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VE DAO SAC PHONG DCH OUANG TRUNG
TAI BAO T A N G NAM DINH
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NGUYfeN XUAN CAO*
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ic phong la mdt loai hinh van ban Han Ndm quan trgng trong he thdng cac di tfch lich sfl van hda. Day la mgt trong nhflng loai hinh van ban hanh chfnh do nha nfldc phong kien ban tang cho nhflng vi t h i n , thanh vk nhflng ngfldi ed cong phd vua giup nfldc. Vi v^y vigc tim hieu ngi dung, nghe thudt eua sic phong se giup chung ta hieu rd hdn lieh sfl, van hda truyen thdng cua dan tgc.Hign nay tai Bao tang Nam Dinh dang lUu gifl 31 dao sic phong gdm 11 dao sic thdi Hau Le, 5 dao sic thdi Tay Sdn va 15 dao sic thdi Nguyen. Tay Sdn n h i t la trieu vua Quang Trung r i t ft ban sic phong va khi Nguyen Anh len ngdi da ra lenh pha huy ta't ca nhflng d i u vdt lich sfl van hda cua trieu Tay Sdn. Nhflng trong 5 dao sic dd chung tdi lai dae bigt chu trgng den 1 sic phong dfldc ban ra sau khi vua Quang Trung m i t g i n 5 thang.
Theo Viet su! cUang muc tiet yeu cua Dang Xuan Bang ghi r i n g : "Mua thu, thang 7, Nguyen Quang Binh chet". Cdn theo nghien cflu cua tac gia Quynh Cfl va Dd Dfle Hung trong cud'n Cdc triiu dgi
phong kie'n Viet Nam thi ghi ring: "Ngdy 29 thang 7 nam Nham Ty (1792) khoang l l h khuya, vua Quang Trung tfl t r i n , d ngdi 5 nam, thg 40 tudi". Nhfl vay, theo sfl sach va nghien cflu cua mgt sd tac gia deu xac dinh vua Quang Trung mat vao thang 7 (mua thu). Dd'i chidu vdi thdi gian vua Quang Trung m i t va thdi gian ghi tren sic phong thi sic phong nay dfldc ban ra sau khi vua Quang Trung m i t g i n 5 thang.
v a y sfl thflc ve ban sic phong nay nhfl thd nao? Hay day \k mdt sic phong gia?
Neu day la mgt sic phong gia thi ngfldi lam gia thflc sfl khdng am hieu lich sfl trieu vua Quang Trung (khdng n i m dUde thdi gian vua Quang Trung qua ddi). Va lai, tai sao khdng lam gia sic phong cae ddi vua khac la ma lai lam gia sic thdi vua Quang Trung? Vigc lam gia nay n h i m muc dfch gi? Trong khi dd nhieu ngfldi biet ring:
trieu vua Quang Trung r i t ft ban sic phong cdng vdi chinh sach tdn pha eua vua Gia Long thi viec lam gia va cat gifl ban sic phong nay la mgt tgi r i t nang. Vi vay vigc lam gia sic phong trong trfldng hdp nay la khd cd the xay ra.
'Bao tang Nam Dinh
7a R g h i ^ curu Ljch sfl, sg 3.2010 Do dd mudn xac dinh tfnh chan thflc,
chung tdi l i n Ifldt dd'i chieu so sanh nhflng dae diem, ngi dung eua ban sic phong nay vdi 4 dao sic cung thdi Tay Sdn (3 dao s i c ddi Quang Trung va 1 dao s i c thdi Canh Thinh). ' -
- Dae diem: sic phong hinh chfl nhat, dai 130cm, rgng 50cm, giiy mau vang nhat.
Hinh rdng dfldc trang tri d vi tri trung tam nen giiy sic, hoa van hinh trien xen ke hoa van hinh cham, riem sic trang tri hoa van hinh hgc.
- Rdng: d i u rdng n g i n g cao, mieng ha, m i t to, ed 5 mdng. Than rdng ngin, udn Ifldn uyen ehuyen nhflng t h a n thai. Dudi rdng cudn len, xoay trdn dc vk dang ddi vdi d i u rdng. Trong 5 s i c phong thdi Tay Sdn deu ed chung dae diem ndy. Vi thdi gian trieu Tay Sdn tdn tai r i t n g i n , cho nen khdng sang tao ra mgt hinh tfldng con rdng mdi ma ehu ydu ke thfla, phat huy nhflng flu diem eua rdng thdi Hdu Le nhflng v i n mang dae trflng phong each cfla thdi Tay Sdn vdi nhflng dae diem ndi bat d tren.
- Kieu chfl: mang dam tfnh the thfl (the chfl), chfl vidt chan phfldng, kfch thfldc chfl ldn, the hien rd mac tfnh (vet tfch mflc), but lflc Gflc di but), khdi but (khdi diem cua but), hdnh but (di but), lien but Gien ket cae ndt)... v i n cdn mang ddm d i u i n kieu chfl thdi Le-Tay Sdn.
- Quy each ket thuc van ban: ca 5 dao sic deu ed each ket thuc gid'ng nhfl. ChQ
"sic" dfldc vidt rieng 1 ddng, n i m b vi trf trung tam cua chfl "Thg". Trong khi dd h i u het cac sic phong thdi Hdu Le thi chfl "sic"
thfldng khdng n i m chuan d vi tri trung tam eua chfl "Thg". Dieu nay chflng td r i n g s i c phong thdi Tay Sdn da chuan hda trong quy each ket thuc van ban (neu lam gia thi khd cd dfldc nhflng chuan mflc ndy).
- D i u trien va quy each ddng d i u : ca 5 die phong thdi Tay Sdn deu cd d i u trign va quy each ddng d i u gidng nhau. Dau trign
"Sic menh chi bao" ed kich thfldc la 15cm x 15cm, day 2cm. trong khi do kfch thfldc d i u trign thdi Hau Le la 11,5cm x 11,5cm, day lem. Chfl trien "Sic menh ehi bao" dfldc k h i c sau, net cflng, theo kieu chfl dai trign khdng gidng vdi cac chfl trign k h i c tren d i u trign cfla thdi Le, Nguyin. Quy each ddng dau ehi dd len thdi gian cfla nien higu, khdng de len nien higu (day cung Id dae diem khac bigt cfla s i c phong thdi Tay Sdn).
- Ngi dung cfla s i c phong: ban s i c phong nay la ban s i c phong phong them 2 my tfl eho 2 vi t h i n ed dug higu: "Thai quan Hien flng, Phd hda, Hdng an, Ta thanh, Nghi vu, Quang thdng, Chu dat, Digu vdn, Dfldng linh Linh Lang Dai vfldng, Phu hd, Uy dung, Du cflu Ly sd, Phu thanh, Trinh cd, Cd trf, Tuan vi Dai thin". Can cfl vao sd Ifldng my tfl eho chung ta biet r i n g 2 vi t h i n nay qua cac trieu dai da dfldc phong them my tfl. Cu the la s i c phong nam Dfldng Dfle thfl 4 (1675) phong la: "Dflc vua Hien flng, Phd hda, Hdng an, Nghi vu Linh Lang Dai vfldng, Phu hg, Uy dung, D i u lan Ly sd Dai t h i n " . Cdn s i c phong nam Canh Thinh thfl 2 (1794) ngodi nhflng my tfl dfldc s i c phong trong dao sdc thdi Quang Trung cdn ban them la "Thai quan Hien flng, Phd hda, Hdng an, Ta thanh, Nghi vu, Quang thdng, Chu dat, Dieu van, Dfldng linh, Hong md. Due lUac Linh Lang Dai vfldng, Phu hg, Uy dung, Du cflu ly sd, Phu thanh, Trinh cd, Cd tri, T u i n vi, Gia cung, Anh cdm Dai t h i n " (Ca 3 s i c phong nay deu tai xa Oi Ldi huygn Vgng Doanh). Nhfl vay, theo logic thi ban s i c phong vua Quang Trung ndy la cd sd de vua Canh Thinh phong them my tfl eho 2 vi t h i n ndy. Qua dd, chung ta t h i y dfldc tfnh logic lich sfl, sfl
V^ dao s6c phong ddi Quang Tnmg... 79 tiep nd'i va thd'ng nha't trong viec ban them
my tfl gifla cac trieu dai.
- Dae bigt phfa sau sic phong cdn cd ddng chfl "Vgng doanh huyen Oi Ldi xd" (xa Oi Ldi, huygn Vgng Doanh). Thdng thfldng chi cd sic phong thdi Le-Tay Sdn mdi viet ten dia danh, dia diem dfldc sic phong cdn cac sic phong thdi Nguyen thfldng ghi trflc tiep tren mat chfnh cua sic phong. Theo Dia chi Nam Dinh ghi ring: huyen Vgng Doanh la ten huyen cd tfl thdi Le va keo dai den nam Minh Mgnh thfl 3 (1822) mdi ddi thdnh huygn Phong Doanh. Dieu dd cdng khing dinh rd nien dai vk tfnh chan thflc cua dao sic phong ndy.
T i t ea nhflng dae diem nghg thuat, hinh thflc va ngi dung cua ban sic phong deu tfl khing dinh: day Va mgt ban sic phong cua vua Quang Trung.
Cdn thdi gian nien hieu ghi tren sic phong theo chung tdi dfldc biet: mgt so' vi vua sau khi chdt nhflng nien hieu v i n dfldc sfl dung den het nam, khi vua ke tfl len ngdi mdi chinh thflc thay ddi nien hieu (thfldng la ngdy d i u nam mdi). Vi vay trong trfldng hdp nay: vua Quang Trung m i t vdo thang 7 nam Nham Ty (1792) nhUng cd le phai den dau nam Quy Sflu (1793) Quang Toan len ngdi mdi chfnh thflc ddi nien hieu la nam Canh Thinh thfl nhat.
Do dd nien hieu vua Quang Trung v i n dfldc sfl dung het nam 1792, cho du vi vua nay da m i t trfldc dd 5 thang.
Viec tim hieu tfnh chan thflc eua dao sic phong cua vua Quang Trung sau khi vi vua nay mat g i n 5 thang la mgt dieu r i t thu vi, xin dfldc luan ban eung cac nha nghien cflu.
