA: Dich vu giao due; giao due cd Un nong thon; phat trien; nong nghiep.
- * Nhan bai 06/01/2020 -> NMn ket qja phan bien vS chinti sila 17/02/2020 •# Duyet dang 25/02/2020
1 . Dat van de
Tat ca cdc van kien dai hoi Dang ve giao due (GD) va dao tao (DT) deu nhan manh: "GD va DT la quoc sach hang dau, la sir nghiep ciia Dang, Nha nuctc va cua toan dan.
Phat trien GD va DT giiip nang cao dan tri, DT nhan lire, va boi du&ng nhan tai" (Nghi quyet so 04-NQ/TW ngay 14 thang 01 nam 1993 tai Hpi nghi Trung uong lan thii tii khoa VII "Ve tiep tuc doi mcri sir nghiep GD va DT; Nghi quyet Hoi nghi Trung uong hai khoa VIII (12-1996) "Dinh huong chien luac phat trien GD - DT trong thai ki cong nghiep hoa, hien dai hoa"; Nghi quyet so 29-NQ/TW ngay 04 thang 11 nam 2013 tai Hpi nghi lan thii tam Ban Chap hanh Tmng uong Dang (khoa XI) "Ve doi mai can ban, toan dien GD va DT, dap iing yeu cau cong nghiep hoa, hien dai hoa trong dieu kien kinh te thi truong dinh huang Xa hoi chii nghia va hoi nhap quoc te."). Tuy nhien, khi xem xet khu VLTC nong thon Viet Nam, thirc te cho thay, nguon nhan lire tai khu virc nay thieu ve so lupng va yeu ve chat lugng, chii yeu la lao dpng pho thong va rat it lao dpng co trinh dp chuyen mon. Vi vay, de nang cao chat lupng nguon nhan lire thi cong tac phat trien dich vu GD cho nguoi dan nong thon Viet Nam !a mpt yeu cau cap thiet dat ra. Bai bao trinh bay kinh nghiem phat trien dich vu GD cho nguai dan nong thon tai mpt so quoc gia tren the giai, qua do thay duac uu diem, nhupc diem trong qua trinh phat trien dich vu GD cho nguai dan nong thon cua moi quoc gia, tir do nit ra bai hpc kinh nghiem cho Vigt Nam trong qua trinh doi m6i can ban, toan dien GD va DT thai gian tai. Bdi viit dugc tdi tra b&iChuffng trinh KHCN KXOl - Thugc VP Chuang trinh trgng diim KHCN- Bg KHCN.
2. Noi dung n g h i e n eu'U 2.1. Khai niem, npi dung ve djch vu giao iluc
Theo Td chijc Thuang mai The gioi WTO, dich vu GD dirac dinh nghTa gom bon loai hinh dich vu sau: dich vu GD tieu hpc, dich vu GD trung hpc, dich vu GD DH va dich vu
GD sau DH. Nhu vay, can cu vao 4 bac hoc (tieu hpc, trung hpc, DH va sau DH), WTO phan chia djch vu GD ra lam 4 loai hinh dich vu tuong iing. Tuy nhien, quan diem nay chua xet den bac hpc mau giao. Vi vay, khai niem dich vu theo quan diem cua WTO la chua hoan chinh.
Theo Cue Thong ke Lao dpng Mi, dich vu GD gom dich vu cung cap cho nhirng nhom sau: tnrong tieu hpc va trung hpc, cao dang, DH va cac truang trung cap chuyen nghiep, truong kinh doanh va cac trung tam DT quan li va may tinh, truang kT thuat va thuang mai, cac nhom truang khae, dich vu h6 trg GD. Nhu vay, theo quan diem ciia Cue Thong ke Lao dpng MT, khai niem dich vu GD la tong hgp hai khai niem cua WTO va NAICS. Theo do, dich vu GD la dich vu cung cdp cho cac co sd GD - DT va dich vu ho trg GD khae.
Theo GS.TS Phiing Hiru Phii, GS.TSKH NguySn Van Dang, PGS.TS Nguyin Nik Thong (2016), khai niem dich vu GD va DT c6 nghla rpng (bao quat chung) va nghTa hep (cac dich vu cu the). NghTa rpng la coi toan bp hoat dpng GD va DT thuoc khu vuc dich vu (trong tuang quan voi hai khu vuc khae la cong nghiep va nong nghiep). Nghla hep la dich vu GD va DT gdn vdi tung hoat dpng GD va DT cu the.
2.2. Khai t|uat mo hinh phat trien djch vu giao due cho ngirdi dan nong thon
2 . 2 . 1 . Mo hinh ptiat trien dich vu giao due cho ngi/cfl dan nong then cung cap hdi Nha niTdc
Mo hinh phat trign dich vu GD duoc cung cap bai Nha nuoc thong qua hg thSng cac truang cong lap. Theo Luat GD Viet Nam nam 2005, truang cong lap do Nha nuoc thanh lap, dkn tu xay dung co sd vat chAt, bao dam kinh phi cho cac nhiem vu chi thucmg xuyen. Tat ca cac qu6c gia dgu ap dung rao hinh phat trien dich vu GD cong lap cho nguai dan noi chung va ngudi dan nong thdn ndi rieng. Tuy nhien. mdi qudc gia lai cd mpt cau tnic va chuang trinh GD rigng biet tuy theo dac thu ciia mdi nudc. Thdng thudng,
So 26 thang 02/2020 59
NGHIEN CCrU GlAO DUC MOC NGOAl
Ministry of Education, France (Primary and Second- ary) - Launching AVR Platform for Education, ngu6n' https V/www.eonreality.com/press-releases/national-ed- ucation-mmistry-eon-realitylaunch-lexyz-piiot-eon-avr- platform-500-students/
Business Wire - Survey Finds Teachers Want to Make Virtual Reality a Reality in the Classroom (06/27/2016), nguon. https://www.businesswire.coiii/iiews/
home/201606 27005621/en/Siirvey-FmdsTeachers-Vir- tual-Reality-Reality-Classroom
National Inslitute ofEducation (Singapore) and Temasek Polytechnic - A Model for Simulalionbased Learning, nguon; https://www.dropbox.eom/s/9uyw6huygw89a0d/
TP%20%20Intemational%20Leaming%20Teaching%20
Conference%202010%20%20A%20Model%20for%20 Simulation-based%20Learaingpdf?dl=0 [10] Metta Schools. Singapore (Primaiy and Secondary) -
Special Needs Children Using Virtual Reality to Learn Daily Living Skills, ngudn: http://mettaschool.edu.sg/
using-virtual-reality-to-daily-living-skills/
[11] SATS and Changi Airport - use of AR enables produc- tivity improvement with 25%, nguSn: https;//mashable.
com/2017/09/06/changi-airport-ar-sats/#JhnmdG.s.raqW [12] SBS Transit - use of AR enables more effective repair
and maintenance services; nguon: https://www.straits- tiraescom/singapore/transport'bus-techiiicians-get-certi- fication-boost
BRIEF INTRODUCTION ON INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY APPLICATION IN EDUCATION INNOVATION IN SINGAPORE
Pham Due Quang', Tran Huy Hoang^
' Email: [email protected] ' Email: hoang771@yahoo,com
The Vietnam National InstitJte of Edjcational Sciences 101 Tran Hung Dao, Hoan Kiem, Hanoi, Vietnam
ABSTRACT: We are in the 21^' Century, when the world is entering the Fourth Industrial Revolution with the Internet of Things (loT) and the big data source. As a result, a great many technology achievements are embedded in education, such as Augmented Reality (AR) and Virtual Reality (VR). In order to keep up with technological innovations, besides having a good technical foundation, it is also necessary to renovate learners' thinking way, strengthen the 2P' century skills, including Digital skills; Social and emotional skills; and Transferable Skills. AR and VR have been developed in many countries of the world, such as Korea, Germany, and Singapore. The initial results showed the strength of technology applications in educationai innovation. Vietnamese education has been renewed towards approaching the education of some advanced countries, reaching an intelligent education system.
However, in order to implement effectively with educational practices of Vietnam, we need to learn from the experience of other countries like Singapore. This article briefly introduces how Singapore approaches and implements the technology applications in its educational innovation.
Thereby there are great things that can be learned for Vietnam when approaching to the Fourth Industrial Revolution.
KEYWORDS: Augmented reality; virtual reality; digital skills; social & emotional skills; transferable Skills.
58 TAP CHi KHOA HOC GIAO DUC ViET NAM
NguySn Thj HUdng
Phat trien dich vu giao due tai mpt so qudc gia tren the gidi va bai hpc kinh nghiem cho Viet Nam
Nguyen Thj Hifdng
TnBng Dai hpc Giao dye - Oai hpc Quoc gia 1 144 XuSn Tfiiiy, Cau Giay, Hi Npi, Viet Nam Email. [email protected]
TOM TAT: Giio due la chia khoa de phit triin kinh ti, chfnh tri, xa hdi cda mgt quoc gia. Tuy nhien, tai moi quoc gia, giio due t^i thanh thi va ndng thdn hi$n diu dang cd su chenh lech rd rang. Vi viy, di phit trien quoc gia va phit huy cdng bing xa hgi, mdt muc tieu cap bich dat ra li phii phat triin dich vu giio duo cho ngudi din ndng thdn nham thu hep khoing cich gida ndng thdn vi thanh thi. Bii bio tap trung vio mgt so ngi dung chfnh:
Khii niem, ngi dung dich vu giio due; Khii quit md hinh phit triin dich vu giio due cho ngudi dan nong thdn; Kinh nghiem quoc te cua mdt so quoc gia ve phit triin dich vu giio due eho ngudi dan ndng thon, tii dd de xuat cic bai hgc kinh nghiem cd tinh chat phu hop vdi ihUc tiin Viet Nam.
TLf KHOA: Djch vu giao due; giao due ctf b^n nong th6n; phat trien; nong nghiep.
•> Nhan M 06/01/2020 • * Nhan ket qua phSn bien v i chinti siia 17/02/2020 • * Duyet dang 25/02/2020.
1. Dat van de
Tat ca cac van kien dai hpi Dang ve giao due (GD) va dao tao (DT) deu nhan manh: "GD va DT la quoc sach hang dau, !a su nghiep cua Dang, Nha nuoc va ciia toan dan.
Phat trien GD va DT giup nang cao dan tri, DT nhan liic, va boi dudng nhan tai" (Nghi quyet so 04-NQ/TW ngay 14 thang 01 nam 1993 tai Hoi nghi Trung uong lan thu tu khoa VII "Ve tiep tuc doi mcri su nghiep GD va DT; Nghi quyet Hoi nghi Trung uong hai khoa VIII (12-1996) "Dinh huang chien luac phat trien GD - DT trong thai ki cong nghiep hoa, hien dai hoa"; Nghi quygt so 29-NQ/TW ngay 04 thang 11 nam 2013 tai Hoi nghi lan thu tam Ban Chap hanh Trung uong Dang (khoa XI) "Ve doi mai can ban, toan dien GD va DT, dap ung yeu cau cong nghiep hoa, hien dai hoa trong dieu kien kinh te thi truang dinh huang Xa hpi ciiu nghia va hoi nhap quoc te "). Tuy nhien, khi xem xet khu virc nong thon Viet Nara, thuc te cho thay, nguon nhan lire lai khu vuc nay thieu ve so lucmg va yeu ve chat lupng, chu yeu la lao dpng ph6 thong va rat it lao dpng co trinh dp chuyen mon. Vi vay, de nang cao chat luong nguon nhan lire thi cong tac phat triSn dich vu GD cho ngucri dan nong thon Viet Nam ia mpt yeu cau cap thiet dat ra. Bai bao trinh bay kinh nghiem phat trien dich vu GD cho nguai dan nong thon tai mpt so quoc gia tren the giai, qua do thay dupc uu diem, nhuac diera trong qua trinh phat trien dich vu GD cho nguoi dan nong thon cua moi quoc gia, tir do nit ra bai hpc kinh nghiem cho Viet Nara trong qua trinh doi mai can ban, toan dien GD va DT thai gian toi. Bdi viet dugc tdi tr&
h&i Chuang trinh KHCN KXOl-Thugc VP Chuang trinh trgng diim KHCN- Bg KHCN.
2. Noi dung n g h i e n ci^u 2.1. Khai niem, npi dung vl djch vu giao due
Theo To chuc Thuong mat Thi giai WTO, dich vu GD dupc dinh nghia gom bon Ioai hinh dich vu sau: dich vu GD tiiu hpc, dich vu GD trung hoc, dich vu GD DH va dich vu
GD sau DH. Nhu vay, can ciir vao 4 bac hpc (tieu hpc, trung hoc, DH va sau DH), WTO phan chia dich vu GD ra lam 4 loai hinh djch vu tuang iing, Tuy rihien, quan diem nay chua xet den bac hpc mau giao. Vi vay, khai niem dich vu theo quan diera ciia WTO la chua hoan chinh.
Theo Cue Thong ke Lao dpng MT, dich vu GD gom dich vu cung cap cho nliimg nhora sau: truang tieu hpc va tmng hpc, cao dang, DH va cac truang trung cap chuyen nghiep, truong kinh doanh va cac trung tara DT quan Ii va raay tinh, truang kT thuat va thuong mai, cac nhom truang khae, dich vu h6 tra GD. Nhu vay, theo quan diem ciia Cue Thong ke Lao dpng MT, khai niem dich vu GD la tong hpp hai khai niem ciia WTO va NAICS. Theo do, dich vu GD la dich vu cung cdp cho cac ca sd GD - DT va dich vu ho tra GD khae.
Theo GS.TS Phung Hiru Phii, GS.TSKH Nguygn Van Dang, PGS.TS Nguyin Vilt Thong (2016), khai niem djch vu GD vit DT CO nghTa rpng (bao quat chung) va nghTa hep (cac dich vu cu the). NghTa rpng la coi toan bo hoat dong GD va DT thuoc khu virc dich vu (trong tuong quan vai hai khu vuc khae la cong nghiep va nong nghiep). NghTa hep la dich vu GD va DT gin voi timg hoat dpng GD va DT cu thi
2.2. Khai quat mo hinh phat trien djch vu giao due cho ngi/oli dan nong thon
2 . 2 . 1 . Mo hinh phat trien djch vu giao due cho ngUfli dan nong thon cung cap bdi Nha nifcic
M6 hinh phat tnSn dich vu GD dupc cung cap bai Nha nuac thong qua he thdng cic tnrdng cdng lap. Theo Luat GD Viet Nara nam 2005, trudng cong lap do Nha nudc thanh lap, dSu tu xay dung co sd vat chit, bao dam kinh phi cho cac nhiem vu chi thudng xuyen. Tat ca cac qudc gia dSu ap dung mo hinh phat triln dich vu GD cong lap cho ngudi dan ndi chung va ngudi dan nong thon noi rieng. Tuy nhien, mdi qudc gia lai cd mpt cau tnic va chuong trinh GD rieng biet tuy theo dac thii cua mdi nudc. Thdng thudng,
So 26 ttiang 02/2020 59
NGHliN CUU GIAO DUC Nl/dC N G O A I ^
dich yu GD cong lap ap dung d cdp Tilu hgc va Trung hpc (tir tieu hpc din Idp 12 hoae tuong duang), ciing nhir d bac sau trung hpc (gdm: DH, cao ding, cac trudng trung clp chuyen nghiep). Theo Reviews, C. T. I. (2016), thuat ngu
"Dich vu GD cung cap bdi Nha nudc" ddng nhat vdi thuat ngij "Dich vu GD cdng lap".
Mo hmh phat trien dich vu GD cong lap cd nhirng dac diem noi bat sau: Thii nhkt, hoat dpng ciia trudng cong lap dupc tai trp tirthul ciia Chinh phii. Thii hai, chuang trinh giang day, chuin diu ra ciing nhu hinh thiic kilm tra, danh gia cua trudng cong lap dupc quy dinh bdi Chinh phii, nhSm giiip Chinh phii danh gia hieu qua DT ciia radi trudng. Thir ba, Chinh phu kilra soat chit Iupng giao vien (GV) tai cac trudng cdng lap thdng qua cac ki thi sat hach, bing cip, giSy phep va kinh nghiem giang day.
2.2.2. Mo hinh phat trien djch vu giao due cho ngi/di dan nong thon cung cap bcli tif nhan
Md hinh dich vu GD dupc cung cap bdi tu nhan thdng qua he thdng cac trudng dan lap va tu thuc. Theo Luat GD Viet Nam 2005, dich vu GD dan lap la dich vu cung cap d cac trudng dan lap do cdng ddng dan cu d ca sd thanh lap, dau tu xay dung ca sd vat chat va bao dara kinh phi hoat dpng. Dich vu GD tu thuc la dich vu cung cap d cac trudng tu thuc do cac td chuc xa hoi, td chiic xa hdi - nghi nghiep, td chiic kinh te hoae ca nhan thanh lap, dau tu xay dimg ca sd vat chat va bao dam kinh phi hoat ddng bing vdn ngoai ngan sach Nha nudc. Vi vay, nghien cmi sii dung thuat ngir nit gpn "GD dan lap va tu thuc" hay "trudng dan ISp va tu thuc" thay cho thuat ngu day dii "md hinh dich vu GD dupc cung cap bdi tu nhan". Cac trudng dan lap va tu thuc dupc tai tra hoat dpng bang mdt phan hoae toan bp ngudn thu tir hpc phi chii khdng phu thugc vao ngudn thul tir Chinh phii.
2.3. Kinh nghiem quoc te ve phat trien djch vu giao due cho ngUcJi dan nong thdn tai mol so qudc gia tren the gi6i 2.3.1. Phat trien kinh te - chinh tri thuc day phat trien djch vu giao due cho ngiioi dan nong thon
Cai thien dilu kien kinh te - xa hoi d khu vue ndng thdn la thach thuc ldn nhat ddi vdi phat trien dich vu GD. Neu phat triln dich vu GD khdng di lien vdi phat trien kinh te - xa hdi d khu vuc ndng thon thi phat trien dich vu GD co the dem lai hieu qua trai chieu Cu the, khi GD ndng thdn phat tridn, trinh dp dan tri nang cao, nang luc lao dpng dupc cai thien dap iing cac cdng viec ddi hdi chuyen mdn cao. Trong khi dd, kinh tl - xa hpi d khu vuc ndng thdn van khdng thay ddi, khong thu hiit duac cac doanh nghiep kT thuat cao, nhu ciu lao dong chi dimg Iai d cac cdng viee tay ehan nhu gia cdng thanh phim. Khi do, ngudn lao dpng chat lupng cao d ndng thdn se di cu len thanh phd dl tim cac cdng viec phu hop vdi trinh dp Clia ho. Do do, viec phdi hop lien nganh trong phat tnIn kinh tl - xa hpi - GD la mdt dieu can thilt.
Tilu hpc, Tnmg hpc ca sd, Trung hpc phd thdng- , trang ddi ngheo, khdng cd ngan sach de phat
ban d khu vuc ndng thdn da din din trinh dp dan i^ ^Vc ndng thdn kem. Ngupe Iai, viec ngudi dan nong thon ktiong nhan dupe chuang trinh GD ca ban diy dii, dan den dan tn kem, ehii ylu lao dpng phd thdng da gdp phan dan den tinh trang ddi ngheo d cae nirac thu nhap thap. Vi v^y, GD co ban ddng vai trd quan trong cho phat trien ndng thon.
Mac dii khu vuc ndng thdn cd diy du he thdng tnidng hpe, trang thilt bi day hpc nhung nhirng trd ngai ve kinh te va xa hpi khae nhau da ngan can rapt sd tre em, dac biet la tre em gai din tnrdng. Chi phi ca hdi ciia viec di hge la HS rait thdi gian din trudng hgc tap, khdng phu giiip dupc viec nha hoae tham chi khdng di lam kilm them thu nhap cho gia dinh ngay tai thdi dilm dd dupe. Trong khi do, cung vi tnnh dp dan tri kem, ngudi dan khdng thi nhin thay chi phi ca hpi Clia viec nghi hpc la dan tri kem va vdng ddi ngheo luan quan.
Nhin ehung, tre em va ngudi Idn d nong thdn (hau hit la nhung ngudi ngheo) c6 rat it ca hoi theo hoc mpt nln GD CO ban, giiip hp thoat khdi vdng ngheo khd. Nhieu tre em d khu vue ndng thdn khong thudng xuyen di hpc. Mpt sd em CO di hpc nhimg khdng hoan thanh dii chuang trinh tieu hpc. Tham chi, nhieu em hoan thanh chuang trinh hpc nhung sau khi tdt nghiep tieu hgc van khdng biet dge, biet viet. Mdt sd khu vuc vung sau, vung xa, ndng thdn cd tinh trang trudng hgc cd nhung can phai siia chiia, trang thiet bi thieu thdn, dpi ngil GV chua dupc DT day du, nhan luong thap, dan den tinh trang cac thay ed giao bd nghe de tim mpt cdng viec khae du trang trai cugc sdng.
2.3.3, Phat trien dao tao ngh€ tai Ichu viTc nong thon Thue te cho thay, khu vuc ndng thdn khdng tao ra viec lara cd gia tri gia tang cao do cdng viec gin vdi khu virc ndng thdn chu yeu la ndng nghiep. Trong khi dd, he thing GD, DT nghi qudc gia thudng t^p trung vao cac nganh cdng nghiep va dich vu, trong khi nganh ndng nghiep lai khdng duac chu trpng. Mpt sd khu vuc cdng cd phat triln GD, DT nghe trong nganh Ndng nghiep Uen kit vdi cac bp va CO quan Chinh phu, nhung thudng khdng cd s\r phli hop ro rang giua cac ea quan bd, nganh nen chit luong GD dugc danh gia chua cao.
T ' ; » • " . ? ' Zi" =1".'=,^P "-"t dat ra la phai xem xet lai v,ec phat tnen BT nghe a khn vtre nong thon do nhu ciu thi trucmg lao dong o khn vtrc nSng th6„ co su thay d6i. Nong nghtep khong con la hnh vuc dny „h4, e„ng cjp cac c.
hp, vec larn cmtg nhu thu nhap cho nguoi dan nong thon.
Vt?c lam ph, nong nghtep o nong th6n co xn huorfg phat tnen manh o cac vung nong thon nang d6n» „i, •...- V"
khu vuc nong thon kem phat tri^n cung c6 oto phu thudc nhieu vao thu nhap phi ndng nph' - ^ ^^ huang tir ITnh vuc nong nghiep thudne thin TT ^"^ ^'^ "^^
2.3.2. Giao due cd b^n dong vai tro quan trgng trong phat trien nong thon
GD ca ban keo dai 12 nam va dupc chia thanh 3 cip hpc: ngudi dan ndng thdn.
tghiep thudng thip va m=,n„ .• i. - vu. Chinh viec da dang hda hoat dpng va thu t " "^
mdt vai trd quan trpng trong viec cai thie " ^^ "^-^ ^^
: AR A .t,A„ -^ sinii ke Clia 60 TAP CHi KHOA HOC GIAO DUG VIET NAM
-"^:t^M
Nguyen Thi Hi/dng2.3.4. Oa dang hoa nganh nghe dao tao tai cac trilling dai hoc nong nghiep de phat trien khu vUc nong thon
GD DH ndng nghi?p dang phai ddi mat voi mpt cupc khiing hoang nghiem trpng dl thay ddi ca vl ddi tuong ngudi hoc, chuang trinh hpc cung nhu qua trinh hpc. Cac trudng DH ndng nghiep dl tdn tai phai tien hanh rapt cuoc cai each Idn, ddi khi din den viec md rdng nganh nghe DT ngoai ITnh v^rc ndng nghigp, ddng thdi giam cac nganh n6ng nghiep DT, dac biet la san xuat cay trdng va vat nudi.
Su thay ddi ldn nhit trong GD DH ndng nghiep la viec xae dinh lai nhiem vu. Cac trudng DH ndng nghiep dang phat triln thanh cac td chtic da nang phuc vu nhu cau kien tbiic va Id nang eua nen kinh tg ndng thdn. Tren thuc te, cac tnrdng DH ndng nghigp eoi mmh nhu mgt dan vi kinh doanh va ngudi hoc 1^ khach hang. Do dd, cac tnrdng DH nay cd xu hudng dap ung nhu cau ciia ngudi hgc ndng thdn nhilu han, tan tam hon vdi cac hoat ddng tiep can cpng ddng va tap trung vao cpng ddng ndng thdn nhieu hon.
D I ddi mat vdi thii thach nay, cac trudng DH ndng nghiep su dung cac phuang phap hoach dinh chi6n luoc de phan tich cac ca hdi kinh te va nhu cau GD trong ITnh vuc eiia hp, tir dd dua ra tam nhin ve tuang lai va dat ra cac muc tieu phat trien.
2.3.5. Tai trd giup phat trien djch vu giao due d khu vUc nong thdn Cung cap GD cho tat ca raoi ngudi d cac nudc thu nhap thap la mdt nhiem vu can phai cd su tai trp tit cac td chirc va qudc gia ben ngoai. Tai trg cho GD ca ban d khu vuc ndng thdn cd the dugc xem nhu mpt phan cua tai trg phat trien nong thdn hoae la mdt phan tai trg cho phat trien GD va DT Clia mdt nudc. Song, nhiem vu nay khdng nhan dupc sir quan tam ciia cac nha tai trg mpt each day dii.
Tuy nhien, ciing cd nhiing trudng hgp ngoai le, khi tai trg dupc phan bd cho su phat trien GD ciing khdng mang lai nhimg thay ddi Ion d khu vuc ndng thdn ngheo ddi. Dieu nay xay ra la do su thay ddi chinh sach tir tai trp du an sang hd trg chuang trinh hcac nganh. Trong khi hd trg chuong trinh hoae nganh thudng dupc uu tien vg khu vuc thanh thi nen tai trg khdng den dugc khu vuc ndng thdn. Mat khae, viec phan bd tai trg ciing chiu anh hudng bdi mdi quan tam Clia nha tai trp (cung nhu Chinh phu) ve ndi dung, mirc do phu hgp va hieu qua chi phi ciia cac chuong trinh GD ca ban, dac biet la cho ngudi Ion. Mgt sd chien dich xoa mii chir chua nhan dupc su hai Idng ciia nha tai trg nhung sd lieu thirc tien van cho thay sir phat trign nhat dinh trong GD ndng thdn. Vf du, Ngan hang The gidi da cho vay 8,7 ti dd la MT cho cac du an GD "Hgn quan den ndng thdn" d 43 qudc gia tit nam 1999.
2.3.6. Tao mdi trUdng hgc tap gan gui vdi nong thdn Vao dau nhiing nam 1970, nhieu quoc gia (Rwanda, Ma- lawi, Burundi, Ethiopia) vdi hd trg tir World Bank da cd gang tao mdi trudng hgc tap gan gui vdi ndng thdn thdng qua vi?c dua vao chuong trinh hpc mpt sd mdn hpc cd tinh thuc tiln cao. Dual day la mdt sd bien ph^p cac qudc gia
da thuc hien.
a. GD dinh hudng viee ldm
Chuong trinh hpc d cap Tigu hpc dugc thiet kg gan gili ban vdl khu vuc ndng thdn duai nhilu hinh thiic khae nhau.
Cd noi gidi thieu cac hoat dgng thii cdng vao chuang trinh hgc d ndng thdn. Co nai lai gidi thieu cac mdn hpc mang tinh thuc hanh cao, giiip hpc sinh (HS) hinh thanh cac kT nang can thigt trgn thi trudng Iao dpng d khu vuc ndng thdn.
Kinh nghiem cua cac nudc nhu Ru-An-Da nara 1979 hay Bude-ki-na Pha-sd nam 1960 cho thiy, GD dinh hudng viec lam giiip ngudi dan nam dupc nhiing kign thiic kT thuat, cdng nghe can ban trong san xuat ciing nhu gia tri ciia cdng viec dem lai cho cdng ddng.
b. Phdt trien md hinh "vudn trong truang"
Md hinh "Vudn trong trudng" dugc ap dung phd bien tai cac qudc gia dang phat trign. Vudn trong trudng la noi HS thuc hanh cac kien thiic da dugc hpc ngay tai trudng ldp.
Vudn trong trudng cd mdt sd tac dung nhu sau: 1/ La giao eu true quan cho viec day va hgc cac kT thuat canh tac ndng nghiep, cac gidng cay trdng mdi, cac cdng nghe cai den mdi, hoae kT nang sdng; 2/ Cung cap them thuc pham cho cang tin trudng hpc; 3/ Dugc coi nhu mdt ngudn bd sung dinh dudng quan trpng cho tre era nhung viing ndng thdn ngheo; 4/ Giiip HS yeu cac cdng viec ndng nghiep, gan ket vdi cdng ddng (Riedmiller and Mades, 1991).
c. Phdt triin cdc trudng hgc cgng ddng
Emy (1977) cho rang, trudng hgc cdng ddng ddng vai trd quan trpng cho sir phat trien d ndng thdn bang viec dap iing cac nhu ciu DT cua khu vuc ndng thdn. Ergas (1974) cho ring, trudng hgc cdng ddng phai xay dung mpt he thdng GD tuong thich vdi cac yeu cau ciia ndng nghiep, dap img ba tigu chi: thuc hanh, thiet thuc va iing dung. Klii dd, cac trudng hoc cdng ddng dem lai tac dpng hai chieu nhu sau: 1/ HS tham gia vao cac cdng viec ddng ang, xay dung dudng; 2/ Phu huynh hpc tap tai trudng dudi dang chuang trinh xda mil chu quy rad ldn, hoae tham gia vao xay dung trudng, phat trien chuong trinh hgc.
d. Phdn hi truang hgc. lich hgc vd tdc dd day hgc linh hogt
Phd cap GD tai khu vuc ndng didn dat ket qua tdt hem nlu GD trd nen linh hoat hon d nhilu phuong dien nhu: 1/
Phat triln mo hinh ldp hpc da trinh dp de ap dung tai cac khu vuc cd mat dp dan sd thip; 2/ Phat triln md hinh hai ca hpc (sang va chilu) giup HS cd thi vira len ldp va vira lao dpng giiip dd gia dinh, Bien phap nay lam giam chi phi ca hdi ciia viec cho tre di hpc, tir dd nang eao ti le di hoc d khu vuc nong thdn.
Cac bien phap tilp can da chieu da dugc ap dung nhim gin kit GD vdi phat triln kinh te, xa hpi ndng thdn. Tuy nhien, nh&ng nd luc nay gap phai nhieu trd ngai nhu: ngudn luc Chinh phu cho da dang hda chuang trinh hpc bi han chg, phuang tien giang day va sach giao khoa khdng chuyen dung, GV chua dugc DT phii hgp vdi phuang phap tilp can nay.
Mat khae, nhilu phu huynh d khu vue ndng thdn cho
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rang, phuang phap tilp can nay la khdng phii hgp do hg cd thi day each lam cac cdng viec ndng nghiep cho con cai minh. Nhieu phu huynh lai cd tara li khdng mudn cho con din trudng vi lo ling trudng hgc klidng Hen quan den radi tmdng Clia hp se khiln con cai hg xa lanh ndng thdn. Ben canh do, cung cd nhieu phu huynh ung hd quan digm GD khdng nen taeh biet tre era khdi mdi tnrdng sdng ndng thdn Clia chiing.
2.3.7. Khuyen khich cac hinh thifc giao due phi chinh quy tai nfing thon
Y tudng vl mdt nln GD lign tuc bao gdm GD chinh quy, GD phi chmh quy va GD phi chinh thiic trd nen phd biln trong nhu ciu hgc tap sudt ddi cua ngudi dan. GD phi chinh quy (non-formal education) dugc djnh nghTa la bat ki hoat ddng GD nao dupc td chiic rapt each he thdng ben ngoai he thdng GD tmyln thdng, vdi muc dich cung cap dich vu GD - DT cho nhdm ddi tugng cu thi bao gdm ca ngudi Idn va tre em. Do dd, muc dich ciia GD phi chinh quy la md rdng CO hdi hpc tap cho tre em khdng di hpc theo each truyin thdng ciing nhu dap img nhu eau cua ngudi dan mdt each hieu qua han. GD phi chinh quy da dang ve phuang phap giang day, mdn hpc, tai ehinh, muc dich, ddi tugng dan cu, va chit lugng QV, Chinh su da dang va linh hoat cua GD phi ehinh quy da lam cho hinh thiic GD nay trd nen phd bien d khu vuc ndng thdn.
GD phi chinh quy cd the ddng vai trd bd sung hoae tham chi thay the cho GD chinh quy tai khu vuc ndng thdn do Chinh phii khdng dap iing dupc nhu cau ngay cang tang cua trudng hpc ciing nhu viec ngudi dan nong thdn cd rat it CO hpi de hpc len trung hpc phd thdng hay hgc nghe. Tuy nhien, hinh thiie GD nay can nhan duoc su hd trp tir chinh quyen va ngudi dan dia phuong. GD phi chinh quy phai phu hgp vdi djnh hudng phat trien ciia khu vuc ndng thdn d tit ca cac ITnh vuc: ndng nghiep va phi ndng nghiep. Tir nhiing nam 1950 va 1960 tai cac qude gia dang phat triln, viec ap dung tien bd khoa hgc cdng nghe trong GD phi chinh quy da phat trien diay cho phuong phap giang day truyin thdng.
Dac biet, viec sir dung dai phat thanh dem lai nhilu kit qua tich cue yi dai phat thanh dugc xem la phuang tien truyin thdng phd bien tai khu vuc ndng thdn. Chuang trinh DT phi chinh quy qua dai phat thanh da dem lai mdt sd kit qua dang khich le.
Tuy nhign, ciing can nhin nhan GD phi chinh quy dudi nhiing gdc do kliac nhu sau: GD plu chinh quy khdng cung cap cho ngudi hgc van bang chimg chi cd gia tri tren thi tnrdng lao ddng. Ngudi dan chi theo hpc GD phi chinh quy khi khdng cd co hdi theo hpc GD chinh quy. Vi vay, GD phi chinh quy dupc xem la hinh thiic GD hieu qua thip danh cho nhdm ddi tugng thiet thdi nhit.
2.4, Bai hoc kinh nghiem ve phat trien djch vu giao due cho nUtii dan ndng thon Viet Nam
Viet Nam da dat dupc nhung thanii tuu dang kl trong cdrig tac GD - DT nhu ti le ngudi bilt chir cao (97,65%) phd cap trung hgc ca sd, dat chuin phd cap GD tilu hoc dung do tudi, dat chuin phd cap GD mim non cho tre 5
mdi, dugc UNESCO danh gia xep thii hang 64/127 niroc v^
phat trien GD. Tuy nhien, GD - DT 6 Vi?t Nam con tin tai nhilu han chl nhu bat binh dang trong tilp cln GD, t6n lai khoang each vl chat lugng GD giiia thanh thi - nong flion, GD ca ban mdi quan tam din day kiln thire chir chua chfi trgng din day kT nang. Dac biet, GD - DT cho ngudi dan khu vuc ndng thdn cdn nhilu han che, cin co bien phap khae phuc.
Dilm chung gifta Vipt Nam vdi cac nudc va viing lanh thd trgn day dlu la cae nudc dang phat triln, di theo con dudng dinh hudng xa hOi chu nghia, liy GD - DT la qu6c sach hang diu, tdn tai khoang each chenh lech vl kinh \k, chinh tri, van hda, xa hoi va dac biet la GD giira thanh thj va ndng thdn. Vi vay, kinh nghiem phat trien dich vu GD cho ngudi dan ndng thon d cac nudc trong bai vilt la bai hpc quy gia trong qua trinh phat trien dich vu GD cho nguoi dan ndng thdn Viet Nam. Ben eanh dd, mpt net dac thu cua Viet Nam la chua cd kinh tl thi trudng hoan chinh, buac khdi thdi ki kinh te tap trung chua lau nen cac nha quan li va ngudi dan van chua thoat khdi tu tudng bao cap, chira quen vdi khai niem GD la mgt loai hinh dich vu, dac biet o khu vuc nong thdn.
Digu nay cd nghTa la, ben canh viec xay dimg co che chinh sach, phat trien GD co ban, phat trien DT nghe trong IM vuc phi ndng nghiep, md rdng hoat dpng eiia cac tmong DH ndng nghiep cung nhu tang cudng hd trg tu cac tl chirc ben ngoai cimg cac qudc gia ngoai lanh thd thi Chmh phu Viet Nam cin chii trgng edng tac truyin thdng nhim thay ddi nhan thiic ciia ngudi dSn, khich le xa hpi hoa dich vu GD, tao lap mot mdi trudng hoan thien vg the che cho ca ben cung cap dich vu GD va tiep can dich vu GD. Dudi dSy la mdt sd bai hge dugc nit ra tir thirc tign cac nudc neu tren:
2.4.1. Xay dung cd che chinh sach cho phat trien djch vu giao due cho ngi/di dan nong thon
Mdt ygu cau cap bach dat ra la phai phat trien dich vu GD cho ngudi dan ndng thdn trong bdi canh phat trien kinh tg - chinh tri khu vyc ndng thdn. Trong trung va dai han, chi tap tnmg vao phat triln GD se klidng dat dupe muc tieu ve nang cao dan tri, DT ngudn nhan luc chit lugng cao. Vi v|y, mudn phat triln dich vu GD ben vimg cin phat trien dau tu cdng va phat triln kinh tl, chinh tri khu vuc nong thdn di kem.
Luc day chinh saeh va y chi chinh tri dugc eoi la nhan to quan trpng nhit dl thiic diy phat triln dich vu GD d khu vuc ndng thon. Vi vay, Chinh phii Viet Nam co thi xay dimg co che chinh sach phit triln dich vu GD cho ngudi dan noEg thdn thdng qua cac bien phap sau. Thir nhdt, Chinh phii Viet Nam can can nhic vai trd cua viec lam va thu nhap phi ndng nghiep tai khu vuc ndng thdn trong giam ngheo, tir do cac chinh sach phat triln ndng thdn nen tich hop cac ca chl khuyin khich da dang hoa kinh tl phi nong nghidp.
Thu hai, trong boi canh tang cudng phan cip, viec xay dimg nang luc thi chl dja phuang la dilu vd cimg cin thilt yi hai H do: 1/ Nang luc thuc thi chinh sach cua chinh quyen dia phuang khu vuc ndng thdn Viet Nam cdn nhilu yeu kem;
62 TAP CHI KHOA HOC GIAO DUG VIET NAM
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Nguyen Thi Hi/dngphdi hop giira co quan, Chinh phu va tim each dat dugc sir phli hpp tdt nhit giua cac ddi fac thirc hiSn ma khdng quan tam den vin dl quan li qu>?. Muon nhan dugc tai trg tir cac dl an nhu Chiln luge giam ngheo thi bude nang luc thi che dia phuong can phai dugc cai thien. Thir ba, khung chinh sach ciing ngn tinh den quy md dia phuong. Kinh nghigm cua cac nudc dang phat trien cho thay, cac ca che chinh sach chung cho khu vuc cd thS gdp phan thiic day dau tu phat trien cho nhiing khu vue xa xdi nhat, dac bigt viec uu den dau tu cdng trong khudn khd De an Chien luge giam ngheo cho khu v\rc ndng thdn.
2.4.2. Phat trien gi^o due cd bSn co muc tieu va tich hdp 6 khu VLfc nong thon
Chuang trinh phat trien GD ca ban d khu vuc ndng thdn phai hudng tdi muc tieu khong chi vugt qua sir chenh lech giQa thanh thi - nong thdn hien nay ma cdn phai dap iing nhu can hpc tap co ban cua ngudi dan ndng thdn mpt each hieu qua va cdng bang nhat cd the. De lam dugc dilu dd, Chinh phli ciing nhu ngudi dan ndng thdn Viet Nam cin tich hgp nhimg giai phap phat triln sau:
- Ben canh cac chuong trinh GD chinh quy, Chinh phii can hd trg khu vuc ndng thdn phat triln cac chuang trinh GD phi chmh quy (Vi du: Xay dung td bao ndng thdn, diu vien va hiep hdi phu nu) de viec hpc tap la sudt ddi.
- Cac chuong trinh hgc phai dugc thiet ke va van hanh hai hoa vdi cae hoat ddng khae (Bao gdm: y te, an ninh luong thuc, san xuat ndng nghiep, ...) d cac khu virc ndng thdn, de dam bao rang ngudi hpc cd the ap dung kien thirc da hpc vao ddi sdng.
- Md rpng viec tuyen sinh HS nir la muc tieu uu tien cua nhieu Chinh phii va cdng ddng qude tl.
- Thuc te cho thay rang, Viet Nam da dat duoc phd cap GD mau giao 5 tudi nhimg ti le tre em di hpc mam non, dac biet d khu vuc ndng thdn la thap. Do dd, ehuang trinh Phat trien GD sdm (Early Childhood Development ECD) can dugc bd sung vao chuang trmh GD ca ban nham cung cap mpt nen GD toan dien cho ngudi dan ndng thdn.
- Nhimg thay doi theo dac trung ctia timg dia phuong (Vi du: gid hpc) gdp phan khuyen khich tre era di hgc.
- Can dam bao ndi dung, chat lugng va hinh thiic ciia cac chuang trinh GD co ban dap ling nhu can cua ngudi hgc.
Ben canh dd, chuong trinh giang day cung phai phii hgp vdi nhu cau va sd thich ciia ngudi hgc, nhim tao hirng thu cho ngudi hgc.
- Vipc sir dung phucmg phap giang day da Idp_ ed y nghTa ldn ddi vdi khu vue ndng thdn mat dp dan sd thap. Tuy nhign, de phuong phap nay dem lai hieu qua, tai lieu giang day va tai lieu hd trg nhu sach giao khoa phai co san, GV cin dugc DT bai ban.
- Cac each tiep can mdi (bao gdm ca ndi dung va phuang phap su pham) dugc khuyen khich ap dung. GV phai cd gang lam cho cac tiet hpc trd nen thii vi va phu hgp vdi mdi trudng ndng thdn thdng qua viee sir dung cac phuong phap day va hpc phii hgp. Chuong trinh hpc d trudng ngn van 3ung cac tinh hudng trong cupc sdng cua tre em ndng thdn 3e bai hgc trd ngn hiiu ich va hap dan hon.
2.4.3. Xay diing chien IUdc phat trien dao fao nghe Thue te Viet Nara cho thiy, cdng tac phan ludng HS sau trung hgc ca sd chua dat dirge hieu qua, dac biet d khu vuc ndng thdn. HS thudng cd xu hudng tilp tuc hpc len trung hpc phd thdng, tign tdi hgc DH hem la re hudng sang hgc nghg. Vi vay, phat triln dich vu GD cho ngudi dan ndng thdn can phai tinh dgn ca ITnh vuc day nghi. Mdt phin li do HS khdng tha thigt vdi hge nghe vi chuong trinh ciing nhu trang thiet bj giang day ehua dap img dugc nhu ciu tuyln dung trgn thi trudng lao ddng. Do do, mpt ygu ciu cip bach dat ra la phai chii trgng gin npi dung day nghi vdi thuc tiln cdng vigc trong bdi canli ndng thdn. Cac trudng day nghi d nong thdn can hgp tac vdi cac nha tuygn dung dl: 1/ Cung cap dich vu DT theo yeu can nha tuyln dung; 2/ Gidi thieu viec Iam cho hgc vien sau tdt nghiep; 3/ Cung cip cac dich vu GD thudng xuygn va cac dich vu hd trg khi ein thilt cho doanh nghiep.
Ben canh dd, gioi tinh la mdt yeu td quan trgng trong viec tigp can viec lam va quygt dinh thu nhap phi ndng nghiep.
Cac chuang trinh DT nghe can hd trg phu nii ndng thdn trong cac cdng viec phi ndng nghiep dg dam bao phu nir khdng bi mac ket trong cac hoat ddng phi ndng nghiep cd trinh dd thap, va dugc tra luang thip.
2.4.4. Cai each cac tri/cfng dai hpc nong nghiep gan vdi thtfc lien Su thay ddi ve nhu cau lao dpng tren thi trudng da thiic day cac trudng DH ndng nghiep phai cai each. Phuong phap tiep can da nganh dang dugc ap dung rdng rai trong giang day nham muc dich phat trien khu vuc ndng thdn mgt each toan dien. Cac trudng DH ndng nghiep can chuyen dan chuang trinh hgc theo phuong phap tich hiy mo-dun.
Theo do, ngudi hpc chu ddng lua chgn theo quy dinh cua tnidng de hgc va tich luy timg mdn hgc, md-dun cho tdi khi hoan tit toan bp chuong trinh. Luc nay, ngudi hpc cd the tu do Iua chgn md-dun hgc mong mudn thay vi phai hgc rapt chuong trinh cd dinh nhu trudc day.
Ben canh do, cac chuang trinh hpc cung can dugc thiet ke phii hpp vdi vi tri vigc lam. Hudng tiep can mdi ve day va hpc tai cac tnrdng DH ndng nghiep phan anh tim quan trgng cua viec hgc lau dai, dam bao ngudi hpc theo kip nhiing xu hudng thay ddi nhanh chdng tren thi tnidng ciing nhu nhung thay ddi cdng nghe. Mdt sd chien luge chinh de cai each cac tnidng DH ndng nghiep bao gdm: 1/ Md rdng chuang trinh hpc ngoai ITnh virc ndng nghiep dg phuc vu cac nganh nghS phi ndng nghiep khae dang phat trien d ndng thdn; 2/ Linh hoat trong chucmg trinh giang day va thdi gian hpc; 3/ Tang cudng ligp tac vdi doanh nghiep de nim bat kign thirc cung nhu nhu cau lao dgng tren thi tnrdng; 4/ Phat trien Iuc lugng lao ddng trong cdng ddng; 5/
Thiic diy tinh than khdi nghiep; 6/ Da dang hda cac ngudn tai trg, dac biet tir ngudn xa hpi hda.
2.4.5. Cai thien chat li/dng cua hoat dong tai trd giao due cho ngifdt dan nong thon
Thuc tl cho thay, GD Viet Nam dac biet la GD ndng thdn Viet Nam nhSn dugc kha nhieu trg cap tir cac td chiic qudc tl. D I cai thien chat lugng cua hoat dgng tai trg, Chinh phii.
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cac td chiic tai trg ciing n h u ngudi dan ndng thdn can chung tay vi sir nghiep G D ndng thdn. Mot sd bai hpc cu t h i dugc trinh bay sau day:
Do cac nha tai trg mat d i n su quan tam tdi khu vuc ndng thdn do he qua ciia chuang trinh hd trp nganh, Ngan hang T h i gidi va cac td chiic lien Chmh phu khae nhu Td chiic L u a n g thuc va N o n g nghiep cua Lign hgp qudc (FAO) va U N E S C O , hien dang tim each khdi phuc su quan tam cua cac nha tai trp trong ITnh vuc GD co ban (bao gdm ca GD ngudi Idn) d khu vuc ndng thdn. Chuong trinh hang dau cua FAO/UNESCO ve " G D eho ngu&i ddn nong thdn" la mgt vi du cho phong trao nay.
Ngoai nhirng hd trg vg mat tai chinh d khu vuc ndng thdn, cac ddi tac qudc tg cd the ho trg GD ndng thdn Viet Nam theo mdt sd each khae. Hd trg vg mat chuyen gia va chuyen mdn giup phan tich thuc trang cung cap GD c o ban d khu vuc ndng thdn va de xuat cac bien ph^p khae phuc can thiet.
Td chlie cae hgi thao D T trong nudc, tham quan hpc tap tai cac qudc gia cd nen GD phat trien va cac boat dgng chia se kinh nghiem khae giiip cac co quan Chinh phu V i e t N a m cd d u g c thdng tin huu ich de giai quyet cac van de GD c a ban va phat trien ndng thdn. Diem chung la t i t ca cac hd trg nay ddi hdi chi phi tuong ddi thap nhung tinh bgn vung ddi vdi phat trien GD ndng thdn Viet Nam Iai cao.
Trong n h i l u thap ki, cdng ddng t^i trg da ± a n h cdng trong viec d u a ra cac sang k i l n khae nhau nhung cac giai phap lau dai mang tinh b i n viing ddi vdi su phat triln cila mdt qudc gia la rat khd dat dugc. Hd trg do nha tai trg chi ddng mpt vai trd han c h l trong qua trinh phat triln ciia cac n u d e dang phat trien ndi chung va Viet Nam ndi rieng, chinh sach va the chg eua mdi qudc gia mdi 1^ nhan td ddng vai trd quygt dinh trong phat trien G D tai khu virc ndng thdn.
3. Ket iu#n
Trong bdi canh cdng nghiep hda, hign dai hda, phat trien kinh t l thi t m d n g dinh hudng xa hdi chii nghia va hdi nhap qudc t l , mdt yeu c i u c i p bach dat ra la phat triln dich vy GD cho ngudi dan Viet N a m N h i m t i l p can xu hudng do, h-ong nhihig nam g i n day. Dang va Nha n u d e ta Iudn coi trpng viec ddi radi can ban va toan dien G D ciia dat n u a c vdi muc tieu phat triln ngn GD n u d c nha tien tign, dap ling dugc nhirng ddi hdi dat ra trong tinh hinh phat trign xa hgi hien nay. Hpc hdi kinh nghiem ciia cac n u d c , tii dd nit ra bai hpc phat trign dich vu GD cho ngudi dan ndng thdn Viet Nam se gdp p h i n thu hep khoang each giira ndng thdn va thanh thi, tiln tdi tiem can vdi chat Iugng G D ciia cac n u d e phat trien tren the gidi.
TM li^u tham kh^o
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DEVELOPING EDUCATIONAL SERVICES: EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE FROM SOME COUNTRIES AND THE LESSONS LEARNED FOR VIETNAM
Nguyen Thi Huong VNU University of Education, Vietnam National University, Hanoi 144 XuSn Thuy, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam Email. [email protected](Ju.vn
ABSTRACT: Education is the key to the socio-economic development of a country However, there is a big gap in urban and rural education. Therefore in order to develop the country and promote the social justice, it is essential to develop educational services for rural people to bridge that qao This article focuses on some main contents, including: the definitions and con/p t of educational services; developing educational services models for rural people; some empirical evidence on developing the educational services fnr rural people in some countries, thereby proposing the learned lessons th
are suitable for Vietnam. ^ KEYWORDS: Educational services; basic education; development; agriculture.
64 TAP CHi KHOA HOC GIAO DUG VIET NAM
