stf DUNG DAT NONG NGHIEP
CUA MOT SO QUOC GIA VA BAI HOC KINH NGHIEM CHO VIET NAM
DANG VAN HdN - TRAN THANH UEM
TOM TAT:
Tren the gidi, cdng tac quy hoach sff dung da't dai da dffdc tie'n hanh tff nhieu nam trffde, vi the' hp da tich luy dffdc nhieu kinh nghiem quy bau. Hien nay, cdng tac nay dang dffdc chii trpng va phat trien, nd van chiem vai trd quan trpng trong qua trinh san xua't, dac biet la san xua't ndng nghiep. Bai viet de cap den kinh nghiem sff dung da't ndng nghiep cua mot sd qudc gia tren the' gidi va qua dd rut ra bai hpc dd'i vdi viec sff dung da't ndng nghiep d Viet Nam.
Ttf khoa: Da't ndng nghiep, quy hoach sff dung da't, san xua't ndng nghiep, Viet Nam.
1. MoT dau
Viec day manh san xua't ndng san hang hda va cdng nghiep hda, hien dai hda ndng nghiep ndng thdn d Viet Nam tat yeu dan den cac dich vu phuc vu cho qua tnnh san xua't va tieu thu ndng san phat trien, binh thanh cac trung tam do thi mdi. Dieu nay dan den mdt phan da't ndng nghiep se bi chuyen ddi muc dich sff dung sang da't d, da't xay dffng ket ca'u ha tang..., dien tich da't ndng nghiep cua dia phffdng se bi giam. Do dd, viec sff dung da't cho cac rauc dich, nhu cau khac nhau can dam bao sff can ddi, hai hda; trong do bao ham ca sff hai hda ve ldi ich cua cac chu the sff dung da't. Va'n de can dat dffdc la vffa giff dffdc da't ndng nghiep de phat trien san xua't, vffa cd da't dai de xay dffng cd sd vat chat phuc vu cho nen san xua't hang hda ay van hanh dffdc thdng sud't. Viec sff dung hdp ly,
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tiet kiem, cd hieu qua da't dai vao cac muc dicli phi ndng nghiep cua dia phffdng se gdp phan giii vffng an ninh Iffdng tbffe, phat trien dffdc san xuat ndng nghiep hang hda; ddng thdi, giam bdt sffc ep ve giai quye't lao ddng ndng nghiep dff thffa do khdng cdn da't canh tac.
2. Tinh hinh suf dung da't nong nghiep cua mot s6' ntfdc tren the gidfi
2.1. Kinh nghiem sut dung ddt nong nghiep S Trung Qudc
Kinh nghiem ve phan vung san xua't nong nghiep de lap quy hoach sff dung da't ndng nghiep d Trung Qud'c; ndi dung phan vung ndng nghiep bao gdm 5 loai sau:
i) Phan vung dieu kien tff nhien ndng nghiep:
Khi hau, dia mao, thd nhffdng, thuy van, dia chat thuy van, thtfc bi... danh gia anh hffdng cua chiing
QUAN TR! - QUAN LY
dd'i vdi san xua't ndng nghiep va vach ra nhffng bffdc de tien hanh cai tao va sff dung;
ii) Phan vung dieu kien kinh te ndng nghiep:
Lao dpng, nhan khau, dieu kien trang thiet bi ndng nghiep, cdng nghiep che bien ndng pham, ltfu thdng, tieu thu san pham va dau tff cho ndng nghiep...;
iii) Phan vung nganh san pham ndng nghiep:
Nghien cffu mdi quan he giffa trdng trpt, chan nudi va phan bd san xua't eac loai cay trdng chu yeu ddi vdi dieu kien ttf nhien. Tren cd sd phan bd hien trang tffng khu vffc, mffc san Iffdng, nhffng van de tdn tai va con dffdng tang san cua tffng nganh va cac loai cay trdng, phara vi thich ffng rpng cua cac loai gidng td't va tinh kha thi phat trien cae vung san xua't mdi...;
iv) Phan vung cac bien phap ve: Cai tao da't, bao ve thffc vat, thay ddi che dp canh tac, kha nang ap dung thara canh ve gidng cay trdng, thuy ldi, phan bdn, bieu qua kinh te va cac bien phap cai cachky thuat...;
v) Phan viing ndng nghiep tdng hdp vdi ndi dung xay dtfng mot cd ca'u san xua't ndng nghiep hdp ly tff khai quat den chi tie't, d ca 3 cap, toan qudc, tinh va huyen. Tat ca van dd nay deu thude quyen quan ly, dieu tiet cua nha nffdc Trung Qudc.
2.2. Kinh nghiem sit dung ddt nong nghiep d Nhat Bdn
Tff nam 1980, Nhat Ban da cd quy dinh Nha nffdc phai quan ly chat che quy hoach sff dung da't ndng nghiep nham ngan chan tinh trang dau cd da't, dam bao cho ngffdi ndng dan cd da't canh tac va cap gia'y phep de ndng dan san xua't ndng nghiep.
Chinh phu Nhat quy dinh khi chuyen sang sff dung muc dich khac thi phai cd sff giam sat cua Hdi ddng tff van ve ky thuat da't ndng nghiep cua chinh quyen dia phffdng. Cac cd quan chffc nang Nha nffdc cd trach nhiem trong viec giai quyet nhu cau chuyen da't ndng nghiep sang cac muc dich khac.
Viec quy hoach sff dung da't ndng nghiep dffdc tie'n hanh chat che ed he thd'ng tff Trung ffdng de'n dia phffdng. Hang nam, eac cap chinh quyen td chffc danh gia hieu qua quy hoach sff dung da't ndng nghiep de xu" ly nhffng hanh vi vi pham quy hoach sff dung da't da dffdc phe duyet.
2.3. Kinh nghiem sH dung ddt ndng nghiep d HoaKy
Chinh phu Lien Bang thifc hien chffc nang quy hoach sff dung da't ndng nghiep dd'i vdi cac bang va lien bang. Qud'c hdi My da ban banh nhieu dao luat cd lien quan den quy hoach sff dung da't ndng nghiep va cd cd che kiem soat chat che. Cdng tac dieu tra, khao sat da't ndng nghiep da dffdc thffc hien tren quy md ldn nham thdng ke quy da't hien ed tren tffng bang va ca lien bang. Chinh phu da thanh lap td chffc lara nhiem vu danh gia kha nang, raffc dp va hieu qua khai thac tai nguyen da't ndi chung va da't ndng nghiep ndi rieng. Viec quy hoach sff dung ndng nghiep dffdc tien hanh theo he thd'ng chi tieu kinh te da dffdc xac dinh.
2.4. Kinh nghiem sU dung ddt nong nghiep d Cong hoa Phdp
Cdng tac phan vung san xua't ndng nghiep dffdc giao cho cac chuyen gia ndng nghiep cua Vien Thd'ng ke va Nghien cffu kinh te ket hdp vdi cac dia phffdng tien hanh, tren cd sd dd tdng hdp quy hoach chung ca nffdc vdi 600 tieu vung ndng nghiep. Cac vung ndng nghiep dffdc quy hoach tren cd sd dac diera rieng ve thd nhffdng, khi hau...
va dieu kien xa hdi nhff phan bd' dan cff, cd eau kinh te, he thd'ng san xua't ndng nghiep... Viec quy hoach sff dung da't ndng nghiep d Phap deu dffa vao cac phffdng phap phan tich, thd'ng ke va cac rad binh td'i tfu ma Viet Nara dang tien hanh..., phan vung ndng nghiep d Phap theo ddn vi hanh chinh (quan) dffdc ap dung trong chi dao san xua't den ngay nay. Ket qua dat dffdc la ndng nghiep nffdc nay phat trien dn dinh, vung chac difa tren td chffc san xua't quy rad trang trai, ffng dung rpng rai tie'n bp khoa hpc ky thuat cd nang sua't cao, san phan hang hda ldn theo yeu cau thi trffdng.
Ngoai ra, d cac nffdc khac cdn cd cac phffdng phap quy hoach da't dai mang tinh dac thu va rieng biet, nhff:
O Bungari, quy hoach lanh thd dat dai dffdc phan thanh cac vung dac trffng gan hen vdi bao ve thien nhien va mdi trffdng.
O Nam My da tien hanh lap dd an quy hoach mat bang d cap qud'c gia. Dd an nay se lara can cff cho chinh quyen cap tinh soan thao cac dd an
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chi tiet hdn vdi sff pho'i hdp cua chinh quyen cap tha'p hdn. Cac dd an quy hoach dffa vao sif dieu tra tai nguyen thien nhien d ca'p tiep theo (cap huyen). Cac nha chffc trach dia phffdng bd sung chi tie't hdn cac dd an dd vdi stf phdi hdp cua cac chu sff dung da't.
6 Thai Lan, viec quy hoach phan theo 3 cap:
Cap qud'c gia, cap vung va cap dia phffdng. Quy hoach nhara the bien cu the nhffng chffdng trinh kinh te - xa bdi cua Hoang gia Thai Lan, gan lien vdi td chffc banh chinh va quan ly nha nffdc, phdi hdp vdi td chffc chinh phu va chinh quyen dia phffdng. Dff an phat trien Hoang gia da xac dinh vung ndng nghiep chiera mot vi tri quan trpng ve kinh te xa hdi, chinh tri d Thai Lan. Cac dff an deu tap trung vao van de nhff: Da't dai, ndng nghiep, lao dpng,...
3. Bai hoc kinh nghiem cho Viet Nam trong viec suf dung da't nong nghidp
Mot la, thuc hien tdt cong tdc quy hoach sA dung ddt trong chuyen dich ca cdu sdn xudt nong nghiep.
Quy hoach sff dung da't dai la cdng cu quan ly Nha nffdc ve da't dai de cac cap, cac nganh quan ly, dieu chinh viec khai thac, sff dung da't dai phu hdp vdi yeu cau phat trien kinh te xa hdi trong tffng giai doan. O ndi dung day manh phat trien ndng san hang hda, quy hoach sff dung da't dai cd vai trd quyet dinh trong viec dieu chinh, can ddi giffa mdt ben la nhiem vu dam bao an ninh Iffdng thffc, san xuat ra nhieu ndng san bang hda de trao ddi trong nffdc va xua't khau; va rapt ben la nhiera vu cdng nghiep hda, do thi hda, rad mang dich vu.
Hai la, xdy dUng cdc mo hinh sdn xudt quy mo ldn tren ca sd trien khai dng dung tien bo khoa hoc
cong nghe.
De thuc day sff van ddng cua kinh te hp ndng dan len cac md hinh san xua't ldn ddi hdi phai phdi hdp ddng bd cac giai phap tich cffc de cai thien tinh binh san xua't ndng nghiep, trong dd cd giai phap ve da't dai.
Luat Da't dai quy dinh ngffdi sff dung da't cd quyen chuyen ddi, chuyen nhffdng, cho thue, thffa ke, the^ chap, bao lanh gdp vd'n bang quyen sff dung da't.
Ba la, hodn thien vd thuc thi chinh sdch phdp luat ddt dai.
Nhin rapt each tdng the trong linh vffc dat dai, cac chinh sach thuoc tam vi md da dffdc hinh thanh va ngay cang hoan thien, tich cffc phat huy tac dung trong viec dieu ehinh cac quan he dat dai.
Tuy nhien cdn thieu ddng bp, chffa dffdc phd bien sau rpng. Cdn thieu cac chinh sach cu the va cac van ban phap quy dieu tie't cac md'i quan he dat dai trong cd che kinh te thi trffdng, thieu quy dinli cu the ve 5 quyen cua ngffdi sff dung da't. Cac dieu khoan xff ly hanh chinh cac vi pham phap luat dat dai cdn long leo, thieu chat che trong khi bp may quan ly da't dai d cac cap, dac biet la cap xa con thieu va chffa du nang life theo yeu cau cdng viec, do dd din den tinh trang tren dia ban tinh con diin ra tinh trang sff dung da't tuy tien, pha v9 quy hoach, tranh chap da't dai... Viec chuyen nhffcing cd nhffng ndi didn ra nhff mot thi trffdng ngam sol ddng. Trong mdt thdi gian dai do budng long quan ly nen tai nguyen da't khdng dffdc khai thac day du, viee sff dung da't cdn lang phi, ngudn thu tH dat bi that thoat.
Bdn Id, ndng cao hieu qud qudn ly ciia cdc cO quan qudn ly nhd nudc ve ddt dai, Idnh manh hoc thi trudng bdt dong sdn.
Trong cd che' kinh te' thi trffdng d nffdc ta, Idii ngffdi dffdc sff dung da't dai thffc hien cac quyen theo quy dinh cua phap luat thi thi trffdng chuyen nhffdng quyen sff dung da't hinh thanh va phat trien cung vdi cac loai thi trffdng khac.
Viec thffa nhan quyen sff dung da't la hang hoa cung ddng nghia vdi viec thffa nhan quyen sff dung dat la tai san cua ngffdi sff dung daft. Da la hang hda thi quyen sff dung dat phai thara gia trao doi tren thi trffdng va chiu tac dpng cua quy luat cung cau trong viee hinh thanh gia ca. Vi vay, mot trong nhffng giai phap quan ly cd hieu qua gia dat la Nlia nffdc phai sff dung cd che', chinh sach, phap luat de tac dpng vao quan he cung cau, kiem soat va xi(
ly nhffng tinh hud'ng mat can dd'i, gay tac dpng tieu ctfc den nen kinh te^. Cd the ndi rang tinh trang sot gia da't trong giai doan vffa qua cd nguyen nhanti thffc trang chffa quan ly tdt da't dai theo quy lu|t cung cau.
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QUAN TR! - QUAN LY
Nam la, cdc nhom gidi phdp hd tra.
Gidi phdp ve ket cdu ha tdng: Ket ca'u ha tang la yeu to rat quan trpng dara bao stf phat trien cua ndng nghiep hang hda, bao gdm cac yeu td nhff ket cau ha tang giao thdng, chd ndng thdn, he thd'ng dich vu ngan hang tai ehinh va hien nay can chu y den he thd'ng thdng tin ndng nghiep va thi trffdng ndng san. Viec dau tff xay dffng ke't ca'u ha tang ky thuat ddi hdi phai cd ngudn vdn ldn va quy thdi gian dai, phu thuoc rat nhieu vao kha nang cua nen kinh te cua da't nffdc, eua dia phffdng va trinh dp phat trien cua khoa hpc ky thuat. Tuy nhien, sff tac dpng cua nd dd'i vdi nen kinh te la rat to ldn, cd y nghia quyet dinh; nha't la ke't eau ha tang giao thdng, nd cd y nghia trong viec lam thay ddi trat tff thuan ldi ve vi tri cua da't ndng nghiep, do dd lara thay ddi trat tff cua rudng da't trong rad'i quan he hinh thanh dia td chenh lech I.
Gidi phdp ve vdn: Vd'n de san xua't kinh doanh dffdc tdn tai ca d dang tien te, la khoan tich luy cd ngudn gdc tff thu nhap; vffa tdn tai d dang vat chat nhff may radc, thiet bi, nha xffdng, ket ca'u ha tang, cac loai nguyen lieu, nhien lieu, thanh phara...
Ngoai ra, vdn cdn tdn tai dffdi dang phi vat the nhff thdng tin, bang phat minh, sang che, kinh nghiera quanly...
Vd'n sff dung cho rauc dich san xua't ndng nghiep cd the tdn tai d dang vd'n tich liiy de md rpng san xuat (ddi vdi nhffng chu the san xua't da cd tiem life kinh te^), hoac d dang vd'n dau tff ban dau cua Nha nffdc va cac td chffc kinh te' xa hdi (ddi vdi nhffng chu the chffa cd kha nang tai chinh, cd nhu cau vay vd'n de san xua't).
Thifc hien chinh sach hd trd cua Nha nffdc, ty le lai sua't cho vay dd'i vdi san xua't ndng nghiep thffdng cd tinh ffu dai bdn so vdi cac nganh khac.
Ne'u xet vd mat kinh doanh tien te thi dau tff ebo
ndng nghiep mang lai ldi nhuan tha'p cho ngan hang nhffng nhin d gdc dp kinh te xa hdi thi viec dau tff nay mang lai hieu qua rat ldn.
Trinh do ngUdi lao dong: Nen san xua't hang hda dffde hinh thanh, tff nd da cd yeu cau ffng dung cac tien bd khoa hpc va ky thuat. Tuy nhien, nen san xua't hang hda nhd, phan tan cung bdc Id nhffng gidi ban eua nd trong viec ap dung ky thuat mdi.
Trinh dp tha'p cua ndng dan la mdt nhan td ban che. Vi vay, trffde bet can cd each mang ve life Iffdng san xua't md dffdng cho each raang khoa hpc
ky thuat. De danh thffc tiem nang cua da't hoan toan can den ban tay va khd'i dc con ngffdi.
Thffc te cho tha'y nhffng ndi sff dung da't ndng nghiep cd hieu qua de phat trien ndng san hang hda la nhffng ndi gan dffdc khoa hpc vdi each mang ve ngudn nhan lffc, la ndi ndng dan tao dffdc thdi quen lam thuy ldi, thuy ndng ndi ddng, sff dung gidng radi, cai tien ky thuat trong tham canh, tang vu, tang nang sua't. Tffc la each mang khoa hpc - ky thuat dffdc tien hanh rapt each chu dpng, khdng nhttng nd tac ddng den cac khau cua qua trinh san xua't ma cdn tac ddng den chinh con ngffdi sff dung khoa hpc - ky thuat de phat trien san xua't.
4. Ket luan
Sff phat trien kinh te xa hdi cua nffdc ta thdi gian qua da khang dinh nang cao bieu qua sff dung da't ndng nghiep la rapt chu trffdng, giai phap dung dan, phu hdp vdi yeu cau phat trien cua nen kinh te' hang hda nhieu thanh phan trong dieu kien rapt da't nffdc cd the manh ve ndng nghiep nhff Viet Nam; la mdt nhan to' quan trpng gdp phan thtfc hien thang ldi cdng cuoc cdng nghiep hda, bien dai hda ndng nghiep ndng thdn; la cd sd vffng chac de dn dinh ddi sdng kinh te, chinh tri, xa hoi, ddng gdp thiet thffc vao muc tieu phat trien chung cua da't nffdc •
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO:
/. Ngo DUc Cdt (2010), Kinh te tdi nguyen ddt, Nxb Nong nghiep, Hd Noi.
2. Chinh phu (2003), Bdo cdo quy hoach, ke hoach svC dung ddt dai cd nUdc den ndm 2020.
3. Hoi khoa hoc kinh te Viet Nam (2009), Kinh tevd chinh sdch ddt dai d Viet Nam, Nxb Nong nghiep, Hd Noi.
So 13-Thdng 10/2018 195
4. VU Trong Khdi (2004), Phdt trien nong thdn Viet Nam tU lang xd truyen thdng den vdn minh thdi dai, Nxb Nong nghiep, Hd Noi.
5. Ngdn hdng The gidi (2014), Chinh sdch ddt dai cho tdng trUdng vd xoa doi gidm ngheo, Nxb Vdn hoa - Thong tin, Hd Noi.
6. Qudc hoi (2013), Ludt Ddt dai ndm 2013, Nxb Chinh tri qudc gia, Hd Noi.
Ngay nhSn bai: 11/9/2018
Ngay phan bi$n danh gia va sufa chffa: 21/9/2018 Ngay chap nhan dang bai: 2/10/2018
Thong tin tdc gid:
1. DANG VAN HON
Chi cue Dan sd" - Ke hoach hoa gia dinh tinh Thai Binh 2. TRAN THANH LIEM
Trtfcfng Dai hoc Lam nghiep Viet Nam
USING AGRICULTURAL LAND IN SEVERAL COUNTRIES AND LESSONS FOR VIETNAM
• DANG VAN HON
Department of Population and Family planning. Thai Binh Province
• TRAN THANH LIEM
Vietnam National University of Forestry
ABSTRACT:
Land-use planning has been irapleraented for years in many countries. As a result, these countries have gained a lot of practical experience. The land-use planning still plays a key role in the production, especially the agricultural production. This paper is to present experiences from different countries in using agricultural land to draw lessons for Vietnam.
Keywords: Agricultural land, land-use planning, agricultural production, Vietnam.
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