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Q U Y H O A C H "^"" "-^•"' VA
Q U A N LY PHAT T R I E N
K H O N G G I A N N G A M
D O T H !
(Tom luoc bai phat bieu d i n d l tai hoi thao)
MO BAU
Moi do thi deu I't nhieu co khai thae khong gian ngim de l i y nudc sach va l i p dat cac tuyin ducmg ong ky thuat nhu dudng ong cap nuofc, dudng cong thoat nudc. Viec khai thae khong gian ngam nhu vay tUdng ddi ddn gian, ndi chung khdng c i n phai dac biet luu y khi quy hoaeh phat trien ket eau ha t i n g dd thi (tuy vay n l u khai thae nudc n g i m qua mu'c cd the gay liin cho mat dat). Nhung khi do thi tang trudng den mire dp nhat dinh thi su'e tai (dung luong) hien huu eua mot sd khu vuc, trudc tien la khu trung tam thUdng mai, dat tdi mire dp tdi han, khien su van hanh eua dd thi bi tac nghen va mdi trudng dd thi bi d nhilm nang n l . Oe tang them site tai cho khu vue dd, nhit la khi c i n tao dii khdng gian thoang tren mat d i t eho loai hinh dd thi nen (compact city) cd mat dp xay dung rat eao, ngudi ta tim each chuyen viec phat trien dd thi ehi tren mat d i t sang phat trien theo khdng gian, tire la ea len eao tren khdng va xudng n g i m dudi dat, nhd eac t i l n bp eua cdng nghe xay dung hien dai va bo sung nhieu npi dung mdi eho quy hoaeh dd thj, trong dd cd quy hoach phat trien khdng gian ngam.
Ngay nay, khi eac thanh phd Idn nhu Ha Npi va TP Hd Chi Minh phat trien manh me va gap phai nhung v i n d l ed lien quan d i n sire tai dd thi nhu eae thanh phd Idn khae tren the gidi, chinh q u y l n cac thanh phd nay da ciing vdi cac chuyen gia quy hoach va cae nha kinh doanh bat ddng san hudng tdi khai thae khdng gian tren eao b i n g each xay dung cae eao de ed nhieu tang ham va mdng cpc sau, ddng thdi phat trien cac tuyin dudng bo va dudng sat tren cao va n g i m dudi dat cung vdi cac ham ehufa xe ngam. The nhung viec trien khai thue
T S P H A M S Y L I E M Piio c h u ticii T o n g hpi XDVN
hien cac du an cdng trinh n g i m d i u tien da bpc lo nhilu b i t cap v l k i l n there, cdng nghe, quy hoach, phap ly va phUdng thirc huy dpng v6n.
Nham luu y cae nha hoaeh dinh ehinh saeh va chinh quyln cac dd thi nudc ta v l mpt chu d l dang dUdc t h i gidi quan tam, hdi thao nay dat trpng tam vao gidi thieu eae nguyen ly ed ban eua quy hoach khdng gian n g i m dd thi, lam sang td mdi quan he giCra quy hoaeh khdng gian tren mat dat vdi quy hoaeh khdng gian ngam, thao luan viec lap quy hoaeh chi tiet khdng gian ngam tai khu thuong mai trung tam va cac khu nha d, eudi eung la xem xet viee hoan thien khudn kho phap ly va the che co lien quan n h i m tao d i l u kien phat trien khong gian n g i m tai eae dd thi nude ta.
I. KHAI JHAC KHONG GIAN N G A M PHUCVU PHATTRIEN 0 6 T H !
1. Khai niem chung v l khong gian ngim do thj
1.1. Do thj hoa va khong gian ngam 6 nudc ta, qua trinh dd thi hda d i l n ra kha nhanh ti/ khi Doi mdi: n l u nam 1990 ca nudc mdi cd 500 dd thi vdi 12,9 trieu dan, ehilm19,5% tong dan sd thi d i n thang 12/2010 da cd 755 do thj vdi 26,3 trieu dan, c h i l m 30,5 % tong dan sd, va du bao d i n 2025 cd the dat tdi 52 trieu ngudi, chilm khoang nira tong dan sd! Dang ehu y la hien nay da cd 12 dd thj Idn thuoc loai dac biet va loai 1 (Ha Npi, TP Hd Chi Minh, Hai Phdng, Da N i n g , C i n Thtf, H u l , Vinh, Da Lat, Nha Trang, Quy Nhon, Budn Ma Thudt, Thai Nguyen), va hai trong sd dd la Ha Noi va TP Hd Chi Minh dang trd thanh dd thj trung tam eua hai viing dd thi Idn (metropolitan areas).
Tren quan diem sir dung d i t , cd the phan ra 3
HOI THAO KHOA HOC "QUY HOACH VA QUAN LY PHAT TRIEN KHONG GIAN NGAM DO THI"
loai hinh dd thj hda:
1) Od thi hda g i n vdi md rdng dien tich d i t dd thj;
2) Do thj hda g i n vdi tang mat dp dan cu tren d i t dd thj hien cd;
3) Dd thi hda k i t hop hai loai hinh tren.
Loai hinh dd thj hda thur hai the hien xu hudng dd thi hoc mdi gpi la "tang trudng thong minh"
(Smart Growth), khuyin khich ap dung chi tieu mat dp dd thi tuong ddi cao thda dang va viec sir dung hdn hpp d i t dai vdi nhilu chiJc nang. Cac khu dd thj nhu vay dUdc gpi la "do thj nen" (Compact Cities), theo ten gpi do G.Dantzig va T L . Saaty dua ra t i / nam 1973.
Khai thae khdng gian n g i m chinh la giai phap thich hpp dupic qude t l thi/a nhan de tang dien tich xay dung n h i m nang cao mat do dd thj ma van dam bao giao thdng thdng suit, it tilng dn, mdi trudng trong lanh, cung umg d i y du nha d va cac djch vu cdng cdng, gdp p h i n phat trien dd thi b i n vCmg va ung phd vdi b i l n doi khi hau toan c l u .
1.2. Bac diem cua khong gian ngim do thj Cd n i m virng dae diem cua khdng ^ian n g i m thi mdi lam tdt quy hoach khdng gian n g i m dd thj.
Vdi each t i l p can tong hpp, khdng gian n g i m dd thi khdng chi la dja diem xay dung cong trinh va ha t i n g , ma cdn la ndi chi/a dung nhilu tai nguyen, bao gdm tai nguyen vat lieu xay dung, tai nguyen nudc, tai nguyen dja nhiet va ca tai nguyen khao co hoc.
VI d trong Idng d i t nen khdng gian n g i m la khdng gian khult m i t , khep kin, each ly vdi am thanh, cae c h i n dpng va khi hau tren mat d i t
- La khdng gian khult m i t nen cd the chi/a dung eac loai dudng day, dudng dng, va cac cdng trinh
"khd coi" hay c i n su ki'n dao;
- La khdng gian khep kin, it ldi ra vao nen de bao dam an toan, ehing han cho cae kho hang quy hoac chufa chat dpc hai;
- Nhd each ly tdt vdi am thanh va c h i n ddng tren mat d i t nen cd the tao mdi trudng tmh lang thuan loi cho mdt sd thuc nghiem khoa hoc & cdng nghe, hoac cdng trinh tru an phdng khdng. Cdng trinh n g i m chju dung dpng d i t tdt hdn cdng trinh tren mat d i t vi tranh dupe cac sdng dja c h i n b l mat;
- Nhd each ly vdi khi hau tren mat d i t nen cd the lam ndi tranh bao, ndi c i n cd nhiet dp on dinh, n h i t la tai cac viing khi hau k h i c nghiet.
Viec sir dung khdng gian n g i m cung cd mpt sd han e h l , chu y l u v l tam ly, nhu:
- Tdi tam va dp am cao, tach rdi khdi thien nhien;
• Gay lien tudng d i n n i m md;
• Ndi sa bj m i c ket khi cd su ed;
• Khd djnh hudng;
• C i n cdng nghe dae thii va chi phi tUdng ddi tdn kem.
Oe k h i c phuc cac mat han che ndi tren, mdi
trudng khdng gian ngam phai hpp ve sinh, an toan va d l chju, do dd phai giam sat chat che c h i t lUdng ehdng t h i m , bao dam duy tri lien tue viec cung i/ng nang lupng cho chieu sang, dieu hda khdng khi, bdm nudc thai, cd du cae bien chi dan dUdc chieu sang va ldi thoat an toan khi gap su ed.
Viee khai thae khdng gian n g i m la khdng the dao nguoc nhu tren mat d i t , do dd c i n dUdc xem xet can nhae ky trude khi quyet dinh. Can danh gia tac dpng eCia su ed mat cua cdng trinh ngim tdi hien trang nudc n g i m va anh hudng eiia qua trinh thi cdng cdng trinh ngam den su liin nut eua cac cdng trinh khae tren va dudi mat dat gan ke vdi nd.
Ngoai ra, nen ehu y r i n g mdng sau cua cdng trinh cao t i n g tren mat d i t eung la mdt dang cdng trinh ngam can dua vao quy hoaeh vi cd lien quan den viec chpn tuyen cho giao thdng ngam.
2. Hien trang va xu t h i phat trien khdng gian n g i m do thj tren t h i gid'i
o l u T h i ky XX, cd 4 dd thj Idn: New York, Paris, Berlin, Matsedva ed he thing tau dien n g i m . Nira sau T h i ky XX khdng gian n g i m dd thj da dUdc khai thae rdng rai vdi nhilu loai cdng trinh ngim mdi nhu dudng phd n g i m , d I u mdi giao thdng ngam, nha hat, be bdi, san van ddng ngam, kho hang, kho lanh n g i m , nha may x(j ly nude thai ngim... Nam 1983 Lien hiep qude da ra nghj quylt v l khdng gian ngam, xem khong gian ngam ia mgt loai tai nguyen.
Khdng gian n g i m ngay cang trd thanh "khdng gian thir hai cCia dd thj". Nam 1991, Hdi Khdng gian n g i m va H i m qude t l (ITA) to chifc Hdi thao qude t l , ra Tuyen ngdn Tokyo nhan djnh ThS ky XXI la thS ky su* dijng khong gian ngim, xem khdng gian ngam cung nhu dat dai va khoang san, deu la tai nguyen thien nhien quy bau. Viec phat trien va sir dung ehung phai ed quy hoach nghiem tiic de khdng huy hoai va lang phi loai tai nguyen nay. Quy hoach khdng gian ngam dd thj la chii de dUdc "Hiep hdi cac Trung tam Nghien eiru Sir dung Khdng gian n g i m dd thj" (ACUUS) quan tam dua ra thao luan tai eac hdi thao qude t l d Paris (1995), Tay An (1999), Tham Quyln (2009) .
Ndi ehung, cac chuyen gia cho rang sau khi GDP d i u ngudi dat 500USD thi qude gia da ed d i l u kien phat trien khdng gian n g i m ; khi dat mire 1000 USD thi b i t d i u di vao giai doan quy hoach va phat trien khdng gian n g i m dd thj; dat tdi 3000 USD thi gia d i t dd thj tang cao nen viec phat trien khdng gian n g i m dd thj da chin mudi va t i l n tdi cao trao.
Trung Qude dang phat trien manh me khdng gian n g i m dd thi, trd thanh qude gia hang d i u trong ITnh vue nay tren t h i gidi: ngoai tau dien n g i m vdi chilu dai mdi nam tang them 180km, nhieu dd thj cdn xay dung dudng cao tde n g i m , he thdng cdng trinh n g i m da churc nang, tham chi nhilu khu dd thj n g i m vdi dien tich b i n g 20-30% tong dien
NGUdi XAY DUNG SO THANG 8&9 • 2012
tich khu vue tren mat dat, ehang han d Bac Kinh, dien tich ngam khu Tay Trung Quan Thdn la 500.000m", khu Vuong Phii Tinh la 600.000m".
Hien nay hon 20 dd thj da ed quy hoaeh khdng gian ngam.
Ndi chung, trong T h i ky XXI, khdng gian ngim dd thi se phat trien manh me tren quy md rpng Idn de giai quyet mdt loat van de giao thdng dd thj, eai tao cae khu dd thi cu, tang them khdng gian xanh, tang trudng kinh t l . Vl vay ngay nay ngudi ta da d l cap d i n phat trien tong hpp "dd thj ngim" hay "dd thi sau" (deep cities) ehur khdng chi la sif dung khdng gian ngam dd thj.
3. Phat trien khong gian n g i m do thj tai Viet Nam
O nudc ta, khdng gian ngam dd thj trudc day chi dupe quan tam nhu la noi ed tai nguyen nude ngim, va eiing la ndi dat he thdng dudng dng cap nude va dudng cdng thoat nude, bao gdm ea cae cdng hop thay t h i cho cae kenh mUong. Chi cd mdt sd cap dien va vien thdng duoc chdn rieng re va rat ndng, de gap su cd. Oe khae phue tinh trang khdng an toan va mat my quan eiia cac tuyen day dien va vien thdng treo ngon ngang dpc dudng phd, cac dd thi Icfn thuc hien mpt sd du an "ngim hda" nham gom chung vao cae dudng dng c h i t deo chdn xudng dat va mdt sd doan hao ky thuat ngin, nhung ket qua ehua nhieu.
Khdng gian ngim dd thj chi mdi dUde quan tam nhieu hon khi ed eae du an ham vupt eho ngudi di bp, h i m dd xe, h i m vudt cho xe co gidi qua niit giao c i t , va h i m Thu Thiem vupt sdng Sai Gdn dai 1490m eho 6 lan xe.
Tuy khdng gian n g i m dd thi dUdc dua vao quy hoaeh tir nam 2007, khi Vien Quy hoach Xay dung Thanh Hda ciing vdi Louis Berger Group dieu chinh Quy hoaeh Tong the thanh phd Thanh Hda da duyet ti/ nam 1999, vdi t i m nhin d i n 2020 va xa hon, nhung phai den may nam gan day thi quy hoach khdng gian n g i m mdi trd nen tUdng ddi cap bach ddi vdi Ha Ndi va TP Hd Chi Minh, trong bdi canh can trien khai eae duan h i m dd xe, nhit la du an phat trien tau dien n g i m , va dap umg nhu c l u eai tao khu thuong mai trung tam ma van bao tdn dUdc eanh quan dae s i c vdn ed. Nam 2012 nay, TP.
Da Nang eung vi/a mdi duyet quy hoaeh ehi tilt h i m dd xe tai khu vue rdng 2,5 ha trong Cdng vien 29/3.
Mdt sd cupc hdi thao ve khdng gian n g i m da duoc to chirc trong cae nam 2008 va 2009. Luat Quy hoach Dd thj nam 2009 cd mdt sd d i l u khoan d l cap d i n khdng gian n g i m va cdng trinh n g i m . Nam 2010, Chinh phii ban hanh Nghj djnh sd 39/2010 v l quan ly khdng gian ngam dd thj. Cudn saeh "Quy hoach xay dung cdng trinh n g i m dd thj"
ciia Nguyen Hdng T i l n (2011) da budc d i u he thdng hda cac kien thijfc co ban va gidi thieu khung
phap ly v l cdng trinh n g i m va khdng gian ngim, thue day kjp thdi viec khai thae khdng gian quan trpng nay de phat trien dd thj nude ta. Nam 2012, nhdm nghien eiru doTS.KTS Nguyin True Anh chu tri (Vien Kien triie Quy hoach Od thj Ndng thdn - Bo Xay dung) eung vi/a hoan thanh de tai "Nghien eiru hudng d i n thilt ke quy hoaeh khdng gian ngim Idng ghep trong dd an quy hoach dd thj", trong do ed phin tong quan qude t l va trong nudc v l xay dijng cdng trinh ngam dd thj kha phong phii.
Tuy vay, do chii de nay cdn qua mdi me nen mdi khi gap phai v i n d l phat trien khdng gian ngim cij the, chang han ham dd xe, ham bp hanh ket nli khach san vdi ga tau dien n g i m , sieu thj ngim..., thi eae chuyen gia quy hoaeh va ehinh quyen cac dd thj cdn gap nhilu ICing tung, tham chi cdn nghi ngai. Trong nhan thifc cua nhilu ngudi thi eong trinh ngam dd thj thudc loai ca biet, tdn kem, ddi hoi ky thuat dac thu, vuot qua kha nang tai ehinh va cdng nghe hien tai eiia cae do thj, nhat la khi cd vai t i l n le khdng thanh cdng nhu h i m bd hanh bo hoang, sieu thj ngam bj ngap nudc v.v. Ngay loai hinh hao/ham ky thuat vdn da la eong trinh ha tang quen thupc ddi vdi dd thj cac nudc nhung van con kha xa la ddi vdi dd thj nudc ta dang tren con dudng hien dai hda! Hai dd thi loai dac biet da b i t d i u thuc hien duan phat trien tau dien ngam dua vao nguon vdn ODA kha tdn kem, nhung xem ra mdt sd v i n d l ve quy hoaeh va cdng nghe van edn can dUOe tiep tue xem xet.
II. QUY HOACH KHONG GIAN NGAM DO THj
1. Khai niem chung
Khdng phai dd thj nao cung can phai ed quy hoach tong the khdng gian n g i m , vi dieu dd con phu thudc vao t i l m nang kinh t l qude gia va quy md dan sd dd thj, ehang han dd thj tren 1 trieu dan mdi e i n cd tau dien n g i m , hoac Nhat chi yeu clu dd thj cd t i / 30 van dan (viing cd tuylt thi ti/10 van dan) trd len mdi can phat trien khdng gian ngam.
Khi lam quy hoaeh khdng gian ngim, c i n nim vung cac dac diem cd lien quan ciia timg loai cong trinh n g i m nhu cdng trinh ha t i n g thj chinh, eong trinh giao thdng, cdng trinh dan dung, cdng trinh cdng nghiep, kho tang, cdng trinh phdng khdng v.v.
Do each sir dung d i t khdng gidng nhau nen khdng gian dd thj tren mat d i t va dudi mat d i t dupc quy hoach vdi ndi dung va phUdng phap luan rat khac nhau.
Khi lap quy hoach tong the khdng gian ngim, e i n ehii y rang:
1) Viee sir dung khdng gian n g i m la khdng the dao ngudc: khi da sir dung, d i t dai khdng the trd lai trang thai ban d i u . Su t i n tai cua cdng trinh co trudc c h i c c h i n se anh hudng d i n viec sir dung cua cac cdng trinh cd sau d gan dd;
2) Cae qude gia va khu vuc c i n dua ra cac chuan t i e , tieu ehuan va phan loai n h i m xac djnh
HOI THAO KHOA HOC "QUY HOACH VA QUAN LY PHAT TRIEN KHONG GIAN NGAM DO THI"
quyen uu tien sir dung khdng gian n g i m , x(J ly tdt dep cac mau thuan cd the phat sinh trong sirdung, va danh khdng gian du bj cho nhu e i u sir dung quan trpng hon trong tuong lai.
Viec khai thae khdng plan n g i m phu thude vao quyln sd huru d i t dai, ehang han q u y l n sd hOru d i t dai d Nhat bao trum ca khdng gian dudi d i t , vi vay dd thj Nhat chi phat trien dudng phd ngam, giao thdng n g i m dpc theo dudng phd va dudi cac khdng gian cdng cdng khac, edn dd thj Trung Qude thi khdng bj han e h l nhu vay nen dd thj n g i m tda ra tren dien rdng.
Khdng gian n g i m dUdc khai thae tai nhilu edt n g i m khac nhau, hinh thanh cae Idp n g i m (layers).
Cd nhilu each phan Idp khae nhau, ehing han phan thanh 3 Idp theo phuong an:
1) Ldp ngam ndng, tir mat d i t tdi -12m: dudng day, dudng dng, ham ky thuat, dudng ngam, ga ra, ga tau dien, khu cdng cdng va thUdng mai;
2) Ldp n g i m vira, t i / -12m d i n -30m: dudng tau dien, dudng bd, kho tang, cdng trinh cdng cpng dac biet, h i m ky thuat d p dd thj;
3) Ldp n g a m s a u , < - 3 0 m : d u d n g tau d i e n , ga hanh k h a c h , s d n g n g a m , c d n g trinh dac t h i i .
Hay t h e o p h u o n g a n : 06 sau
KG ng^m cho giao th6ng v i ha ting dfithj
KG ngim khic
KG ngim (tic thii
0-1 Om Di/dng bd hinh, kho.
tram bdm.
tram biln thi, hinh lang ky thuit
Nhi d, vin phong, nhi cdng cdng, Phin xi/dng.
him din ni/dc sach
10-30m Metro, tuyk giao thdng, ndi dd xe, cdng trinh ha ting (6ng cip ni/dc, c6ng thoit ni/dc, 6ng cip ga)
fii/dng ph6, khu ddthj,
Kho ting, phdng thi nghiem
30-100m Trgc giao thdng (Metro, xe IDa.) v i cdng trinh ha ting chO chot (tram bien thi.
tram xiJ ly nifdc thii...) Cdng trinh phdng khdng
Cdng trinh die bISt (kho Xing diu...) Cd tac gia lai phan thanh 4 Idp la:
1) Ldp n g i m ndng (0-15m), hien dang cd eac cdng trinh ha t i n g thj chinh;
2) Ldp n g i m ndng vi/a (15-30m), danh cho phat then n g i n han;
3) Ldp n g i m sau vi/a (30m-50m), danh cho phat trien trong tuong lai xa hdn;
4) Ldp n g i m sau (50-100m), danh cho phat trien dai han.
Cd the t h i y e i n t i l p tue nghien ci/u v i n d l phan chia Idp n g i m de xac djnh q u y l n siJr dung uu tien cho nhung loai cdng trinh nao thich hpp nhit.
Trong ban ve quy hoach r i t khd the hien rd rang viec khai thae khdng gian nginn theo cac Idp n g i m . o i the hien duoc rd rang y dd quy hoach thi cdn
can cd hinh ve mat cat dung va hinh ve phdi canh tai nhung vj tri can thilt. Tdt nhit la ed hinh anh 3D de giiip nhan bilt vj tri ti/ng cdng trinh ngam tai cae t i n g va eae lien k i t gii/a ehung vdi nhau trong khdng gian ngam.
2. Muc dich quy hoach va cac dang bd cue khong gian ngim do thj
2.1. MIJC dich quy hoach
Quy hoach khdng gian ngam dd thj thudng nham cac muc dich sau day:
1) Phat trien khu vuc dd thj da xay dung on dinh ma van bao tdn duoe eanh quan dd thj vdn ed, nhu tai Bao tang Louvre hay tai dudng phd Vuong Phii Tinh noi tilng ciia Bac Kinh;
2) Cai tao khu dd thj cu nham nang cao mat dp dd thj (dd thj nen) nhung van bao dam duoc khdng gian xanh va khong gian eong cpng, nhu du an md rdng dd thj theo chieu sau tai Khu Randstad ddng dan cuciia Ha Lan hay duan cai tao khu vuc quang trudng L I U Chudng, LiuTrdng tai cd dd Tay An
3) Phat trien khu dd thj mdi ddng bp eac chde nang, dam bao ehat luong eupc sdng, nhat la tai eae viing khi hau khae nghiet, nhu Quang trudng Ville-Marie d Montreal, noi miia ddng ed nhiet dp t h i p tdi -32 dp C;
4) Mpt sd cdng trinh c i n dua xudng n g i m vi tien loi, hoac de khdng anh hudng tdi my quan va lam d nhilm mdi trudng.
2.2. Dang bd cue
Khdng gian n g i m dd thj cd 4 dang bd cue ehii yeu sau day:
1) Khu dd thj n g i m tong hop (thanh phd ngim) tda ra tren dien tich rdng, nhu khu trung tam dd thj mdi T i l n Giang d Hang Chau vdi dien tich tren 23 van m^ bd tri theo dang chur thap d dp sau -30m, g i n vdi ga chuyen t i l p ciia tau dien ngim;
2) Dudng phd n g i m , nhuYaesu Chikagai thudc khu Chuo dTokyo (7,3 ha);
3) Cdng trinh n g i m dac thii rieng le, nhu nha may xir ly nude thai Viikinmaki d Helsinky (Phin Lan) ngay canh khu dan eu, hay dudng h i m d Kuala Lumpur chira dUdc 3 trieu m' de d i l u hda nudc mua khi mua Idn cd the gay lut, nhung lai thanh dudng cho d td chay vao miia khd hay khi mua VL/a;
4) Cdng trinh n g i m dang m^ng hay tuyin, nhu him/hao ky thuat thj chinh, h i m giao thdng eae loai.
3. Cac quan diem va nguyen t i c chi dao 3.1. Quan diem chi dao
Trong quy hoaeh khdng gian n g i m can quan triet cac quan diem chi dao sau day:
1) Khdng gian n g i m phai k i t hpp chat ehe vdi khdng gian dd thi tren mat d i t ;
2) Phai than trpng khi phat trien khdng gian n g i m vi dd la qua trinh khdng the dao ngupe;
NGUdi XAY DUNG SO THANG 8&9 • 2012
3) Ket hpp sir dung trong thdi binh va khi cd chiln tranh;
4) K i t hpp nhu c l u trudc m i t vdi t i m nhin xa v l su phat trien cua dd thj.
3.2. Nguyen tic chi dao
Do ti'nh dac thii ciia khdng gian n g i m dd thj nen trong quy hoach c i n tuan thii eac nguyen t i e chi dao sau day:
1) Tan dung tong hop theo chieu dimg va k i t ndi theo chilu ngang, co g i n g md rpng hieu qua bien (marginal efficiency) ciia khdng gian ngim dd thj;
2) Danh uu tien cho nhu c l u cdng cpng: ha t i n g ky thuat, giao thdng cdng cdng, djch vu cdng cdng;
3) Phan ky d i u tu xay dung, danh chd cho nhu c l u phat trien trong tuong lai.
4. Quan he giifa khong gian ngim va khong gian tren mat d i t
GiOa khdng gian n g i m va khdng gian tren mat d i t (khdng gian noi) tdn tai mdi quan he hai ehilu nhu sau:
1) Phdi hpp chde nang khdng gian noi vdi khdng gian n g i m ;
2) K i t ndi khdng gian n g i m vdi khdng gian noi.
Churc nang ciJa khdng gian noi va khdng gian n g i m phdi hpp vdi nhau chat che thi se lam tang hieu qua sir dung cho ca hai khdng gian dd, dem lai nhilu Ipii ich kinh t l , xa hdi va mdi trudng cho dd thj.
Hien nhien khdng plan n g i m c i n luu thdng khdng khi va cd he thdng ldi len xudng, ldi thoat hiem, vl vay phai duoc k i t ndi thda dang vdi khdng gian noi. Trong quy hoach tong the, c i n du kiln vi tri cac Idi ra vao chii yeu cua npudi va xe cd cua mdt viing khdng gian n g i m , nhat la tai khu dd thj eu, vi chung thudng lien ket vdi nut giao thdng dd thj, lai c i n d i n khu vue chuyen t i l p khdng nhd, anh hudng d i n canh quan dd thj va gay tac dpng d i n mdi trudng. Tudng tu nhu vay, ddi khi eung can du k i l n vj tri ciia mdt sd hang muc cdng trinh noi ciia he thdng ha t i n g ky thuat c i n thilt cho khdng gian n g i m nhu thap thdng gid.
Viee k i t ndi cae hang muc cdng trinh giao thdng n g i m nhu ga tau dien, h i m dd xe vdi khdng gian noi va khdng gian n g i m khac la r i t quan trpng ddi vdi viec van hanh cCia chung.
II]. KHUNG PHAP LY VA THE CHE PHAT TRIEN KHONG GIAN NGAM
1. Khai niem chung
Thu nhap binh quan d i u ngudi nude ta da vuot qua ngudng 1000 USD va cdn t i l p tue tang len.
Mite dd thi hda da vupt qua 30% va tang trudng nhanh. Theo kinh nghiem qude t l thi trong bdi canh dd, nudc ta da phai b i t d i u dat ra v i n d l quy hoach phat trien khdng gian n g i m dd thj.
M i y nam g i n day da cd mdt sd chuyen gia d l cap den cdng trinh n g i m va khdng gian n g i m dd thj. Mdt sd hdi thao v l chu d l nay da duoc to chite.
Khung phap ly v l quy hoach va xay dung khdng
gian n g i m cung da budc d i u hinh thanh. Mdt sd dy an xay dung cdng trinh Idn va nhd dang dUdc trien khai thuc hien. Vay nude ta e i n lam gi trong budc t i l p theo ciia giai doan khdi ddng nay? Day chirih la ndi dung thao luan eiia p h i n nay, bao gdm miy chu de chu yeu sau day:
• Khdng gian n g i m trong Chiln luoc phat trien dd thj;
• khung phap ly phat trien khdng gian ngam do thj;
- Tai ehinh eho phat trien khdng gian ngim do thj;
• Nang eao nang luc to chirc thuc hien quy hoach dd thj, trong dd cd quy hoaeh khdng gian ngim dd thj.
2. Khong gian n g i m trong Chiln lUOC phat trien do thj
Nudc ta ehua ed Chiln ludc phat trien dd thj hoan chinh ma chi m a ban harih "Djnh hudng quy hoach tong the phat trien he thing dd thj Viet Nam d i n nam 2025 va t i m nhin d i n nam 2050".
Hao/him ky thuat la hang myc trudc tien can duoc xay dung de hien dai hda k i t c l u ha t i n g do thj, it ra la tai t i t ca cac khu dd thi mdi va eae khu cdng nghiep. Hai dd thj loai dac biet lai dang cin phat trien he t h i n g tau dien n g i m . Chi rieng hai chung loai cdng trinh n g i m nay da e i n d i n hang chuc ty USD vdn d i u t u nen khdng the col nhe duoc.
Tuy khdng gian n g i m dd thj chua dUdc d l cap d i n trong Djnh hudng nhung ddi vdi cac dd thj true thudc Trung uong thi quy hoaeh tong the phat then ciia dd thi da phai bao gdm quy hoach khdng gian n g i m (Dilu 25, Luat QHOT), do dd c i n sdm xay dung chinh saeh phat trien khdng gian ngim dd thj, mdt ehii d l khdng the thilu trong Chiln lupc phat trien dd thj cd le se thay t h i cho Djnh hudng hien hanh.
3. Khung phap ly phat trien khong gian ngam ddthj
3.1. Can hoan thien khung phap ly
Khung phap ly phat trien khdng gian ngim bao gdm luat, van ban phap quy ciia chinh phii, van ban phap quy chinh q u y l n dia phuong va cae quy djnh ky thuat (quy ehuan, tieu chuan). Khung phap ly hien hanh da bao quat cac v i n d l v l quy hoach va xay dung khdng gian n g i m , nhung dii sao cung mdi la bude d i u , v i n c i n dUdc t i l p tue cu the hda, bo sung va hoan thien hon nijra
O i l u 17 H i l n phap nudc ta quy djnh "dit dai, rimg nui, sdng hd, ngudn nudc, tai nguyen trong long dit, ngudn lpi d viing bien, t h i m luc dia, viing trdi...diu thudc sd huru toan dan". Oe phat trien khdng gian n g i m thi s i p tdi khi sifa doi Luat Olt dai, e i n quy djnh rd tai nguyen trong long dit bao gdm ca khdng gian ngim. Tai nguyen dd khi dUdc khai thae sir dung thi se trd thanh tai san.
HOI THAO KHOA HOC "QUY HOACH VA QUAN LY PHAT TRIEN KHONG GIAN NGAM DO THI"
Thuc ra khdng gian n g i m tai eae dd thj Idn hien dang dupie sir dung ca ve be rdng l l n b l sau de ehda dung eae t i n g h i m va mdng cpc sau d i n 50- 60m eua cac nha cao t i n g dang duoc xay dung ngay cang nhilu. O i l u dd ed nghta la ngudi dUde quyen sir dung dat tren mat thi nghilm nhien eung cd quyln sirdung khdng han c h i p h i n n g i m tuong umg dudi mat d i t , tuy khdng ed mdt van ban phap ly nao quy djnh rd rang nhu t h i ea! Vay cd nen duy tri su "hieu n g i m " v l phap ly nhu vay khdng, nhit la khi ben dudi da s i n ed cdng trinh ngim? Cdn de phat trien cac khdng gian n g i m khdng g i n vdi quyln sir dyng d i t tren mat thi c i n ed cd sd phap ly gi v l quyln sir dijng d i t dai va quyln sd hiru b i t dpng san, bao gdm ea van de Idi len xudng va cdng trinh thdng gid?
Mpt sd d i l u eiia Luat Dan su nhu Oilu 268 v l nghTa yu bao dam an toan ddi vdi cdng trinh liln k l , hay D i l u 273, 274 ve quyln sif dung han c h i eae bit ddng san liln k l , eac D i l u 275, 276, 277 v l di qua b i t ddng san liln k l nen eu the hda nhu t h i nao cho thieh hop vdi cdng trinh ngim? V i n d l quyln uu tien phat trien eho mdt sd chiing loai cdng trinh ngim va danh khdng gian n g i m dutrureho nhu c l u tuong lai cung c i n duoe quy djnh rd v l phap ly.
Qua mdt sd v i n d l neu tren, ed the t h i y viec hoan thien khung phap ly v l d i t dai ed lien quan vdi khdng gian n g i m la r i t c i n thilt va khdng ddn gian.
3.2. Khung phip ly ve quy hoach
Khung phap ly v l quy hoach khdng gian n g i m dd thj bao gdm hai p h i n v l to chirc lap quy hoach va to chi/c thue hien quy hoaeh.
C) nudc ta, ngay viec to chirc quan ly phat trien dd thj theo quy hoach ndi chung dang la khau y l u kem, ma mdt trong sd cae bieu hien dang phan nan la tinh trang dao len l i p xudng nhilu l l n de l i p dat kit c l u ha t i n g dudi n l n dudng phd do thieu phdi hop ca v l ndi dung va thdi diem eiia cac du an ed lien quan, ma nguyen nhan chii y l u la tu duy d i u tuphan tan va tuduy ban vj cue bd, nganh nao chi biet nganh dd, khu vuc nao chi bilt khu vuc dd!
Tinh trang yeu kem trong quan ly thuc hien quy hoach Idp ngam ndng nhu vi/a ndi tren da gay hau qua r i t khdng tdt rdi, t h i nhung n l u nd xay ra ddi vdi cac Idp ngam sau hdn thi hau qua cdn r i t nguy hiem khd ludng. VI vay c i n nghien c(tu ky khung phap ly va the che to chi/c quan ly thuc hien quy hoach n g i m dd thj theo hudng "4 thong nhit': 1) thing nhit k l hoach d i u tu; 2) t h i n g n h i t chi dao thilt k l va thi cdng; 3) t h i n g n h i t quan ly"4 thdng"
(thdng ldi len xudng, thdng gid, thdng dien, thdng d p thoat nude va ve sinh); va 4) t h i n g n h i t dng phd su cd va thien tai. T h i n g n h i t khdng cd nghTa la duy n h i t ma chi la dam bao su ddng bp, eiing Chung sue va khdng mau t h u i n , can trd nhau.
Khung phap ly v l xay dung hIm/hao ky thuat da CO nhung chua duoc eae nha d i u tu va ca chi'nh
quyen dd thj coi trong, cd the vi e ngai tdn kem vdn d i u tu va ea dp khd v l viec chi dao phdi hgp. Thue ra n l u cd khung phap ly thda dang v l co e h l tai ehinh de phat trien k i t c l u ha t i n g dd thj thi viec phat trien hIm/hao ky thuat thj chinh eung nhucac cdng trinh ha t i n g khae de hien dai hda dd thi khdng phai la chuyen qua khd khan ve vdn d i u tu va kinh phi quan ly.
3.3. Khung phip ly ve cat chi tai chinh.
Tai chinh dd thj dang la ITnh vuc it duoe quan tam d nudc ta, trong khi dd Chiln ludc phat trien do thj b i n vCmg (CDS) do WB d l xudng lai xem dd la mdt trong 4 ndi dung chi'nh. Tai ehinh dd thj bao quat pham vi kha rdng, phin nay chi neu so Iuoe mdt sd cdng cu tai ehinh dd thj hien dai dang dUdc sir dung d nhilu nude nhu:
1. Thui tai san (property tax), nude ta gpi la thue nha dat, hien dang la ngudn thu quan trpng va on djnh chilm tdi 30-70% ngan saeh dd thj tai nhilu qude gia, t h i nhung lai ehua dUdc hieu dung va coi trpng d nudc ta, ma thay t h i vao dd chi la t h u i d i t phi ndng nghiep! Chiing tdi tha thilt d l nghj Qude hdi sdm ban hanh luat t h u i tai san, vdn la mdtjoai t h u i dja phuong, de tao d i l u kien eho dd thj nude ta phat trien va hien dai hda. T h u i tai san cdn la ehd dua eho mdt sd cdng cu tai chinh dd thj khac.
Odi vdi cdng trinh n g i m , do ehi phi xay dung eao hon so vdi cdng trinh tren mat d i t , d l nghi khdng thu t i l n sir dung d i t va thue tai san khdng xet d i n tai san d i t dai.
2. Phuang thiyc "Khu vuc cai thien kinh doanh'(Busmess Improvement Dis- triet/BID) dua tren su ddng gdp t i l n ciia khdi kinh doanh vao vdn d i u tu tai phat trien ha t i n g (ke ca khdng gian ngim) n h i m cai thien finh hinh kinh doanh trong mdt khu vuc cd dja gidi xac djnh. Phudng thi/e nay thich hgp vdi viee thue hien quy hoach cai tao cac khu dd thj eu, nhit la vdi CBD.
3. Phuang thuv "Cap vdn dua vao thu hoach gii fr/" (Value Capture Finance/VCF) x u i t phat ti/
y tudng la khdi kinh doanh dupc hudng ldi nhd chinh quyln phat trien (hoac tai phat trien) ha t i n g tai khu vue cua hp, do dd hp thda thuan hang nam se trich mdt ty le t i / vdn khIu hao cd ban va ldi nhuan kinh doanh de ddng gdp trd lai eho ehinh quyln, tao d i l u kien cho ehinh quyln thu hdi d i n chi phi d i u tu ha t i n g . Vi vay tir khi lap quy hoach ehi tilt, chinh q u y l n da phai thuong luong va thoa thuan trudc vdi khdi kinh doanh trong khu vuc.
4. Phuang thuc "Cip vdn dua tren gia tang thui" {Tax Increment Financing /TIF) dua vao vdn vay ti'n dunp de dau tu phat trien ha t i n g tai mdt khu vue nhat djnh va cam k i t hoan tra b i n g lupng gia trj gia tang ciia t h u i tai san thu dupe trong mdt sd nam tai khu vue dd so vdi khi ehua d i u tu. Sd d^
lupng t h u i tai san tang len la vi do khu vue ed ha t i n g tdt hon trudc nen gia trj cae tai san tai ndi nay
NGUdi XAY DUNG SO THANG 8 & 9 - 2012
dUdc tang them nhilu, ddng thdi eung nhd thu hut them dUde nhieu du an phat trien tai san mdi.
5. Phi phit trien (Development charges) la t i l n nop mdt l l n khi xin giay phep xay dung, tinh theo dien tich san mdi phat trien them tai khu vUc da ed san ha tang.
6. NghTa vu quy hoach (Planning obligations) la su ddng gdp bing t i l n hoac bing hien vat ciia ehu d i u tucho chinh quyln khi duoc giao d i t duan b i t ddng san, nham mue dich phat then ha t i n g ky thuat, ha t i n g xa hdi va cai thien mdi trudng dd thj de thuc hien quy hoach dd thi.
Ngoai cac cdng eu ndi tren edn cd nhung cdng cu khac da dUdc dimg d nude ta nhu phat hanh trai phieu thj chinh (Municipal Bonds), quan he ddi tac edng-tu PPP, vdn vay QDA, Quy eho vay phat trien dd thj, phi djch vu va ph! d nhiem theo eae "nguyen tac ngudi hudng ldi phai tra t i l n " (Beneficiary Pays Principle/BPP) va "nguyen t i c ke gay d nhilm phai tra tiln" (Polluter Pays Principle/PPP).
4. Nang cao nang lu'c trj ly do thj
Phat trien khdng gian n g i m dd thj dang la xu t h i t i t y^lu trong qua trinh hien dai hda eac dd thj nudc ta, trudc h i t la cac dd thj Idn. Mudn hien dai hda dd thj thi chinh quyen dd thj can van hanh theo phuong thi/e hien dai, ti/e la thue thi "tri ly dd thj"
(Urban Governance) theo quan diem hien dai.
Trong Chiln lUdc phat trien dd thj do WB d l xudng, tri ly la mdt trong 4 ndi dung chinh. Hien nay nudc ta eung dang nghien eiru doi mdi chinh quyen dd thj hudng tdi "trj ly gidi".
Oe phat trien khdng gian n g i m thi chi'nh quyln dd thj c i n xay dung cac the e h l quan ly thich hdp, bao gdm:
1. The e h l luu frOr dang tin cay va cd he thdng eae hd sd va dCr lieu v l dja c h i t thiiy van va toan bd eong trinh n g i m tai mpi Idp khdng gian n g i m dd thj;
2. The e h l quan ly phat trien tong hgp toan bd khdng gian n g i m dd thj (cd su tham gia eiia cd quan quan su);
3. The e h l quan ly viec thuc hien quy hoach chi tilt phat trien khdng gian n g i m tai khu vuc cd dja gidi xae djnh;
4. The e h l quan ly tong hop van hanh khu vuc khdng gian ngam va quan ly van hanh ti/ng cdng trinh n g i m .
Trong quy hoaeh, xay dung va quan ly khdng gian n g i m dd thj, can dae biet luu y viee nang eao Tfnh chuyen nghiep cho dpi ngu cdng ehi/c va ap dung cae cdng nghe hien dai nhu GIS 3D, quy hoach 3D. Khi danh gia hieu qua kinh t l cua cdng trinh n g i m , e i n chii y tinh toan chi phi trong toan vong ddi (life-cycle cost) cua cdng trinh va t i l n hanh phan tich chi phi-Id ich (costs-benefits analy- sis) de xet toan dien cac ldi ieh true tiep va Ipi ieh gian tiep eiia nd.
KET LUAN VA KIEN NGHj
Nudc ta dang thuc hien Chiln luoc phat triln kinh t l xa hdi mudi nam l l n thd ba eho giai doan 2011-2020, qua trinh dd thj hda diln ra nhanh trong bdi eanh phai ung phd vdi bien doi khi hau toan c l u . T h i nhung, ""Viet Nam chi co mot cahoi de do thi hoa dung din. Niu chung ta thit bai trong do thi hoa thi chijng ta cung se thit bai trong cong nghiep hoa va hien dai hoa" nhu Idi phat bieu cua Phd Thii tudng Nguyen Sinh Hiing tai Hdi thao Od thj qu6c gia thang 11 nam 2009.
Khdng gian n g i m la mdt dang tai nguyen quy bau e i n duoe tieh cue khai thae de trd thanh khdng gian thd hai ciia dd thj hien dai. Oe dat dupe muc dich dd, song song vdi ap dung va phat trien cdng nghe tien t i l n trong xay dung cdng trinh ngim thi ddng thdi phai bo sung ehii de khdng gian ngim vao chiln lupc, quy hoach va quan ly phat trien do thi, va xay dung khung phap ly va the che tuong ung. Bay gid chinh la thdi diem thich hpp ma chinh quyln cae dd thj, trudc h i t la cac dd thj Idn, khdng nen de Id viee xiie tien eae viee ndi tren.
Hdi thao nay khdng chi n h i m gdp phin nang cao nhan thde ddi vdi khdng gian n g i m dd thi, ma quan trpng hdn, cdn mong gdp phan thiet thue thiic day nhanh qua trinh phat trien khdng gian ngam do thi nudc ta. Vdi muc dich nhu vay, xin tran trpng kien nghj Bp Xay dung dua ra "Chuong trinh hanh dpng d i n nam 2015" n h i m muc tieu phat trien khdng gian ngam dd thj, vdi eac npi dung ehinh bao gdm:
• Xay dung khung phap ly va the c h i cd lien quan;
- Xay dung Chiln Iuoe phat trien dd thj, trong do bao gdm ca phat trien khdng gian ngim, de thay t h i cho Oinh hudng phat trien dd thj;
• Tong ket kjp thdi kinh nghiem cua eae du an phat trien cdng trinh ngam dd thj da/dang thue hien d nude ta;
• o l x u i t vdi Bd Khoa hpe va Cdng nghe dua d l tai phat trien cdng trinh n g i m , khdng gian ngim vao k l hoach nghien ci/u cac nam tdi;
• o l x u i t vdi Bp Giao due va Dao tao dua npi dung quy hoaeh, xay dung va quan ly khdng gian ngam dd thi vao ehuong trinh giang day tai cac nganh hpe cd lien quan;
• Dua ndi dung khdng gian n g i m vao ehuong trinh bdi dudng can bp quan ly dd thj tai Hpe vien Can bd quan ly xay dung va dd thj thude Bd.
Chung tdi cung xin d l nghj UBND eac TR Ha Ndi va TP. Hd Chi Minh xiie tien viec bo sung quy hoaeh khdng gian ngam vao quy hoaeh tong the hien hanh va t i l n hanh quy hoach chi tilt phat trien khdng plan n g i m tai Khu thUdng mai trung tam, trudc het la tai khu phd di bd, tai cae tu diem du Ijch (nhu Van Milu-Qude tir giam d Ha Ndi) va khdng gian n g i m k i t ndi vdi cac ga tau dien n g i m va cac h i m bd hanh.a
