MINH VIAJNG NGUYEN PHUC CHU VA CONG NGHIEP m MANG BOr COI, PHAT TRIEN PHAT GIAO DANG TRONG

MINH VIAJNG NGUYEN PHUC CHU VA CONG NGHIEP m MANG BOr COI, PHAT TRIEN PHAT GIAO DANG TRONG

TA Q U d c KHANH"

N

gdy Bfnh Than, thang Gieng ndm Tan Mfli (1691) Nguyin Phuc Chu - con trudng cua chfla Nghia, Nguyin Phflc Trdn len kg' nghiep d Ddng Trong (1). Khi d6 ngdi mdi 17 tudi nhUng da co dflc tfnh tdt, big't chieu hien dai si, biet nghe Idi can gian, bd xa hoa, nhe thud md sigu dich cho dan, dUdc dan chflng ygu quy, thudng gpi ngdi Id Quoc chfla hay chua Minh. Noi gUdng cdc tien chua, chua Minh da chu trpng md rpng bd eoi vd phUdng Nam ddn tdn Hd Tign vd ke tfl d i u the ky XVIII, dd't nfldc ta c6 mpt hinh t h i g i n nhu ngay nay, trd thdnh mpt qude gia Idn trong khu vUc.

Khong nhflng the, Minh vUdng con la vi chua c6 sU quan tam dac biet tdi viec phat trign Phdt giao. Dudi thdi tai vi cua ong, rd't nhidu chfla, thap d Ddng Trong dUdc xay dung, trflng tu, ban sic tfl md diln hinh nhd't la viec trflng tu Qude tfl Thign Mu. Day Id thdi ky md d Thudn Hoa "chiia chiin khap xd, sdi vdi ddy dodn" (2), nhieu su tdng Trung Quoc cung sang hodng phdp, tao ngn mpt dien mao mdi cho Phdt gido Ddng Trong.

CUNG CO CHINH QUYEN, M 6 MANG

Bdcoi

Trong sd chfn ddi chfla Nguyin, Nguyin Phuc Chu la mpt trong nhflng vi chua nhieu tdi ba. Ong sinh ndm At Mao (1675), Id con trudng cua chfla Nghia Nguyin Phuc Thai, me Id Hidu Nghia hodng hdu ho Tong. Sdch Dgi Nam thiic lue (tiin bien) ghi lai ring: "nam Gidp Ddn (3), miia thu, d phuang Tdy Nam trin trdi md ra mpt 16, CO mdy sdc van quanh, gida mpt luong dnh sdng riie trdi toa ngay vdo cho nhd mdu hgu d, ngudi thdc gid cho Id diim thdnh.

Ndm sau ehda ddng ky gidng sinh, miii tham ndc nhd. Ldn lin hgc chdm, chd tdt, du tdi luge van vo. Ddu dUOc phong Td binh dinh phd tUdng To TrUdng hdu, ldm phu di d CO Td binh" (4).

Chfla Nguyin Phflc Chu Id ngfldi co tfl chd't th6ng minh tfl thud nhd vdi tdi kigm van v6. Thlch Dai San da e6 nhflng ddng nhdn xgt d i u tign v l 6ng nhfl sau: "xu&n thu chUa mdy md phd tinh thdng minh, dp lugng khoan hda, dung mgo doan chinh"

(5). Nam 17 tudi (ndm 1691), dng dfldc biy tdi (vdng di menh) ton Ign Idm Tii't che thuy bp chu dinh kiem tdng npi ngogi binh chuang qudn qude trgng sU thdi bdo To qugn cong (6). Len ndl nghigp chua, dng da

' ThS. Vign Bao tdn di tfch - Bp Van hoa. The thao vd Du lich

Iginh vuong Rguygn Phuc Chu.. ₂₁ ap dung nhidu chinh sach "chieu hiin ddi

si, cau ldi hay, ngp ldi can gidn, bo xa hoa, it ehi phi, nhe thue md giao dich, bdt viic hinh nguc, tram hg khdng ai la khong vui mdng- (7). Ndm Ky Sflu (1709), Chua sai dflc Qu6c bao. Do la chide d'n khic chfl "Dai Viet Nguyin chfla Vinh trd'n chi bao" (8).

Ngay ndm d i u ndl nghigp ong dd "mien nda thuerupng ndm dy" (9) vd chinh sach do kgo ddi 12 ndm, tdi tdn ndm Quy Mfli (1703) mdi trd lai thu nhfl cu. Do Id viec Idm thiet thflc, dem lai ldi ich trflc tiep cho ngfldi nong ddn... Khdng chi vdy, chua Minh cung thfldng khuyen nhu cac tfldng linh phai big't cham lo, thfldng ygu nhdn dan trong xfl minh cai quan, chfl khong ngn chi mflu ldi cho ban than... Chua cflng ha lenh tra xgt lai cac tpi nhan con bi giam trong nguc, neu tpi nhe thi phong thfch, tpi ndng thi dUdc giam an nen k h i p xfl mpi ngfldi dan ddu ca tung. Ld vi chua d ngoi cao nhflng dng vdn td ra Id ngudi binh di, sdn sdng ganh vac nhflng cong viec ndng nhpc, thdm chf Id nguy higm. Sdch Hdi ngogi ky sU c6 ghi sU kien khi Minh chua dang ngdi tie'p chuygn hda thfldng Thach Ligm khi co tin bdo chdy, ong voi vdng chay di chfla chay md khdng nghi dg'n sfl an nguy cua ban than bdi nhu Idi chua ndi

"mdi ldn chdy lan den mdy dam, ni'u chang cdu, nhd ddn se ra tro het" (10).

De cung cd vd gifl ygn cUdng vflc, chua Minh da c6 nhflng hdnh dpng cflng r i n , cfldng quyet vdi nhflng the lflc cho'ng doi.

Chfnh sfl cdn ghi sfl kien ndm Gidp Tud't (1694), Chfldng cd Hug vd Thong am mflu ndi loan bi nhd chua dep ygn, ca Hue, Thong vd ddng bpn gdm 7 ngfldi ddu bi giet.

Tiep dd ndm 1695, dep yen be dang Linh vfldng am mflu ndi ddy d vflng Quang Nam, Quang Ngai, tieu diet todn bp nhflng ke c i m d i u . Ndm Ky Sflu (1709), dep ygn dm

muu tao phan cua bg lu To'ng Phudc Thieu cflng Nguyen Cflu Khdm, Trinh Nghe, Tfldng Van, rieng Tdng Phudc Thieu nguygn Id Npi hflu pho ma bi mien lam thudng dan, 3 tgn con lai deu bi giet d l ldm gUdng. Tuy nhign, doi khi chi mpt bflc thu cua chfla md nan binh dao dfldc hoa giai, nhan dan ygn dn lam an. Chfnh sfl cung ghi sfl kign ndm 1713, Ndc Thu d nude Chan Lap dm mUu tao phan, dUa quan qud'y nhiiu vflng bign cUdng. Chfla viet thu cho Ndc Thu, khuygn nhu "nen thi' Ibng ta, ditng quin thdn phuc, khii'n biin cdnh nhd do md tat mdi can qua, cho sinh ddn nhd dd md yin vui dong rupng, trong ngodi dugc vo sU ddi ddi"; Ndc Thu nhdn dUdc thU da tfl bd y dinh Idm phan, hai nUdc tranh dupe mpt phen binh Ifla.

Trong thdi gian tri vi, Minh vUdng da co mpt loat cai each cd che td chflc trung Udng;

dinh lai quan tUdc, p h i m ham. NhQng vdn vo, quan vign ddu dUdc thdng trdt theo thfl bdc vd b i t d i u tfl ddi Minh vfldng, b i y t6i phu trach bign khdn dUdc cho d'n ddng va kigu den. Ndm Quy Ddu (1693), sau khi viec quo'c midu da xong, dinh t h i n td chflc Ii mijtng vd td'n tdn chua Idm Thdi pho Quoc c6ng vd dang ton hieu Quoc chua. Tfl do, cdc sic lenh d i u ghi Id Qude chua. Cung ndm 1693, ddt trd'n Thudn Thanh (sau Id phu Binh Thudn); ndm 1698, ddt phu Gia Dinh, (tflc Sdi Gon), phu Phuc Long (tflc Ddng Nai), dflng dinh Trd'n Bien (tflc Bign Hda); thidt Idp xa thon, phudng, d'p, chia c i t gidi phdn... Minh vfldng cung da nhieu l i n cho ve ban do nhflng vflng dd't minh cai quan: "ndm Tdn Ty (1701) sai eoi khdp nhiing hinh the ddu non, cda bien, dUdng sd xa gdn, nui song hiem de, ve do bdn ddng trinh" (11); ndm 1711, cho ngfldi ve ban dd bai Trfldng Sa (bdi cdt ddi d vflng Quang Binh, Quang Tri); rdi cho ddt ddng

22 Rghien cflu Lich sfl. sg 6.2012 hd trong cdc dudng sd d chdu Bo' Chfnh de

tfnh khoang each, tien viec giao thong...

O Dang Trong thdi bd'y gid, khuynh hudng "be quan tda cang'' c6 tfl ddi cdc chua trUdc vdn con dUdc duy tri. Rieng chua Nguyin Phuc Chu la mot ngUdi c6 t i m nhin rpng. Trong thdi gian chfla cai tri, rd't nhilu thudng thuyin Tay phUdng ra vdo bu6n ban, trao ddi hdng hoa thudng xuygn.

Cung trong thdi gian ndy, nhieu thudng cang d Ddng Trong nhU Hpi An (Quang Nam), Cfl Lao Phd (Ddng Nai) hay My Tho (Tien Giang) da trd ngn sim ud't, nhilu thfldng thuyin Trung Hoa, Nhdt Ban, Ma Lai va mot sd tdu buon chdu Au da vao ra buon ban, hinh thanh ngn nhflng khu phd ngoai qude

Chua lai bidt ldi dving ngudi Tay Au d l hud'n luyen binh phdp vd ky thudt qudn dpi: dflng Jean de Arnedo de md rpng ve khoa hpc vd ky thudt. Dflng ngfldi v l t h i n phuc nhu Hodng Tig'n, DUdng Ngan Dich, Mac Cflu di khai k h i n dd't hoang. Sfl dung cac tudng tdi nhfl Nguygn Hflu Canh, Trin Dinh An, Nguyin Khoa Chigm, Mai Cong Hudng, Nguyin Dflc Bao... trong viec cung cd chfnh quydn, md mang bd eoi. Dfldi thdi chua, nhd thudng xuygn thao luyen md qudn dpi da dupe td chflc thdnh mpt lUc lUdng hflng manh vdi d i y du cac dpi ky binh, tfldng binh, chien thuydn va trpng phao. G i n nhu ndm nao cung td chflc cdc cupc thi vo nghe, e6 chua tham du vd ban thudng. Sflng dng, qudn gidi dfldc kigm tra thudng xuygn. Chfnh nhd c6 lUc lUdng qudn sU vflng manh md bien cUdng cdc vflng gidp nhflng nude Nam Ban, Hda Xd (tflc nhflng vflng Thudng nhu Tdy Nguyen...) tuy ddi lan bi cudp hoc, qud'y nhiiu nhung diu nhanh chong dUdc dep yen.

Minh vUdng cung Id mpt vi chfla quan tdm den nen Nho hpc, thudng xuyen td

chflc cac khoa thi cfl, tuyen dung nhan tdi.

Ong Id ngfldi d l ra chu trUdng cU nho mp thieh. Ndm 1692, cho sfla Vdn Mie'u d Trieu Sdn, nam 1715, cho dflng vdn mieu Trd'n Bien. Ndm 1694, td chflc thi Nhieu hpc, Id'y dupe 133 ngUdi trflng cdch v l chfnh dd, 92 ngUdi trung cdch vd hoa vdn. Ndm 1695 thi Id'y 5 ngudi triing each vd chfnh dd lam giam sinh (ldm Vdn chflc vd Tri huyen), 8 ngfldi lam sinh dd (bd ldm Hud'n dao), 15 ngudi ldm nhigu hpc (bd Idm le sinh), 22 ngUdi trung each ve hoa vdn (b6 gifl chflc tudng T h i n tai ty vd Lenh sfl ty), 10 ngudi trflng each v l tham phong (bd gifl chflc Xa sai ty). Rdi tie'p do la mpt loat cac khoa thi nam 1698, 1701, 1703, 1707; dac biet ndm 1713 md 2 ky thi, trong d6 k$ thi de nhi co 130 hpc tro thi chfnh do nhflng do quan gidm khao bd't hda ngn ddnh trfldt hdt, chfla cho r i n g cac quan qua k b i t khe, khong phan anh trung thflc chd't lUdng cupc thi nen cho thi lai, chua dfch thdn ra de bdi... Tuy nhign, k^ thi Nhigu hpc ndm Qu^

Mao (1723), "quan gidm khdo ldy trdng cdch 77 ngudi, dU lugn hgc trb bdn tdn rdt soi ndi. Chda ra linh md ky thi khdo hgch lgi vd khong mpt si td ndo lam dugc bdi nen bi chua phi trugt het" (12). C6 t h i thd'y, dfl td chflc thi nhidu, Id'y dfldc nhilu ngfldi tdi gidi nhflng chfla cung r i t nghigm khic trong vigc thi cfl d l mong chpn dfldc ngfldi thflc tdi. Ddc biet chfla da ddt ra ky thi Vdn chflc vd thi Tam ty d l thfldng xuyen kilm tra kha ndng cua cdc quan lai dang tai chflc.

Nhflng quan trpng hdn ca Id chua da thflc hien dfldc viec md rpng bd eoi; bao ve td quoc va ddt nen mong vflng chic cho ca vflng dd't nam Trung Bp vd Nam Bp xfla.

Nam Nhdm Than (1692), c6 tin vua Chigm Id Bd Tranh gay roi lam loan d phu Dign Ninh, Minh vfldng da sai cai cd Nguyin Hflu Canh dua quan di bit. Diu ndm 1693,

fflinh vuong Rguygn Phflc Chu... 23 qudn cua chfla t h i n g trdn, vua Bd Tranh

phai bd trdn vd nhan do Minh vUdng ddi nude Chiem Thdnh ldm trd'n Thudn Thdnh, eoi hai huygn An PhUdc vd Hoa Da (13). Ndm Dinh Sflu (1697), chfla ddt phu Binh Thudn, Id'y dd't Phan Ly (Phan Rf), Phan Lang (Phan Rang) ldm huygn Yen Phuc vd huygn Hoa Da. Ddc biet, sau khi thu phuc phu Binh Thudn, chfla lai phong vfldng cho Ke Bd Tfl vd giao cho cai quan vflng dd't dd, hdng ndm trilu cdng. Kd Bd Tfl chfnh Id mpt vi tfldng ngudi Chiem Thdnh dudi trfldng cua vua Bd Tranh bi qudn Minh vfldng b i t Idm tfl binh trong khi giao tranh. Didu d6 cho thd'y an dflc cung nhu tdi tri dan, tri nude cua Minh vfldng...

Ndm Mdu D i n (1698), chfla sai Nguyin Hflu Canh vdo chia dd't Dong Phd thdnh hai mien, Id'y xfl Lpc Da (Ddng Nai) ldm huygn Phfldc Long, ldp dinh Trd'n Bign (Bign Hoa), Id'y xfl Sdi C6n Idm huyen Tdn Binh, ldp dinh Phign Trd'n (tflc Gia Dinh).

Moi dinh ddu ddt quan cai tri vd quan Iy.

Ldp ldng d'p, dinh thud khda (14).

Ndm Nhdm Ngp (1702), C6ng ty D6ng An Anh do Allen Catchpole dem 200 quan vd 8 chide thuydn chiem dao Cdn L6n cua nfldc ta. Chfla ra lenh cho Trd'n Phu dinh Trd'n Bign Id TrUdng Phuc Phan tfly lieu doi phd. Mfla dong ndm Quy Mfli (1703), Trfldng Phflc Phan tuyin mp 15 ngfldi Chd Vd (ddn dao Java), sai hp dflng ke trd hdng de len vdo dd't dieh. Quan Anh khdng lo lieu d l phdng, vi thd nfla dgm nhdm ngfldi Chd Vd theo mflu cua Trfldng Phflc Phan ndi Ifla dd't trai, ddm chet nhflng tgn chi huy, b i t dflpc mpt sd thupe ha, sd khde chay thodt ra bien trdn, lidn bi thuy binh ta truy dudi tieu digt. Ndm Mdu Ty (1708), bd'y gid c6 Mac Cflu ngudi Quang Dong khdng phpc nhd Thanh, bd chay sang Chdn

Lap, dupe vua Chan Lap cho Idm chflc 6c Nha. Mac Cflu khai hoang lap dUdc 7 xd d Hd Tign. Sau d6, ra Thudn Hoa dang thd Ign Quoc chfla, xin dem dd't do quy thudn nude ta. Quoc chfla nhdn Idi vd giao cho Mac Cflu gifl chflc Tdng Binh, trd'n gifl Ha Tign (15). K l tfl ndm do, nude ta md rpng bd eoi den Ha Tign.

PHAT TRIEN PHAT GIAO XU" DANG TRONG

Khong ehl Id mpt vi chfla vdi nhflng chig'n c6ng md mang bd eoi, gifl ygn cUdng vUc, trpng dung nhan tai, Minh vUdng Nguyin Phuc Chu con Id mpt ngudi rd't ham mp dao Phdt, da c6 nhflng hdnh dpng thidt thflc trong viec xay dung chfla thdp, phdt trien Phdt gido Dang Trong. Ndm Nham Than (1692), chua cho sfla chfla nfli My An (tflc nfli Thuy Van) ddng thdi sdc cho td sfl Nguygn Thidu tru tri chfla Hd Trung. Chua Minh cung phong thien su Qua Hoing ldm qud'c sU, giao tru tri chfla Tam Thai.

Sfl sdch khi nhic mdi lUdng duygn cua Minh vfldng vdi Phdt giao ddu khong bd qua sfl kien chua thinh dfldc Dai lao Hda thUdng Thfch Dai San Gd de tfl ddi thfl 29 cfla phdi Tdo Dpng (16)) tfl Trung Hoa sang. Thflc ra thi tfl ndm 1689, Ngai Vfldng da cfl nhd sfl Nguygn Thidu sang Trung Qude thinh danh tdng Thach Liem. Mac dfl chfla mdi dfldc Thach Ligm sang ngay ndm dd nhflng Nguygn Thilu cung da mang vd nhidu chuong, tfldng, phdp khf, gop c5ng ldn trong vige hoang dUdng phdt phdp xfl Thudn Hod. Nguyin Phuc Chu noi nghiep da hai l i n viet thu thinh Thach Ligm hoa thfldng vd ndm d't Hdi (1695), da don dfldc ngdi. Minh vUdng dd cho thd'y minh Id mpt ngUdi rd't hdm mp phdt phdp, ngdi tijtag ndi vdi Thach Liem hoa thupng: "di td td be nghe hai chd "phdt phdp'' dd sinh long kinh

24 Rghien cuu Lich sfl. sg 6.2012 ngudng, moi luc gap tu si do lam dd sinh

long hoan hy...' (17). Khi Hda thfldng tdi VUdng phu, chfla dflng don d thim, d i t vdo trong cung va ndi d cua chfla cung dUdc bdi trf tUdng Phdt, cd phudn, chuong mo nhU mpt ngoi chfla. Chfla s i p xg'p cho hoa thudng Thach Ligm nghi tai chfla Thien Lam nhflng khi bidt ngoi chfla nay cdn nhd hep, kh6ng du cho cho dodn khach, chua da ngay ldp tflc cfl hdn nghin ngUdi dem theo nguyen vdt lieu va chi trong 3 ngdy da dung dUdc mpt toa phudng trUdng 5 gian gom 32 cot, bdn mdt ddu co hanh lang, vdch tudng, r i m thUdng, r i m ha ddu bang vdn, lai thgm mpt toa hdu Ueu 5 gian 20 cot (18).

Thdng 3 ndm 1695, d l c6 chd cho hoa thudng Thach Ligm md dai gidi ddn, Minh vUdng da phg chuin cho sfla chfla, md mang chfla Thien Ldm trd thdnh mot dai danh lam vdi "Van tru, Thiin dUdng, Vdn Thuy dudng dUng len phia td; Thi liiu, TYai dudng, Dpc Lugt dUdng, Am chu lieu dung d phia hdu. d gida ldm mpt gidi ddn...' (19), cong trudng nay huy dpng tdi hdn 2000 ngudi vd sau khi hodn thanh, chfla Thien Lam trd thdnh mpt To dinh cua Thien phdi Tdo Dong, mpt trUdng ha cho sU tdng ca hai dao Thudn - Quang...

C6 the noi, ke tfl khi Nguyin Hodng vdo trd'n nhdm dd't Thudn Hoa, dac biet tfl sau khi chfla Tign cho trflng kie'n chfla Thign Mu (ndm 1601) vd tiep do vdi sU ngoai hp cua cdc vi chua, Phdt gido xfl Ddng Trong dd phdt trien manh mg dg ddn cudi the ky XVII thi "thdn ddn trong nUde thdy diu quy y Tam bdo... chua chiin khdp xd, sai vdi ddy dodn...' dung nhfl nhdn xgt cua Hoa thfldng Thach Ligm. Tuy nhign, ddn thdi chua Nguyin Phuc Chu, Phdt phdp xfl nay c6 lg da bi suy ddi, mpt p h i n do chfnh sdch phu quan, b i t h'nh cua nhd ehua, khien

"cha me sO eon phdi di linh, vda ldn lin dd eho vdo ehua ldm sdi, hdu mong trd'n trdnh

viec quan, do dd bgn khode do nha ehiia rdt dong, phdt phdp trd nin hon loan, chang nhiing "ton phdi" khong hoi din md cdc viic

"Lugt", "Lugn" edng diu xep xd, bo qua, den nhiing ke mao ni - do trang md net hU, tat xdu..." (20). Nhdn thflc dUdc dilu do nen chfla dd hai l i n thinh Thach Liem hoa thudng sang truyin gido, chfla lai phat lenh bdi di cdc phu, trieu hdi tdng dd dem vd chiu dfl 3 ddn phap gidi mdi cd'p gidi diep, lai lenh cho quyen thuoc, quan vien ai cd tfn tam co t h i xin lam de tfl, chiu Bo Tat gidi, ddt phdp danh, dao hieu.

Khi cong viec tu sfla, md mang chfla Thiin Ldm hoan thdnh, ngdy mflng 1 thang 4 ndm 1695, Hoa thfldng Thach Liem td chflc l i truyen Sa di gidi, Qude chua md dan chay dang le vd mdi Hoa thudng Dai Sdn thUdng dan thuyg't phap.

Ngay mflng 6 thdng 4 (ndm 1695), td chflc truyen Ty kheo gidi, co Quo'c mdu vd vUdng huynh dat tiec chay vd cflng ghi chgp cac ldi phap ngfl. Cung ngdy mflng 6 do, Phdt vien trong vUdng cung dUdc khdnh thdnh, Hoa thUdng Thach Ligm da tdng cho mpt bflc hoanh phi "Gide viin npi vien" cflng doi cdu ddi treo trUdc dai dien:

"Dang gide dia vi Diiu gide dia, thanh tdm minh tdm, ddng nhi tam ma tri tui ehdn nhU tgng

Nguyin vUOng eung kien Phgm vUOng eung, tgi the xudt the, tdng thdnh nhdt phiin nhdn td dgi dgo trUdng"

(Ndi Dang giae ddi Idm ndi Dieu giae, long thdnh, Idng sdng ddng vdo nhu tri tue chdn nhu,

Cung Nguyen vUdng xay dflng cung Pham vUdng, ddi tuc, ddi tu, hdp mot trUdng nhdn tfl dai dao).

Cau ddi d6 da thd'u td tfl tfldng "cfl t r i n lac dao" cfla Minh vfldng - tu tudng md dng dd kd thfla mpt each sang tao tfl Dflc vua

HIinh vucmg Rguyen Phflc Chu.. 25 Phdt hodng T r i n Nhan T6ng d the ky

Xin...

Sang ngay l i Phdt dan (mdng 8 thang 4), Qude chfla khai dan d N6i vien, co quoc mdu, c6ng chua, hdu cung, quyen thupe...

ddng thp Bd tat gidi. Chfla quoc ddt mpt dan rigng vd do trdi n i n g git, chfla quy lau ngn md hoi fldt thd'm md'y Idp do nhUng khi ngUdi dang l i bao ngdi nghi thi ngdi khong chiu vd ndi "ta it tudi, vui Ibng chiu gidi phgm, ehang ldy thi'ldm mif. Long thanh cua chfla da cam dpng tdi Thach Ligm hda thudng, ong viet "nay mdng thdy nhd vua, thdn d ngoi vua md linh nguyin ehang bi md toi, y nhiin hdnh dpng nhU ke tu hdnh;

dy diu do mam bdt nha kie'p trUde boi ddp cao ddy, cho nin tudi tre tot bgc gidu sang, trong trudng toi lgc, vdn gid dugc niim tin bin vdng nhU the. Chi mpt chd "tin' cdng du diet trd phiin ndo, thang vdo eoi NhU /ai..." (21).

Ngdy mflng 9 thang 4, Hoa thupng Thach Liem md gidi dan de tiep tuc truyen thu Bd tdt gidi cho hdn 1400 tang nhan.

Den ngdy 24 thdng 4, chfla cho mdi Hoa thfldng Thach Liem cflng cdc dg tfl, tang chung den md mpt kj> xdm tung Dgi bi dd la ni. Nhdn dip dd, chfla co tham vd'n y kig'n cua Hoa thfldng vd nhflng viec nen ldm. Hda thfldng dap rang: "Viee trai gidi chdng phdi chi de gid cho sach mieng, sgeh minh, tU tudng trong sgeh ma thoi Viic trai gidi cua nhd vua, cdn phdi dem viic qud'c gia tren dUdi thanh ly chinh ti, khong mpt ngUdi ndo ehUa dUOc yin sd, khong mpt vice ndo chUa dUOc thoa ddng, nhU thi mdi ggi la vien mdn. Nay trUde hi't, nin thanh ly oan nguc, tha tu bi giam edm, chdn edp ki ngheo thieu, khdi dung ke yim tre, bdi bo diiu edm nghiem khde, thUOng xdt ke buon bdn, thi dn cho thg thdy. Ndi torn lgi, nin dem tdt cd cdc viic giup ngUdi lai vdt, chdm

ehude ed hdnh. Den nhU nghi li dan trudng, tang chung y bdt, vgt dung hUOng hao... se ki dan che biin..." (22).

Trong hdn mpt ndm d lai Thuan Hod, hoat dpng chfnh cua Hoa thUdng Thach Ligm da giup chua trieu tdp tang chflng todn quoc, md ba phdp dan truyen giao.

C6ng viec do da co tac dung chd'n hung Phdt gido, thanh trflng nhflng phin tfl truy lac va cung de dap lai Idi than philn cua chfla Nguyin Phuc Chu ngu Ign vl nhilng te doan trong gidi Phdt giao thdi d'y. Nhdn dip do chua cflng me vd con gai quy y, thp Bd Tat Gidi vd nhdn phap danh do sU dat ra.

Ngodi nhflng hoat dpng Phdt phap, co le didu giflp fch nhd't cho chua Nguyen Phuc Chu Id nhflng chi vg, de nghi lien quan den viec tri nUdc trong nhflng l i n doi bgn ddm dao. Cu6l quyin hai cfla Hai ngoai ky sfl viet ring:"... Ta ben dem nhflng viec chfnh tri bdn Iudn md'y ngdy nay, chgp ra tflng dieu mpt, ldm thdnh ban dieu t r i n "Ldp quoc chfnh Udc" gdm 18 didu, deu Id nhflng chuygn thUdng h'nh, ygu dan, thong thUdng Idi qude, ky cUdng phap dp, chgp tflng chi tie't ro rdng. Vudng dpc xong mflng rd, bao Npi quan Chudng SU rdng "Phap dp, dan tinh nUdc ta deu chUa dUdc dung din, nay nhd lao Hod ThUdng dem phgp Ii Trung Quoc chi day, liet k l 18 dieu, ngn khic yet Ign cfla phu, hilu du quan ddn diu bidt, vd khic 24 the bdi, chia loai ro rang. H i ai lam trdi dilu le, pham phgp, cho ke bi thiet hai cim the bdi den keu. Bd't k l Id quan dan, hodng than qude thfch ddu theo phdp Iudt md tri tpi. Vinh viin Id'y do Idm qudic chanh vdy...' Ngodi ra, khi mdi ddt chdn ddn Thudn Hod, sU dang Ign cho chua ban didu t r i n "Didu t r i n v l viec cua nUdc Dai Viet" c6 npi dung ro rdng nhfl sau:

1. Ngn tien cdng Trung tridu de chi'nh danh hieu

26 Rghien cflu Lich sfl. sg 6.2012 2. Ddt ddn thfl d l cung cdbien thuy

3. Thfldng yeu quan si d l cd vu long trung dung

4. Md mang trfldng hpc d l giao due nhdn tdi

Xem bai Tfla chua viet trong Hdi ngogi ky sU "Td luc de'n vdo mtia xudn ndm dt Hgi cho tdi miia hg nam Binh Ty, duge gdn gUi cung dudng. Ngodi chuyin ngdy dim gidng dgy dgo ly, con ehl bdo cUOng ky ludn thudng. Td chuyin to di'n chuyin nho diu vgeh ldi chi dUdng, phdn tich ro rdng mgeh lgc, khde ndo dan ddt ngUdi td nOi tdi tam ra nOi dnh sdng, gidp ich cho ta trong cong viic chinh cUOng tri nUdc biet ehiing ndo..."

chung ta co t h i thd'y anh hudng cua hda thUdng doi vdi hoat dpng an dan, tri quo'c cua chua Nguyin Phflc Chu nhfl thd ndo.

Khi Thach Ligm - Thfch Dai San vd nUdc, chua Minh tu nhdn minh Id de tfl ddi thfl 30 cfla phai Tdo Dpng, tidp tuc co nhilu hdnh dpng thidt thiic gop p h i n xiln dUdng Phdt giao Ddng Trong.

Ndm 1715, chfla lai cho trflng tu chfla Kfnh Thign d Thudn Trach, ddng thdi ban cho hodnh phi, cdu ddi ngfl chg'. Nam 1721, Idp chfla Hodng Giae d xa Hiln Si (huyen Phong Dien - Thfla Thign Hue). Dfldi thdi chfla Nguyin Phuc Chu (1691-1725) dao Phdt da truyen ba vdo dd't Nam Ky vdi nhidu ngoi chfla dupe xay dUng, trflng tu nhfl:

chfla Van An, d Phfldc Tuy, kie'n tao ndm 1711, chfla Tam Bao, d Ha Tien, do Mae Cxlu ldp khoang nhflng nam 1708 - 1725...

Nhflng ngdi chfla quan trpng nhd't dfldc Minh vfldng quan tam trflng tu, md mang chfnh Id Quo'c tu Thien Mu. Ndm 1710, nhan le Phdt dan, ehua cho due dai hdng chung tai chfla Thien Mu, ddng thdi Idm mpt bdi minh khde vdo chudng vdi tdm nguygn: "Chda Dgi Viet Nguyin Phuc Chu, noi dang Dpng thUOng ehdnh tong ddi thd

30, phdp danh Hung Long due chudng idn ndy nang 3285 edn. de vdo chua Thiin Mu, cung Tam Bdo lau ddi. Nguyin edu gid hba mUa thugn, nUdc thinh ddn an, chung sanh trong phdp gidi diu duge ven todn tri tui".

Thdng 6 ndm 1714, chfla cho trflng tu chfla Thign Mu. Sfl kien do dUdc ghi lai trong nhieu bp chinh sfl dUdng thdi nhu Dgi Nam thiic luc hay Dgi Nam nhdt thdng chi:

"Hien Tong ndm Canh Ddn thU 19 (1710), due chudng ldn, nam Gidp Ngg (1714) lgi sda lgi Quy chi' td cda ehua vao Id diin Thiin vUOng, diin Nggc Hodng, bdo diin Dgi Hung, nhd Thuyet Phdp, lau Tdng Kinh, diin Thgp Vuong, nhd Thuy Vdn, nhd Tri Vi, diin Dgi Bi, diin Duoc Su, nhd Tdng, nha Thiin vdi mUOi sd, phia sau chua dung cdc sd Ti da vien vd PhUOng TrUOng edng den vdi mUOi sd. Ndm At Miii (1715) chua thugng thdn ldm van bia khac vdo dd dUng d trUde ehua, bd sdng thi dUng ddi cdu, ehua thUOng thdn di'n chOi xem phong cdnh" (23). Sdch Phu biin tgp luc

cua Lg Quy D6n cung ghi: "Ndm Gidp Ngo (1714), sda lgi chiia Thien Mu rdt Id rpng dep, qua mpt ndm mdi xong, chda tU lam bdi minh khde chuong, chda tU xiing la Bgi Viet qude vUOng, d vUctn Con Gia trong ehiia mpt thdng, sai ngUdi dem vdng bgc sang phu Chiet Giang - Trung Quo'c mua kinh Dgi tgng, cung Lugt vd Lugn hOn mUdi nghin bp dem vi did trong chua" (24).

Thang 7 (ndm 1714), cong vigc trflng tu hoan thdnh va de danh dd'u su kign quan trong do, chua Idm van bia, md dai trai ddn vd phat chan cho ngudi nghgo sudt ca thang. Vua Chigm Id Ke Bd Tfl cflng hodng gia Chiem cung dUdc mdi dfl, dUdc chua phong tfldc h i u cho ca ba ngudi con (25)

*

Tfl tfldng tri nfldc, an dan cua Minh vfldng Nguyen Phuc Chu dUdc ong t h i hien

BTinh v u o n g Rguyen Phuc Chu.. 27

ro trong bdi minh Ngitchi'kh&c trgn bia da chfla Thien Mu nam 1714 "6m tinh thiin di'ldm tdng, ldy ldng ldnh md xd sU. dNho, chupng Thieh, vi chinh tri chdng the khong lam nhdn. Tin dgo, trgng tdng, gop nhdn qua md nghi diiu trdng phue. Ddt nUde thdi binh, thdn tdm an lgc'' (26). Vdi 34 ndm e i m quyin, chfla Nguyin Phflc Chu da ddng gdp dupe nhieu cdng lao vdo viec md mang dd't nude cung nhfl thuc hien nhilu tien b6 vd xa hoi. Cu6'i ddi chua

Nguygn Phflc Chu cupc Nam - Bic phan tranh da chd'm dflt, trong eoi ygn dn, nhdn dan quy tu dong due, canh tUdng thdt thai binh. Ngodi ra, chfla con co sU lUu tam ddc biet den viec phdt trien Phdt giao d dang Trong. Bgn canh nhflng t h i i n phdi co tfl trUdc, ddn nay da co them thien phai Tdo Dpng. C6 the noi, kg tfl khi Nguyen Hodng vdo trd'n nhdm phfldng Nam, chUa bao gid Phdt giao Dang Trong dupe lUu tdm hp tri dg'n the.

CHU THICH

(1). Quoc sfl quan trieu Nguyen. Khdm dinh Viet sCl thdng gidm cUOng muc (chinh bien, quyen 34). Nxb. Khoa hpc xa hpi, H4 N6i, 1998.

(2), (5), (10). Thfch Dai San. Hdi ngoai ky sil.

Vi^n Dai hpe Hue xua't ban, 1963, tr. 46, 35, 99.

(3). Tiic nam 1674.

(4). Quo'c sil quan trieu Nguyen. Dai Nam thuc luc (Tien bien). Tap 1. Nxb. Giao due, 2004, tr. 105.

(6), (7), (9), (11), (12), (14), (15), (23), (25). Quoc sii quan triSu Nguyin. i9ai Nam thUc luc (Tiin bien). Tftp 1. Sdd, tr. 105, 106, 105, 114, 137-138, H I , 122,83, 130.

(8). Chiec a'n n4y da du<?c luu truyen cho den cac vua nha Nguyin sau nay.

(13). Xem them Nguyen Dinh Diu. Cucfng vile nude ta dudi thcti chda Nguyin vd triiu Nguyin. In trong Triiu Nguyin vd lich sd cua chiing ta. Tap chiXita vd nay; Nxb. 2008, tr. 253.

(16). T4o Dpng tong 14 mpt tong phai Thien quan trpng tai Trung Quoc dupe hai vi Thien sU sang lap, 14 Dpng Sdn LUdng Gidi v4 de tii 14 T4o

Sdn Ban Tich. NgUdi ta gh^p hai chfl d£u ciia ten hai vi n4y v4 gpi 14 Tao Dpng. Mac dii muc di'ch tu tap trong hai trU&ng phai Lam Te va T4o Dong nhu nhau nhUng phUdng phap tu tap cu the thi c6 khac biet. T4o Dpng tong chu trpng de'n phUdng phap Mac chieu thien, tflc 14 Chi quan da toa, "ehi an nhien Toa thien 14 dii". Lam Te tong chil trUdng phudng phap Khan thoai thien, 14 quan Cong an. Thien T4o Dpng dupe Thien sU Thong Giae Thuy Nguypt (1636-1704). truyen sang Viet Nam giiia the ki thii XVII, Thong Giae truyen giao eho Chan Dung Tong Dien v4 phai nay hoat dpng 6 Dang ngoai, ra't thinh h4nh cuoi the ki XVII va d4u XVIII.

(17), (18), (19), (20), (21), (22). Thieh Dai San.

Hdi ngoai ky sil. Vien Dai hpc Hue xua't ban, 1963, tr. 83, 42-43, 72-73, 43, 89, 100.

(24). Le Quy Don. Phd bien tap luc. Nxb. Khoa hpe xa hpi. Ha Npi, 1977, tr. 65. C) day eo sU nham l i n gifla vUcfn C6n Gia vk vitdn Ty Da.

(26). Tuyen dich van bia chua Hue. Chiia Thien Mu. Tap chf Nghien cijtu vd phdt trien, so 1-2 (49- 50) 2005, tr. 149.