ISSN 1563-0285 • Индекс 75873; 25873
ӘЛ-ФАРАБИ атындағы КАЗАХСКИЙ НАЦИОНАЛЬНЫЙ AL-FARABI KAZAKH ҚАЗАҚ ҰЛТТЫҚ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ! УНИВЕРСИТЕТ имени АЛЬ-ФАРАБИ NATIONAL UNIVERSITY
ХАБАРШЫ Х А Л Ы Қ А Р А Л Ы Қ Қ А Т Ы Н А С Т А Р ЖӘНЕ Х А Л Ы Қ А Р А Л Ы Қ ҚҰҚЫҚ С Е Р И Я С Ы
ВЕСТНИК
СЕРИЯ М Е Ж Д У Н А Р О Д Н Ы Е О Т Н О Ш Е Н И Я И М Е Ж Д У Н А Р О Д Н О Е ПРАВО
BULLETIN
I N T E R N A T I O N A L R E L A T I O N S AND I N T E R N A T I O N A L LAW SERI ES
4 ( 72 ) 2015
Идрышева Ж.Қ.
Азық-түлік кауіпсіздігі мәселесі жэне оның дамуы... 124 Dabyltaeva N.E.
Trends of business - tourism in the global market... 130 ОңдашА.О., Оңдашұлы E.
Қазакстан экономикасының индустриялык-инновациялық дамуының бәсекеге қабілеттілік деңгейі... 136
3- бөлім Раздел 3
Халықаралык, құқы қ М еж дународное право Шакиров К.Н.
Конституционное регулирование внешнеполитических полномочий Президентов Республики Казахстан
и Французской Республики: сравнительно-правовой анализ... 144 Аманжолов Ж.М., Ахметов Е.Б.
Сообщество безопасности АСЕАН: состояние и перспективы (общесистемный анализ)... 152 Нысанбекова Л.Б., Айдарбаев С.Ж.
Тенденция развития международного права в регулировании вопроса международной правосубъектности
индивидов... 160 Rahimbaeva R.M., Tussupova A.Zh.
Legal analysis of the adoption procedure of constitutional laws in foreign countries... 166 Байжомартова К.A.
Анализ международно-правовых документов в области охраны окружающей среды... 172 Аянбаев Е.С., Сайрамбаева Ж. Т.
Роль международного права в гармонизации законодательства в сфере пищевой безопасности в мире
для снижения пагубного воздействия пестицидов... 178 Баймагамбетова З.М.
Правовая природа и проблемы применения Инкотермс в международной торговле... 184 Досымбекова М.С., Токтыбеков Т.А.
Международно-правовые основы борьбы с коррупцией... 190 Адибаева А.К.
Определение понятия преступления геноцида и его основных форм в свете действия и применения специальной Конвенции ООН 1948 го д а... 196
4- бөлім Раздел 4
М емлекетіш ілік күқы қ Внутригосударственное право Тусупова А.Ж.
К вопросу о прямом действии норм Конституции Республики Казахстан... 204 А пенов С.М.
Социально опасное последствие как одно из условий социальной обусловленности норм уголовного права... 210 Жайлау Ж.
Обеспечение прав и безопасности детей в период вооруженных конфликтов: правовые аспекты... 216 Бада нова А. Б., Сериев Б. А.
Меншікке қарсы қылмыстардың XXI ғасырдағы кұкыктық жағдайының каркынды дамуы ... 222
5- бөлім Раздел 5
Білім беру ж ән е тіл білімі м әселелері Вопросы об разован ия и язы кознания Dossybayeva G.K.
Next steps in the perfecting the system of Higher education in RK... 230 Мусабекова У.Е., Нуржанова Ж.С.
Политический диалогический дискурс СМИ: коммуникативные намерения и коммуникативные стратегии... 234 Бөрібаева С. Б.
Дипломатиядағы шешендік сөйлеу өнері...242 Авторлар туралы мәліметтер... 249
252
Қаз¥У хабаршысы. Халықаралык катынастар жэне халы карал ы к кұқық сериясы. №4 (72). 2015Legal analysis of the adoption procedure of constitutional laws in foreign countries
Rahimbaeva R.M.,
Tussupova A.Zh.
The practice of constitutional legislation of different countries shows that for comprehensive and effective regulation of legal interactions in state and society the constitution itself is not enough. In countries such as, for example, Azerbaijan, Spain, Italy, Kyrgyzstan, Poland, Russia, France, Czech Republic, as well as Kazakhstan, there is a particular type of normative legal acts - constitutional laws, which act together with the national Constitution and develop its provisions. In this regard, the article describes the concept and characteristics of the constitutional laws, discusses their views and legal features. It determines the legal nature of the role, place and significance of the constitutional laws in the system of constitutional law sources of foreign countries. A comparative legal research of the pro
cedure of adoption of constitutional laws in foreign countries is conducted and the historical and contemporary conditions for the adoption of the constitutional laws in the constitutional practice of these countries is being studied.
Key words: constitutional law, constitutional law, foreign countries, the system of sources of constitutional law, constitutional practice.
Рахимбаева P.M., Түсіпова А.Ж . Шетелдерде конституциялық
заңдарды қабылдау процедураларына қуқықтық талдау
Әртүрлі елдердің конституциялык, заңнамалары тәжірибесі көр- сеткендей, мемлекет пен қоғамда қүқықтық қатынастарды кешенді және тиімді реттеу үшін бір конституция жеткіліксіз. Азербайжан, Испания, Италия, Кыргызстан, Польша, Ресей, Франция, Чехия се- кілді елдерде нормативтік қуқықтык, актілердің ерекше типтері- үлттык, конституциямен қатар оның ережелерін дамытатын конс
титуциялык, заңдар әрекет етеді. Осыған байланысты мақалада конституциялык, заңдар түсінігі мен сипаттамасы беріледі, олардын түрлері мен қүқықтық ерекшеліктері кдрастырылады. Шетелдердің конституциялык, қуқығы жүйесіндегі конституциялык, заңдардың қу- қықтык, табигаты, рөлі, орны мен маңызы анык,талады. Шетелдердегі конституциялык, заңдардың қабылдану процедурасына салыстырма- лы-қүқықтык, зерттеу жүргізіледі, аталған елдердің конституциялық тәжірибесінде конституциялык, заңдарды қабылдаудың тарихи және қазіргі шарттары зерттеледі.
Түйін сөздер: конституциялык, қуқык,, конституциялык, заңдар, шетелдер, конституциялык, қүқык, қайнар көздерінің жүйесі, консти
туциялык, тәжірибе.
Рахимбаева Р.М., Тусупова А.Ж . Правовой анализ процедуры
принятия конституционных законов в зарубежных странах
Практика конституционного законодательства разных стран по
казывает, что одной конституции недостаточно для комплексного и эффективного регулирования правоотношений в государстве и обществе. В таких странах, как, например, Азербайджан, Испания, Италия, Кыргызстан, Польша, Россия, Франция, Чехия, как и в Каза
хстане, существует особый тип нормативных правовых актов - конс
титуционные законы, которые действуют наряду с национальной конституцией и развивают ее положения. В этой связи в статье дает
ся понятие и характеристика конституционных законов, рассматри
ваются их виды и правовые особенности. Определяется юридическая природа, роль, место и значение конституционных законов в системе источников конституционного права зарубежных стран. Проводится сравнительно-правовое исследование процедуры принятия консти
туционных законов в зарубежных странах, изучаются исторические и современные условия принятия конституционных законов в конс
титуционной практике указанных стран.
Ключевые слова: конституционное право, конституционные за
коны, зарубежные страны, система источников конституционного права, конституционная практика.
О 2015 Al-Farabi Kazakh National University
UDC 342.(574)
LEGAL A N A LYSIS O F T H E ADOPTION PR O C ED U R E OF C O N S T IT U T IO N A L LA W S IN FO REIG N C O U N TR IE S
Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Republic o f Kazakhstan, Almaty
’E-mail: roza madjarova68 @mail.ru
‘Rahimbaeva R.M., Tussupova A.Zh.
The practice o f constitutional legislation o f different countries shows that a Constitution is not sufficient for a comprehensive and effective regulation o f legal relations in the state and society. In countries such as, for example, Azerbaijan, Spain, Italy, Kyrgyz
stan, Poland, Russia, France, the Czech Republic, as in Kazakhstan, there is a particular type o f normative legal acts, which act together with the national Constitution and develop its provisions. This is the constitutional law.
To properly assess the place and significance o f the constitu
tional law can only by knowing the Basic law and the whole system o f normative legal acts o f the particular country. It is necessary to pay special attention because the constitutional law can be:
1) a part o f the uncodified Constitution;
2) the act making changes to the constitution;
3) the act enacting the constitution;
4) an act o f greater legal force than a simple law and less than the Constitution and governs only those social relations that are de
fined in the relevant articles o f the Constitution as being subject to regulation by the constitutional law.
The Constitutional laws are the acts o f the constitutional content that govern the fundamental group o f state - legal relations and usu
ally have a special status in the system o f the current legislation. The peculiarity o f the constitutional law is that it is not formally included in structure o f the unified Constitution. The Constitutional law can operate «in parallel» with the Constitution and it is closed to it in value. A series o f constitutional laws in total sometimes makes a block o f the constitutional law.
Such term as «the constitutional block» is used in scientific and political lexicon (but not in the legislation) o f the Romano-German countries to determine in conjunction with the Constitution and or
ganic laws. Following the French model, the constitutional block includes the Constitution o f 1958, the Preamble o f the Constitution o f 1946, the Declaration o f Human Rights and citizen o f 1789 and
« recognized by the laws o f the fundamental principles o f the Re
public « (i.e. the norm o f the organic laws). In Spain the scientists include the organic laws in the constitutional block o f Constitution.
In the global legal doctrine the constitutional law has long been known. In 1903 a German legal scholar G. Yellinek noted that this law
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is the act o f developing and supplementing the Con
stitution, which makes regulatory innovations and is approved by the observance o f special procedural formalities. The last circumstance gives to the consti
tutional legislation a big valuable importance, being as a means o f stabilization o f concrete particular legal system and the guarantee against arbitrary discretion o f «casual majority o f people in power» [1].
And now in legal literature «the general, as a rule, is uncertainty o f characteristics o f the contents and validity o f this type o f the law» [2, page 26].
Constitutions, laws on modification, additions to the Constitution and acts o f its introduction have always recognized by the constitutional laws in the «nar
row» sense o f this term. In those countries where there are no common texts o f the constitutions (Great Britain, Canada) the function o f the constitu
tion is carried out by the constitutional acts which are replacing it [3, page 70].
In the world doctrine o f law the constitutional law is the law which makes changes and amendments to the Constitution. It is accepted by a qualified m ajority o f deputies o f the legislative body and has the same legal force as the Constitution itself. In the constitutions o f some states (for example, M oldova, Romania, Germany) the constitutional law is defined as the law which makes changes and amendments to the Constitution.
Classic examples o f constitutional law are the amendments to the U.S. Constitution. As is known, there are 27 and each o f them is a significant addition to the text o f the Constitution, regulating or fixing the necessary changes in the sphere o f most important public relations.
The group o f laws is a kind o f constitutional laws which make the so-called «unwritten Constitution», i.e. formally, it is customary laws, but because o f its special importance, they carry out the functions o f the Constitution. For example, the Habeas Corpus Act o f 1679, the Magna Carta o f 1215, the Laws of Parliament, i.e. acts that are as statutory law in «the unwritten British Constitution. The Constitution o f the state o f Israel consists o f similar laws.
Three constitutional laws make the Constitution o f Sweden.
In the constitutions o f other countries (such as Austria, the Czech Republic, Sweden) under this law it means no law amending the Constitution but the law making changes and additions at the same time it remains its own entity. For example, the Italian Law «About the Constitutional Court» provided by article 137 o f the Constitution o f Italy o f 1947 can be the examples o f the constitutional laws in the national law o f foreign countries.
It is necessary to consider that the constitutional law not always completely defines a legal status of concrete government body.
For example, the Constitution ofltaly reduced the scope o f statutory regulation o f constitutional laws.
It provides the adoption o f the constitutional law, which sets the overall status o f the Constitutional court o f the Italian Republic and only certain separate fundamental provisions concerning the implementation o f constitutional justice. According to the Italian Constitution, the constitutional law has to define only the conditions, forms and deadlines for the filing o f cases on constitutional legitimacy and the guarantee o f independence of judges of the constitutional court. Other legal rules which are necessary for the creation and activities of this court shall be established by common law. This experience could be useful for the Republic of Kazakhstan because it accounts a higher legal force o f constitutional law.
The other approach allows considering the constitution and the constitutional laws as legal acts o f one level is shown by the Constitution of the Czech Republic o f 1992 where the principles of creation o f legal system o f the former Czechoslovak Republic are traced. The constitution of this state was considered as one o f its constitutional laws. The constitutional laws o f the m odem Czech Republic are urged to supplement the Constitution, being as if its components.
However, the article 12 o f the Czech Constitution defined all the components o f the constitutional system o f the country a special place in which the constitutional laws have enacted in the period of transition from totalitarianism to democracy. The Czech Constitution also defines that the constitutional laws may contain not norms, but single instructions - for example, legislative fixing o f changes of the boundaries o f the state. In this country creation or elimination o f self-governing territorial units is accordance with the constitutional law.
Thus, there is another kind o f modem constitutional laws - the acts providing the solution o f questions concerning the changes o f the state boundaries. Similar examples are available in many states. If we consider the Russian Federation, we see that the adoption o f the Russian Federation and (or) creation in its structure o f a new entity, as well as the change o f the constitutional-legal status of the acting subject is carried out by the constitutional law. For example, the Federal constitutional law
«About the adoption to the Russian Federation the Republic o f Crimea and creation as a part of the Russian Federation the new subjects - the Republic
168 Қаз¥У хабаршысы. Халыкаралык қатынастар жэне халықаралык кұкык сериясы. №4 (72). 2015
Rahimbaeva R.M., Tussupova A.Zh.
onstitutional gal status o f reduced the tional law s, tional law , onstitutional nly certain ccm ing the . A ccording onal law has d deadlines 1 legitim acy f judg es o f
ulcs w hich itics o f this law. T h is cpublic o f legal force idcring the
s as legal stitution o f rinciples o f echoslovak f this state 1 laws. T he h R epublic n, being as
onstitution nstitutional w hich the period o f racy. T he nstitutional nstructions ges o f th e creation o r 1 units is f m odem he solution f the state le in m any ion, w e sec n and (or) as w ell as tus o f the stitutional tional law eration the art o f the e R epublic
ofCrimca and the city o f federal value o f Sevastopol) was adopted in March 21, 2014.
The world experience o f creation o f national legal systems illustrates the various approaches to definition o f the constitutional law.
In the Romano-Germanic legal family there is a specific category o f constitutional acts - «the organic laws». According to the Constitution o f France, the legislative Assembly adopts three kinds o f laws:
constitutional (changing the Constitution), organic (on the questions specified in the Constitution) and common [4, p. 114].
According to article 203 o f the Constitution of Venezuela o f 1999 « «those laws which so are called in this Constitution are organic; they are accepted for the organization o f the public power or for development o f constitutional rights o f citizens and they serve as the normative constraint for other laws» [5, page 75]. The organic laws are the acts adopted in pursuance o f blanket rules o f the Basic law. The basic law is laconic; it regulates a wide range o f legal relationship in general.
It is impossible to include in the Basic law many rules which in detail would regulate state legal relations. Therefore the Basic law contains the norms ordering to adopt the law o f a certain contents - for example, the electoral law. Such norms are called
«blanket». They outline in the legal field the void to be filled in by the organic law. The act issued in pursuance o f blanket norm is called organic because it becomes an external «body» o f basic laws or makes a continuation o f their «body».
By the general rule, all regulations must conform to the Basic law, to develop and to ensure its application. But not every legislative establishment is considered by the organic law. The organic unity with the basic law has only those acts the publication of which it explicitly required [6, p. 40].
Thus, in the foreign legislation the regulations similar to the constitutional laws o f the Republic of Kazakhstan are called as «organic» laws. The organic law is adopted by the state legislative body on issues directly provided for by the Constitution in order that differs from the adoption o f a constitutional (m aking changes and additions to the Constitution) and common laws. The organic laws are specified in the text o f the Constitution.
They contain rules relating to the most important constitutional and legal institutions (the status o f the Supreme bodies o f the state, citizenship, state of emergency and etc.).
The Constitution o f France provides the regulation o f the organic law o f a legal status o f such government bodies as the constitutional Council
(article 63), High court o f justice (article 67), the Supreme Council o f magistracy (article 65).
Sometimes in the legal literature the organic are called all laws mentioned in the text o f the Constitution. But such approach is unacceptable neither for Kazakhstan, nor for France because their constitutions have references to customary laws.
The need for the adoption o f organic laws is explained by the foreign legislation that they complement and develop the basic principles and provisions o f the Constitution which provides the special procedure for the adoption o f organic laws.
These laws are accepted:
- only by the Parliament which may not delegate the authority o f their edition to the head of state or government;
- a qualified majority o f votes o f the deputies o f the Supreme legislative body.
The organic law can be changed only by the organic law in accordance with the constitutional procedure o f its adoption.
Such conclusion corresponds to the world constitutional doctrine and practice. In the majority o f constitutions there is, as a rule, a number of the referential (blanket) provisions providing the adoption o f the common laws which aren’t relating to category o f the organic.
The special significance o f public relations regulated by constitutional law, its content and features o f regulatory requirements report to this act the characteristics, actually providing it a higher position in the hierarchy o f legislative acts in comparison with the common law.
The constitutional laws adopted in pursuance o f the Constitution are usually defined by the legislator. Their basic purpose and function is the most complete regulation o f the corresponding relations within the accepted constitutional concept.
The main sense and purpose o f the constitutional laws is that fact that in the constitutional legislation they arc defined as the isolated and priority acts of the superior legal force developing fundamental norms but not a part o f the Constitution.
Therefore the legislator can’t randomly without changing the existing legal norms introduce new constitutional laws or abolish the existing ones instead o f them publish the acts o f the current legislation. At the same time the adoption o f the constitutional laws on changing and addition the existing constitutional laws, their cancellation or acceptance in the new edition is allowable. Otherwise there is a risk o f deformation of the whole o f «the constitutional design».
Thus, such as type o f sources o f law as the constitu tion al law is a natural phenom enon and
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Legal analysis of the adoption procedure of constitutional laws in foreign countries
im portant for d ev elo p m en t o f the constitutional norm s and p rin cip les, ensu rin g the rule o f C o n stitu tio n , law -m ak in g and law -enforcem ent practice. T hanks to them the efficien cy and stab ility o f legal reg ulatio n significantly increases and the statehood becom es stronger.
The con stitu tion and the constitutio nal laws have to carry out togeth er the functions assigned to them on regulation o f public and legal relations and relatio ns betw een them , and between the co n stitu tion al and com m on law s are to be strictly hierarchical in nature.
Литература
1 Еллинек Г. Общее учение о государстве / пер. с нем. Спб.: Общественная польза, 1903. Т.1. - С. 20.
2 Сравнительное конституционное право / отв.ред. В.Е.Чиркин - М.: Манускрипт, 1996. - 729 с.
3 Марченко М.Н. Закон в системе англо-саксонского права // Вести. Моек, ун-та Сер. 11: Право. - 1999. № 5. - С. 70.
4 Конституционное право зарубежных стран: учебник: В 3-х т. Т. 3 /Отв. ред. Б.А. Страшун. - М.: БЕК, 1997.-С. 114.
5 Андреева Г.Н. Конституционное право зарубежных стран: учебник. - М.: Эксмо, 2005. 656 с.
6 Арановский К.В. Государственное право зарубежных стран: учебник для вузов. М.: Издательская группа «ФО
РУМ» - «ИНФРА-М», 1998. - 488 с.
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1 Ellinek G. Obshhee uchenie о gosudarstve / per. s nem. - Spb.: Obshhestvennaja pol’za, 1903. - T. 1. - S. 20.
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