Tgp chi Pdn idc hgc so 3 - 202
TRI THUC DIA PHU'ONG TRONG THICH I T N G V 6 I BIEN DOI KHI HAU CUA CAC DAN TOC THIEU SO O \ T E T NAM'
TS. Nguyen Tham Thu Ha Vien Dan toe hgc Tdm tdt. T/i thuc dja phuang la nhirng hieu biet cua con ngir&i khi liep xuc v&i nidi tnrdng.xung quanh. tir do hinh (hdnh nhinig phuang thirc ihigxi'r ihi'ch hgp. Tri thirc dia phuang cua cdc cgng dong lgc ngudi dugc hinh (hdnh Ovng hogt dgng sdn .xudl. thu&ng xiiveu dugc kiem nghiem. chgn lgc trong qud trinh van dgng ciia cugc sdng de ngdv cdng thich nghi v&i mdi tnr&ng nai cu trd. Tri thirc dia phuorig chinh Id di sdn vdn hda qii)' gid, tgo nin bdn sdc ciia tgc ngirdi.
Bdi viet ndy phdn tich vai tro cda tri ihuc dia phucmg vd viic kit hgp giira lii ihirc dia phuang v&i tri thuc khoa hgc trong thich ung vdi bien doi khi hdu & cdp cgng ddng cua cdc ddn lgc thieu sd (DTTS). tir dd de xudt mdt sd khuyen nghi nhdm ndng cao ndng lire eua cgng ddng trong thich ung v&i bien ddi khi hdu.
Tir khda: Tri thuc dia phuang. thich irng, bien doi khi hdu. ddn tdc thiiu sd.
Ngdynluin bdi: 5/4/2020; ngdy gin phdn bien: 29/4/2020; ngdy duyil ddng: 31/5/2020
Md-d4u
Biln ddi khi hiu (BDKH) li rapt thach thire Idn, di, dang v i se lim thay ddi cac he sinh thai t[f nhien, ddi sdng kinh tl - x i hgi, de dpa nghiera frgng ddi vdi mdi trudng, an ninh lucmg thyc cua eac cdng ddng ldc ngudi va eie qudc gia. Viet Nam la mdt frong nhirng qudc gia chiu tac dgng mgnh nhil ciia BDKH, frong dd vung niii va ven bien la nhiing noi chju anh hudng nang nl nhil (Bd Tai nguyen va Mdi tmdng, 2008). BDKH se cd xu the nhiet dp ling v i ting nhanh frong nhiing thap ky gin day; Iugng mua frung binh nam giim a hau het cie dia phuang phia Bie; eye tri nhiet dp ting d cic viing; han hin xuat hien Ihudng xuyen hon trong miia khd; sd ngay ret dam. ret hai cd the giira nhung xuat hien nhirng dot ret di thudng; anh hudng ciia El Nino \ a La Nina ling;... Theo sd lieu cua Tdng cue Phdng chdng thien tai, tinh chung trong 20 nim gin diy, thien tai d i Iam chit, mil ticb khoang 10.800 ngudi; thiet hgi ve GDP binh quan hing nim 20.000 ty ddng (ehilm I - 1,5% GDP). Lii quet va sal Id dat d nudc ta cd xu the ting frong giai dogn 1990-2017.
Bai \ let la kel qua cua de tai cap Bp "U'ng phd vai bien ddi khi hdu cua ngit&i Hmdng va ngirai Thdi a linh San La" do TS. Nguyen Tham Thu Ha va TS. Pham Thi Cam Van Iam Dong chii nhiem, Vien Dan tpc hpc la coquan chii tri (2019-2020).
92 Xginvn ni.[«[JJ!!i!-' - van dJ BDKH mang linh toan cau. Je ling pho voi lac dong cua BDKH doi''"' **' ' tac. chia sc trach nhiem ciia tat ca cac quoc gia tren th8 gioi. Vi$c tim ki^m mpl S''"' ^ '^P chung n h ^ iing pho voi qua trinh nay da thanh mpt nhi?m vy cap bach, dirge JH'' ''' luan 6 cac ckp lanh dao cao nhat trong nhi Ju diln dan. Ben canh viec thi^c hicn day du cac cam ket qu6c te. Viel Nam da .\ay dimg nhiiu chinh sach img pho voi BDKH. MO' t™"8 nhimg mvc tieu ciia chiin lugc qudc gia \e BDKH la xay dung cpng d6ng img pl'O '"?" 1"^
voi BDKH, trong do diy manh su dung tri thirc dja phuang (TTDP). Khi cac giai phap dtra tren ca so khoa hpc hien dai chua s5n co hoac klio ap dung cho cpng d6ng dia phuong, TTDP la CO sa quy gia cho vice phat triin cac chien lugc thich ung va quan ly tai nguyen thien nhicn a cip cpng ddng. Ngoai ra. niu ap dung TTDP kit hgp vai tri thirc hien dai se giiip tiit kiem nguin kinh phi cho ngan sach nha nirgc. Do do, bai viet nay phan tich vai tro ciia TTDP va viec kit hgp giira TTDP voi U'i thirc khoa hpc trong thich img vcri BDKH 6 cip cpng ding cac DTTS, tir do di xuit mpt s6 khuyin nghj nhSm nang cao nang lire ciia cpng ding trong thich img voi BDKH.
1. Gia tri ciia tri thtrc dia phirOTlg
Hi?n nay. co nhiiu djnh nghia vi TTDP. Lien quan den kh^i niem "tri thuc dia phugng" (Local Knowledge), xuit hien hang loat cac thuat ngir co npi ham tuong dong nhu
"tri thirc truyen thing" (Traditonal Knowledge), "tri thirc tpc ngiroi" (Ethnic Knowledge),
"tri thirc dan gian" (Folklore Knowledge),... Phiin lan cac nha khoa hpc cho rang, cac cum tir nay co npi ham dong nghia vcri nhau. Tuy nhien, tir nhirng each gpi khac nhau, cdc nha nghien ciru cung cc nhieu quan niem. each hieu, each tiep can tiiy thupc vao ITnh virc chuyen mon hay muc dich sir dung.
Duoi gcc dp sinh thai, "TTDP hay con gpi la tri thiic ban dia la he thing tri thiJc cua cpng dcng cu dan dia phuang o cac quy mo lanh thi khac nhau. TTDP dugc hinh thanh lrong qua trinh lich sir lau doi, qua kinh nghiem ung xir vgi moi trucmg xa hpi, dugc truyin tir diri nay sang dcri khac qua tri nho. qua thuc tiln san xuit va thuc hanh xa hpi. No hucmg tgi vice hucmg dan va dieu hoa cac quan he xa hpi, quan he con ngucri voi thien nhien" (Le Trpng Cue. 1996. tr. 215). Dac Uung ciia TTDP bao gim: (1) tinh dja phuong - su nhan thlic, hicu biet ciia ngucri dan \e moi mrong lu nhicn cr mot khu vuc cu thi; (2) tinh truyin mieng hoac dugc luu Ouyen thong qua cac hinh thirc mo phong hay mo ti - TTDP dugc luu giir trong tri nhcr. Uxmg van hoa, tin nguong nen viec luu truyin, phi biin cho cac lhi he trona cong ding chil yiu thong qua miyen mieng: (3) tinli thuc tiln - TTDP la kit qua cua cac gin kit thuc li- trong doi song hang ngay va lien tuc dugc ciing ci bing cac kinh nghiem va cac lin thir nghiem: (4) tinh nang dpng cao -TTDP lien tuc thay dii, dupc tao ra va lai tao, (Ju^, uj-i, thanh va bi mat di de dap ling \cri su thay doi ciia moi truong dii no thugng d-rf^ thi ^.A U Uong mpt trang thai tinh.
Tgp chi Pdn ldc hgc sd'3 - 202
Khi nghien ctiu vl TTDP, phan ldn cic lac gii deu ehia ndi dung he thdng Ihdng tin TTDP thinh cac nhdm chinh gdm: (1) TTDP frong su dung, bio ve va quin ly tai nguyen mdi trudng; (2) TTDP trong sin xuit ndng nghiep; (3) TTDP ve nghe thu cdng; (4) TTDP vl cham sde stic khde cpng ddng; (5) TTDP frong td ehire quan ly cgng ddng (Hoang Xuan Ty.
Le Trpng Ciic. 1998).
Sy phit trien eua khoa hpc hien dai da giiip nhin logi giii quyet khi diinh cdng cae vin de doi ngheo, dich bpnh, an ninh luomg thyc vi mdi trudng. Vdi thye ll do, nhilu nghien cthi trudc day ciia cic hpc gia phuang Tay di khdng danh sy tdn trgng diing miic ddi vdi he thong TTDP va de cao tuyet ddi eic tri thtic khoa bpc, cho rang tri thiic khoa hpc vi cdng nghp cd the eung cap ciu tra ldi cho ragi van de (Lam Ba Nara, 2010). Nhtrng thgp nien dau the ky XX, eac nha phit frien eic nudc phuang Tay, duge frang bi bang he thdng khoa hgc va kien thiie eua phuomg Tay da den cie nudc thir ba nhim "phit trien" cic nudc niy thdng qua cac chuang trinh, dy in giam ngheo. Hp eoi tmyen thdng vi cac gia tri tmyen thdng eua cac tpc ngudi fren the gidi nhu nhiing gi yeu kera, lac hiu, cin dugc hiiy bd hom la khuyen khich sir di^g. TTDP hi coi nhu Ii nhiing trd nggi cin phai vugt qua de ed the dgt tdi rauc lieu cua cic cdng cupc phat trien. Tir dd, cac md hinh kinh te - xa hdi vdn duge nghien eiiu lrong eac phdng thi nghiem phuang Tay dugc ap dyng rgng rai vio thyc lien xa hpi ciia cac nudc dang phil trien, mi hoin loan phii dinh vai trd nen ting ciia nhihig gia tri vin hda, kien thlic ve ty nhien, xi hdi eua cu dan dja phuong. Hon niia, viec sir dung rapt md binh ap dung cho mpi tmdng hgp da din din sy thit bai cua rat nhieu chuong trinh phat trien do khdng nhgn duge su hgp lac va hd frg tii phia dja phuomg. Tinh frgng ngheo ddi va kem phat trien van dang tiep dien lgi Tay Phi la mpt vi du dien hinh cho sy thit bgi cua each tiep can niy (Roy Ellen, Peter Parkes, Alan Bicker, 2010). Trong cudc cich mgng xanh d An Dp giai doan 1960 - 1970, cie nhi linh dao vdi quan diera tuyet ddi hda vai frd tri thirc phuang Tay, da ha thip hogc thara chi bd qua vai frd, gia tri cua TTDP, khdng nghien cuxi diy dii ylu to xa hpi vi sinh thai dac Ihii; da tiln hanh sii dung phin bdn, eac loai may mdc Iam dit, cic logi hat gidng nang suit cao, hay ndi each khic la khuyen khich nhirng bien phip canh tic mdi dya vio diu vio ben ngoai (ttic li xa la vdi be tbdng sinh thai ndng nghiep tmyen thdng cua dia phuomg). Kit qui li nhiimg bien phip hien dgi hda ndng nghiep da tic dpng den dp phi nhieu ty nhien cua dit va him lugng cae chit htru ca suy giim, tinh trang xdi radn dit tang, siie khde bj inh hudng, thuc tl cd nhirng tmdng hgp tu vong do nhiem ddc thudc trir sau (Phgm Quang Hoan, 2003).
0 Viet Nam, rapt sd chuong trinh, dy in phit trien kinh te - xa hdi cho vimg mien mil, ving sau, viing xa da khdng thanh cdng nhu ky vgng, bdi qua trinh xiy dyng ndi dung du in chua xera xel bet tinh da dgng van hda cua cic tpc ngudi va thudng chi dua ra mpt khudn mau ehung cho tit ca eic dy in nen khdng pbii Iuc nao ciing phii hgp va thanh cdng. Ching han, chuang trinh hd frg miy mdt ltia, miy lira dit cho ngudi dan \aing cao da khdng true
94 .\^incr v r t j ^ ^ i ^ tilp khio sit. danh gia cu die dieu kien cu mi phin tin ciia ngudi dan, dja binh san ^ mpng bac thang dp ddc Idn. dien lich san xuit cic hp gia dinh nhd le, pban tan. K-hi diroL frg m i y mdt liia. m i y lam dit, ngudi dan da rat khd di chuyen tir ban iia\ sang b-i'i ^'^''^' _ nha ra rupng, vi thi da khdng phat hu> bicu qua muc tieu hd frg. Mgt sd dy an dau tu xay dyng he thing cip nudc sinh hogt cho ngudi dan tai cic b i n vung cao, vi mot so ly do raa kbdng tilp thu v kiln ngudi dan dia phuang frong lya chpn nguon nudc, dan den nhieu cong trinh hoan thinh sau thdi gian ban giao su dung da khdng phat huy dugc muc dich ^ ^ ^^u do ngudn nudc cip khdng In djnh. Da\' la nhtmg Inrdng hgp diln hinh \ a phai Iri gti ve kinh tl - xa hdi ddi vdi cae dy i n phit triln d viing DTTS v i miln nui khi khdng coi frpng TTDP ciia cpng ddng noi dy an duge trien khai.
Dilu nay cho thiy. cac qudc gia khdng phai luc n i o cung cd du ngudn lyc, dieu kien nhim tao ra mdi tmdng thuan lgi cho ting dung khoa hgc, cdng nghe hien dgi de giii quyel vin d l kinh ll - \a hgi v i mdi trudng d cip qudc gia v i cap dia phuang. T m d c sy bal luc ciia khoa bpc va cdng ngbe phuang T i y trong viec giai thich ve the gidi frr nhien, ngudi la phat hien ra ring, nhtimg cu din dia phuang vdi ldi ting xir v i n hda tmyen thdng l i nhiing ngudi sdng hai hda, than thill vdi ty nhien. Khoa hpc phuong Tay cting nhu d Viet Nam bat diu cd su nhin nhin lai va cac tdc ngudi lgi chd luc nay dugc xera nhu nhtrng nha sinh thai hpc thue sy vdi nhirng hilu bill sau sic ve radi trudng, nliiing quan nigra, niem tin v i ca cic cich hp bao M; ngudn tii nguyen thien nbien hay thich iing vdi BDKH. Mdi quan tam, Ihien cam danh eho TTDP ngay cang ting len. Hang loat cic cdng trinh dugc trien kliai nghien ciiu, cac cupc hdi thao duge td chiic de dua ra quan diera nghien ciiu, nhin nhgn lal vai tro ciia TTDP ddi vdi sy phat trien cua cac tpc ngudi.
Cite hgc gia. nbi hogch dinh chinh sich v i ngudi dang hoat ddng tren lmh vuc phat iricii da thiet lap mdi quan he giira TTDP v i khoa hgc, thira nhan tinh hgp ly cua nd ddi vdi nhtrng van de phat trien. Kinh nghiem phit trien ciia nhieu qudc gia da chi ra rang, tri thtic khoa bpc bien dai chua dap img dii nhiing thach thiic ve kinh t l - van bda - mdi tmdng - xa hgi. Thuc tc da chting minb. khdng phai liic nio, d dau, viec ap dung nhung tiln bd cua khoa hgc k\ thual va cdng nghc cung mang lai kit qua nbu mong mudn, nhit la tai nhirng dja ban viing sau. vimg xa ciia cac dan tgc tiiieu sd, nai cd frinh dp phal triln kinb t l - xa hdi cdn thap va dang phai ddi mat vdi nhieu khd khan, thach thirc. Ngugc lai, rit nhilu ui thiic, ky thual tmyen thdng da dua lgi hieu qua cao, dugc thir thach va chgn lgc trong mdt thdi eian dai cd san tai dia phuang. phii hgp vdi van hda va phong tuc tap quin cua tpc ngudi (Neuvln Tham Thu Ha, 2019). Ljch sir phat frien cung da cho thiy, da sd cpng ddng dan tpc thiiu s i deu \d\ TTDP lam cdng cii. phucmg tien nhan tbirc mdi tmdng ty nhien, xa hpi va la co sd duy nhal dc ton lai (Dgng Van Bai. 2013). Nhiing phuang thtic sin xuit rupng bac tha bao \ c rimg bing tin nguong. cac bai thudc cd truyin ciia cdng ddng dan tpc thiln ~ r ' nhimg bang chimg sal thyc ve \ai trd. gta fri to Idn ciia TTDP dang dugc cac dan ipc iir va phat trien.
Tgp chi Pdn tdc hgc sd3 - 202 95_
2. Sir ket hqrp tri thm: d|a phinmg vol tri thirc Men dai trong thich irng vdi bien doi khihau
Cac DTTS thudng sinh sdng d cie khu vyc mien niii, sinh ke chu ylu dya vao br nhien nen ihudng li nhflng ddi tugng de bj tdn thuang nhat trudc tic ddng cua BDKH. Hon niia, khi nhirng tic dpng, nii ro xiy ra, hp ciing li chu the ehinh ty giai quyet eic tdn thuang, thiel hai.
Vi?c nang cao ning lyc thich iing cho cpng ddng, cho ngudi dan bing viec sii dung TTDP dugc eoi la giii phip ndi sinh ben cgnh cac giii phip khoa hgc va cdng ngbe. Cic giii phip khoa hpc hicn dgi ddi hdi nhirng dieu kien vc ngudn lyc, kinh te, trinh do nhin lyc rit ldn, day la nhiing thieh thiie, khd khin ddi vdi dja phuang, cdng ddng. Cho nen, sir diing TTDP duge coi la CO sd quan frpng cbo viec phat frien cic chien lugc thich ting vdi BDKH vi quan ly tii nguyen thien nhien.
TTDP vi fri thlic mdi deu cd nhiing uu, nhugc diem rieng, khdng phii tat ca nhiing cai mdi deu tdt vi khdng phii tat ci cii cu Ii lac hiu, Idi thdi. Ve ban chat, khdng cd kien thirc nao Ihap kem mi van de sti dung nd frong dieu kien nio thi phu bgp. BDKH cd the lim cho lu lyi, ban hin tram frpng ban, vi the TTDP dupc ip dyng de giira thieu nhumg lie ddng bat lgi dd. Han nua, TTDP khdng miu thuan vdi tri thirc hien dai mi bd sung eho nhau nham tgo ra sy phat frien ben vung, pbii bgp vdi van hda cua ngudi dan dja phuang so vdi viec ip dyng may mde til ca nhimg gi dua tir ben ngoii. Dieu niy the hien ro d cac phuang dien kinh te, vin hda, xa hdi, mdi trudng, khoa hpc. cu the nhu sau:
Thir nhdl. vi kinh te. TTDP da chiing rainh dugc vai trd thich irng vdi BDKH dya vio cpng ddng. Cic tdc ngudi da sir dyng nhirng hieu biel rieng ciia rainh ve cac loai thue vat, dpng vat, dat dai, ngudn nudc, thdi tiet... de dam bao sy sinh tdn ctia con ngudi trong nhtrng mdi tmdng sdng khdng dn djnh. Trudc het, hp cd nhieu kinh nghiera chpn gidng cay trdng va phuang thtic canh tac phii hgp vdi die diera dia hinh, chit dit ciia dja phuang. Chang han, ngudi Thai d miln niii phia Bic dang sir dung rat phd bien cic gidng dia phuang gdm 7 giing cay luong thye thyc pham, 13 gidng ciy rau qui, 7 gidng gia cam va 9 gidng gia site. Cd the thay, ddng bio dang quin ly va su dyng rat nhieu gidng cay frdng, vit nudi ed gii tri trong san xuat ndng nghiep do cd tinb chdng chiu cao vdi cac dieu kien bit Igi. Ngudi Tiy d Lang San sii dimg gidng dd xanh lieu dl chdng ban, diy la gidng ngan ngiy, kha nang khing benh va chju ban tdt, thich hgp vdi nhiing chin rudng mdt vu, dat soi bai khan hilm nudc. Ngudi ngudi Dao do Igi su dung gidng lua nep ngan ngay fren nuong ray. vi day cting li cay trdng it sau benh, khdng ein sii dyng phin hda hpc, thudc trir sau lgi chju ban tdt (Tmng lara Nghien ciiu phat biln ndng lira nghiep miln nui. Care, 2014). Trong khi ngudi San Diu d Tuyen Quang lya chpn gidng cay frdng dja phuang hay gidng mdi phii hgp vdi die linh ciia ttmg loai dal de nang cao sin lugng cay frdng; ngoii ra, hg cdn ip dyng nhieu gidng ciy trdng thay vi canh tic mgt hai loai ciy frdng fren manh rudng cua minh, nhal li chgn cac logi sinh Irudng
^ .Vyiii.vi ; : . . j i : ^ : la thu hoach ngan ngay de thay doi thai gian thu hoach, trinh tic dpng cua mua ion ^» ''''" '"
(Nguyen Thim Thu Ha. 2019).
Ngoai \iec sir dung linh hoat cac loai giong tren timg manh dit cho phti hPP. ngt'"' dan nhieu ngi con thay doi thoi vu. k\ thuat canli tac nuoi, tring di thich ime \ oi BDl^^l- ^°
canh lac chii \eu tren dat doc, nhieu bien phap ky thuat truyin thing da dugc ap dung de h ^ che xoi mon dat do mua nhu tao rupng bac thang, xep da thanh duong ding mure, giii l9i bang cb tu nhien theo duong dong mtic. trong xen canh de che phu mat dit. Ky Ihu^t tuiSri nuoc va giir nuoc trong dieu kien dja hinh doi nui phirc tap dii dugc ap dung rat pho bien a nhieu DTTS nhu lam guong va cpn tat nuoc, eng buong dan nugc, dac giong tai rupng giir nucrc... da giiip cho cay trong tranh dugc kho han. Cu the nhu ngugi Tay trong ngo nuong theo duimg dong mirc, cay ngo dugc uong ngang than doi de khi nuoc mua roi xuong, nu6c chay thanh hinh zic zac, giam toe dp dong chay de nuoc ngam xuong dat lam am nuong ngo va khong troi mau. Khi ngo thu hoach, dot qua cho chay la ngo de han chi con trimg, mim bpnh lay sang vu sau, thiin ngo xep theo hang dong mirc de cho tu muc; vao vu sau, khi gieo hat giira hai hang than ngo vu tnroe thi nhirng hang thiin ngo do se gop phin tao dp im va giam anh hucmg ciia han han, giir lai dat mau, phan ben khi Ucri mua,... Ngucri Dao co ky thuat trong xen canh de giam han, tang dp phi nhieu clip dit: tring hai hang mia xen I hang ngo va dau xanh hoac lac, eac cay ngo each nhau Im, giira 2 cay ngo xen 2 khom dau xanh hoac lac.
Than lac va dau xanh sau thu hoach dugc bo lai rupng di lam phan xanh. Cay dau xanh, lac, ngo dugc Uong xen vira hi trg cay mia phat triin, lai tang kha nang chiu han, tang dp phi nhieu chp dat, gop phan tang them thu nhap cho hp gia dinh (Tmng tam Nghien ciru phat triin nong lam nghiep miin niii. Care, 2014). Nguoi La Chi a Ha Giang da biit thay dii lich mua vu, ky thuat canh tac, phat trien ao ca di tang thu nhap, thich img vcri nhirng diln biin thoi tiit khac nghiet (Nguyin Cong Thao va cpng sir, 2013). Hay di Uanh ret, nhiiu gia dinh nguai Hmong 6 hai huyen BJc Ha va Si Ma Cai (tinh Lao Cai) da tan dung cac hang dpng ttr nhien dc lam chl tranh ret chp Uau bo. 0 cac tinh BSc Kan, Ha Giang, Lao Cai nhirng huyen vimg cao Yen Bai nhu Tram Tin, Mu Cang Chai, ba con con tich trir ciii hoac diing loi ngo lam chat dot de suoi am cho gia sue (Mai Thanh Son, Le Dinh Tung, Le Dire Thjnh, 2011).
De phuc vu tot cho cong viec sin xuit va sinh boat, hien nay ding biio cac DTTS da biet kci hgp giira TTDP va tri thirc khoa hpc lien quan din du bao thm tiit. Ho vira theo doi cac phuang ticn thong tin dai chiing vi thai tiit, vira dua vao nhirng hien lugng tu nhien di dv doan. tim each thich iing vcri bien dii phirc tap cua khi hau. Vi du nhu nguiri Tay thiy co nam dal mpe tren rimg la biit Ucri sip mua; niu thiy co bay timg dan tir hucrng Bic xuing huong N.im vao buoi chiiu thi tii horn do Ucri se mua. Theo ngucri Hmong, nliirn„ .s ° , . ,x - . . . i ; ° ^ "1^ ^ong suoi hoac dong rupng co cua nhieu. neu gap cua bo len bo vao rimg, di ra cac nga duimg thi t ' ' sap mua lo. co lu lon vi do la hicn tugng cua tranh nugc lu di khoi bi troi theo HA„ ™'
;. ,, .. . . . - ' cjung nugc Dot von nguai Thai, nam nao cay niuom sai qua thi se c6 mua bao to, den then dii,„ . • '
•*-m qui sin chin la sap cd bio. Khi ngudi Kho-mu thay budm tring ra nhilu, bay dpc theo suli
"' c^n vio
Tgp chi Ddn tdc hgc sd'3 - 202
thing 3 - 4 (Ijch ciia ngudi Kho-mii) thi bio hieu se ed hgn keo dii (Vd Mai Phuong, 2017).
Ngucri Kha-me ciing cd nhiing quan sat rieng nhu xem dot ming fre neu cao hon dot ciy fre m? thi nam dd cd raua lu, neu ngpn raang nhd vi rii cong xudng nara do se c6 han (Nguyen Cdng Thao chti bien, 2019),...
Cd the Ihiy, frong hogt ddng iing phd, giam thieu nhung thiet hgi do thdi tiet cyc doan va thien tai gay ra, TTDP da cung cap thera eic giii phip, lya chgn. Song, co hpi hien nay dang rat Idn de ket hgp khoa hpc, cdng ngbe vdi TTDP frong ddi phd vdi BDKH nhira thich img hem, tgo sinh ke ben vung cho cic cdng ddng DTTS, die biet frong lmh vuc khai thic, phat trien ben viriig tai nguyen thien nhien, dim bio an ninh luong thyc cho ngudi din trudc thyc trgng khd ban, lu lyt, thdi tiet eye doan. Mgt sd ket qua tieu bieu nhu trudng hgp ngudi Dao d eic tinh Lao Cai, Lai Chiu da thuong ragi hda bai thudc lam tmyen thdng bing li cay khai thic tir rimg ty nhien nhung da lam vugt qui kha nang cung cap eiia rirng ty nhien. Gan day, nhd ting dyng khoa hpc - ky thuit, mdt sd cay thudc chinh frong bii thudc tira da dugc trong tai rapt sd hp gia dinh, nen tii nguyen rimg dugc bio ve, phil frien ben virng. Viec phal trien sin pham cay "dua meo" tmdc diy ehii yeu gieo trdng fren nucmg ngd, eho nang suit thap, chat lugng khdng cao va de that thu do thien tai; nhd hd frg img dyng khoa hpc da chuan hda quy trinh ky thual bao quin, lua cbgn gidng, gieo trdng vi eanh tic nen nang suat, chat lugng duge nang eao, thu nhgp eiia ngudi dan ciing lang len. Hay md hinh xen canh giira chudi va gimg - cay dugc lieu giup thich img tdt vdi dieu kien han ngay mdt gia tang lgi Bac Kgn frong bdi canh BDKH. Viec ap dyng ket hop TTDP la sir dung gidng chudi, gimg va ky thual frdng eua ngudi din (tiirdc kbi trdng chat cay chudi ngang than de ban che thoit hoi nudc, ting khi nang thich ting vdi hgn ban, giira edng van chuyen vi phuong phap tach chdi tu ciy me) ciing vdi cac bien phap ky thugt mdi di dem lai gii tri kinh le cao, gdp phan giam ngheo va nang cao ddi sdng cua ngudi dan (Tmng lam Nghien cim phit trien ndng lam nghiep mien niii. Care, 2014).
Sy kit hgp TTDP vdi klioa hgc - ky thuat hien dgi, ngoai viec thich ung hieu qua vdi BDKH, cdn tao nen nhu'ng san pham hing hda thuang mgi die trung cho dja phuang. Vi dy, viee irng dyng khoa hpc - ky thuit kit hgp TTDP da tao ra cae gidng liia dja phuang thanh cdng nhu gidng liia chit Iugng eao Khiu Ky, nep Co Giang d huyen Tin Uyen, Lai Chau;
gidng Ilia Te Rau d huyen Phong Thd, Lai Chau. Den nay, quy md dien tich cac gidng lua dac sin dja phuang dugc duy tri, md rdng va trd thanh sin phim die tnmg eiia vung. Hay lien quan din viec vtia cd thi duy tri Idp thyc bi, vtia cd them thu nhip kinh te hg gia dinh, cac nhdm cu dan sinh sdng d nhilu dia pbuong thudc mien niii phia Bac nhu Thai, Hradng, Dao, Ha Nhi... edn rit quan tim din viec phal tnen cay sa nhan. Loai ciy nay dugc xem Ii thich ling vdi nhieu dja hinh, tir dit bing den dit ddc vi cd tic dimg tang do diy cho thim cay bui, chdng xdi mdn, nia trdi, bac miu dal, ting khi ning hip thy CO2 gdp phan giiip giam diilu BDKH (Trin Hdng Hanh chu bien, 2018).
SgiivJn Th.m l'i"l"' - Thir hai. \ c van hoa - xa hoi. TTDP kci hgp vcri tri thirc hi?n d^i trong dcri Sl^ng 1^'" ^
\ a sinh hoat ciia cgng dong cac DTTS da the hien each img xir hai hoa vgi nnii trucmg ty nhien va xa hpi. Nhimg iri thirc do iii lai san vo gia khong nhirng giiip kliai tliac hop ly nguon tai nguyen de phuc \'u cupc spng. thich nghi vdi moi truong, nia con gop phan lam giau them \ a lao ra ban siic van hoa dan u)c. nhat la cac tin nguong nhu tyc di mua nudc dau nam, nhirng kieng kv lii-n quan den san ban dpng vat, hai dugc lieu, cac nghi lc ciing rimg, le xuing ding, lc ccmi mdi.... Co the noi. TTDP la nin tang eg ban - nguon nuoi dudng cho sy phong phii va sire sing ciia mpt nin \-an hpa. Ban thiin TTDP da bao ham trong do ca niem tin, nhan thiic ciia con ngudi ve xa hpi. chiia dyng nhirng gia tri truyen ihong
TTDP. bac gim nhinig tin ngucmg khong chi co y nghTa ve tam linh, ve van hoa ma cdn CO y nghTa xa hpi siiu sac, cu the la gpp phan lam cac dan tpc xich gan lai nhau hon, doan ket hem trong \ iec xay dyng nen mpt cpng dong vimg manh. Mac dii nen kinh te chua phat trien cao, ddi sdng cdn khd khan, song dong bao viin siin sang giup &ci nhau, ty nguypn tuan theo cic quy udc. luat le cua dia phuong nhu mpt tieu chuiin dao due ma it khi phai dung den hinh phat. Cd the thiiy. luat tyc diic ket nhung nhan thirc va tri thirc lien quan den moi quan he giira con ngudi vdi con ngudi. Vi vay, luat tyc ho tra cho luat phap giiii quyet tot hon cac nidi quan he nay.
Tim ha. ve hao ve moi mrcmg. Nhirng tich luy va kinh nghiem khdng chi don thuin phuc vy cho hoal dpng san xuat va kinh te trudc mat ma cdn la mpt kho tang kien there ve biio ve moi trucmg Uong dcri sdng cimg nhu trong san xuat de lai. Vdi dia hinh miin nui, nhirng thua rupng bae ciia ngudi Dao, ngudi Hmong. ngudi Niing... la mpt trong nhiing hinh thirc canh tac cd kha nang chdng xoi mon cho dat va hpp ly trong tudi tieu. Viec tring xen canh, gii vu co Lie dyng tang nang suat va san lugng thu hoach, tan dung quy dit, duy tri dp che phu.
s i n g lau tren moi trudng dit die, ngudi dan cac DTTS rit gioi sir dyng TTDP d i ngan ngira nguy co sat Id va xdi mon dat. Tre. mic khong chi mang lai lgi ich trugc mSt ma cdn co nhimg gia ui lau dai thong qua kha nang chdng xdi mon, bao ve dat va diiu tiit nugc. Ngudi Mudng d Hda Binh. ngudi Thai d cac tinh Son La, Dien Bien, Lai Chau, Yen Bai d i u biit tinh nang ching xdi Id ciia cac loai cay hg tre. Vi thi, quanh ban mudng va cac dam rupng gin ddng chay. ddng bao udng rat nhieu Ue. tnic. Hon nira, nhiiu loai cay khac cung dugc sir dung de ngan ngira tinh trang sat Id va xdi mon dit, nhu ngudi Tay d xa Bpc B i , huyen pjc Nam (linh Bac Kan) thucmg udng quanh nuong nha minh rit nhiiu chuii, bdi chuii vira co gia tri kinh ti. \'ira ngan dat mau Uoi khdi nuong (Mai Thanh Son, Le Dinh Tiing, Le Dire Thinh 2011). Dc bao ve ngudn nudc. giam tdc dp gid, qua do giam nhe dugc cac thien tai do BDKH giix ra. ben canh viec tuan thu nhimg quy dinh cua luat phap, cac DTTS cdn du;, vn nhuno l • hinh rimg Ihieng, rimg cam trong pham vi lang ban minh. Luat mc cua cac dan tdp ,t- '.
• • v L U e u CO
nhiing dieu khoan rat nghiem ngat nham bao ve ciic khu rimg nay nen cay d rimg Hiieng kh"
bj chat pha. il sau benh, sinh Irudng va phat tricn lit. Day chinh la ncri phat uin ngu5
Tgp chi Ddn idc hgc sd'3 - 202
gidng tdt cho cac khu rtmg ben cgnh. Ciy gidng tdt ed kha ning ehdng chju vdi cae thien lai do inh hudng ctia BDKH gay ra. Them niia, eie nghi le lien quan den rimg nhu bii hgc nhic nhd cpng ddng ve cac boat ddng frong rimg, bio \*e rimg, ehdng khai thie rimg bira bii, pha hoai rimg (Trin Huu Son, 2008). Nhd dd, mpt phin rung da dugc bao ve hi thi he niy sang the hp khie. Y thiic bao tdn rimg eua ngudi dan cd the dugc nang cao neu quan niem tmyen thdng cua hp dugc frin trpng va dugc khuyen khich mgl cich hgp ly.
Ngoii ra, de bio ve rimg, chdng chay rung, cie DTTS deu ed nhiing bien phip rieng, nhu ngudi Sin Diu cd kinh nghiem tmdc khi ddt nuong thi phii chu y chieu gid, Ihudng lira cae vinh dai quanh nuong, chieu rpng khoang 2 - 3m, frong vinh dai cay cd dugc dpn sach, nhd vgy mi khi dot nuong ngpn lira khdng gay chiy rimg (Nguyen Thira Thu Ha, 2019).
Hay ngudi Mndng khdng phit len eao mi chi canh tic d viing dit bing dudi chan vi lung chimg niu noi cd rimg phyc hdi, nhieu cay nhd vi fre, niia vi nhieu ly do. Mot phan, ngudi Mndng dugc tmyen dgy la cay to giir nudc, giu' am vi vgy khdng nen chat cay to. Rirng la nai mpc ciia cic logi rau rimg, li bep, dpt song, thiie in vd eiing quan trpng cua cac budn nen pha rimg vo ldi li dieu ngudi Mndng khdng duge lim (Lucmg Thu Hing vi cpng sy, 2015). Mae du cie quy djnh do khdng ghi chep lhinh vin bin nhung dugc cgng ddng tuin theo mpt each nghiem tue. Dieu nay the hien rd cich iing xii trong khai thac ty nhien vi khi nang thich iing vdi BDKH ciia ngudi din mien niii.
Thir lu, vi khoa hgc. TTDP la eo sd hieu biet ve cic ITnh xorc ndng nghiep, lam nghiep, y te, giao dye, quin Iy lai nguyen eiia chu the, ke ca cic hogt dgng khac trong phit trien ben vung CLia nhting he sinh thai ndi chung va vung cao ndi rieng. Logi kien tbiic niy cd y nghTa rit quan frpng ddi vdi cic nhi khoa hpc, cic nha boach djnh cbinb sich. N6 cd the duge xem xet va so sinh vdi be thdng kien thirc qudc te, rir dd xie dinh dugc nhumg khia canh bd ich cua hp thong ciing nhu nhirng khia canh cdn cd the cai tien thdng qua eic ky thual, cdng nghe dua tren co sd klioa hpc hien dai. Chang hgn, frong ndng nghiep, TTDP da ddng gdp vao khoa hpc nhiing hilu bill sau sic ve thuan hda cay trdng. gay gidng, canh tic luan canh cay frdng, diet trir siu bai, phan loai dit dai va nhieu kien thiic khie lien quan den khoa hge ndng nghiep. Mdt sd TTDP thgm ehi dugc kit hgp vdi khoa hpc, cdng nghe va img dyng vao cae dy an vl hgp tie phal triln (Le Trgng Cue, 1996), trd thanh giai phip hieu qua lrong nhung dy in phal friin cpng ddng ndi chung, cac dy in thich ung vdi BDKH ndi rieng. l/u diem eua giai phap nay la ed chi phi thip do nguyen vat lieu, pbuong lien cd sin lai dia phugng vi it phy thugc ben ngoai cpng ddng. Han niia, TTDP dugc hinh thanh tir due ket cae hoal dgng thyc liln, dya fren dieu kien ngudn Iyc sin cd tai dja phucmg, phu hgp vdi phong tyc, tap quan ciia ngudi dan nen hg cd the bieu, nim bit va thyc banh kien thirc dd de dang hem, Trong khi, nhiing tri thtic hien dgi duge du nhip tir ben ngoai thudng la mdi la vdi ngudi dan. chi phi cao, nguon eung thudng khdng dn djnh.
100 .\itiivcni
Ben canh nhirng gia tri ciia TTDP trong thich img vdi BDKH. cung cin thira nhjn riing TTDP khdng thi giai quyit tit ca cac \an di- \k thach thuc do BDKH giiy ra. boi TTDP '="' phan anh cac gia uj van hda, ni thiic cua ngudi dan trong mot khdng gian dja ly cy the '^ I^T'C nhan rpng TTDP tir Ming nay sang vimg khac cin phai qua phan tich, thir nglnfi" ^V P™
hgp. Hon nira. TTDP la kinh nghiem irag phd vdi nhimg cyc doan khi hau dii xay ta trong qua khir. Trong khi, BDKH cd the lam gia tang cyc doan khi hau \ a cd nhirng tac dpng kliac chua timg xay ra. Do viy. niu chi su dung TTDP de thich img vdi BDKH la chua dii, ma cin phai kit hgp TTDP vdi tri thiic khoa hpc. cdng nghe hien dai.
Ktit luan va kliuyen nghi
BDKH cn nhirng tac ddng bit Igi din cac nganh va ITnh vyc kinh ti, xa hpi. Nliieu giai phap thich ling vdi BDKH da dupe ghi nhan va danh gia cao. Mdi giai phap dugc dua ra phu thupc vao pham vi va mirc dp tac dpng cua BDKH, dieu kien va ngudn lyc cua hing ITnh vyc, timg \ ung. Suit qua trinh tin tai, phat trien, cac cdng dcng DTTS ludn sir dyng TTDP nhu la cdng cu. phuang tien uong san xuat, quan ly cpng dong, img xir vcri mdi trudng ty nhien.
Ddng thdi, cac tri thirc dd lien tuc dugc dieu chinh, bd sung va hoan thien khi dieu kien, hoan canh mdi trucmg thay ddi de thich img vdi BDKH. Do vay, qua trinh xay dyng ke hoach thich img vdi BDKH. ciin thiet phai chii trpng den nhirng kinh nghiem ciia cpng ddng; danh gia, lya chpn va sir dung nhirng TTDP cd gia tri de lam ngudn lyc npi sinh; ket hgp TTDP vdi khoa hpc hien dai de nang cao nang lyc ciia cdng ddng trong thich img hieu qua vdi BDKH. Trong dd. can chii y den cac van de sau:
Mot la. khuyen khich viec ap dung khoa hpc ky thuat hien dai. Dc dac thii viing miin nui. dia hinli chia cat va viec tiep can cac ngudn thong tin, ap dung khoa hpc ky thuat cdn han che nen TTDP dugc coi la cam nang Uong sinh hoat ciia ngudi DTTS. Vi vay, ben canli nhitng bien phap dc duy tri va phat huy cac TTDP cd gia Uj Uong phat triin bin virng cua cpng ding nhu kinh nghiem san xuat. dy bao then tiet, thien tai, giing cay, con giing truyin thong..., cung can khuyen khich vice ap dung khoa hgc ky thuat hien dai nhim tao su phat Uiin bin virng va bao tdn cac ngudn gien, ui thirc phyc vy cho nghien cim khoa hgc hien dai.
Hai la. nang eao nhan thirc \e BDKH va thich img BDKH dya vao cdng ding sir dung TTDP. Trudc het, can nang cao nhan thirc cho nhimg can bp hoat dpng trong cac ITnh vyc cd lien quan. Hien nay. mdt sd chinh sach vi BDKH da dya vao cgng ding nhung cdn chung chung. nen chua the khuyen khich. hd trg viec ap dung tai dia phucmg. Vi vay, cac chuang trinh. chinh sach cap qudc gia, cap dia phuang cin cd nhirng quan dilm, npi dung cu thi cung nhu co che tai chinh rd rang ve hi trg cac sang kiin thich img BDKH dya vao cdng ding cd su dyng TTDP. \lpt uong nhihig giai phap kha thi trudc mit la viec long ghep c^c <, tudng. sang kien sii dyng TTDP Uong nhirng chuang trinh phat triin kinh li. xa hoi cu Trung ucmg, dja phuang. Cac chinh sach phat triin, giam ngheo khae cung nen dupc nh"' hgp de hd trg vice tni-n khai. nhan rpng nhiing md hinh sinh ki thich img BDKH c6 sir rf
TTDP v,i khoa hpc ky thuat. ^
Tgp cbi Ddn idc hgc s63 - 202
Ba Id, diu tu cho cic nghien ciiu khoa hpc cd he thdng v l TTDP. Ddng didi, chii frpng vipc luu giii, su dyng cic tn thiic dd frong cdng ddng va eoi d i y l i mdt bien phip thich iing ciia ngudi DTTS. Xay dyng lg trinh de bao hd sd bihi tri me ddi vdi TTDP nhim b i o dira cic quyen kinh te v i quyen tinh than eua nhiing ngudi nira giu TTDP, tiic la vira ngin cim ngudi khac thuang mai hda tri thire ctia minh viia khai thie loi ich kinh ll cua TTDP. Khuyin khich thanh lap cac Id nhdm de chia se, gitip dd nbau frong sin xuat thich ting BDKH ed sii dung TTDP va sii dyng ed hieu qua nhtrng ngudn tin dung frong eac boat ddng thich iing BDKH dya vao cpng ddng.
Tai lieu t h a m khao
l . B p Tai nguyen v i Mdi tmdng (2008), Chuang trinh Mdi tru&ng, tren frang:
https://www.thiennhien.net/wp-eontent/uploads/2012/08/CTMTQG_27_07_08.pdf.
2. Dgng Van Bii (2013), Bdo tdn di sdn vdn hda trong bdi cdnh biin ddi khi hdu, Nxb.
Khoa hpc xa hpi. H i Npi.
3. Le Trpng Ciie (1996), "Vai trd cua tri thiic dia phuong ddi vdi phit triln bin viing viing cao", frong: Ndng nghiep (rin ddt ddc - nhihig thdch thuc vd tiim ndng, Nxb. Ndng nghipp, Ha Npi.
4. Nguyen Tham Thu Ha (2019), Tri thuc dta phucmg trong su dung vd qudn ly tdi nguyen thien nhien ciia nguai Sdn Diu & tinh Tuyen Quang. Nxb. Khoa hpc xa hgi. H i Ngi.
5. Tran Hdng Hanh (Chti bien, 2018), Biin ddi khi hdu vd sinh ke cua mgl sd ddn tgc ihiiu sd a viing mien nui Tdy Bdc Viet Nam, Nxb. Khoa bpc xa hpi, H i Ngi.
6. Lucmg Thu H i n g v i edng sy (2015), Nghien cim ve ludt tuc cua cdc ddn lgc thiiu sd vd chinh sdch ddt rirng & Viet Nam, Bao cao dy in.
7. Pham Quang Hoan (2003), "Tri thiic dja phucmg ciia cic dan toe thieu sd Viet Nam", trong: Ddn tgc hgc Viet Nam the ky XX nhihig ndm ddu (hi ky- XXI, Nxb. Khoa hpc xa hgi.
Ha Ndi.
9. Lim B i Nara (2010), Khai thdc tri thirc dia phuang cdc ddn tgc thiiu so phuc vu phdt triin bin vung - tiep can nhdn hgc, Hdi thio qudc te ve b i o tdn, phit huy bin sic van hda dan lpc phyc vy phit trien ben vung, Trudng Dgi bgc Khoa hpe X i hpi va Nhan vin, Dai bgc Qudc gia Ha Ndi.
10. Vd Mai Phuang, 2017, "Tri tbiic din gian ve eac hien tugng thien nhien cua mpl sd tpc ngudi mien niii phia Bie", Tgp chi Thdng tin khoa hgcxd hgi, Sd 8, tr. 27-34.
11. Roy Ellen, Peter Parkes, Alan Bicker (2010), Tri thirc bdn dja vi mdi tru&ng vd nhung biin ddi - Cdc quan diem nhdn hgc phe phdn, Nxb. The gidi. Ha Ngi
2^ . A^mtrt^So^::.^^ - 12. Trin Htru Son )200S), Tri thuc ban dia cua ngu&i Hd Nhi a Vict Nam vdi vdn dc hao ve rimg. Tai li?u hdi thao luu tai Thu vien Vien Dan tpc hpc.
13. Mai Thanh Son, Le Dmh Tung. Le Diic Thjnh (2011), Bien ddi khi hdu: T,n- dgng.
khd ndng, vd mgl sd vdn de chinh sdch iNghien cuv tru&ng hgp ddng bdo cdc ddn ldc thieu sd vitng nui phia Bdc), Bio cio dy i n .
14. Nguyen Cdng Thao vacong sy (2013), Su thich ung v&i biin ddi khi hgu cua ngudi La Chi & tinh Hd Giang, Bao cao tdng hgp de tii cip Co sd, Thu vien Vipn Dan tgc hpc.
15. Nguyen Cdng Thio (Chti bien, 2019), Tri thirc tgc ngir&i irong irng phd v&i bien ddi khi hgu cita ngu&i Kinh vd Kha-me a tinh Cd Mau, Nxb. Khoa hgc xa hdi. Ha Ndi.
16. Trung tim Nghien eiiu phil frien ndng lira nghiep mien niii va Care (2014), Tdi lieu hudng ddn xdc dinh vd sir dung kien thirc bdn dia trong (hich img vdi biin ddi khi hgu dua vdo cgng ddng, Bao cio du in.
17. Hoing Xuin Ty. Le Trgng Ciic (Ddng chu bien, \99S), Kien (hire bdn dia cua ddng bdo Wing cao trong ndng nghiip vd qudn ly (di nguyin thiin nhien, Nxb. Ndng nghiep. H i Ngi.
Wud da anh hudng den cay tring d viing ngudi Hmdng xa Tan Ljp huyen Mpc Chau, tinh Sgn La
Anh: Nguyen Tham Thu Ha, chup than^ ' 2020
