KY NIEM 91 NAM CACH MANG T H A N G mm...
C4Cli IMytlCi T l i 4 l « llil/C3l VA KHAT VONG HOA B I N H
DO XUAN
fc I on 90 nam da troi qua ke rtr Cach mang r i thang Mudi (1917-2008), tren chang dudng xuyen hai the ky, nhan loai da chimg kien biet bao sir kien bi hiing, vdi nhieu eupc chien tranh khu vuc va the gidi, va eung hi trong khoi lira eiia chien tranh, nhimg khat vpng ve dpc lap tir do, ve mot nen hoa binh ben vung cho nhan loai, dupc ly tudng ciia Cach mang thang Mudi soi sang, dupe Cach mang thang Mudi tuyen ngdn van hien hien trong tam fri loai ngudi. Vdi y nghTa lich sir ve nhieu mat, Cach mang thang Mudi khong chi md ra ky nguyen mdi trong lich sir nudc Nga va eae dan toe bj no djch va phu thupc tren the gidi, ma edn ed y nghTa nhan van sau sac d cho da cim dat nudc khoi tham hpa do chii ngliTa de quoc gay ra, tranh nguy ca bi tu ban nudc ngoai no dich; vach moc thdi dai tir chu nghTa tu ban len chii nghTa xa hpi tren pham vi toan the gidi.
Cach mang thang Mudi no ra diing luc nhan dan eac nudc dang v6 cimg cam phan, chan ghet chien tranh, khi Chien tranh the gidi thir nhat vao giai doan quyet liet, hai phe de quoc dang xau xe
* Hoc vien CT-HC Quoc gia Ho Chi Minh
nhau dir dpi. Cach mang thang Mudi da chan lai nhiing ban tay chem giet va cham dirt chien tranh dung vdi long mong muon eiia nhan loai. Mot trong nhirng khau hieu ma Caeh mang thang Mudi giuong cao la: Hod binh, phdn doi chien tranh, chdm dirt chien tranh de quoc. Bdi vay, Cach mang thang Mudi da gianh dupe thien cam sau sac cua nhan dan yeu chupng hoa binh d chau Au va ca nhan loai tien bp; tao ra phong trao phan chien ngay cang Idn d chau Au liic bay gid.
Khong chi co vay, Cach mang thang Mudi da trd thanh ngpn cd hieu trieu cua thdi dai mdi, thdi dai dau tranh vi nhung mue tieu cao ca: Hoa binh, doe lap dan tpc, dan ehii va ehii nghTa xa hpi.
Ngay sau Cach mang thang Mudi, nha nudc X6 viet da bat dku thue hien nhimg nguyen tSc mdi trong quan he giira cae dan toe va cae quoc gia. Hanh dpng dau tien eiia chinh quyen Xoviet la thong qua Sac lenh eiia Lenin ve hoa binh (Sac lenh dupc dang tren bao Su that, s6 171, ngay 28-10-1917).
Trong Sac lenh ve hoa binh, Lenin khong chi len an nhiing hanh dpng xam chiem cua cac nudc de quoc, ma cdn phe phan sir cudng biic dan tpc, coi do eung nhu "mot eupc xam ehilm va mot hanh vi bao lire"'. Tiep tuc tien hanh chiln tranh
de phan chia quyen lpi ciia giai cap tu san, theo Nga Xoviet phai chap nhan nhung thiet thoi \e Lenin do la mot toi ae Idn nhat doi vdi nhan loail dat dai, kinh te nhu Hoa ude Bret - Litop dau nam Trong Sac lenh ve hoa binh, Lenin de nghj nhan 1918. Thuc te eho thay, viec eong bl SSc lenh vl dan tat ca eac nudc tham gia tien hanh ngay hoa binh va toan bp no lire eiia Nha nudc Xovilt nhung cupe dam phan ve mot hoa ude dan ehii va da dua nudc Nga ra khdi cuoc chien franh de cong bang, khong cd thon tinh (nghTa la khong quoc. Lap lai nen hoa binh, nudc Nga co dieu xam chiem dat dai ciia nudc ngoai, khong cd kien thuan Igi de ciing co ehinh quyln nhan dan, cirang ep sap nhap cac dan toe khac) va khong co on dinh kinh te - xa hpi, tap trung lire luong dap boi thuong. Lenin khang dinh rang "Chinh phii tan sir phan khang ciia bpn phan each mang.
Nga rat san sang tien hanh ngay khong ehiit cham Chien thang trong cupe npi chien ac liet 4 nam, tre tat ca eac budc quyet dinh, eho den khi cac dai chinh quyen Xoviet dupe cung co. Nhan dan lao bieu loan quyen do nhan dan \k ca cac nudc va dong Nga va nhan dan eac dan toe thupc Nga mot cac dan tpc eir ra phe chuan cudi ciing tat ca eac lan nira thoat khoi tham hoa chien tranh, thoat dieu kien ciia hoa ude do" . De dpn dudng eho khoi nguy ca trd lai ach hoc lot ciia dia chii, tu cae hoat dpng ngoai giao vi hoa binh, Lenin cho san phan dong. Ve sau. Lien X6 va cac nudc xa rang can phai cong khai ehu truong dam phan, hpi chu nghTa da giuong cao, giir viing ngon cd
"virt bo loi ngoai giao bi mat" eua ehinh phu eiia hoa binh ay.
bpn dia ehii va tu ban da phe chuan hay da ky ket, Vdi thang lpi cua Cach mang thang Mudi va tir thang hai cho din ngay 25 thang Mudi nam sir ra ddi ciia Nha nudc Xoviet va tir ngay 30-12-
1917. sac lenh vl hoa binh noi len ban chat ciia 1922 la Lien X6, eupc dau tranh giira chii nghTa chii nghTa xa hpi la yeu ehupng hoa binh. No ddi xa hpi va chii nghTa tu ban, giiia each mang va lap vdi ban ch^t ciia ehii nghTa de quoc la chien phan each mang, giira phat trien va phan phat tranh xam lupc. SSe lenh vl hoa binh da neu trien budc sang mot giai doan mdi, quyet liet hon.
nhimg nguyen tSe eiia mot kilu quan he quoc te Chii nghTa tu ban bupc phai dieu chinh, khong the mdi, dupe dl ra khong phai tren ea sd eae dan toe "lam mua lam gid" nhu trudc dupe nii'a. Sir phat Idn ap birc eac dan tpc nhd ylu, ma la tren nen trien manh me ciia phong trao each mang v6 san hoa binh ciia t§t ca eae dan tpc va sir binh dSng md dau bang Cach mang thang Mirdi va phong cua cac qudc gia dan tpc. Chinh sach ngoai giao trao giai phong dan tpc da thu hep "hau phuang"
ciia chinh quyln Xovilt cung dupe frinh bay ro cua chii nghTa de quoc, he thong thupc dia ciia trong van kien ky. Vdi nilm tin vao siic manh chii nghTa de quoc sup do hing mang Idn. Cac chinh nghTa cua hoa binh va dan ehii, Lenin kit dan tpc timg bi thuc dan no dich nay "hien ngang luan: "Phong trao cong nhan se gi^nh dupc ph§n budc len vu dai quoc te", trd thanh he thong trai thang va se vach ra con dudng di tdi hoa binh va dai tren cac luc dja A-Au, trd thanh lire luang dua chu nghTa xa hpi'"^. thi gidi phat trien theo xu hudng hoa binh, doc
Khong chi dimg lai d Sac lenh co tinh chk lap dan tpc, dan chu va chu nghTa xa hoi.
van ban phap ly, chinh quyln Xovilt da kien tri Chiln tranh thi gidi thii hai biing no, do chii ph^n dk\ trong thue tien dl dat tdi mue tieu hoa nghTa phat xit gay ra. Hang chuc quoc gia tren cac binh, kl ca viee phai ky hoa ude trong do nudc chau luc bi cuon vao cupe chien tan khoe. De bao
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\ c To quoc xa hpi chii nghTa, cim nhan dan the gidi khoi hoa diet chiing. giuong eao ngpn cd hoa binh cua Cach mang thang Mudi, Lien X6 da hy sinh nhieu ngudi, nhieu ciia, ddng gdp Idn nhat trong lire luong Dong minh de lam nen chien thang ehung ciia the gidi. "Viec danh bai chii nghTa phat xit Diic va chii nghTa quan phiet Nhat da md ra nhiing kha nang mdi cho cupe dau tranh cua eae dan toe va hoa binh dan ehii, giai phdng dan tpc va chii nghTa xa hpi"'.
Su phat trien manh me va than ky eiia Lien X6 sau Chien tranh the gidi thir hai da dua Lien X6 trd thanh sieu cirdng ca ve quan sir. chinh tri va kinh te, lap lai the can bang quan sir chien lupc tren the gidi. Lien X6 trd thanh bieu tugng, try cot ciia nen hoa binh the gidi, ghi nhiing dau an dam net trong lich sir phat trien xa hoi loai ngudi.
Dal nude Xoviet da dat nhung thanh tim ky dieu tren moi ITnh virc, chiem ITnh nhung dinh cao ciia khoa hoc ky thuat hien dai, dae biet la chinh phuc vii tru vi mue dich hoa binh.
Trong thdi ky chien tranh lanh, van de dat ra nong bong tnrdc loai ngirdi la van de chien tranh va hoa binh. Chii ngliTa de quoc, chii nghTa thirc dan mdi da thirc thi chinh sach gianh giat thi truong, ngan can cac quoc gia thue hien nen doc lap Ur ehu. ngan can phong trao giai phdng dan toe, kim ham xu hudng tien len chii nghTa xa hpi cua nhieu quoc gia dan toe (ma ho goi la "ngan chan lan song do"): kim giir nhan dan cac nudc trong quy dao tu ban ehii nghTa. Chii nghTa de quoc da sir diing nhung tien bp khoa hoe ky thuat, nhiing thanh tun ciia loai ngudi vao eupc chay dua vii trang, phat trien vii khi giet ngudi hang loat; theo dudi cac chinh sach, tu duy hieu chien, xam Iliac nhieu quoc gia dpc lap co ehii quyen.
The gidi trong Ihdi ky chien tranh lanh da chimg kien nhieu cupe chien tranh cue bo dam mau bat
ngudn rir ban chat hieu chien va da tam xam lupc cua chii nghTa de quoc: chien tranh Dong Duong, chiln tranh Trieu Tien,... Nhung xu the phat trien ciia the gidi la khong the dao ngupc: Sir Idn manh ciia cac quoc gia doe lap tre tuoi; sir tang len ve vai tro, vi tri cua cae nudc dang phat trien; sir hinh thanh va phat trien eiia he thong xa hpi chu nghTa da ngan chan sir ap birc, boe lot, no dich cua chu nghTa de quoc tren mot pham vi rat Idn cua the gidi (dieu ma trudc Caeh mang thang Mudi chu nghTa de quoc da lam mua lam gio) tao dieu kien cho cupe dau tranh vi hoa binh, doc lap dan toe, dan chu va tien bp xa hpi. Mae dii, chii nghTa de quoc da gay ra eupc chien tranh lanh nhieu thap ky. da gay ra chien tranh dam mau d nhieu quoc gia, dan tpc thupc nhieu khu virc khac nhau tren the gidi, nhung nhd sir hop lire dau tranh ciia cac nudc xa hoi ehii nghTa, ciia loai ngudi tien bp, chien tranh the gidi da khong xay ra, hoa binh the gidi ve ca ban van dupc giii viing. Cong dong xa hpi chii nghTa the gidi vdi ban chat yeu chuong hoa binh, da trd thanh thanh tri vimg chae cua hoa binh the gidi, ngudi ban tin cay ciia cac dan tpc, ngudi bao ve kien quyet nhat cac nguyen tae cong bang, hoa binh va dan chu trong quan he quoc te, va la trd lire chu ylu doi vdi cac the lire phan dpng quoc tl. Co thi khang dinh, lan dau tien trong Ijeh sir, ehu nghTa xa hoi da xay dung thanh cong mot kieu mau ve quan he quoc te hoan toan mdi: Do la mdi quan he qu6c tl giira cac nudc xa hpi ehii nghTa dua tren tinh doan ket giai cap, tinh him nghj dan tpc, sir hpp tac va tuong trp trong eong eupc xay dung va bao ve xa hpi mdi, vi hoa binh, an ninh quoc te va tiln bo xa hpi, sir binh dang va ton trpng dpc lap chu quyen ciia mdi nude. Chinh moi quan he nay la tac nhan thiic day tich cue eac nude trong cong dong quoc te xich lai gan nhau hon trong qua
trinh phat trien. Dieu do da ngan can chinh sach ga\ chien cua chu nghTa de qudc, tao dilu kien cho each mang nhieu nudc phat triln. Vi thi phong trao hoa binh the gidi da hinh thanh dupc nhirng lire lirgng hiing hau, chTa miii nhpn tSn cong vao chu nghTa de quoc.
Tir nhimg yeu to chu quan va khach quan thuan lpi. Lien X6 da trien khai thirc hien ehinh sach doi ngoai tren nen tang nhung nguyen tac doi ngoai dirpc hinh thanh sau Cach mang thang Mudi. D6 la chii nghTa quoc te v6 san va ciing ton tai hoa binh giiia cac nudc cd ehe dp xa hpi khac nhau, nham thirc hien eac mue tieu: Bao dam eac dieu kien quoc te thuan lpi eho cong cupe xay dimg chii nghTa xa hpi, bao ve cac lpi ich quoc gia dan toe ciia Lien X6; Tich cue img hp va giup dd giai cap cong nhan, nhan dan lao dong va cac lire lirang dan chii d cae nirdc trong eupc dau tranh chong chii nghTa de quoc, vi mue tieu hoa binh. doc lap dan tpc, dan ehii va ehii nghTa xa hoi. He thong xa hpi chii nghTa the gidi eo vai tro cue ky quan trpng va cong hien to Idn doi vdi qua trinh thue hien cae mue tieu nong bong eiia nhan loai sau chien tranh the gidi thir hai la: Hod binh.
an ninh vd phdt trien. Hoa binh vii'a la ban chat, vira la miic tieu ciia chii nghTa xa hpi; chu nghTa xa hpi da kliai sinh ra mot kieu quan he quoc te mdi, sdm neu len va thuc hien mot each mau mirc nguyen tae ciing ton tai hoa binh giira cae nirdc CO ehe do xa hpi khac nliau. Nguyen tac nay eon bao ham sir phii nhan chien tranh vdi tu each la phirong tien thirc hien ehinh sach doi ngoai cua cac nirde dl quoc; dong thdi thira nhan quyen ciia t^l ea cac dan tpc dirpc tir minh giai qii\et van menh eiia minh; ton trong ehii quyen va loan ven lanh thi vii phai triln sir hop tac binh dang giira ccic misc. Mat khiic. he thong xa hoi chu nghTa da nang eupc dau tranh eho hoa binh the gidi len tam
cao mdi khi gan hoa binh vdi eac mue tieu doc lap dan tpc, dan chu va tien bp xa hoi.
Nhu vay, co the thSy, CNXH sinh thanh tir nudc Nga Xoviet da trd thanh mot thirc thi quan trpng eau thanh nen ehinh tri the gidi va tac dong sau rong den quan he quoc te, den sir phat trien cua nen van minh nhan loai. He thong xa hpi chii nghTa the gidi da nhan len sire manh eiia phong trao dau tranh bao ve hoa binh, sir song \a nen van minh nhan loai, chong chien tranh va nguy ca chien tranh. Do la lire luong tien cong true dien va ngay trong long chii nghTa tu ban, chii nghTa de quoc md ra kha nang bao ve hoa binh, ngan chan chay dua vii trang, pho bien vii khi giet ngudi hang loat..., gop phan ciing eo va phat trien tinh hun nghi va sir hop tac giira cac dan toe.
The gidi sau khi Lien X6, Dong Au sup do da e6 nhimg bien chuyen sau sac, nhanh chong kh6 luong. Trong trat tir the gidi mdi nay, giira cae nudc da dien ra xu hirdng chuyen tir doi dau sang doi thoai, hoa hoan, binh Ihirong hoa, da dang hoa va da phuong hoa quan he quoc te, vira hop tac vira canh tranh va phat trien. Cac van de loan cau ngay cang gay gat, doi hoi sir hop sire ciia tat ca cac quoc gia. Moi quoc gia dii nho deu phai tham gia dau tranh de tien tdi thiet lap mot trat tir quan he quoc te cong bang hon, trong do, moi nude deu co vai tro, dong gop can thiet trong viee giai quyet cac cong viec ehung ciia the gidi va khu vire, tren nen tang Hien ehuong Lien hop quoc va eac dien dan khu virc, quoc te phii hop.
Vdi tu each la mot thanh vien trong epng dong quoc te, suot hon 60 nam qua (1945-2008), Viet Nam da lam het sire minh de nhung tuyen ngon ve hoa binh cua Cach mang thang Mudi dirae toa sang trong nhan loai; da the hien nhung khat vpng eha> bong "Khong e6 gi qui han doc lap lir do", dong gop tich cue vao sir nghiep bao ve va
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cimg CO hoa binh. an ninh tren toan the gidi.
Dudng loi doi ngoai hoa binh cua Viet Nam dae biet trong thdi ky khang chien ehdng My, cuu nudc da eo tieng vang rpng Idn, dupe sir iing hp va hudng img manh me ciia eae tang Idp nhan dan cac quoc gia dan toe tren toan the gidi.
Doi vdi nudc ta, boi canh quoc te trong thdi gian tdi co nhieu thdi ca Idn dan xen vdi nhieu thach thirc Idn. Kha nang duy tri hoa binh, on dinh tren the gidi va khu vuc cho phep chiing ta tap trung sire vao nhiem vu trung tam la phat trien kinh te; dong thdi doi hoi phai de cao canh giae, ehii dong doi pho vdi nhung tinh huong bat trac, phire tap c6 the xay ra. Dai hpi X ciia Dang nhan djnh: "Trong nhung nam sap tdi, tren the gidi, hoa binh hop tac va phat trien van la xu the Idn...
Mat khae, nhirng eupc chien tranh cue bp, xung dot vu trang, xung dot dan tpc, ton giao, chay dua vu trang, hoat dong can thiep lat do, tranh chap lanh tho va tai nguyen thien nhien tiep hie dien ra d nhieu nai vdi tinh chat ngay eang phire tap.
Dong thdi nhung van de loan cau birc xiic doi hoi eae quoc gia va cac to chiic quoc te phai phoi hop giai quyet... 0 khu virc chau A-Thai Binh Duong noi ehung va Dong Nam A noi rieng, xu the hoa binh, hop tae va phat trien tiep tuc gia tang, nhmig luon tiem an nhihig nhan to gay mat on dinh"^. Nam bat thdi ca, vuot qua thach thiic, day manh doi mdi va hpi nhap, thirc thi co hieu qua va dong gdp tich cue vao viec giai quyet cac van de ciia khu virc va the gidi bang dudng loi doi ngoai dpc lap tu ehu. da dang hoa, da phuang hoa cae quan he quoc te. Viet Nam san sang la ban va la doi tae tin cay ciia tat ea eae nudc trong epng dong quoc te, phan dau vi mot the gidi hoa binh va phat trien ben vimg.
Tir boi canh tinh hinh trong nudc va quoc te hien na\, Dang va Nha nude ta xae djnh, de bao
ve virng chae nen hoa binh cho nhan loai, giai quyet nhung van de cd tinh toan cau khong chi la trach nhiem cua mot quoc gia rieng re nao, ma phai la sir hop siie, no lire cua tat ca eac nudc frong epng dong quoc te. Can phai bao dam cac nguyen tie ca ban trong quan he quoc te: nguyen tac ciing ton tai hoa binh. tuong fra, giup da nhau khi can thiet nhung khong can thiep vao cong viee npi bp ciia nhau; khong phan biet doi xir trong cac quan he quoc te; binh dang, cimg co lai, giai quyet nhiJng bat dong, xung dot bang ngoai giao, dam phan hoa binh vdi nhirng thien ehi va no lire eua cac ben; de eao doe lap tir chu, nhung khong biet lap trong quan he quoc te.
Nhiing ngay nay, loai ngudi tien bp tren the gidi dang hudng ve que huong Cach mang thang Mudi. Lich sii nhan loai hon 90 nam qua da chiing to, thang lai eiia Caeh mang thang Mudi khong chi la thang loi ehung ciia giai cap v6 san, ciia phong trao giai phdng dan toe tren the gidi, ma con la thang lpi ehung ciia nhimg hr Urdng ve hoa binh, ve mot trat hr the gidi cong bang, tien bp, dan chii.
Nhimg van de toan cau hien nay nhu nhae nhd nhan loai tien bp hay luon canh giae trudc chu nghTa cudng quyen va nhung nghieh ly trong quan he quoc te, hop sue dau tranh de phat eao ngon cd hoa binh, hun nghi, hop tae va phat triln.
1,2,3,4. Lenin Todn tap, NXB Tiln bp, M.1976, T.35,tr.l5,15,13-14,19
5. Cuong ITnh, Dieu le Dang Cong san Lien X6 (da duac Dai hpi XXVll Dang Cong san Lien X6 thong qua, NXB Sir that - NXB Thong tin Novoxti, M.1986,tr.l0-ll)
6. Dang Cong san Viet Nam: Vdn kien Dqi hoi dqi biiu todn qudc Idn thitX, C T ( ^ , H, 2006, tr. 21-22.
