QUY HOACH KHONG GIAN BIEN TRONG PHAT TRIEN CAC NGANH KINH TE
BIEN TAI TINH HA TINH, VIET NAM
• NGUYEN THj THANH HUYEN
TOM TAT:
Viet Nam da bat dau ap dung quy hoach khdng gian bid'n (QHKGB) tif nam 2009 de gop phan tang cifdng quan ly nha mfdc thdng nha't vd bien dao, bao gdm quan 1^ cac boat ddng sil dung tai nguydn va bao vd moi trddng bie'n va hai dao. QHKGB da du'dc ap dung tai tinh Ha TTnh tif nam 2017, vdi 6 vdng khdng gian difdc phan bd cho cac nganh va viing ddm sinh hgc nhif phat trien rifng ngap man ven sdng, bai de thiiy san tai cac ciJfa sdng; viing khdng gian sii dung da muc tieu... Cac ldi Ich ma QHKGB mang lai ddu tu'dng thich vdi cac ydu cau va muc tidu cua tang tnfdng xanh va tao nen tang de phat trien kinh te bien xanh tai Ha Tinh. Bai vie't ban vd vCn dd QHKGB trong phat trien cac nganh kinh te bien tai tinh Ha Tinh, Vidt Nam.
Tuf khoa: Quy hoach khdng gian bie'n, kinh td' bien xanh, kinh te^ bien Ha Tinh.
1. Md dIu
Ngay nay, phifdng phap tie'p can difa tren he sinh thai da du'dc chap nhan rdng rai nhif mdt khudn khd chinh de dat tdi phat trien ben vifng d ea mdi tru'dng da't lien, bien va viing bd. Phifdng phap nay du'a ra mdt khung khd quan trgng dung cho vide danh gia da dang sinh hgc va cac dich vu he sinh thai, danh gia va thife hien cac bien phap lfng phd ed the xay ra. Ung dung eua phu'dng phap tie'p can difa trdn he sinh thai la tap trung vao cac mo'i quan he chdc nang va qua trinh van hanh trong he sinh thai, chu y de'n sif phan bd ldi ich tif cac dich vu he sinh thai, viec sd dung cac phddng phap quanly thich dng, sif can thie't phai quan lyd nhidu quy mo va vide hdp tac hen nganh. Cd nhieu phu'dng phap tid'p can da difdc ap dung khac nhd quan ly tdng hdp tai nguyen mfdc va quan ly tdng
hdp cac viing bien va bd bien. cung nha't quan vdi phifdng phap tie'p can theo he sinh thai va hd trd cho lfng dung cua nd d nhieu nganh hoac cong ddng khac nhau, bao gdm ca mdi tnfdng bien va b&
bien. Tren thifc td', viec dng dung phifdng phap tid'p can theo he sinh thai vao cac vung bien dddc xay ddng difa tren cac khai nidm quan ly tong hdp da difdc siJ dung rdng rai trong cdng tae quan ly cac khu vifc nay.
QHKGB cung cap mdt quy trinh cho each tid'p can mang linh chie'n lu'dc va tich hdp difa tren ke hoach cho quan ly bidn cd the giup chiing ta nhin tha'y rd hdn bdc tranh toan canh va kiem soat cdc hoat ddng sd dung bien dang cd hoac tiem an m3u thuEn, nhifng hSu qua tich liiy tif cac hoat ddng cfla con ngu'di va quan ly vide bao ve hien. QHKGB khdng chi cung cap mot cd hdi de' qu .r' \\ td't hdn
KINH TE
va hieu rd hdn mdi trifdng bid'n, ma cdn tao didu kidn thiet lap mot quy hoach dai ban, trong do cac qua tnnh trd ndn minh bach hdn vdi sif chac chan hdn trong vide cho phep lap kd' hoach va phan bo ngudn life dd'i vdi cac nha phat trien kinh td'va nha quan Iy mdi tru'dng.
2. Khai quat vd quy hoach khong gian bid'n Quy hoach khdng gian bien difdc ra ddi tif hoat ddng phan viing chdc nang (Function zoning) d Cdng vien bien qud'c te' Dai san hd Idn (Great Barrier Reef International Manne Park) thupc bien San Hd, Ddng Bac Australia each dSy khoang 30 nam [1]. Theo do, ngifdi ta da chia khdng gian bien trong pham vi Cdng vien bien qud'c le' nay ra thanh cac "ddn vi khdng gian" (khu vifc bien) de quan ly, sd dung hieu qua va tddng thich vdi chifc nang tif nhien ciia tifng ddn vi khdng gian.
Tif dd, phan vung sijf dung bien va bd bien difdc ap dung rdng rai trong cac hoat dgng quan ly khu bao tdn bien (KBTB - Marine Protected Area) d ca'p toan cau, khu vifc qudc gia. Va day, difdc xem la cdng cu bifu hieu trong qua trinh trien khai ke' hoach quan ly ngay sau khi nd dddc cd quan nha nddc eo tham quyen phd duydt. Dac biet, d My hau hd't cae thifc hanh td't (good practices) ve phan vLing chdc nang du'dc ap dung rdng rai trong quan ly KBTB va cac khu dif trif tif nhidn bidn [2],
Quan niem ve QHKGB ngay cang hoan thien va phan viing chdc nang da trd thanh mdt ndi dung
"ky thuat" giup QHKGB dat difdc muc tidu. Ngay nay, QHKGB dtfdc xem la mdt qua trinh phan tich va phan bd (do cd quan nha nddc cd tham quyen thifc hien) cac boat dgng cua con ngifdi theo khdng gian va thdi gian d eac vung bie'n nha't dinh de' dat difdc cac muc tidu kinh te', xa hdi va sinh thai va thifdng dddc cu the hda dddi dang mdt quy dinh chinh sach [3]. Cac tac gia nay cung nha'n manh QHKGB khdng thay the "quan ly ddn nganh" ma tap trung vao hddng dSn cac nha ra quye't dinh de ta't ca cac quye't dinh difdc difa ra se phii hdp vdi muc tieu quan ly mdt vung bien theo dinh hu'dng tdng hdp, difa vao he sinh thai.
QHKGB cung la mdt qua trinh quy hoach khdng gian toan dien, tich hdp, cd tinh minh bach, cd tinh thich nghi, dda vao he sinh thai, cd can cd khoa hgc nham muc dieh phan tieh hien trang va dif bao tu'dng lai dd'i vdi vide sddung, khai thac bien va dai difdng. Nd se xac dmh viing thich hdp nhS't do'i vdi cac dang hoat ddng khac nhau nham giam thieu cac
tac ddng tidu cifc de'n mdi tnfdng, thuan tidn trong viec sd dung, khai thac, tang tinh iiieu qua vd kinh td' - xa hgi va an ninh. QHKGB khdng chi de cap de'n cac van de ve kinh te', nhu'cae mye'n hang hai, khai thac dau khi,,.. ma cdn ca nhifng van dd ve mdi tru'dng va cac gia tri van boa [4].
QHKGB tie'n hanh theo each tich hdp, cd sif tham gia ciia cac ben lien quan, dac biet la cac doanh nghidp va edng ddng ngifdi dan dja phu'dng nen nd giiip hai hoa ldi ich va giam thie'u xung dot ldi ich trong qua trinh tid'n hanh cac boat ddng khai thac, sd dung khdng gian trong ciing mdt viing bien [5].
Nhif vay, cd the hieu rSng: QHKGB khdng phai la mdt loai hinh quy hoach phat trien kinh te' - xa hdi hay quy hoach mdi tnfdng da difdc dd cap trong cac tai lidu khac, ma nd difdc xem la mdt "cdng cu" quan ly khai thac, si! dung bien (sea - use).
Thdng qua QHKGB, cd quan nha nddc ed tham quyen tid'n hanh quan ly bien theo khdng gian - mdt each tie'p can quan ly va quan trj tien tie'n dd'i vdi dai dddng, bidn, dao v^ vung bd.
3. Nhu cau ve quy hoach khdng gian bien ta Ha Tinh
Toan tinh cd 137 km bd bien tif huyen Nghi XuSn de'n huyen Ky Anh, gdm eac huydn giap bien: Huyen Nghi Xu§n, Huydn Ldc Ha, Huydn Thach Ha, Huyen Cam Xuyen va Huydn Ky Anh.
Vdi cac CLfa bien chinh: Cda Hdi - Nghi Xuan, Cufa Sdt - Thach Ha, Cufa Nhifdng - Cam Xuyen, Cda Khau - Ky Anh. Ba nganh kinh td' bien truyen thd'ng phat trien lai Ha Tinh cung chia se khdng gian bie'n va ven bien la danh bat va nudi trdng thiiy san, du lich bidn va cang bien. Ve linh vifc danh bat ihuy san, day la mdt ngif tru'dng cd nhieu hai san quy va hie'm vdi trif lifdng kha cao nhif tdm hiim, sd huyd't... ehi mdi khai thac difdc tif 10 -15%. Ha Tinh ed the'phat trien mot each toan didn ve kinh td'bien la danh bat, nudi trdng va cdng nghiep ehd'bien hai san xua't khau. Ha "nnh cd tidm nang, ldi the' rat ldn ve nghe khai thac hai san. Song, sd doi tau danh bat viing Idng, viing khdi tren dia ban edn it, chii ye'u cdng sua't nhd hdn 20 CV (chie'm hdn 75%), Iam nghe Iddi re va eau hoat ddng viing ven bd trong tinh. Do dd, nguon ldi thuy san ven bd dang bi khai thac qua mifc, it nhat 10 - 12%. Ve ITnh vifc du hch, vdi the manh la du Ijch bien, trung binh 4 trieu lifdt khach mdi nam, vdi doanh thu tif du lich hdn 5.000 ty ddng mdi nam. Vd linh vdc cang bien.
So 12-Thang 7/2019 75
vdi thd' manh la cang mfdc sau Sdn Dddng, nam 2018 da ddn 600 Iifdt tau thdng quan qua cang va gan 13 trieu tan hang hda.
Trdn thdc te', viing ddi bd va ven bien deu cd vung khdng gian siJ dung da muc tieu, bao gdm eac boat ddng didn ra ciing luc nhif: cang ea, khai thac thiiy san, nudi trdng thuy san, du lich bien, rifng ngap man, bao ve hd sinh thai ven bd... De nang cao nang life nghe ca, ddng thdi bao vd tinh da dang sinh hgc va ngudn ldi ven bien, hu'dng de'n phat trien ben vifng nganh Thiiy san, Tinh da xac dinh dddc sif ehdng la'n trong quy hoach giifa cac nganh vii xay difng thanh cdng ban dd hidn trang quy hoach khdng gian. Qua ra soat, nghien cdu cac bao cao quy hoach cua Tinh, cd nhifng dia diem cd the xay ra nhifng xung dot trong sd dung khdng gian ven bien cho nganh Nudi trdng thuy san vdi cae hoat dgng kinh td' bien khac nhif du lich, khu kinh td' ven bien va vdi cac viing dem la cac hd sinh thai venbd nhd sau: (Bang I).
kd't hdp vdi ddn vi tuf va'n da xay ddng bd tai lieu va td chdc 6 ldp tap hua'n cho can bd xa va huyen ve nang cao nang life quy hoach khdng quan tong hdp ven bd. Thanh phan tap hua'n bao gdm toan bd can bd thudc to ISP cap huyen, can bd dja chinh, can bd phu trach ndng nghiep. chu tich hpi ndng dan cua cac xa va thi tra'n ven bien. Ke't thiic khda tap hua'n, cic hpe vidn da nam dddc cae bddc chinh trong quy trtnh thifc hien ISP va thifc hanh cac bddc lap kd' hoach. Cu the dddc the hidn chi tid't qua Bang 2.
Bddc 2: Tie'n hanh khao sat, danh gia mdi trddng, xa hdi, da dang sinh hgc va cac nguon Idi khu vifc ven bien. Vide didu tra kinh te' xa hpi tai cac huyen tbi diem va da dang sinh hpc: giiip xay ddng ban do hien trang kinh td' - xa hdi va da dang sinh hgc tai cac xa ven bien thupc viing thifc hien ISP.
Sau khi da so' boa ban do quy hoach cua cac nganh nghe, xac dinh cac diem va didn tich chdog Bang 1. NhQng vung xay ro xung dot trong suT dung khong gian ven bien tqi Ho Tinh Huy$n
Nghi XuSn
Loc Ha
Thach Ha
Cam Xuyen
KyAnh
NhQng vung cd thS xSy ra xung d$t
Vung ven bd ciia cac xa: Xuan Hdi, Xuan Oan, Xuan Trudng, Xuan Phd cd sif chdng lan gida vung khdng gian cho hoat ddng trdng King ngap man, rifng phi lao ven bien vdi nudi trong thuy san (NITS).
Vung ven bd cua cac xa: Thach Kim, Thach Bang, Thinh Loc cd su chong lan ve khdng gian cho cac hoat ddng' Du hch, NTTS man va lo. dich vu hau can nghe ca.
- Vijng bat cat ven bien tai cac xa' Thach Tn. Thach Hot co siJ chdng lan giQa hoat ddng trdng rau cii qua tren cat va nudi tom tren cat.
- Thdn Phu Hai (xa Ky Phu) c6 chdng lan quy hoach khu du lich va quy hoach khu che bien thuy san.
- Vung bai cat ven bien thi tran Thien Cam co siJ chong lan ve khdng gian cho cac hoat ddng: Trdng rau cu qua tren cat, du Nch va nfng phdng hd va nuoi tdm tren cat.
- Vung bai cat dpc bien cac xa Cam Hoa, Cam Duong cd su chdng lan quy hoach cho hoat dpng nuoi tdm tren cat. trong rau cu qua tren cat va khai thac khoang san.
- Tai Xa Ky Hung, cd sy chong lan ve khdng gian phat tnen NTTS man Ig va quy hoach cdng nghiep CLia khu kinh te Vung Ang
- Tai xa Ky Nam, cd su chdng lan ve phat tnen NTTS man Ig va quy hoach khu du hch dec con.
4. Thifc trang ap dung quy hoach khdng gian bie'n (ISP - Integrated Spatial Planning) trong quy hoach tdng hdp lien nganh khu vdc ven bien tinh Ha Tinh
Bddc 1: Tinh da xay dtfng mdt td ISP tif cap tinh, huyen va xa. Sau khi tham dif cac ldp tap
hua'n do WB va PCU td chdc, can bp ciia td ISP nam 2030. (Hinh 1).
Nguon. Bdo cdo du dn CRSD Tinh Hd Tinh ndm 2018
lan cua cac Imh vifc kinh te' bien khac nhau nhtf:
nudi trdng thuy san, du bch bien, cang bien, vCing ddm sinh hpc ven bien...
Bu'dc 3: Quy hoach khdng gian tdng hdp cho cac linh vifc khac nhau va dddc sif phd duydt ciia UBND Tinh giai doan 2017 - 2020. t.ini nhin tdi
KINH TE
Bang 2. So lacfng can bp dja phi/dng dUdc tgp hua'n ISP To ISP
To ISP cap tinh
To ISP cap huyen Td ISP cap xa
Thanh vien to dong quan ly Tong
So tttanh vien 11 36 54
101
So ttianti vien di/gc t$p tiuan 11 36 54 34 135
Ty 1$ duoc tSp huEfn
100%
100%
100%
Nguon: Bdo cdo dU dn CRSD tinh Hd Tinh ndm 2018
Hint) i: Ban do xac dinh cac di4m chdng lan
BAN DO XAC DINH CAC DI^M CHONG LXN GIUA QUY HOACH NUOI TOM, CA TR£N CAT V6l QUY HOACH cAc NGANH vtJNG VEN BTEN CAM XUY^N
Nguon- Bdo cdo du dn CRSD Tinh Hd Tinh ndm 2018 So 12-Thang 7/2019 77
Ket qua phan viing ke' hoach quan ly khdng gian ven bd nhtf sau: Viing bd 6 huydn, thi xa dddc chia theo hddng td Ddng sang Tay, tif vung nddc bie'n 6 hai ly trd vao da't lien ven bd lam 6 viing khdng gian nhu sau:
Vdng 1: Khai thac thuy san ven bd: viing bie'n ven bd ciia 6 huyen, thj xa ven bie'n tif 0 - 6 hai ly.
Viing 2: Khdng gian phat trie'n nudi trong thuy san: gom NTTS man Id, nudi tdm trdn cat: Huydn Nghi XuSn (Viing Cda Hpi, Cda Lach Dong Ken, cac xa Xuan Phd', Xuan Dan, Xuan Tnfdng, Cu'dng Gian, Xuan Lien, Xuan Hai, Cd' Dam); Huyen Thach Ha (viing ven sdng Rao Cai, ven sdng Cay, ven sdng Hd Dp va nudi tdm trdn cat tai cac xa Thach Tri, Thach Lac, Thach Hai); Huyen Ldc Ha (eac xa Thach Bang, Thach My, Mai Phu, Thach Chau, Thinh Ldc); Huydn Cim Xuyen (viing ven bie'n Cda NhdOng, viing tie'p giap cda sdng Gia Hdi va sdng Rac, nudi tdm trdn cat xa Cam DdPng);
Huyen Ky Anh (nudi trong tai cac xa Ky Thif, Ky Thp, Ky Ninh, Ky Nam, Ky Hu'ng, Ky Xuan).
Viing 3; Khdng gian phat trien chd' bid'n thuy san: Huydn Nghi XuSn: 01 khu che'bie'n bao quan thiiy san tai khu Cdng nghiep Gia Lach, quy md 7 ha; 01 khu chd'bid'n tai cangca Xuan Hdi; Huyen Cam Xuyen: 01 khu ehd'bie'n bao quan thiiy san tai xa Cam NhtfOng cd quy md 7ha (gan cang Cam NhUdng); Huyen Ldc Ha - Xa Thach Kim: 01 khu che' bien bao quan thuy san quy md 4 ha; Huydn Ky Anh: thdn Trung Tie'n (Iha) xa Ky Khang, thdn Phu Hai (Iha) - xa Ky Phii, 01 khu ehd' bie'n bao quan thuy san quy md 1,5 ha tai thdn Quang Trung, xa Ky Xuan; Thi xa Ky Anh- Xa Ky Ninh: 01 khu ehe' bie'n bao quan thuy san quy md 7 ha.
Vung 4: Khdng gian phat trien cang, be'n ca, neo dau tau thuyin va dich vu hdu can nghe ca:
Huyen Nghi Xuan: Cang ca va dich vu hau can nghe ea tai thon Hdi Thuy, xa Xuan Hpi- Cda Hpi (cang ca XuSn Hdi); Huyen Ldc Ha: Cang ca va dich vu hau can nghe ca tai xa Thach Kim; Huyen Cam Xuyen: Cang ca va dieh vu hau can nghe ea
tai Cda Nhifdng (xa C^m NhtfOng. tin iran Thidn Cam); Thi xa Ky Anh: C^ng ca va khu dich vu hSu can nghe ca tai xa Ky Ninh, khu neo dau tau thuyen tai xa Ky Ha thudc khu kinh te' Vung Ang;
bd'n neo dau xa Ky Phu'dng.
Viing 5: Khdng gian bao ve, phuc hdi cac hd sinh thai vdng bd: gom cac vung khdng gian phat trid'n rdng ngap man ven sdng; vung bai de thiiy san tai cae cda sdng.
Viing 6: Khdng gian sd dung da muc tidu.
(1) Khu vifc cda Hdi: bao gom cae boat ddng didn ra ciing luc nhd; Cang ca, khai thac thuy san, nudi trong thiiy san, du Hch, bao vd he sinh thai ven bd,...;
(2) Khu vdc cda Sdt: Bao gom cac boat ddng didn ra cdng luc nhd: Hoat ddng ndng nghiep, khai thac thiiy san, nudi trong thiiy san, ehd'bid'n thiiy san, du Iich, bao ve he sinh thai ven bd,...;
(3) Khu vdc viing cda Nhddng: Bao gom viing bie'n ven bd thi tra'n Thidn Cam, Cam Nhddng, Cam Ldc, Cam LTnh va Cda Nhddng bao gom cac hoat ddng dien ra cilng luc nhd: KTTS, NTTS, DL, DVHCNC, rdng ngap man, bao vd he sinh thai;
(4) Khu vifc cda Khau - cang Vung Ang: Bao gom cac boat ddng dien ra ciing luc nhd khai thac thiiy san, du Hch, ehe' bie'n thuy sdn, au thuyen Ky Ha, san xuat didm nghidp tai xa Ky Ha, cang van tai Vung Ang, NTTS tai xa Ky Ninh, rifng.
5. Ke't luan
Nhd da phan tieh d tren, QHKGB khdng thay the' "quan ly ddn nganh" va nd cung chda the' giai quyd't ddpe van d^ cd ban cua quan ly td'ng hdp ve bid'n va hai dao, do la giai quye't dddc mau thuin ve ldi ich va xung dot trong idiai thac. Tuy nhien, QHKGB la mdt phan khdng the tach rdi ciia quy hoach sd dung biln va la mot cdng cu quan ly nha mfdc ve sd dung bien, bd bid'n va hai dao, dong thdi giam thie'u nhifng mau thuin trong sd dung da nganh. Vi vay, QHKGB da trd thanh can thid't cho viec thifc hidn quan ly nha nddc ve bid'n, bd bien va hai dao d Ha Tinh •
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO:
; Jon C. Day 2002. Zoning - Lessons from the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park. International Joui, and Coastal Management 45 (2002). 139 - 156. Elsevier.
KINH I E
2. Nguyen Chu Hoi. 2013. Quy hoach khong gian bien vd vdng bd. NXB Ndng nghiep. Hd Ngi.
3. Elhler B. and Fanny D. (IOC/UNESCO). 2009. Quy hoach khong gian bien: tiep can tdng budc hudng tdi qudn ly dua vdo he sinh that. Tdi lieu dich ra tieng Viet (2010) do Bg Tdi Nguyen vd Mdi Trudng phdt hdnh, Hd Ngi.
4. NOAA, 2009. Coastal and Marine Spatial Planning (NO/{A - Cue Qudn ly dgi duang vd khi quyen qud'c gia My).
Ngay nhan bai: 13/6/2019
Ngay phan bidn danh gia va siJa chffa: 23/6/2019 Ngay chap nh$n dSng bai: 3/7/2019
Thong tin taenia:
NCS. NGUYEN THI THANH HUYEN Trtfdng Dai hpc Ha Tinh
THE ROLE OF MARINE SPATIAL PLANNING IN PROMOTING THE DEVELOPMENT OF SEA-BASED
INDUSTIRES OF HA TINH PROVINCE
• Post graduate student NGUYEN THI THANH HUYEN Ha Tinh University
ABSTRACT:
Vietnam has applied marine spatial planning since 2009 to strengthen the state management of sea and islands, including the management of natural resource use and environmental protecdon of the sea and islands. Marine spatial planning has been applied by Ha Tinh province since 2017 with 6 spatial areas allocated to bio-sectors and buffer zones such as development of mangrove forests along rivers, aquatic products in estuaries and multi-purpose use space.
Benefits of the marine spadal planning are compatible with die requirements and objectives of Ha Tinh province's green growth, creating a foundation for the blue ocean economy of Ha Tinh provmee. This study is to discuess the role of marine spatial planning in promoting the development of sea-based industires of Ha Tinh province.
Keywords: Marine spatial planning, blue ocean economy. Ha Tinh province's sea economy.
So 12-Thang 7/2019 79
