Ly Thu Cue, Vii Tuan Hung, Nguyen Van Phuong, Trhn Huu Cudng. Phdt triin khung...
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Phat trien khung ly thuyet ve nang lyc canh tranh cua cac doanh nghiep may Viet Nam
Ly Thu Cuc*,Va Tuan Hu-ng**, Nguyin Vdn Phirang***, Trdn Hiru Cucmg****
' Tricdng Dgi hoc Cong nghiep Del May Ha Ngi, NCS Khoa Qudn tn doanh nghiep - Hgc vien Khoa hoc xa hgi;
" Vien Nghien cieu Phdt trien ben vung Viing;
'", "" Hgc vien Ndng nghiep Viet Nam
Ngdy nhgn bdi: 22/4/2019. ngay giei phdn bien- 10/12/2019, ngdy duyet dang- 10/01/2020
r
rong nghien cieu ndy, nh&m tde gid tap trung phdn lich ndng luc cgnh tranh cita doanh nghiep may Viet Nam dic&i sic tdc dgng cita edcyeu to thugc mdi truang vi md vd vTmd.Theo dd, ndng luc cgnh tranh ciia doanh nghiep may Viet Nam dugc ddnh gid thdng qua cdc chi tiiu ndm trong cdc yeu td ndi sinh, boo gdm: tdi chinh, nhdn luc, cdng nghi, ndng luc qudn ly vd tdi sdn tri tue. Doanh nghiip may Viet Nam the hien ndng luc cgnh trgnh cua minh tren thi truang thdng qua cdc chinh sdch marketing-mix, phuang thiec sdn xudt vd vdn di qudn ly ngudn cung ieng. Kit qud cgnh tranh cita doanh nghiep dugc danh gid thdng quo cdc chi tieu: lai nhuan, thi phdn, tdc dg tdng trie&ng.
Tir khoa: Canh tranh, doanh nghiep, doanh nghiep may, nang lyc canh tranh Mff dau
Trong boi canh hgi nhap kinh te quoc te sau rgng hien nay, nang luc canh tranh (NLCT) quyet dinh sy ton tai va phat trien cua bat ky mgt doanh nghiep (DN) nao (Tran Huu Cuong, 2011). Neu khong nang cao NLCT thi DN se that bai ca tren "san khach" lan "san nha". NLCT ciia DN dugc the hien boi thyc lyc va lgi the cua DN so vcri doi thu canh tranh thong qua viec dap ung nhu cau ngay cang cao ciia khach hang va thu lgi nhuan. De nghien cuu NLCT cua DN may Viet Nam, nhom tac gia sir dung phuong phap phan tich theo quan diem tong hgp trong viec xay dung cac tieu chi danh gia (Nguyin Dinh Thg, 2011); phuong phap phan tich theo "Quan diem quan tri chiSn luge" cua Michael Porter (1980) trong viec xac dinh cac yeu to anh huong. Cu the nhu sau:
Nghien ciiu An Do va Chau A. S6 2 - 2020, tr.69-77
Ly Thu Cue, Vu TuIn Hung, Nguyen Van Phuong, Trin Huu Cuang. Phdt trijnkhuj^S^:^
Hinh 1. Khung phan tich NLCT cua DN may Viet Nam
Khich haag (Neirai mua) isTia cung cap O'EUOi bi;:)
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Irai]b Tai cnh-ii K h ^ l u . Cong ngh?
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^iS.tVaiih Tai ?a:i ffi me
iriuli tranli
Cac chiuli sach niiukiaiiM (4P) Pliirong tliiic san xual Qu^jily nguon cung
3. Ket c?nli
W,rC..^
rhiphaa Toe d9 ia.!;a tmong
Ngu6n: Tong hgp tit nghien cuu cua nhom tac gia
Nhung tieu chi nay la thuoc do de tac gia phan tich thuc trang NLCT cua DN may tai dja ban nghien cim.
1. Cac y i u t6 tac Song den nang luc canh tranh cua doanh nghiep may Viet Nam LL Cdc yeu to thupc moi trudng vi mo
I.].I. Khdch hdng (ngieai mua) Quan niem chung ve khdch hdng cda DN
Khach hang la chii the tra thu lao cho DN. Giu'a DN va khach hang ton tai mgt moi quan he dky mau thuan ve lgi i'ch kinh te. Boi chii the nao cung ky vgng thu dugc nhieu lgi i'ch kinh te nhat, trong khi thu nhap ma DN nhan dugc chinh la chi phi ma khach hang phai bo ra. Do vay, khach hang co xu huang "mac ca" de dugc tra vol muc gia thap nhat co the; con DN vt?! tu each la ngucri cung cap lai c6 xu huong day gia len cao nhat co the. Chi'nh vi ly do nay, khach hang luon la chu the gay ap luc ve phia DN (Tran Huu Cuong, 2011).
Ve ly thuyet, ap lyc ciia khach hang doi vol DN phu thugc vao:
(i) So lugng khach hang tren thi trucmg: chi tieu nay co moi quan he ty le nghich voi ap lyc cua khach hang.
(ii) Kha nang chuyen doi nha cung cap ciia khach hang: Neu sy chuyen doi tir nha cung cdp nay sang nha cung cap khae cua khach hang dugc thyc hien mgt each de dang vai chi phi thap thi ap lyc cua hg len DN cang lon va ngugc lai.
Nghien ciiu An Do va Chau A. S6 2 - 2020, U.69-77 70
Ly Thu Ciic, Vu TuIn Hung, Nguyen Van Phuong, Tran Huu Cuong. Phdt triin khung...
Khdch hdng cda DNmay
Tuy thugc vao phuang thuc san xuat dang ap dung ma khach hang ciia DN co the khac nhau'.
Voi cac DN san xuat theo phuang thiic CMT, FOB, ODM thi khach hang ciia hg chi'nh ia nhimg chii thg dat hang. Con cac DN san xuat theo phuang thuc OB!V! thi khach hang cua hg co th^ la ngucri tieu diing cuoi ciing, cac cira hang ban ie, dai ly, cac dan vi thyc hien chirc nang phan ph6i tren thi truang.
Theo so lieu thong ke, chii yeu cac DN san xuSt hang may mac theo phuang thirc CMT hoac FOB dem gian (Hiep hgi Det May Viet Nam - Vitas, 2018). NghTa la cac DN may chi dem thuan nhan dan dat hang tir cac thuang hieu Ion, cac dai ly thu gom cua nude ngoai. Do do, g^n nhu khong co ap lyc tir phia nguoi tieu dung hang may mac ma chii yeu la tu nhung dai ly, dai dien ciia cac thuong hieu lon hoac chu6i ban le. Moi DN trong nganh chi san xuat cho lugng it cac doi tac quen thugc nen kha nang ep gia cua doi tac tuong doi lon. Them nu'a, viec chuyen doi tir nha san xuat nay sang nha san xuat khac ciia khach hang dugc thyc hien kha de dang do cac san pham ciia DN khong co sir khac biet ro ret, cac DN chua co thuang hieu rieng cua minh.
1.1.2. Nhd cungcdp (ngiedi bdn)
Quan niem chung ve nhd cung cdp cda DN
Nguoi ban ciia DN la nhij'ng chu the cung cap cac yeu to dau vao (nguyen vat lieu, cong cu dung cy, nhien lieu) de phuc vii cho hoat dgng san xuat kinh doanh. Giong nhu khach hang, giua DN vol nha cung cap cung ton tai mau thuin ve lgi Ich kinh \k. DN se chiu ap luc tir nha cung ca/p khi hg c6 xu huong tang gia cac yeu to dau vao. Ap luc nay cung phu thugc vao hai yeu to giong vdi ap lyc tii' phia khach hang, chi c6 dieu no tac dgng theo hudng ngugc lai.
Nhd cung cap cua DN may
Yeu to dau vao ciia DN may gom: nguyen phu lieu, cong cu dung cu, nhien lieu. So nay chil yen nhap khau tir cac DN Trung Quoc, Han Quoc, Dai Loan. So lugng nha cung cap tuong doi Idn va khong khac biet qua nhilu v6 chiing loai nguyen phy lieu cung nhu cae san pham may mac cua DN Viet Nam khong co sy khac biet hoa qua nhieu. Do vay, ap luc tu phia nha cung cap doi vdi DN may Viet Nam la khong Idn.
1.1.3. Ddi thil cgnh tranh
Trong khi nghien cuu v6 hoat dgng marketing ciia DN, doi thii canh tranh thudng dugc hiSu la nhung chii thi kinh doanh co ciing phan khuc khach hang, cung san pham, ciing gia va co sue manh canh tranh tren ciing phan khuc thi trudng (canh tranh trong khau ban). Tuy nhien, vdi dac thil cua nganh san xuat may mac d Viet Nam, nhdm tac gia khong xem xet doi thii canh tranh theo khia canh nay, bdi le, cac DN may Viet Nam chii ylu hoat dgng theo hinh thuc gia cong (phuong thuc san xudt CMT); thay vao do, trong nghien ciiu nay, nhdm tac gia xem xet doi thu canh tranh theo nghTa rgng hon khi cac DN ciing canh tranh dl thyc hien mgt hanh vi nao dd tren thi trudng, ch5ng han nhu: tuyin dung lao dgng, mua nguyen phu lieu... Nhuvay, DN may cd thi
^ Phuong thilc san xu^t cua DN may sg diroc nhim tac gia dl cap 6 miic 3.2 ciia nghien civu nay.
Nghien cuu An Do va Chau A. S6 2 - 2020, tr.69-77
Ly Thu Ciic, Vu Tu^n Hung. Nguyin Van Phirang, Trhn Huu Cudng. Phdt trjinkln<!]S::i.
thay minh dang canh tranh vdi nhung DN san xuat khac tren dia ban (canh tranh vl lao dgng) va nhung DN san xult co chung ylu td diu vao vdi minh (canh tranh trong khau mua).
L2. Cdc yeu to thugc mdi trudng vT mo 1.2.1. Mdi trudng kinh te
Phan Idn gia tri ciia nganh may Viet Nam la den tu' hoat dgng xuSt khdu nen nhung bien dgng ve ty gia, lam phat, sy on djnh hay suy thoai ciia nln kinh tl the gidi se cd anh hudng Idn den kim ngach xuat khau ciia nganh. Them nua, mgt trong nhirng ylu to thugc moi trudng kinh te do la cong nghiep phy trg (CNPT) nganh may mac cung tac dgng khong nho tdi NLCT ciia DN may. CNPT dugc hieu la cac nganh san xuat nen tang ciia cong nghiep chlnh ylu. De cd dugc mgt san pham may mac cuoi ciing, can phai trai qua mgt quy trinh san xuat nhat dinh. O mdi giai doan khac nhau trong chuoi gia tri nganh del may cd cac san pham phy trg va CNPT khac nhau, tuy nhien trong khuon kho nghien cuu nay, nhdm tac gia chi tap trung vao giai doan may, trong do CNPT gdp phan tao ra:
+ Nguyen lieu may bao gom cac loai vai.
-I- Phu lieu may la nhij-ng chi tilt dugc ket hgp vdi vai chinh tao thanh san pham may, bao gom: chi, khuy cue, mex, khoa keo...
+ Phu kien bao gdi la cac vat lieu, bao bi su dung Irong qua trinh ddng gdi, hoan tat san pham, bao gom: cac loai till PE, PP va cac loai mac ao...
+ Cac loai ga lap phu timg bo sung cho thiet bj may va duang phyc vy trong cdng doan may.
1.2.2. Mdi trudng chinh tri, phdp ly
Viet Nam dat myc tieu phat trien nganh det may trd thanh mgt trong nhung nganh cong nghiep trgng diem, mul nhgn ve xuat khau; dap ung ngay cang cao nhu cau tieu dting trong nudc;
tao nhieu viec lam cho xa hgi; nang cao kha nang canh tranh, hoi nhap vung chae kinh te khu vyc va the gidi (Thu tudng Chlnh phu, 2008). Do dd, nganh may Viet Nam trong thdi gian tdi se dugc uu tien phat trien. Hang may mac ciia Viet Nam vdl uu the gia thanh thap vira la yeu td canh tranh so vdi hang xuat khau ciia cac quoc gia khac, nhung cung lai la mgt han che do de bj cac nudc nhap khau dieu tra va ap dung thue chong ban pha gia.
1.2.3. Mdi truang vdn hda, xd hdi
Kinh te cang phat trien, ddi song va thu nhap cang cao thi con ngudi cang chu trgng den cac san pham phuc vu tieu dung, trong dd cd quan ao. Them vao dd, xu hudng va thi hllu tham my ciia ngudi tieu diing doi vdi cac san pham may mac cung cd su bien doi lien tuc. N I U khong chu trgng dau tu dimg myc cho cong tac thiet ke, cac DN may se nhanh chong bi tyt hau trong cudc canh tranh khoe liet nay. Hang may mac Trung Qudc vdl gia thanh re va kieu dang mau ma da dang, thudng xuyen thay doi va kha phii hgp vdi thi hllu cua ngudi Viet Nam dang chilm ITnh thi trudng may mac ngi dia. Tuy nhien, ngudi Viet Nam vin cd tam ly "an chae mac bin", nen nhung san pham chat lugng tdt ciia cac DN trong nudc van dugc nhieu ngudi tim diing. Day la mgt thuan Igi cho cac DN trong nudc khi mudn chiem lai thi trudng ngi dia hien dang bi hang Trung Qudc tan cdng va thong tri.
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Ly Thu Cue, Vii Tuan Hung, Nguyin Van Phuang, Trin Hiju Cudng. Phdt triin khung...
1.2.4. Mdi truang cdng nghi
Nang lyc san xult kem, cong nghe lac hau la mgt trong nhiing han che Idn cua nganh may Viet Nam hien nay. Hoat dgng cua nganh may hien nay phan Idn la thyc hien gia cdng cho nudc ngoai hoac chi san xuat nhung san pham dan gian, con nhung san pham ddi hdi ky thuat cao, mang lai gia tri gia tang lon lai chua dap ting dugc. Vi the, neu dugc dau tu diing muc ve cong nghe thi nganh may Viet Nam cd the phat huy het tiem nang ve lao dgng va chat lugng.
2. C a c chi tieu d a n h gia n a n g luc canh t r a n h cua d o a n h nghiep m a y 2.L Tdi chinh, von
Trong nln kinh te hgi nhap, yeu to von trd nen vo cimg quan trgng doi vdi cac DN det may; nd la ca sd de DN cd the thuc hien tot cac ngi dung hoat dgng ciia minh, la co sd de DN phat trien va md rgng quy mo san xuat kinh doanh, tao lgi the canh tranh so vdi DN khac trong khu vuc va the gidi.
2.2. Nhan lite
Nhan lyc trong DN may dugc chia lam hai loai la lao dgng tryc tiep va lao dgng gian tiep. Q ngi dung nay, nhdm tac gia tap trung phan tich ve tao dgng tryc tiep, cdn lao dgng gian tiep se dugc de cap d myc 2.4. Cac DN may Viet Nam chu yeu hoat dgng san xuat theo phuong thuc CMT, do dd mirc dg tham dung lao dgng rat cao. Chi'nh vi vay, nhan lyc la yeu td v6 cimg quan trgng, quyet dinh den sy sdng con ciia DN. Chat lugng, trinh do tay nghe se quyet dinh nang suat lao dgng; anh hudng true tiep tdi chat lugng san pham may va thdi gian giao hang - d3y la ylu td then chdt quyit dinh tdi NLCT ciia DN may. Ciing chinh vi ly do nay,'hien nay, canh tranh trong ITnh vuc lao dgng dugc danh gia la canh tranh khdc liet nhat vdi cac DN may Viet Nam.
Thuc te cho thay, nang suat lao ddng tren cac day chuyen may cong nghiep phu thugc vao tay nghi ciia ngudi lao dgng ylu nhdt, do dd, sy d6ng dlu ve tay nghe ciia ngudi lao ddng tao nen tinh nhip nhang trong san xuat va gdp phan nang cao nang suat lao dgng, giup rut ngan thdi gian san xuat. Dl iam dugc dieu nay, cac DN may ckn chii trgng den khau tuyen dyng, dao tao, cung nhu cd nhung chlnh sach hgp ly dl giu chan ngudi lao dgng, tranh tinh trang bd viec, nhay viec.
2.3. Cong nghe
y l u t6 cong nghe ma nhdm tac gia dl cap trong nghien cuu nay la trang thiet bi, cong nghe san xult hang may mac. Tinh trang may mdc thilt bi va cong nghe quyet dinh Idn tdi NLCT cua DN may. Nd la ylu td thi hien nang lyc san xuat ciia mgt DN va tac dgng tryc tilp tdi nang suat, chat lugng san ph4m may. Ngoai ra, cdng nghe san xuat, may mdc thilt bi cung chi phdi gia thanh san xult cua san phim. That khd dl tim ra mgt DN nao cd NLCT cao khi trong tay hg la ca mgt he thdng may mdc cu ky, lac hau. Them nu-a, viec dlu tu dung muc vao cdng nghe se giup cac DN may Viet Nam giam bdt su phy thugc vao ylu td lao ddng, tir dd gdp phan giam ap lyc trong canh tranh lao dgng cho DN.
2.4. Nang lite qudn ly vd dieu hdnh
Nghien ciiu An Do va Chau A. 86 2 - 2020, U.69-77 73
Ly Thu Ciic, Vu TuIn Hung, Nguygn Van Phuong, Trin Huu Cudng. Phdt trienjhu^j^:^
Trong CO che thi trudng, bg may quan tri cd vai trd dac biet quan trgng doi vdi sy ton tai va phat triln cua DN. Trong cac DN may, bg may quan tri phai dong thdi thyc hien nhilu nhiem vy khac nhau: (i) xay dung cho DN mgt chiln luge kinh doanh va phat triln hang may mac; (ii) to chuc thyc hien cac ke hoach, cac phuang an va cac hoat dgng san xuat kinh doanh da de ra; (iii) kiem tra, danh gia va dieu chinh cac qua trinh tren.
Do dd, chat lugng ciia bd may quan tri trong cac DN may quyet dinh r§t Idn den hieu qua san xuat kinh doanh. Neu bd may quan tr; dugc td chuc cd ca cau phii hgp vdi nhiem vu san xuat kinh doanh ciia DN, ggn nhe, linh hoat, cd su phan chia nhiem vy, chuc nang ro rang, cd co che phoi hgp hanh dgng hgp ly, vdi dgi ngu quan tri vien cd nang luc va tinh than trach nhiem cao, se dam bao cho cac hoat dgng san xuat kinh doanh ciia DN cd hieu qua cao. Nang lyc quan ly va dieu hanh con dugc xem la mgt yeu td quyet dinh den thdi gian san xuat cac don hang ciia DN.
Hinh 2. Thdi gian san xuat cac don hang may mac trung binh tai Viet Nam 20-25 r
Don hang
"
gay Hgp dong
Tong 10-15 ngay
^
cong
Nguyen lieu 60-90 ngay
30-45 ngay
!>l San xuat
Nguon: Le Hong Thuan, 2018
Ddi vdi hang may mac, tdng thdi gian san xuat la ylu to Idn tac dgng den quyet djnh dat hang ciia khach hang qudc te. Thdi gian san xuat d day bao gdm thdi gian tii" liic cac nha ban le/cac hang dat don hang vdi cac cdng ty may Viet Nam cho tdi khi hang san sang de giao. Thai gian san xuat trung binh cua hang may mac Viet Nam ngan han so vdi Bangladesh va Campuchia (thudng la 80 - 120 ngay) nhung dai hon so vdi Trung Quoc, An Do, Thai Lan (40 - 90 ngay) (Le Hong Thuan, 2018). Nhin chung, sy chenh lech vl thdi gian san xult chii yeu la do khac biet ve thdi gian nhap khau nguyen vat lieu va van chuyen ve Viet Nam; them nu'a, each thii'c xii' ly don hang ciia Viet Nam cdn yeu.
2.S. Tdi san tri tue
Theo nghTa thdng dyng, tai san tri tue dugc hieu la tat ca cac san pham ciia hoat dgng tri tue, bao gdm: cac y tudng, cac tac pham sang tao, cac cdng tnnh khoa hgc, cac sang chi... Tai san tri tue la mgt dang tai san vd hinh, ngoai dac tinh chung nhu cac dang tai san vd hinh khac, cac tai san tri tue cdn cd nhting dac tinh rieng, dd la tinh sang tao va ddi mdi. Trong khuon kh6 nghien cuu nay, nhdm tac gia de cap tdi tai san tri tue la san pham sang tao kinh doanh. Theo do, DN dugc xem xet nhu la chii the cd quyln sd huu doi vol tai san tri tue. Tai san tri tue thugc nhdm nay d DN may cd the la: phan mem may tinh, bang phat minh, sang che, kieu dang cong Nghian Cliu An Do va Chau A. S6 2 - 2020, tr.69-77
Ly Thu Cue, Vu Tuan Hung, Nguyin Van Phuang, Trin Huu Cudng. Phdt triin khung...
nghiep, bi mat kinh doanh (bi quyet ky thuat, bi mat thuang mai), nhan hieu hang hda va nhan hieu dich vy... Tai san tri tue the hien sy ca biet hda trong san phim va tinh rieng cd ciia DN. DN sd hiJu cang nhilu tai san tri tue cd gia trj thi NLCT ciia DN cang cao va ngugc lai.
3. Tien trinh canh tranh cua doanh nghiep may 3.L Cdc chinh sdch marketing-mix
3.1.1. Chinh sdch sdn phdm
Khi xem xet chinh sach san pham, DN cin quan tam din nhung van dl sau: (1) Quan ly chat lugng tdng hgp do sy ddi hdi vl chat lugng cua khach hang la khong cd gidi han; (2) Phat triln nhan hieu san pham; (3) Quyit djnh lya chgn bao gdi san phim. Bao bi san pham phai dam bao thyc hien ddng thdi bdn chuc nang: (1) bao quan va ban hang hda; (ii) thdng tin veliang hda; (iii) tham my, tao nen sy hap dan ciia san pham vdl khach hang; (iv) chuc nang thuong mai.
Vdi DN may san xuat theo phuang thirc OBM, cin quan tam tdi ca ba vln dl tren; cdn cac DN may khac, van de dau tien can dac biet chii trgng de giu chan khach hang.
3.1.2. Chinh sdch gid
Gia cua san pham may d DN san xuat theo phuang thuc OBM la gia ban tren thi trudng.
Ngay nay, gia ca khong phai la ylu to canh tranh hang dau nhung vln luon dugc coi la ylu td canh tranh quan trgng trong viec thu hut khach hang, dac biet la d nhung thj trudng ma thu nhap cua dan cu cdn thip. Cdn vdi DN san xult theo cac phuong thuc khac (CMT, FOB, ODM) thi gia d day la thii lao DN dugc nhan tii' ddi tac can cu vao phan cong viec da ky ket.
3.1.3. Chinh sdch phdn phdi
Viec phan phdi san pham may chi dugc thyc hien d nhQng DN san xuat theo phuang thiic OBM. Ndi dung co ban ciia chlnh sach phan phdi trong marketing san pham may la thiet ke va quan Iy mang ludi ban hang khi DN tung san pham ra thi trudng. Mang ludi ban hang do la tap hgp cac kenh vdi su tham gia ciia cae chit the khac nhau co sue manh va uy tin khac nhau de dua san pham may tir DN san xuat den cac khach hang mgt each thanh cong. Viec thiet kl va quan ly cac kenh ban hang ciia DN phai bao dam cac yeu cau ca ban sau day: (1) Phii hgp vdi tinh chat ciia san pham; (2) Tao dieu kien thuan lgi nhat cho khach hang trong viec tiep can va tim mua san pham mgt each de dang; (3) Xem xet kSnh phan phoi ctia ddi thii canh tranh; (4) Cac kenh phan phdi can dam bao tang doanh sd ban cua DN va thiet lap mdi quan he ben vung vdi cac trung gian.
3.1.4. Chinh sdch xuc lien
Chinh sach nay cting chi thyc sy dugc thyc hien d DN may san xuat theo phuang thuc OBM.
Chlnh sach xiic tien bao gom chlnh sach quang cao, chlnh sach khuyen mai.
- Chlnh sach quang cao lien quan den viec lya chgn hinh thuc quang cao nhu quang cao san pham hay quang cao DN; lya chgn phuang tien quang cao nhu ti vi, dai, bang, bao chi hay trinh dien thdi trang, phim anh, hgi nghj khach hang...; cung nhu lya chgn phuang tien quang cao, ngan quy danh cho quang cao...
Nghien cuu An Do va Chau A. So 2 - 2020, tr.69-77 75
Ly Thu Ciic, Vu TuIn Hung. Nguygn Van Phuong, Trin Hthi Cudng. Phdt triJnBm^g::^
- Chinh sach khuyin mai thudng dl cap din cac hinh thuc khuyin mai nhu tang qua, giam gia hay ban kem...
3.2. Phuffng thu-c sdn xuat eua doanh nghiep may
Trong san xuat may cdng nghiep, cd cac phuong thuc chii ylu sau:
- CMT (Cut - Make - Trim): Cac DN may chi thyc hien cit - may - hoan thien san phim tren CO sd cac nguyen phu lieu, mlu thilt kl va cac yen td dlu vao cin thilt khac dugc khach hang cung cap.
- OEM/FOB (Original Equipment Manufacturing): Day la phuang thuc san xuat theo kieu
"Mua nguyen lieu, ban thanh pham".
- ODM (Original Design Manufacturing): Phuang thuc san xult nay bao gdm khau thiet ke va toan bg qua trinh san xuat, tir thu mua vai va nguyen phu lieu, cat, may, hoan tat, ddng gdi va van chuyen.
- OBM (Original Brand Manufacturing): Phuong thuc san xuat nay dugc cai tien dya tren hinh thii'C OEM. Cae hang san xuat ty thiet ke va ky hgp ddng cung cap hang hoa trong va ngoai nude cho thuong hieu rieng ciia minh.
Hien nay, cac DN may Viet Nam dang tap trung qua Idn loai hinh gia cong (CMT) vdn cd gia trj gia tang thap va muc do tham dung lao dgng phd thdng cao, dan tdi thu nhap ciia ngudi lao dgng khd dugc dam bao, tinh hap dan ciia nganh giam siit, gay ra tinh trang bien dgng Idn ve lao ddng va de dga den sy phat trien dn dinh cua nganh.
3.3. Quan ly nguon cung ung
NLCT cua DN dugc bieu hien bdi sy chii ddng ciia DN vdi cac nguyen phy lieu dau vao. Khi DN chu dgng va da dang hda dugc ngudn cung ling thi kha nang dam phan cua DN vdi cac nha cung cap se tang len; ben canh do, DN cd co hdl mua dirge nguyen phu lieu vdi gia canh tranh hon. Ve van dl nay, trong Ichudn kho nghien ciru, tac gia de cap tdi mdt sd khia canh sau:
- Xuat xu cua nguyen phu lieu: Vdi nhung nguyen phy lieu nhap khau, DN can chii trgng den thii tyc nhap khau va cac chi phi cd lien quan phat sinh trong qua trinh nhap khau. Mdt diem dang luu tam la vdi nguyen phu lieu nhap khau thi thdi gian chd dgi ciia DN se dai han mua trong nudc; dieu dd ciing anh hudng den thdi gian trien khai don hang.
- Mua true tiep tir nha san xuat hoac mua qua trung gian thuo'ng mai: Neu DN mua nguyen phu lieu tryc tilp tir nha san xult thi se khong phai chiu phan chenh lech gia d cac khau trung gian thuang mai.
4. Cac ket qua canh tranh cua doanh nghiep may 4.L Lai nhuan
Lgi nhuan cua DN ia khoan chenh lech giua doanh thu va chi phi. Lgi nhuan la kit qua tai chinh cuoi ciing ciia cac hoat dgng san xuat, kinh doanh, hoat dgng tai chlnh, hoat ddng khac dem lai, la chi tieu chat lugng de danh gia hieu qua kinh te cac hoat ddng cua DN. Lgi nhuan cd vai trd quan trgng tdi su tang trudng va phat trien ciia DN ndi rieng va ctia toan xa hdi ndi chung. Day
Nghien ciiu An Do va Chau A. 86 2 - 2020, tr.69-77 7^
Ly Thu Ciic, Vu TuIn Hung, Nguygn Van Phuong, Trin Huu Cudng. Phdt triin khung...
chi'nh la dgng lyc thdi thiic DN nang dgng han nu-a de khang dinh minh trong mdi tru'dng canh tranh. Lgi nhuan tac dgng den tat ca mgi hoat dgng ciia DN, tir tai chinh, nhan sy, cho den viec tai san xuat md rdng... Do do, lgi nhuan chlnh la chi tieu chat lugng de do ket qua canh tranh cua DN.
4.2. Thi phdn
Thi phan (market share) la ty le phan tram ve thi tin'ong ma mdt DN nam giu so vdi long quy md thj trudng. DN cd thj phan cao nhat dugc xem la thuong hieu dan dau. Thi phan la mdt trong nhtmg tieu chi danh gia muc do thanh cdng cua DN. Quy md thi trudng (market size) cd the dugc tinh tren co sd tdng san pham dugc tieu thu hay gia trj san pham tieu thy. Nd cd the dugc tinh thong qua viec cgng gdp san lugng hay gia tri san pham ban ra cua tat ca DN trong nganh.
4.3. Tdc dp tang trir&ng
Day la chi tieu so sanh doanh thu, thi phan, san lugng cim DN trong timg thdi ky, dugc the hien bang sd tuong ddi va tuyet ddi. Neu DN co tdc do lang trudng cang idn thi chiing td NLCT ciia DN cang cao va ngugc lai.
Ket luan
Viec xay dyng nhu'ng chi tieu danh gia NLCT co y nghTa rat lon vl dd chinh la nhung thudc do khi phan tich thyc trang NLCT cua DN may VietNam (Vii Duong Hda, 2017). Day la nhung chi tieu vd ciing quan trgng, giup so sanh, danh gia NLCT ciia DN may so vdi ddi thu canh tranh tren thi trudng. D I lam ro han ve birc tranh NLCT ciia DN may Viet Nam, nhdm tac gia da de cap tdi cae ylu td tac dgng den NLCT ciia DN, lam ca sd xac dinh co hdi va nguy co khi tien hanh phan tich SWOT cho DN.
Tai lieu tham khao
1. Trkn HOu Cudng (20\\), Khd ndng cgnh tranh ciia doanh nghiep nhd vd vira a ndng thdn VietNam trong bdi cdnh hdi nhgp, Nxb. Lao dgng XS hgi. Ha Ngi.
2. Hiep hgi Det May Viet Nam - Vitas (2018), Bdn tin Kinh ti - Det May, S6 ra thang 3/2018.
3. Vu Duong Hoa (2017), Ndng eao ndng luc cgnh tranh cua cdc doanh nghiep nhd vd viea dit may VietNam, Luan an Tiln sT nganh Thuang mai, Vien Nghien cuu Thuang mai.
4. Michael Porter (1980), Chiin luge cgnh tranh (Competitive Strategy), Nxb. Tre, Thanh ph6 Ho Chi Minh.
5. Nguyin Dinh Thg (2011), Phuang phdp nghien cuu khoa hgc trong kinh doanh, Nxb. Lao dgng X5 hoi, HaNoi.
6. Thii tudng Chlnh phu (2008), Quyit dinh Sd/QD-TTg ngdy 14/3/2008 viphe duyet Chiin luge phdt triin ngdnh cdng nghiip Det may Viet Nam din ndm 2015. dinh hudng din ndm 2020, http://vanban.chinhphu.vn/portal/page/portal/chinhphu/hethongvanban?classjd=l&_page=l&mode=detail
&document_id=60675, ngay truy cap 15/12/2019.
7. Le H6ng Thutn (2018), Bdo cdo ngdnh det may thdng 12/2017, http://www.fpts.com.vn/FileStore2/File/2018/01/ll/FPTS-
Textiles%20and%20Clothing%20Industry%20Report-Dec.2017.pdf, ngay truy cap 4/12/2019.
Nghien ciru An D6 va Chau A. 86 2 - 2020, tr.69-77 77
