KINHTE
NGHIEN ClfU GIAI PHAP NANG CAO NANG LlTC CANH TRANH CUA NONG NGHIEP VIET NAM TRONG
BOI CANH HOI NHAP QUOC TE
• PHAN THI THANH TAM
T 6 M TAT;
Mue dieh eua nghien cffu nham danh gid thffc trang nang lire eanh tranh eiia ndng nghidp Vidt Nam, pbSn tich danh gia eae thdi ed v& thach thffc ddi vdi ndng nghidp Vidt Nam. Bdn eanh dd, tdc gia cung dd xuat mot so' giSi phdp nham nang cao nang Iffc canh tranh cho ndng nghidp Vidt Nam trong bdi canh hdi nhSp qud'c Id'.
Tiif khoa: Nang life canh tranh, ndng nghidp Vidt Nam.
1. Dgt vSn dd
Ndng nghidp Vidt Nam cd vai trd rS't Idn trong sff nghiep phat trien kinh td' ciia da't ntfde. Day la khu vffc thu hut tren 50% Iffc Itfdng lao ddng xa hdi va ddng gdp khoang 15% GDP ciia da't nffde. Thdi gian qua, ndng nghidp Viet Nam dat nhieu thanh tffu to Idn, ddng vai trd quan trpng trong vide dam bao an ninh Itfdng thtfc qud'c gia, phat triln kinh td', xda ddi giam ngheo, can dd'i can can thtfdng mai, giam lam phat, bao vd lanh thd va gdp phan dn dinh chinh tri - xa hdi.
Hidn nay khi hdi nhap kinh te' qud'c te' dang diln ra nhanh chdng va la xu htfdng khdng the ddo ngffdc, d^ day nhanh dffde qua trinh hdi nhSp kinh td' quo'c te' va pbat trien bin vffng eiia dat ntfdc, chiing ta khdng edn eon dtfdng nao khac ngoai vide phai nang cao sffc canh tranh eiia nen kinh td' ndi chung, ciia nganh Ndng nghiep ndi rieng. Tuy nhien, lam the nao d l nang eao dffde nang Itfc canh
tranh cho nganh Ndng nghiep trong bd'i cdnh thi trtfdng san pham ndng nghidp thd' gidi cd nhieu bie'n ddng, cac ngudn Itfc san xua't trong nffde cd ban nhff da't dai binh quan ddu ngffdi tha'p, ky thuat san xua't, che' bien lac hau, mffc do cd gidi hda sdn xua't thap, cdng nghd sinh hoc chtfa phat triln, mdt sd'ye'utd'diu vao cho san xua't lai Id thude vao thi trtfdng tbd' gidi (phan bdn, xang dau, tbud'c trff sau va mot sd' san pham de san xuat thffc an gia sue va tbud'c phdng hdnh gia siic v.v...) dang trd thanh van de cd tinh cap bach trong giai doan hidn nay.
2. DdTi tt^tfng va phu'dng phap nghidn ctfu 2.1. Dot tuang nghien cdu
Dd'i tffdng nghien cffu d day dffde xde djnh la nang Itfc canh tranh cua ndng nghiep Viet Nam va cac nhan td'anh htfdng tdi nang Iffe canh tranh ciia ndng nghiep Viet Nam Trong nghidn cffu nay, nang Iffc canh tranh ciia ndng nghiep Viet Nam dffde xac dinh la cap dp nang life canh tranh qud'c
gia trong ITnh vtfe ndng nghidp.
Nang Itfc canh tranh qud'c gia la mot khai niem phffc hdp, dtfde dinh nghia la nang Itfc eua mdt nen kinh te' dat dtfde tang trtfdng ben vffng, thu hut dffde dau ttf, bao dam dn dinh kmh td', xa hpi, nang cao ddi sd'ng eua ngtfdi d§n, chii yd'u nhd kha nang nang cap cdng nghe hoac bang each ttf sang tao hoac tie'p thu nhanh chdng va tich etfc cdng nghd ttf nffde khac,
Didn dan kinh te' the' gidi (WEF) cho rang, tinh canh tranh eiia mdt qud'c gia la "nang Itfc ciia nen kinh te'nham dat va duy tri dtfdc mtfc tang trffdng cao" tren ed sd eac chinh sach, the che' vffng ben tffdng dd'i va cae dac trffng kinh te' khac. Theo WEF, khudn kho ndi dung xac dinh tinh canh tranh tdng the cua nen kinh td' bao gdm tam nhdm nhan to': dp md cffa; chinh phii; tai chinh; ke't cau ha tang; cdng nghe; quan tri; lao ddng; vd the che'.
2.2. Phit&ng phdp nghiin ciiu
Tae gia da sff dung phtfdng phap thd'ng kd md ta va thd'ng kd suy dien de tong hdp, so sanh, phan tich, danh gia thtfc trang nang Itfe eanh tranh cua ndng nghiep Viet Nam.
3. Thifc trang nang li^c canh tranh cua ndng nghidp Vidt Nam
3.1. ThUc trang nang Idc san xuat hien tai cua nen nong nghi$p Viet Nam
San Itfdng Iua ca nam 2017 tfdc tinh dat 42,84 trieu tan, giam 318,3 nghin tan so vdi nam 2016 do ca dien tieh va nang sua't deu giam so vdi nam trtfdc. Dien tich lua ea nam 2017 tfdc tinh dat 7,72 tridu ha, giam 26,1 nghin ha so vdi nam 2016; nang sud't lua ca nam dat 55,5 ta/ha, giam 0,2 ta/ha.
Trong san xuat lua, vu ddng xuan nam nay ca nffde gieo ca'y dffde 3,08 tridu ha, giam 5,7 nghin ha so vdi vu ddng xuan trtfdc; nang sua't dat 62,2 ta/ha, giam 0,7 ta/ha; san Iffdng dat 19,15 trieu tan, giam 259 nghin td'n. Didn tich gieo cay lua he thu nam 2017 dat 2,11 trieu ha, ttfdng dtfdng vu he thu nam 2016; nang sua't dat 54,5 ta/ha, tang 1,2%; sdn Itfdng dat 11,49 tridu tan, tang 1,3%. Dien tieh liia thu ddng tai ding bang sdng Cffu Long nam nay tfdc tinh dat 769,4 nghin ha, giam 3,3 nghin ha so vdi nam 2016; nang sua't ffdc tinh dat 52,2 ta/ha, tang 1,8 ta/ha; sdn Iffdng dat 4,02 tridu tan, tang 124,2 nghin tan. Didn tieh gieo eay lua mua cua
ca ntfde dat 1,76 trieu ha, giam 17,5 ngbin ha so vdi vu mua nam trtfdc; nang sua't ffdc tinh dat 46,4 ta/ha, giam 1,4 ta/ha; sdn Itfdng tfdc tmb dat 8,18 tridu td'n, giam 327,3 nghin ta'n.
Ke't qud sdn xuat hoa mau va mot so'edy hang nam: San Itfdng ngd dat 5,13 tridu tan, gidm 114,6 nghin td'n so vdi nam 2016 do didn tich gieo trdng giam 52,9 nghin ha (nang sua't ngd tang 1,1 ta/ha).
San Itfdng khoai lang dat 1,35 tridu td'n, tdng 81,9 nghin tan (didn tich tang 1,6 nghin ha); mia dat 18,32 trieu tan, tang 1,11 trieu tan (dien tich tang 12,8 nghin ha); san Itfdng san dat 10,34 tridu tan, giam 569,1 nghin tan (dien tich giam 34,4 nghin ha); lac dat 461,5 nghin td'n, giam 2,1 nghin td'n (didn tich gidm 4,1 nghin ha); ddu ttfdng dat 102,3 nghin td'n, gidm 22 nghin td'n (dien tich giam 16,1 nghin ha); sdn Itfdng rau cac loai dat 16,49 trieu ta'n, tang 562,8 nghin ta'n (dien tieh tang 29,5 nghin ba); sdn Itfdng dau cac loai dat 162,3 nghin ta'n, gidm 5,3 nghin ta'n (didn tieh gidm 10 ngbin ba).
Nam 2017, dien tieh trdng edy cdng nghidp lau nam tfdc tinh dat 2.215,1 nghm ha, tang 35,2 nghin ha so vdi nam 2016, trong dd eao su didn tieh dat 971,6 nghin ha, giam 0,2% so vdi ndm trtfdc, san Itfdng ca vu dat 1.086,7 nghin td'n, tdng 5%; hd tidu didn tich dat 152 nghin ha, tang 17,6%, sdn Iffdng dat 241,5 nghin ta'n, tang 11,6%; ca phe dien tich dat 664,6 nghin ha, tang 2,2%, san Iffdng dat 1.529.7 nghin ta'n, tang 4,7%; dieu didn tich dat 297,5 nghin ha, tang 1,5%, san Itfdng dat 210,9 nghin tan, giam 30,9%; che didn tich dat 129,3 nghin ha, gidm 3,1%, san Itfdng che blip dat 1.040.8 ngbin td'n, tang 0,7%.
San Itfdng eay an qud nam nay dat kha do nhieu edy trong tang ve dien tich va cd thi trtfdng tieu diu san pham dn dinh. San Itfdng cam dat 772,6 nghin tan, tang 20,4% so vdi nam trtfdc; quyt dat 175,5 nghin ta'n, tang 6,3%; btfdi dat 571,3 nghin tan, tang 13,4%; xoai dat 788,2 nghin ta'n, tang 8,3%; chudi dat 2.066,2 nghin tan, tang 5,2%; thanh long dat 952,8 nghin ta'n, tang 14,2%. Rieng san Iffdng nhan, vai dat tha'p do nhieu edy trdng khdng mang lai hidu qua hi chat bd d mien Bac va chiu anh htfdng cua sau bdnh tai cac tinh phia Nam.
Chan nudi trau, bd nhin chung on dinh, nudi gia cam dat kha, ridng ehan nudi Idn edn gap khd khdn
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do thi trtfdng tidu thu chtfa ed nhilu chuyin bie'n, gia thit Idn d mtfc tha'p khid'n quy md ddn giam. Theo kd't qua dilu tra ehan nudi, tai thdi diem 01/10/2017, dan trau ca ntfde ed 2,5 trieu con, giam 1,1% so vdi eung thdi did'm nam trtfde, dan bd ed 5,7 trieu eon, tang 2,9%, dan Idn cd 27,4 trieu eon, giam 5,7%; dan gia ctm cd 385,5 tndu con, tang 6,6%. San Itfdng thit trau dat 87,9 nghin ta'n, tang 1,5% so vdi nam trtfdc;
san Itfdng thit bd dat 321,7 nghin tan, tang 4,2%; san Iffdng thit Idn dat 3,7 tridu ta'n, tang 1,9%; sdn Iffdng thit gia elm dat 1 tridu ta'n, tang 7,3%. San Iffdng trtfng gia cam dat khd, tfdc tinh nam 2017 dat 10.637,1 dieu qua, tang 12,6%.
3.2. Ndng lite ainh tranh cua mdt sdsan pham nong nghiep Viit Nam
Viet Nam cd nang Itfe eanh tranh qud'c gia manh trong hoat ddng san xuat cac san pham ndng nghidp. Dilu nay the hien d vi tri ddn dau ciia Viet Nam d nhilu mat hang khac nhau. Mdi nam Viet Nam xud't khau hdn 30 ty USD eae mat bdng ndng 1dm thiiy san. Dien hinh nhtf:
Gao: Viet Nam la nha xu§,'t khau gao Idn nhd't nhi thd' gidi vdi Itfdng gao xuat khau hang nam dat 7-8 trieu ta'n. Gao Viet Nam ed gia ttfdng dd'i tha'p va dac biet canh tranh d eae thi trtfdng Trung Qud'c, Ddng Nam A va Chau Phi. Cac chung loai gao cua Viet Nam dtfde tfa ehudng tren thi trtfdng the' gidi gdm: Gao trang hat dai, hat vffa 5%, 15%, 25%, 100%; Gao thdm. Jasmine, OM4900, Nang Hoa...;
Gao nd'p 10%, 100%; Gao Iffe 5%; Gao do...
Tinh bdt sdn: Ltfdng xua't khau san va eac san pham tff san cua Viet Nam mdi nam dat gan 4 trieu tan, trong dd 1/2 la tinh bdt san. Tinh bdt san ciia Viet Nam dtfde ffng dung rdng rai trong ra't nhieu ngdnh khac nhau: Cdng nghiep: gid'y, hda ehd't, ddt, xay dffng.,.; dffde pham; thffc pham, Thi trtfdng tinh bdt san ciia Viet Nam bao gdm: Trung Qud'c;
ASEAN; An Dd; Nhdt Ban; Han Qud'c; Trung Ddng; Chdu Au. Cdc chiing loai tinh bdt san phd bie'n: Tinh hot san diffdng; tinh hot san bid'n tinh;
ba san dang vien, hat. Mang Itfdi xud't khau la gdm 50 nha xud't khau vd hdn 100 nha nhdp khd'u tinh bdt san Viet Nam. Ltfdng hang giao dich thanh cdng khdng ngffng gia tang trong cae nam gan day da chffng minh cho ndng Itfe eanh tranh ciia san phd'm tinh bdt san cua Vidt Nam.
Dieu vd cdc sdn pham td dieu: Trong vdng 10 nam hdn tid'p, Vidt Nam ludn dan dau the' gidi v l xud't khau dieu. Theo danh gia sd bp cua Bd Ndng nghiep va Phat trien ndng thdn, khd'i Itfdng xua't khau hat dieu nam 2017 ddc dat 353.000 td'n vd 3,52 ty USD, tang 1,9% v l khd'i Itfdng va tang 23,8% ve gia tri so vdi cung ky nam 2016. Hoa Ky, EU, Trung Qud'e van duy tri la ba thi trffdng nhap khau dieu Idn nhat eiia Vidt Nam.
Tieu: Qua 16 nam lidn tue ttf ndm 2000 dd'n nay, Viet Nam sdn xud't vd xud't khau hd tidu dffng hang d^u thd' gidi, chie'm trdn 50% san Iffdng xud't khiu ciia the' gidi. Cd 82 doanh nghiep tham gia xud't khd'u trffc tie'p, trong dd cd 2 doanh nghidp dat kim ngach trdn 100 trieu USD, 16 doanh nghidp dat tren 20 trieu USD, chie'm tren 50% thi ph^n xud't kh^u, cd vai trd chi phd'i thi trtfdng, gia ca hd tidu. Hidn sdn pha'm ho tieu ciia Vidt Nam dtfde xud't khd'u dd'n 109 qud'c gia va vung lanh thd trdn toan thd' gidi, trong dd chau A chie'm 43%, chau Au 28,1%, ehdu My 22,1 %, chdu Phi 6,8%. Rieng thi trtfdng Hoa Ky chid'm 24,1%. Theo thd'ng ke ciia Hiep hdi Hd tidu Viet Nam, dien tich trdng hd tidu ea ntfdc hidn dat gin 127.000 ha. Theo bao cao eiia Cue Trdng trot, Bd Ndng nghidp va Phat trie'n ndng thdn, nam 2017, ea ntfdc xud't khd'u dtfdc khoang 230.000 td'n hd tidu, tang 30% so vdi nam 2016, vdi kim ngach tfdc dat 1,11 ty USD.
3.3. Thdi ca vd thdch thdc dot vdi viec ndng cao ndng Idc canh tranh cua nong nghiep Viit Nam trong bdi cdnh hdi nhqp qudc te
Thtfc te' cho thd'y, ndng nghiep Viet Nam dang bffdc vao giai doan hdi nhdp mdi, ngay cang todn dien va sau sac hdn, vdi sff tham gia Hiep dinh Dd'i tac xuyen Thai Binh Dtfdng (TPP) va Hidp dinh Thtfdng mai ttf do Vidt Nam - EU (EVFTA) dd md ra nhffng cd hdi Idn eho ndng nghiep Vidt Nam nhff sau:
Thd nhdt, cd hdi md rdng thi trtfdng xua't khiu vdi cac mat hang chie'n Iffde. Vide thtfc thi cam ket cat giam thue' quan eua eae ntfdc cd thd' giup day manh xud't khd'u eae ndng san chid'n Iffdc va cd Idi the' cua Viet Nam, nhff gao, rau qua, ea-phe, hat tidu, hat dieu, thiiy san..,, sang cac thi trffdng Nhat Ban, Hoa Ky, Ma-lai-xi-a, 6-xtray-li-a, Niu Di-ldn, Md-hi-ed va Lien mmh chdu Au (EU).
Thd hai, ed hdi nhap khau da dang hda ngudn cung nguyen lieu dau vao cho san xua't ndng nghiep.
Hien nay, Viet Nam dang phai nhdp khau nhieu d^u vao, nhtf thffc an ehan nudi (ngd, ddu tffdng, bdt ca), phan bdn, tbud'c trff sau, may ndng nghidp.
Thdba, ed hdi eai thidn mdi trffdng kinh doanh va thu hut diu ttf. Vide thtfc hidn eae cam ket trong TPP vd EU (nhtf diu tff, doanh nghiep nha nffde, mua sam edng,...) se tao ap Iffc dd' Vidt Nam eai thidn nang life quan tri, mdi trtfdng kinh doanh, eac quy trinh thu tue trong ntfde, cac dilu kidn ve thtfdng mai va hdu c^n,... ttf dd md ra cd hdi thu hut dau ttf nffde ngoai dac bidt vao cdc ITnh vtfe ma ndng nghidp Vidt Nam con yd'u kem, nhtf cdng nghe eao trong ndng nghidp va chd' bid'n ndng, lam, thiiy san (gao, ea-phd,...).
Khi cd bieu Itfc, TPP va EVFTA dtfde dtf bao se tae ddng manh me de'n kinh te" Vidt Nam ndi chung vd ngdnh Ndng nghiep ndi rieng. Dan xen vdi nhffng cd hdi neu trdn la nhffng thach thffc hidn hffu eho nIn ndng nghidp Viet Nam:
Thd nhdt, thdch thffc gia tang canh tranh vdi hang nhap khd'u. Vide cdt giam thue nhap khd'u se tang sffc ep eanh tranh cho nha san xud't trong nffde, khdng chi ve gia ma edn vl ehd't Itfdng va ve sinh an toan thtfc pham. Nganh dtfde dtf bdo gap bd't Idi nhd't la chan nudi. Cac mat hang deu ed dtf dia thud' ttfdng dd'i cao, nhff thit ga va thit Idn, cd Id trinh dai (8 - 10 ndm) trong khi thit bo, sffa va cdc san pha'm ttf sffa ed Id trinh giam nhanh (tff dtfdi 1 nam de'n 3 nam). Nhtf vdy, nganh Chan nudi se dd'i mat vdi dp liic canh tranh Idn bdi hang nhap kha'u tff Hoa K^' (thit bd, ga), Niu Di-ldn va 6-xtray-li-a (thit bd, sffa), Ca-na-da, Tdy Ban Nha va Dan Mach (thit Idn), Pbap, Ha Lan (sffa)...
Thd hai, thdch thffc dap ffng nguon gde xud't xff de bao dam quyln Idi hffdng tfu dai. Trong thdi gian tdi, mdt sd' nganh hang cd nguy cd khd dap ffng cdc quy dinh ve xud't xff, nhtf hat dieu, gd...
Trong nganh Hang dilu, EVFTA quy dinh dieu nguyen lieu phai cd ngudn gde xud't xff thuan tuy.
Trong khi dd, Viet Nam nhdp khau rd't nhieu hat dieu nguyen lieu (63% nbu cau ehd'bid'n) tff Bd bid'n Nga, Gha-na, Ni-gie-ri-a de san xua't che' bid^n. Dilu nay dat ra ydu elu cho Viet Nam phai tim kid'm ngudn hang nhdp kha'u nguydn lieu mdi
tff cac nffde ndi khdi, nhtf 0-xtray-li-a, EU... hoac phdt trie'n vung nguydn hdu npi dia.
Thd ba. thach thffc trong vide dap ffng ede quy dinh cua thi trtfdng nhap khau. Nhin chung, nhieu ndng san cua Viet Nam, nhtf thiiy san, deu, rau qua ttfdi... ehtfa dap ffng dffde cae quy dinh ve chat Iffdng, vd sinh an toan thffc pham vd tidu chuin ky thuat cua nffde nhap kha'u. Vide khdng tudn thd eac quy dinh ndy khid'n ndng san Viet Nam bi m^^t uy tin, tham chi ma't quyln xud't khau. Bdn eanh dd, nhieu doanh nghiep Viet Nam cung gap khd khan trong dap ffng eae yeu eau ve dan nhan, ddng gdi do trinh dp edng nghd, quan ly va kha nang tdi chinh edn ban chd'. Nhffng doanh nghidp dinh hffdng phat trien san xua't theo chieu rdng, khai thac tridt de tai nguyen mdi trffdng se khd ed the dtfde dap ffng eae quy dinh nay.
4. Giai phap nSng cao nang li^c c^nh tranh cua ndng nghidp Vidt Nam
Trong thdi gian tdi de nang cao nang Itfc canh tranh ciia ndng nghiep Viet Nam can thffe hidn td't mdt sd' giai phap cd ban sau:
Thd nhdt. tap trung tang ndng sud't vd ndng cao ehd't Itfdng san pha'm ndng nghidp.
- Cdn cai tao, phat trid'n cac loai gidng c6 nang sud't eao va ap dung ti^n bd khoa hpc - ky thuat.
- Thffc hidn cd gidi hda, hien dai hda, xdy dffng viing nguyen hdu gdn vdi nha may chd'bid'n vd thtfc hidn da dang hda san phd'm. Phdt hie'n cac doanh nghiep, hdp tdc xa co phln ndng nghiep, qua do hinh thanh viing san xud't hang hda Idn trong nong nghiep. Cd chinh sach thu hut diu tff teong vd ngodi nffde, dac Met Id dau tff nffde ngoai vao ndng nghidp, nhat la ndng nghidp cdng nghd eao.
- Dau tff manh eho nghien cffu khoa hpc (gid'ng edy trdng va vat nudi, k l ca nhffng gidng cd gien ehuydn ddi thich nghi vdi dilu kidn canh tae khac nghiet eiia ndng dan viing sau, viing xa); cdng nghd sau tbu hoach. Day la bffdc di can thid't, cd'p bdeh cua ndng nghidp nffde ta trong thdi ky hdi nhap.
Thd hai, eIn danh gia eu the' sffc canh tranh ciia tffng loai sdn pha'm ndng nghidp chii ye'u bdo dam ndng san cua Viet Nam chie'm ITnh thi trtfdng trong ntfdc vd vtfdn manh ra thi trtfdng qud'c te'.
- Chu h-gng cdc giai phdp ding bd v l ky thuat
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vd kinh td' lam cho san ph£m ndng nghidp thich ffng vdi thi trtfdng.
- Xac dinh rd chiing loai va thi trffdng xud't kha'u chii yd'u, bao dam gid'ng td't cho cay trdng xua't kha'u.
- Xdy dtfng mot danh muc hang hda ndng san eho xua't kha'u. Ltfa chon nhffng loai dae san thi trtfdng thd' gidi dang ed nhu cau Idn, dd trong md cac ntfdc trong khu vtfc khdng cd hoac chffa chu y san xua't nham giam bdt ap Itfc eanh tranh, ap dung khoa hpc - ky thuat de tdng ty trong xua't kha'u san pham. Dd'i vdi eae san pham che' bie'n, cin ltfa chpn loai san pha'm xua't khau vao thi trtfdng ndo ttfdng dd'i rdng rai va chd' bid'n thdnh nhilu loai san ph^m khde nhau.
Thd ba, xay dffng vd phdt trie'n thffdng hidu cho cac san phd'm ndng nghidp Viet Nam. Mud'n vay, dilu quan trpng nha't la phai bao dam ehd't Itfdng cua ndng san diing theo ydu clu ciia ngtfdi tidu dung va ciia thi trtfdng.
Trtfde mat, eac doanh nghidp Vidt Nam eIn dinh htfdng ltfa chpn mdt sd' thtfdng hidu chu Itfe cho cac mat hang ndng sdn dang cd the' manh trdn thi trffdng the' gidi nhff gao, ca phe, hd tieu, hat dilu,.. d l ed thd' xua't khau trtfc tie^p de'n cac th;
trtfdng cd nhu clu. Vide hinh thanh cae doanh nghiep san xud't, kinh doanh hang ndng san cd quy md Idn, tang ctfdng xay dtfng ede ehudi eung tfng ndng san. . se la ed sd ban dau de hinh thanh cac thtfdng hidu manh cua cae doanh nghidp vd san pha'm ndng nghidp Vidt Nam tren thi trtfdng thd' gidi.
Thd tu, hodn thidn td' chffc va nang eao cha't Iffdng hoat dpng ciia he thd'ng thdng tin thi trtfdng tff Trung tfdng dd'n eac dia phtfdng.
- Thanh lap cdc did'm thdng tin thi trtfdng d cdc viing chuydn eanh ed ty suat hang hda Idn.
- Phd'i hdp hoat ddng eiia eae diem thdng tin vdi boat ddng eua cac td chffc khuyd'n ndng, cae eau lac bp, cae hidp hdi nganh hang va doanh nghidp.
- Tang cffdng viec theo ddi, nghidn cffu thi trtfdng qud'c td', thdng tin kip thdi cho cdc doanh nghidp vd ndng dan.
- Duy tri va phat trien cdc trang didn tff tren mang internet ve ndng san va eac doanh nghidp san xud't, kinh doanh hang ndng san.
- Cd chinh sach khuye'n kbieh eac dia phtfdng, cac doanh nghiep san xua't kinh doanh hang ndng san tham gia cac hdi chd ndng san trong ntfde va qud'e te', xay dtfng cac trung tam giao dieh vd gidi thidu san pham ndng nghiep Viet Nam d ntfde ngoai.
Ngodi ra, Nhd ntfdc eIn tid'p tuc duy tn va thffc bidn cdc ehinh sach hd trd khde nham xda ddi gidm ngheo vd giiip dd ndng ddn trong phat triln sdn xua't ndng nghidp cd quy md idn nhtf: Chinh sach khuyd'n khich ndng dan, san xud't theo quy hoach; thtfc hien hdp ddng ban san pham cho doanh nghiep che' bie'n va xua't kha'u; chinh sdch bd trd ndng dan mua sam trang thie't bi phuc vu san xua't, sdebe, che'bie'n, bao quan... nham nang eao nang sua't lao ddng va chat Itfdng san pham ndng nghiep.
Thtfc bidn ddng bd ede giai phdp ndu trdn, vdi stf hdp tdc, nd Itfc tff nhilu phia la cd sd quan trpng de' nang cao nang liic canh tranh cua ndng nghidp Viet Nam, gdp phan xay dtfng nen ndng nghidp Viet Nam sdm di len san xua't bdng hda Idn vd cd thtfdng hidu qud'e gia manh tren thi trtfdng ndng sdn the'gidi •
Thd hai. cd hdi nhap khau da dang hda ngudn cung nguydn lidu diu vao eho san xua'tndng nghidp.
Hidn nay, Viet Nam dang phai nhap khau nhieu dau vdo, nhff thffc an chan nudi (ngd, ddu ttfdng, bdt ea), phan bdn, thude trff sau, may ndng nghidp.
Thd ba. cd hdi cai thien mdi trffdng kinh doanh va thu hut dau ttf. Vide thtfc hidn cae cam ke't trong TPP va EU (nhtf diu ttf, doanh nghiep nha nffde, mua sam cdng,...) se tao dp Itfc d l Viet Nam cai thien nang Itfc quan tri, mdi trffdng kinh doanh, cae quy trinh thu tuc trong ntfdc, cdc dilu kidn v l thffdng mai va hau eIn,... tff dd md ra cd hdi thu hiitdlu ttf ntfde ngoai dae bidt vao cdc ITnh vtfc md ndng nghiep Viet Nam edn yd'u kem, nhtf edng nghd cao trong ndng nghidp va chd' bid'n ndng, lam, thdy sdn (gao, ea-phd,...).
Khi cd hidu Itfc, TPP va EVFTA dtfde dtf bdo se tac ddng manh me dd'n kinh te'Vidt Nam ndi chung vd nganh Ndng nghiep ndi ridng. Dan xen vdi nhffng cd hpi ndu trdn Id nhffng thach thffe hidn hffu cho nen ndng nghidp Viet Nam:
Thd nhdt, thach thtfc gia tang canh tranh vdi hang nhap khd'u. Vide eat gidm thue' nhap kha'u se tang sffc ep canh tranh eho nhd san xua't trong ntfde, khdng ehi vl gid ma con ve cha't Iffdng va ve sinh an toan thtfc pha'm. Nganh dtfde dtf bdo gap bat Idi nha't la ehdn nudi. Cdc mat hang diu cd dtf dia thud' ttfdng dd'i cao, nhtf thit ga va thit Idn, cd Id tnnh ddi (8 - 10 nam) trong khi thit bo, sffa vd cac san phd'm tff sffa cd 16 trinh giam nhanh (tff dtfdi 1 nam dd'n 3 nam). Nhff vay, nganh Chan nudi se dd'i mat vdi dp Iffc eanh tranh Idn bdi hang nhap khiu tff Hoa Ky (thit bd, ga), Niu Di-ldn va 6-xtray-li-a (thit bd, sffa), Ca-na-da, Tay Ban Nha va Dan Mach (thit Idn), Phap, Ha Lan (sffa)...
Thd hai, thach thffc dap ffng ngudn gd'c xua't xff de bao dam quyen Idi hffdng ffu dai. Trong thdi gian tdi, mdt so' ngdnh hang ed nguy cd khd dap ffng cae quy dinh vl xua't xff, nhtf hat dieu, gd. . Trong ngdnh Hang dieu, EVFTA quy djnh dilu nguydn lidu phai cd ngudn gd'c xua't xff thuan tuy.
Trong khi do, Viet Nam nhdp kha'u ra't nhilu hat dieu nguyen lidu (63% nhu cau che'bie'n) tff Bd biln Ngd, Gha-na, Ni-gie-ri-a de' san xud't che' bie'n. Dieu nay dat ra yeu eau cho Viet Nam phai tim kid'm nguIn hdng nhdp khd'u nguyen lieu mdi
tff cac ntfdc ndi khd'i, nhtf 6-xtray-li-a, EU...hoac phat tnen vung nguydn lidu ndi dja.
Thd ba, thach thffc trong vide dap ffng cdc quy dinh cua thi trtfdng nhap khau. Nhin chung, nhieu ndng san ciia Viet Nam, nhtf thiiy sdn, tieu, rau qua ttfdi... chffa dap ffng dffde eac quy dinh ve chat Iffdng, vd sinh an toan thtfc pha'm va tidu chuan ky thuat eiia ntfdc nhap khau. Vide khdng tuan thij cdc quy dmh nay khie'n ndng san Viet Nam bi ml^t uy tin, tham chi ma't quyen xua't kha'u. Bdn canh dd, nhilu doanh nghidp Vidt Nam cung gap kh6 khan trong dap ffng cac yeu cau ve dan nhan, ddng gdi do trinh dp cdng nghe, quan ly va kha nang tdi chinh cdn han che'. Nhffng doanh nghidp dinh htfdng phat trie'n san xud't theo chilu rdng, khai thac tridt dd' tdi nguydn mdi trtfdng se khd ed the dtfdc dap ffng cac quy djnh nay.
4. Giai phap nang cao nang li^c C£inh tranh cua nong nghiep Viet Nam
Trong thdi gian tdi de ndng cao nang Iffe canh tranh ciia ndng nghidp Viet Nam can thifc hidn t6'l mdt so'giai phap cdban sau:
Thd nhdt, tdp trung tang ndng sua't va nang cao chdt Iffdng san pham ndng nghidp.
- Can cai tao, phat triln cdc loai gid'ng ed nang sua't eao va dp dung tid'n bd khoa hpc - ky thudt.
- Thtfc hien cd gidi hda, hidn dai hda, xay dffng vung nguyen Mdu gan vdi nha may che'bien va thtfc hien da dang hda san pham. Phdt h-ie'n ede doanh nghidp, hdp tae xa co phan ndng nghidp, qua d6 hinh thanh vimg san xua't hang hda Idn trong ndng nghiep. Cd chinh sach thu hiit dau tff trong va ngoM nffde, dac biet la dau ttf ntfde ngoai vao nong nghidp, nhat Id ndng nghiep edng nghe cao.
- Dau ttf manh cho nghien cffu khoa hoc (gid'ng eay trdng vd vat nudi, ke ca nhffng gidng cd gien chuyd'n ddi thich nghi vdi dieu kien canh tae khac nghiet cua ndng dan vung sdu, vung xa); cdng nghd sau thu hoach. Ddy la bffdc di cin thie't, ca'p bach eua ndng nghiep ntfde ta trong thdi ky hdi nhdp.
Thd hai, cin danh gid cu the sffc eanh tranh eiia tffng loai sdn pha'm ndng nghidp ehu ye'u bao ddm ndng san cua Viet Nam chid'm linh thi trffdng trong nffde va vffdn manh ra thi trffdng qud'c te'.
- Chii trpng cdc giai phdp ddng bd vl ky thuat
KINH IE
vd kinh td lam eho san phdm ndng nghiep thich ffng vdi thi trtfdng.
- Xac dinh rd chung loai va thi trtfdng xua't khau chii yd'u, bao dam gid'ng td't eho edy trong xua't khau.
- Xay dffng mdt danh mue hdng hda ndng san cho xua't khau. Ltfa chpn nhffng loai dac san thi trtfdng thd' gidi dang cd nhu cau Idn, dd trdng ma eac ntfdc trong khu vtfc khdng cd bode ehtfa ehu y san xua't nhdm giam bdt dp Itfc canh tranh, dp dung khoa hpc - ky thuat de tang ty trong xua^t khau san pham. Dd'i vdi ede san phd'm ehd' bie'n, can ltfa chpn loai sdn phim xuat khau vao thi trtfdng ndo tffdng ddi rpng rai va che' bie'n thanh nhieu loai sdn phIm khac nhau,
Thd ba, xdy dffng vd phdt triln thffdng hidu eho cae sdn pham ndng nghiep Viet Nam. Mud'n vdy, dilu quan trpng nha't la phai bao dam chat Iffdng ciia ndng san diing theo ydu clu cffa ngtfdi tidu dung vd cua thi trtfdng.
Trtfdc mat, eac doanh nghiep Viet Nam can dinh htfdng Iffa chpn mdt sd' thffdng hidu chii Iffc cho cdc mdt hdng ndng san dang ed thd' manh trdn thi trtfdng the' gidi nhff gao, ca phe, hd tidu, hat dieu... de cd the' xua't kha'u trffc tie'p de^n cac thi trtfdng cd nhu elu. Vide hinh thanh ede doanh nghiep san xud't, kinh doanh hdng ndng san ed quy md Idn, tang ctfdng xay dtfng cac chudi cung ffng ndng san... sd la ed sd ban dau de hinh thdnh eac thtfdng hidu manh cua cae doanh nghiep va san pham ndng nghiep Viet Nam trdn thi trtfdng thd' gidi.
Thd tu, hoan thidn td chtfc vd nang cao cha't Itfdng hoat ddng ciia he thd'ng thdng tin thi trtfdng tff Trung ffdng dd'n eae dia phffdng.
- Thanh lap cdc diem thdng tin thi trffdng d cae vung ehuydn canh cd ty sud't hdng hda Idn.
- Phd'i hdp boat ddng eua eae diem thdng tin vdi boat dpng eiia eac to chtfc khuyd'n ndng, cae eau lac bp, cae hidp hdi nganh hang va doanh nghidp.
- Tang ctfdng vide theo ddi, nghidn cffu thi trtfdng qude td', thdng tin kip thdi cho cac doanh nghiep vd ndng ddn.
- Duy tri va phat trie'n cac trang dien tff trdn mang internet vd ndng san va cac doanh nghiep san xud't, kinh doanh hang ndng sdn.
- Cd chinh sach khuye'n khich cac dia phtfdng, cac doanh nghidp san xua't kinh doanh hang ndng san tham gia cac hdi chd ndng san trong ntfde va qud'e td', xay dtfng cac trung tdm giao dich vd gidi thidu san pha'm ndng nghiep Viet Nam d ntfdc ngodi.
Ngoai ra, Nhd ntfdc eIn tid'p tuc duy tri va thffc hidn cae chinh sach hd trd khde nham xda ddi gidm ngheo va giiip dd ndng dan trong phat tridn san xud't ndng nghidp ed quy md Idn nhtf: Chinh sach khuye'n khich ndng dan, san xuat theo quy hoach; thffc hidn hdp ddng ban san pha'm cho doanh nghiep che' bid'n vd xua't kha'u; chinh sach hd trd ndng dan mua sam trang thid't hi phue vu san xud't, sdehd', che'bie'n, bao qudn... nham nang cao nang sud't lao ddng va cha't Iffdng san ph^m ndng nghiep.
Thtfc hien ddng bd ede giai phap neu tren, vdi sff hdp tac, nd liic tff nbilu phia Id ed sd quan trpng de' ndng eao nang Iffc canh tranh cua ndng nghidp Viet Nam, gdp phan xay dffng nen ndng nghidp Viet Nam sdm di Idn san xua't hang hda Idn va co thffdng hieu qud'c gia manh trdn thi trtfdng ndng san thd'gidi •
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO:
1. Dinh Vdn An (2003), "Ndng cao ndng luc canh tranh qudc gia". NXB Giao thdng Van tdi, Hd Ndi.
2. Li Vii't Thdi (2000). "Ca sd khoa hpc vd thuc tiin cho viec xdy dung chinh sdch canh tranh d Viit Nam", NXB Lao dpng. Hd Ndi.
3. Tdng cue Thdng ki, Thdng cdo hao chi tinh hinh kinh te - xd hdi ndm 2017 (https://www.gso.gov.vn/De- fautt.aspx?iabid=382<emlD= 18667).
4. Tdng cue Thdng ke, Thdng cdo bdo chi ve ki't qud sa bd Tdng dieu tra Kinh le ndm 2017 (https://www.gso gov.vn/defauh.aspx?labid=382&idmid=2&llemID= 18686).
[1] Website hllp://www.vneconomy.com.vn/: http://cafef.vn/;
Ngay nh§n bai: 11/8/2018
Ngay phan bidn danh gia va su:a chfla: 21/8/2018 Ngay cha'p nhan dang bai: 31/8/2018 Thdng tin tac gia:
ThS. Phan Thi Thanh Tam
Trrftfng Dai hpc Ky thuSt Cdng nghiep - Dai hpc Thai Nguyen
SOLUTIONS TO IMPROVE THE COMPETITIVENESS OF VIETNAM'S AGRICULTURAL SECTOR IN THE CONTEXT
OF INTERNATIONAL INTEGRATION
• MA. PHAN THI THANH TAM Thainguyen University of Technology
ABSTRACT:
This study is to assess the current state of Vietnamese agricultural sectors competitiveness to analyse opportunities and challenges for Vietnam's agricultural sector. In addition, the author proposes some solutions to improve the competitiveness of Vietnam's agriculture m the context of international integration.
Keywords: Competitiveness, Vietnamese agriculture.
