Kinh nghiem phat trien cac khu kinh te cua khau cua Trung Quoc va mot s6 ham y doi voi Viet Nam
L e M i H O n g
COng ty thu^c Thu Y Nam Thai — GMP - WHO
Ke tu khi thanh lap ddn nay, cae khu kinh te ciia khdu (KTCK) d Viet Nam da ed nhung ddng gdp rat Idn ddi vdi sy phdt hien kinh te ciia cdc tinh bien gidi. Su phdt tridn cua cdc khu KTCK ndy tdc ddng ddn moi linh vuc ciia ddi sdng xa hoi dat nude ndi chung vd cde tinh bidn gidi ndi ridng. Nhd viec hinh thdnh vd phdt tridn cdc khu KTCK, tiem nang vd uu thd ciia cde dja phuong bidn gidi da dugc phat huy, hoat ddng giao luu, budn ban vdi cac dja phuong ciia cac nude lang gieng da duge md rdng. Tu do gdp phdn cdi thidn chdt lugng eude sdng ngudi dan dja phuong va cac khu vuc lan can, cdi thidn ea sd ha tang, thiic ddy phdt tridn kinh td - xd hdi dia phuong. Chinh vi vdy, vide thuc hidn ddng bd cdc gidi phap nhdm thiic day su phdt tridn ciia cdc khu KTCK d Viet Nam, trong dd, bao gdm viec hpc hdi kinh nghiem eiia cdc qudc gia di trudc nhu Tmng Qudc trong vide
1. Khai quat sir hinh thanh va phat trien cac l(hu i(inh te bien gidi cua Trung Quoc
Sau hon 20 ndm md ciia, mae dii, khu vuc bidn gidi Tmng Qudc (gdm 8 tinh vd khu tu tri) dd cd su ddu tu vd khai thdng mdt cdeh h'ch cue, nhung nhin chung van lac hdu vd cd khodng cdeh khd xa vdi cde khu vuc khdc ciia Tmng Qudc. Chinh vi vdy, viec Tmng Qudc kidn tri theo dudi dudng ldi md ciia vdi nhiing thay ddi trong chinh sach phat tridn kinh td dd giiip cho vide md eiia vung bidn gidi dugc day manh. Trong thdi ky ndy, dd ed mdt sd ehi'nh sdeh phdt trien mdi ra ddi nhu chinh sdeh cho phep mdt sd tinh bien gidi dugc md eiia, thdng thucmg vdi cdc dia phuong ciia cac nude Idn can. Chinh sach cai each md ciia bidn gidi ciia Tmng Qudc khdng chi vdi muc dich mang lai ngudn Igi cho Chinh phii hTjng uong md edn "ndi quydn, nhudng Igi" cho cdc dja phuong viing bidn gidi. Cdc chinh sdeh phdt trien kinh td eiia khdu ndu trdn eiia chinh phii Tmng Qudc dugc thuc hien vdi cdc ndi dung khdng gidng nhau, tOy thudc vdo dac thu ciia tiing tinh bidn gidi.
Chinh sdeh md ciia vung bidn gidi ddt lidn cdng hudng tdi vide khai thdc thi trudng, tieu thu hdng cdng nghidp dia phuong va cung cap nguydn vat lieu cho cac ngdnh cdng nghidp Tmng Qudc theo phuong cham: "tam khii, nhdt bd" (tam khii: xudt khau hang hda, lao dSng, thidt bi, ky thudt; nhdt bd: nhap khdu vd nhung mat hdng hoa thieu ho^c khan hidm d Tmng Qudc). Tu tudng chii dao cOa Tmng Qudc trong vide md ciia vung bidn gidi Id eho phep cde tinh (khu tu hi) hgp tdc kinh td true tidp vdi cde nude Idng gidng, theo nhidu hudng, nhieu hinh thiic vd nhieu con dudng, tuy didu kidn CM thd eua tung dja phuong.
2. Chinh sach cua Trung Qudc trong phat trien cac i(hui(inhte hien gidi
Vdi chu truong md ciia, phdt tridn kinh td bidn gidi, ehinh phu Trung Quoc da ed nhung chinh sach cu thd hong viec xay dung va phat tridn cae khu kinh td bien gidi.
Thii nhdt, chinh phii Tmng Qudc tao dung dugc khudn khd phdp ly, mdi trudng, dieu kien khd day dO dd phdt tridn khu khu kinh td bidn gidi. Cde quy dinh dd cu thd nhu sau: Ve hinh thiic khu kinh td bidn gidi bao gdm: i) Chg mdu djch bien gidi. Day Id khu vuc bidn gidi ndm tren tuyen dudng bidn gidi, do Chinh phii phd ehudn hodc chi dinh. thuc hien hoat ddng trao ddi hdng hod trong pham vi sd luong, kim ng^ch khdng vugt qud quy dinh. ii) Mau dich tidu ngach bidn gidi: Chi cae doanh nghiep thudc cae huydn bidn gidi (sau ddy goi tdt la khu vge bidn gidi) ndm tren tuydn dudng bidn gidi ciia Tmng Qudc, duge Chinh phO Tmng Qudc phd chuan cho phdp md ciia boat ddng.
Cdc doanh nghidp ndy cd quyen kinh doanh mau djch tidu ngach bidn gidi, thdng qua cdc ciia khdu bidn gidi dd duge Chinh phii Tmng Qudc ehi djnh. Hoat ddng mau dich ndy dugc tien hanh vdi cae doanh nghidp thudc khu vue bidn gidi cua edc nude lang gidng hoae cae CO quan mau dich khac.
Thu hai, phdn quydn cho edc dia phuong bidn gidi.
can cu vao chinh sach uu tien eho thanh phd huyen, thi bien gidi md eiia ma Chinh phu Tmng Qudc da phdn cdp thu thud bidn gidi, toan bd sd tien thu dugc dd lai cho dja phuong ddu tu ea sd ha tdng. Chinh quydn dja phuong tu djnh ra cde miic thud suat phdi thu theo nguyen tde: Miie thud mat hang eung chiing loai, cap tinh quy dinh phai thdp hon miic thud cua
J Ti. CHAU A - THAI
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NGHIEN CUU^
_ .RESEAROi
Tmng uong; cap huydn, thi quy dinh phdi thap hon miic thud ciia cap tinh vd chi dugc thu d cdc ciia khdu dja phuong. Cac ciia khdu qudc td do Hdi quan thu vd ndp vd ngan sach Tmng uong. Hang nam Nhd nude tmng uong cdp mdt khodn tien tuang ling de xdy dung, tu bd cac ciia khau. Ngoai ra, dja phuong cdn dugc sii dung sd tien thu Id phi hang hod qua bien gidi dd xdy dimg, tu bd co sd h^ tdng d vung bidn gidi.
Thii ba, thuc thi phdt tridn khu kinh td bidn gidi ciia cac dia phuong. Can cii trdn nhung quy dinh va phan cap eua chinh quyen tmng uong, cdc dia phuong bidn gidi cd khu kinh td bidn gidi, cd cac quydn sau: i) Tu quydt vd qudn ly, phdt tridn khu kinh td' bidn gidi tai dja phuong minh. Cu thd edc boat ddng ciia ehinh quyen dia phuong Id quy hoach, xdy dung co sd ha tdng tai khu kinh td bidn gidi bdng nguon tidn Tmng uong ho hg vd ngudn thu tai dja phuong dd tao thuan loi eho sdn xudt, kinh doanh thuan Igi eua cae nhd ddu tu. ii) Ban hdnh cac quy tdc boat ddng kinh doanh tai khu kinh td bidn gidi. iii) Vdn dOng thu hiit ddu tu vdo khu thdng qua cac ca che ehinh saeh uu dai.
Didm dac biet trong ehinh sach phdt tridn khu kinh te bidn gidi ciia Tmng Qudc Id ngudn thu tii thuong mai bidn gidi nhu Uiud, phi, tien thud ddt..., cdc dia phuong dugc quyen gidm hon so vdi quy dinh ehung ndn tao ra Igi thd Idn trong thu hiit ddu tu, san xuat kinh doanh vd phdt tridn khu kinh td bidn gidi tren dja bdn cOa minh. Ngoai nhiing quy dinh ehung rd rang, chinh quyen Tmng uong cdn eho cdc dia phuong qudn ly khu kinh te bidn gidi mdt cdeh linh hoat.
3. Mdt so ham v floi viri viec phat trien khu kinh tecira khau cua Viet Nam
3.1. Ddi vdi Chfnh phii
Thii nhat, tu kinh nghiem eiia Tmng Qudc eho thay, chinh phii Tmng Qudc dd ed chinh sdeh rat cu thd trong vide ddu tu co sd ha tang, uu dai thud cho boat ddng kinh doanh tai cae khu KTCK. Chinh vi vdy, dd tidp tuc phdt tridn, khai thde hieu qud tiem nang, the manh dia phuong, ngoai huy ddng ngudn luc dia phuong cho phdt trien khu KTCK, de nghi cdc bO, ngdnh Tmng uong tidp tuc quan tam, de xudt vdi Chinh phii uu tien tap tmng ddu tu ca sd ha tang cae eiia khdu bien gidi; Cd nhung uu dai nhdt djnh cho cae khu KTCK, tao thuan Igi cho cdc doanh nghiep dang tham gia boat dong trong khu KTCK.
Thii hai, chinh phii Tmng Qudc da ed su phan cdp eu thd, rd rdng eho ede dia phuong hong qudn ly cac khu KTCK. Didu dd da tgo dugc dnh ehu ddng ciia cdc dja phuong trong phdt tridn cdc khu KTCK. Chinh vi vay, Chinh phu Viet Nam cdn phan cdp manh hon cho uy ban nhdn dan cac tinh. Vide phdn cap qudn ly can duge thuc hidn tiieo hudng: phan cap thu thud xudt nhap khdu eOa Hdi quan eho cac xa ed quan hd ti-ao ddi hdng
hod nhung chua cd luc lugng Hai quan, cung nhu trong cdc quan h^ ddm phdn vdi cac nude Idng gidng. Q u ^ tridt vd Idm tdt vi§e kdt hop tdt giOa cac bd, nganh trung uong vdi Uy ban nhan ddn cac Unh hong \iec td chiic chi dao. Theo dd, cac bd, ea quan ngang b6. ca quan tiiudc Chinh phu Uiuc hidn chiic nang quan ly nha nude theo linh vuc dugc giao ddi vdi khu KTCK. Ben canh dd, Chinh phii Vidt Nam can cd co chd didu hdnh linh boat cdc boat ddng t£u cac khu KTCK bidn gi^, tiiich ling vdi chinh sach bidn mdu efla ciia cdc nude fang gidng, ddc bidt Id vdi Trung Qudc.
3.2. B6i vdi cAc dia phuong
Thii nhat, trong thdi gian qua, tai cac dja phuong dang quan ly cac khu kinh td ciia khdu, vide huy ddng ngudn luc ddu tu tii cac thdnh phdn kinh td vdo khu KTCK chua tuong xiing vdi tiem nang, the manh do mdi trudng ddu tu chdm duge cdi thidn, thieu siie hdp ddn. Do do, de phdt trien manh edc hoat ddng thuong mai, dich vu trong cdc khu KTCK cQng nhu ndng cao hidu qud boat ddng trao ddi hdng hda qua bidn, edn ddy manh thu hiit ddu tu de xdy dung va ndng cdp hd thdng ea sd hg tdng hong khu KTCK vd cdc khu vuc ciia khdu phue vu cho ede hoat ddng XNK nhu he thdng giao thdng, nhd kho, bdn bai, phuang tidn bdc xdp tai cac ciia khdu va cac didu kidn vd ca sd ha tdng vidn thdng vd cdng nghd thOng tin, tao didu kidn thu^n Igi cho cdc doanh nghiep XNK trong van chuydn hang hda.. .Trong do, viec day manh thu hiit vdn FDI la bi^n phap hiiu hieu dd bd sung vdn ddu tu can thidt hdn dia bdn cdc khu KTCK vd budc ddu gdp phdn cdi thidn hd thdng ea sd ha tdng, nhdt Id ha tdng du Ijch - djch vu. Ddng thdi, dd phat huy hidu qud hon nua tii ngudn vdn FDI ddng gdp vdo su phdt tri^n eiia cdc khu KTCK, tao dieu kien cho ede doanh nghidp FDI phdt bidn manh hen dia ban, cac ngdnh chiie nang cdn tdp tmng rd sodt quy hoach va cdng bd djnh hudng thu hiit, quan ly ddu tu nude ngoai, xay dung danh muc cac du an keu goi ddu tu tam nhin 2030; kip thdi giai quyet nhiing khd khan vudng mdc ciia edc nhd ddu tu, thong qua dd tao dieu kien thudn Igi cho cdc doanh nghiep yen tam ddu tu, sdn xudt kinh doanh tai cdc khu KTCK.
Thu hai, xudt phdt tii dac didm cu thd eiia khu KTCK ed pham vi rdng, dan xen nhieu linh vi/c, lidn quan hach nhi^m quan ly ctja cdc cdp, cdc ngdnh, cdn thiet phdi xay dung vd thuc hidn tdt Quy chd phdi hgp quan ly giiia Ban Qudn ly khu KTCK vdi Bd ddi bien phdng, Cdng an, Hai quan cQng nhu vdi sd, ban, nganh, uy ban nhan dan cac huyen vd thdnh phd.
Tang cuong thuc hien phan cdng, phan cap vd phdi hgp hong qudn ly nhd nude ddi vdi cdc khu kinh td ciia khau. Nang eao nhdn thiic eiia can bS quan ly cac cdp, cae ngdnh vd vi tri, vai trd eiia bidn gidi n6i ehung, bidn gidi Viet Nam — Tmng Qudc ndi rieng de tii do
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SiNH DUaUB (THJtNCcd su thdng nhdt vd ehii huong vd ehinh saeh ddu tu phat hidn cac khu KTCK cho diing miie.
Ddng thdi lam tdt hon cdng tac phdi hgp giua cac Bg, Ngdnh lidn quan dd t^o dieu kidn cho edc tinh chii ddng hon trong viec thgc hien cdc chinh saeh mdi. UJ ban nhdn ddn eac tinh cd khu KTCK edn chii ddng xay dung kd hoach phdt hidn khu KTCK, nang eao nhan Uiiic cua can bd phu trach, td chtic tdt cdng tac qudn ly nhd nude, thuc hidn tdt si/ didu hod, phdi hgp giOa cdc CO quan ddi vdi mgi hoat ddng cua khu KTCK.
Thii ba, de phat trien he thdng sd ha tdng phye vu cho hoat ddng thucmg mai bidn gidi, cac dja phucmg ed khu KTCK cdn tidp tuc ehi dao cac ea quan chuydn mdn tang cudng cdng tac xdc tidn ddu tu, chu trgng chinh sdeh thu hiit ddu tu, giam bdt ganh ndng ddu tu CO sd ha tdng tCr ngan sach nha nude, tdn dung nguon vdn huy ddng xa hdi hda nhu keu goi hinh thiie hgp tac cdng tu, kdu goi du an cda cae nha ddu tu vdo khu kinh te ciia khdu,...Cung vdi vide ddu tu phdt tridn ha tdng thuong mai bidn gidi, cdn chii trgng ddu tu ea sd ha tdng tgo didu kidn eho cdng tdc quan ly vd phdi ket hgp cua cae luc lugng ehiie nang tai cdc ciia khdu, ldi md bien gidi nhu: Tram kiem sodt lidn hgp cdc ciia khau; Hd thdng didn, cdp thoat nude, he thdng giao thdng kdt ndi cac ldi md vdi trung tam huydn, xa dd tao thuan Igi thiic ddy boat ddng thuong mai bidn gidi va nhu edu trao ddi hdng hda ciia cu ddn vung bidn gidi ngdy cdng phdt tridn, dn djnh.
Thii tu, dd ddy manh phdt tridn ha tdng thuong mai bidn gidi trong thdi gian tdi, cac dia phuong cd khu KTCK cdn xdy dung, hodn thidn hd thdng ha tang tai cdc ciia khau, ldi md bidn gidi, dac biet ehii trgng ddu tu ha tang eua khau qudc td; Tidp tuc tuydn tmydn qudng bd nhiing Igi the, cdc ehinh sdeh uu ddi ddu tu tai Khu kinh td ciia khdu, tao mdi trudng ddu tu kinh doanh thdng thodng, thudn Igi cho cac nhd ddu tu den tim hidu, tham gia ddu tu, kinh doanh thuong mai dich vu, xudt nhap khau. Cu the:
- Cd CO chd phO hgp khuyen khich doanh nghidp tham gia XNK qua dia ban; xdy dung, dieu chinh quy hoach xdy dung ben bai; khac phue tinh trang quy md hdng hda eiia doanh nghidp nhd Id.
- Kidm tra, ddn ddc cdc nhd ddu tu ddy nhanh tidn dd tridn khai thuc hidn cde du an ddu tu da dugc cdp phep gdp phdn phue vu hogt ddng xudt nhdp khau, thiic ddy boat ddng thuong mai bidn gidi phdt tridn.
- Uu tidn ngudn vdn dau tu co sd hg tdng Khu kinh td ciia khdu, ddc bidt sdm hidn khai Du dn Khu tmng chuydn hdng hda ndng, lam, thiiy, hai san tai cac ciia khau qudc td de ddp ling nhu edu xudt nhdp khau hdng hda qua dja bdn tinh.
- xay dung nhOng chinh sach dac thu uu tidn, thu but cde thuong nhdn trong vd ngodi nude ddn ddu tu,
kinh doanh tai Khu kinh td eiia khdu ciia tinh; Phdt tridn va khai thdc hieu qua he thdng chg bien gidi, chg ciia khdu, chg trong Khu kinh td ciia khdu.
- Phat tridn cdc loai hinh chg (chg dan sinh d khu vuc ndng thdn, vung sdu, vung xa, vung bidn gidi, chg tmng tdm, chg chuydn doanh). Chii trgng xdy dung vd phdt trien he thdng ket cdu ha tang thuong mai hien dai, hd thdng giao thdng thdng sudt. Nghidn ciiu, xdy dung tridn khai ehinh sdeh uu ddi, thu hut ngudn lue ddn ddu tu, kinh doanh tai cdc chg bien gidi.
Thii nam, day mcinh cdng tac bao vd mdi trudng tai eac khu ICTCK. Khi tien hdnh ddu tu xdy dung khu KTCK cdn phdi kdt hgp ddng thdi vdi cdng tdc bdo vd mdi trudng trong vd ngodi khu KTCK. Cdc hudng chinh sdeh bdo vd mdi tmdng eiia khu KTCK la: bao ve chdt lugng nude, khdng khi, ddt; Bdo ve da dang sinh hoc;
bdo vd mdi trudng dd thj. Lua chgn cdng nghd sach, cu thd hod cde quy dinh v^ nhap khdu cdng nghd, thidt bj theo cdc tidu chudn vd he sd tieu hao nang lugng, he sd thdi; ban hanh cae tidu chudn chat thdi eho khu KTCK theo edc ngdnh vd linh vuc./.
Tai ileu tham khao
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