1893-1945

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1893-1945

DO THANH BINH*

NGHlfiM THI H A I Y ^ N "

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gay tu khi thUc dan phUdng Tay xam nhap va xam lUdc, nhan dan cae nUdc thupc dia va phu thudc da viing len da'u tranh manh me de bao vp dat nUde va giai phdng dan tpc. Qua trinh d i u tranh eua mdi dan tdc dien ra d mUc dp khae nhau, vdi nhflng sic thai khae nhau tao nen nhflng mang mau da dang ehe bUc tranh chd'ng ehu nghia thUc dan cuo'i the ky XIX d i u the ky XX. Cach mang Lao la mpt vf du diln hinh.

1. Con difdng ciiu nUdc t r o n g d a u t r a n h giai p h o n g d a n toe c u a n h a n d a n L a o

Nhin tren binh dipn qud'e te, nam 1945 la mpt th^ thach, la sU kiem nghiem ciia lich sii dd'i vdi cupc d i u tranh chd'ng thUc dan, de quo'c d l di tdi dfch dpc lap cua cac nude thudc dia va phu thupc. ThUe te lich sii cho t h i y cd nhieu con dUdng de di tdi dich dpc lap, t h i n g ldi ciia cich mang Lac la mpt minh ehflng ve sfl xac dinh chfnh xac con dUdng da'u tranh giai phdng dan tpc cua nhan dan eae bd tdc Lao.

Ngay tu khi thUc dan xam lUdc va dat ach cai tri, n h a n dan eae nUdc thudc dia da vung len dau tranh manh me de bao vp d i t nude, gianh dpc lap dan tpc. Qua trinh diu tranh nay trai qua hai thdi ky; Thdi ky diu tranh chd'ng xam lUdc va thdi ky d i u tranh gianh ddc lap.

0 cac nude chau A thdi ky thU n h i t , tieu bieu la cac cude khdi nghia ciia nhan dan An Dp (cupc khdi nghia Xipay 1857-1859), phdng trao Thai Binh Thien Qud'e b Trung Qudc (1851-1864), cupc chien d i u cua nhan dan Viet Nam dUdi sU lanh dao cua TrUdng Dinh (1862) hay cupc ehien d i u ciia nhan dan Khdme dUdi sU lanh dao cua Hoang than Achasoa... Trong bdi canh lich sii dd, phong trao d i u tranh chdng xam lUde b Lko cung dien ra manh me tren k h i p d i t nUde tu ThUdng Lao den Ha Lao. Tieu bilu ed cupc khdi nghia eiia Ong Kpo va Cdmadam (1901-1937), khdi nghia ciia nhan dan Xavanakhet dUdi sU lanh dao eua Phd Ca Dupt (1901-1902) rdi cupc khdi nghia eua Chau Pha Patchay (1918-1922)... Nhflng

*GS. TS. Trudng Dai hpc Su pham Ha Npi

" Th.S. TrUdng Dai hpc Su pham Thai Nguyen

W&y van de vi cugc dau tranh. 63 cupc khdi nghia ciia cac dan tdc d Lao deu

nhim mue tieu chd'ng ap bUe, bde lot, chd'ng sfl thdng tri ciia thUe dan Phap. Cac cupc ndi day nay mang tinh q u i n ehung tU Bic den Nam, quy md d i u tranh dien ra kha rpng ldn va trong mpt thdi gian dai.

PhUdng phap va hinh thfle da'u tranh ehu yeu la vu trang khdi nghia, dung ldi danh du kich, cd khi dUng tap kich ca cfl diem quan sU eua dich. Ben canh vipe ehien dau, lanh tu mpt sd cupc khdi nghia quan tam den xay dung can eU dia, cham lo san xuit, nang eao hieu biet cua dan thdng qua viec md ldp hpe day chfl cho dan... Dieu dd cho t h i y t i m nhin xa va sU c h u i n bi cho tran ehien lau dai eiia cac lanh tu khdi nghia.

Tuy nhien, mpt dieu de nhan t h i y cac cupc khdi nghia d Lao ket cue deu that bai, mac du r i t quyet lipt nhUng deu d mUe dp tU phat, thieu td chUe chat che. Su nghipp gianh dpc lap dan tpc khdng t h i thUe hipn dupe bdi "cdc tdng ldp tu trUdng, tgc trUdng lanh dgo cdc cuoc khdi nghia dd vdi bdn chat giai cdp cua hg vd nhiing diiu kien lich svt hgn che luc bdy gid, nen khdng the di ra dUdng ldi, phUcfng thUc ddu tranh ddng ddn" (1). Dd cung la ban ehe ehung eiia phong trao d i u tranh chd'ng xam lUde eua nhan dan cac nUde thupc dia thdi ky nay.

Su xam nhap ciia chii nghia tU ban phUdng Tay vao cic nUde thude dia da d i n den sU bien ddi ldn lao ve kinh te - xa hdi.

d khu vUe chau A, xa hdi bi phan boa, nhflng giai t i n g mdi x u i t hipn va tham gia vao ddi sd'ng ehinh tri ma tieu bieu n h i t la ting ldp tu san dan tpc. T i n g ldp tU san nay vUa cd mdi lien he vdi kinh te de qud'e, vUa tiep thu tU tudng tU do phUdng Tay cung vdi ndi day dflt eiia ngUdi dan m i t nude. Tfl cudi the ky XIX, dae bipt nhflng nam d i u the ky XX, phong trao tU san lin

lUit ra ddi d chau A n h i m mue tieu ddc lap, df n chu. Cude d i u tranh do giai cap tU san be ac do cic si phu cip tien lanh dao da tao nen mdt ludng gid mdi, md ra mpt dUdng hi dng mdi cho phong trao giai phdng dan tdu di den thanh cdng.

Dudi anh hUdng cua Cach mang thang M (di Nga, phdng trao dau tranh giai phdng da a tpc tren the gidi cd sU thay ddi ldn lao npi dung each mang va phUdng hUdng diu trt.nb. Do vay, d khu vUe chau A trong nhflng nam dau t h e k y XX, ben canh phong trr 0 tu san dang dien ra sdi ndi, d nhieu nude xuat hien phong trao vd san vdi sU ra dd; eiia mdt loat cae Dang Cong San. (Dang Cong San Inddnexia nam 1920, Dang Cong San Trung Quo'c nam 1921, diu nhflng na -n 30 d Viet Nam va nhieu nUdc khae).

Nhu vay, trong eudc dau tranh gianh dpc lap, mdi dan tdc cd sU lUa chpn nhflng con dudng di den dpc lap khae nhau, phu hdp vdi hoan canh cua dan tpc minh.

6 Trung Qudc,Viet Nam, lich sfl dUde chUng kien eudc vung day eua cae giai t i n g trong xa hpi vao nhflng nam eud'i the ky XIX d i u the ky XX. NhUng mdi l i n vung day la mpt l i n that bai. Tfl phong trao Thai Binh Thien Quo'c eho den Cach mang Tan Hdi d Trung Qud'e hay con dUdng cflu nUde ciia eu Phan Bdi Chau, cu Phan Chu Trinh rdi cude khdi nghia Yen Bai d Vipt Nam deu ehUng minh r i n g giai cip ncng dan, giai cap tu san d nhflng nUde nay khdng cd kha nang dUa each mang dan tpc dan ehu di den t h i n g ldi cudi cung. Con dUdng giai phdng dan tpc thUe sU chi ed the la con dUdng vd san dUdi sU lanh dao eua Dang Cong San.

VUa la nUdc ldng gieng lai cung trong bdi canh soi dpng ehung cua khu vfle chau A, sU chuyen bien ve con dUdng cflu nUde

64 Rghi&i cijru Lich siSr. sg 9+10.2008 eiia Viet Nam va Trung Quo'c diln ra manh

me, rat rd net, nhUng d Lao lai khdng cd sU chuyen bien theo quy dao nhU vay (d day chi dd'i sanh vdi Viet Nam). Su khae biet dd cd can nguyen tU dieu kien phat trien kinh te - xa hpi eua Lao. Va ehinh nd tao nen net khae bipt eiia each mang Lao.

ThUe dan Phap hoan t h a n h qua trinh xam lUdc Lao vao nam 1893 va nam 1899 Lao chfnh thUc trd t h a n h mpt xU trong

"Lien bang Ddng DUdng" thupc Phap. Tren 80 nam eai tri Ddng Dudng thUe dan Phap da hai l i n tien hdnh khai thac thupc dia vdi quy md ldn (Khai thac thupe dia l i n thfl nhat 1897-1914; khai thac thupc dia lan thU hai 1918-1939). Chfnh cupc khai thae thupc dia nay da du nhap phUdng thfle san xua't tu ban vao Ddng DUdng va lam bien ddi ldn ve cd eau kinh te cung nhU cd ciu xa hpi eiia cac nUdc trong "Lien bang". Tuy nhien, vdi ban c h i t thuc dung, sU d i u tU vd'n eua Phap tap trung chu yeu vao Viet Nam, rieng dd'i vdi Lao va Campuchia chi dupe coi nhu "vung d i t bai" ciia Viet Nam trong con m i t ciia ngUdi Phap.

Khi tim hieu ve tinh hinh kinh te Lao dudi thdi thupe Phap, cac nha nghien cflu dung cum tU "khu vUe san rieng" hay "khu vUe kinh te du trU" de chi thUe trang kinh te eiia Ldo. ThUe te cung cho thay; "Ldo la thugc dia cua Phdp, nhiing sii thd'ng tri cua thiic ddn Phdp dd khdng ldm thay ddi bao nhieu tinh chat kinh te tU nhien cua Ldo, md chi dem lgi cho nen kinh te dd nhiing thdnh phdn kinh te'tU bdn rieng biet" (2),

Neu nhu d Viet Nam, tUdng Ung vdi sU bien ddi kinh te trong qua trinh khai thac eua tu ban Phap, ve mat xa hpi, nhflng giai cap eua xa hpi phong kien nhu giai cap dia chii, giai cap ndng dan da hi phan h o i sau sic bd sung vao nhflng giai tang mdi xuat hipn trong xa hpi nhU giai cap cdng nhan.

giai c i p tu san (tU san mai ban va tU san dan tpc), t i n g ldp t i l u thUdng... thi b Lko, ve cd ban v i n tdn tai hai giai cip chfnh ciia xa hpi phong kien la ndng dan va quy tpc phong kien. Chinh sach khai thac cua Phap ddi vdi Lao mang tinh cha't nho hep, tuy nhien, cung da lam nay sinh them nhflng thanh p h i n xa hpi mdi nhU: cdng nhan, tU san, tieu tU san t h a n h thi (chu yeu la ngUdi Viet), NhUng so" lUdng nay qua nho h6 va yeu dt, nen hp khdng t h i dam dUdng dUpc sU menh lich sii va tao nen nhflng trao lUu tu tUdng ldn n h u d Viet Nam va mot sd nUde k h i c trong khu vUc.

Quy tpc phong kien Lao trd thanh eong cu die lUc eua Phap thdng qua vipe thUc hien chfnh sach "hdp tac vdi ngUdi ban xii"

ma Phap ap dung tren toan coi Ddng Dudng. So' lUdng thanh p h i n giai cip nay khong nhieu so vdi dan sd Lao. O day cin ban den giai c i p vd san d Lao. Do dae diem dia hinh ciia Lao nen ndng dan Lao sdng b nhflng khu vUc xa t h a n h thi. Bipn phap khai thae kinh te ciia Phap ap dung b Lko it tac dpng den ndng dan Lao vi th^ hp khdng bi phan h o i manh me (nhU b Vipt Nam) de bd sung vao dpi ngu vd san. Cdng nhan d Lao chu yeu la cdng nhan mo. Mot dac diem cin chu y la giai c i p vd san b Lko cd gd'e gae tU ngUdi Lao r i t ft, chu yeu la ngudi Viet (chiem ty le 1/3 den 3/4). Trong khi kha nang lao dpng n i t ra tU ndng thdn bd sung cho cae ddn dien, h i m md khdng dang ke, thUc dan Phap bupe phai dieu dpng lao ddng thUa tU Viet Nam sang la dicu ta't yeu. Do vay, c i u thanh giai cip vo san d Lao khdng the mang dac trUng giai cip cua rieng dan toe Lao ma nd phai mang dac diem la mot bp phan ciia giai cip vo san Ddng Duong. Day chfnh la san phim ma thue dan Phap da tao nen b Lko trong nhflng nam thang "khai hoa" a viing da't nay.

IH^Y v ^ d^ vi cugc dau franh. 65

TU dac diem tren eho thiy, giai cip vd san d Lad la mpt bo phan giai cip vd san b Ddng DUdng, mpt bp phan giai c i p vd san qudc te nen nd cd diy dii tfnh chat dai dipn cho mdt lUc lUdng san x u i t tien tien.

Nam 1939, Chien tranh the gidi thU hai bung nd. Phat xit DUc mau chdng md rpng chien tranh toan chau au. O Ddng Nam A, sU kipn quan Nhat t i n cdng vao Lang Sdn (Viet Nam) vao t h i n g 7 nam 1940 chinh thfle danh d i u sU can thifp cua Nhat vao Ddng DUdng. Ke thu ciia nhan dan Lao ndi rieng va nhan dan Ddng DUdng ndi ehung liic nay la quan phipt Nhat va thUe dan Phap. Chfnh tinh the nay cung dien bien tinh hinh qudc te da tao nen nhflng tinh hudng dac biet d Lao.

Su kipn Nhat tien hanh dao chinh Phap d§m 9/3/1945 va vipe quan phipt Nhat tuy§n bo' d i u hang quan Ddng Minh vd dieu ki^n ngay 15/8/1945 da tao nen thdi ed ehung, thdi cd ngan nam ed mpt doi vdi cac nUdc Ddng DUdng. Qua qua trinh c h u i n bi lau dai, nhan dan Vipt Nam dudi sU lanh dao ciia Dang Cdng San Ddng DUdng da chdp thdi cd ti§'n hanh tdng khdi nghia tren toan quo'c, t^o nen "ludng dipn" thang T i m tU Bic vao Nam. Ngay 2/9/1945, Viet Nam tuyen bd dpc lap. Nude Viet Nam Dan ehii Cong hoa ra ddi, nhan dan Vipt Nam vdi tU thcf la chii nhan ciia d i t nUdc ddn quan dpi Ddng Minh vao giai giap quan dpi Nhat.

6 Lao tien trinh each mang gianh va tuyen bd dpc lap trong hoan canh khae bipt 80 vdi Vipt Nam:

Thii nhdt, nhan dan Lao khdi nghia gianh chfnh quyen d cae dd thi, nhUng d vving ndng thdn rdng ldn v i n edn tdn tai phin ldn tan quan cua Phap. Day la dieu ba't lpi cho each mang Lao.

T/iii" hai, trong khoang thdi gian tU thang 8 den t h i n g 10 tren d i t Lao, lUc lUdng each mang phai dd'i mat vdi nhieu ke thu; quan Trung Hoa dan qud'e va quan Anh mang danh nghia quan dpi Ddng minh da cd mat tai Lao.

Thiil ba, trong bdi canh dd, npi bd cac lUc lUdng dan tdc Lao cd sU phan hda sau sic theo nhflng xu hudng khae nhau:

- Xu hudng doan ket dan tpc, kien quyet p h i t dpng q u i n ehung dUng len khdi nghia gianh chinh quyen, tuyen bd ddc lap eiia lUc lUdng each mang.

- Xu hudng mud'n ed dpc lap dan tpc, nhUng b i n g con dudng thUdng thuyet, tranh thii sU ung hp ciia Ddng minh (Anh, My). Thai dp dd'i vdi thUe dan Phap khdng dflt khoat rd rang.

- Mud'n Phap quay trd lai va cdng nhan Lao dpc lap trong Khdi lien bipp Phap

Tuy vay, Iflc lUdng each mang Lao lai ed nhflng nhan td thuan ldi: Cd Dang Cong San Ddng DUdng lanh dao - mdt Dang tre trung nhUng cd ea 15 nam chuan bi cho cude d i u tranh gianh ehinh quyen; Nude Lao lai n i m sat Viet Nam - mpt nUde cd phong trdo each mang sdi ndi, da nhanh chdng lam cupc Cach mang thang Tam thanh cdng lap nen nUde Vipt Nam Dan ehu Cong hoa. Tinh hinh i y da tac dpng tfch cUe vao each mang Lao. Luc lUdng each mang Lac da tranh thu thdi cd, phat dpng q u i n ehung vung len khdi nghia, gianh dupe chinh quyen b cac tinh li (Vieng Chan, Xavanakhpt, Kham Mudi, MUdng Phudn, Hiia Phan, Pae San...). Dudi ap lUc eua q u i n ehung va sU van dpng eua lUc lUdng Lao yeu nUde, Chinh phu Lam thdi Lao Itxala da dUde thanh lap. Ngay 12/10/1945

66 R g h i ^ curu Lich sit. s6 9+10.2008 (xipxoong tula) - ngay Lao tuyen bd' ddc lap

da di vao lich sii nhU mdt bUde ngoat can ban trong phong trao d i u t r a n h gianh dpc lap d i n tpc, dan chu ciia n h a n dan Lao.

Trai qua q u i trinh van dpng eiia lich sii, con dudng eUu nUde, gianh dpc lap cua nhan dan cac bp tpc Lao lUa chpn, dd la con dUdng each mang vd san. Cach mang Tula Lao thanh cdng khdng phai la mot sU "an may" hay "an theo" bdi thdi cd chi tao ra kha nang t h i n g ldi, neu khdng cd sUc manh thUe lUe thi khdng t h i ed thanh qua each mang (Cung dUng trUde cd hpi gianh dpc lap, nhUng each mang Campuchia khdng thanh cdng). Tuy nhien, cung cin nhan tha'y r i n g t h i n g ldi cua cich mang Lao nam 1945 la ket qua ciia tinh doan ket dan tpc Lao va dan tpc Viet.

2. D o n g g o p ciia V i e t k i e u t r o n g c u o c d a u t r a n h g i a n h d o c l a p c u a n h a n d a n L a o

NgUdi nUdc ngoai (ngUdi Viet) gdp phan gianh ddc lap d Lao la mpt hipn tUdng dae bipt trong lich sii phat trien ciia eae nUdc tren tren the gidi. De t h i y dUde sU ddng gdp eiia ngUdi Viet dd'i vdi each mang Lao, trUde het cin lam ro ve sU ed mat eua ngUdi Viet tren vung d i t nay.

Qua trinh di eU eiia ngUdi Viet den Lao dien ra trong sud't chieu dai lich sii. Su cd mat eua ngUdi Viet sinh sd'ng tai Lao trUde nam 1893 xuat phat tU nhu ciu ca nhan do lam an buon ban hocie la lanh nan do tinh hinh chfnh tri trong nUdc bat dn. So' lUdng nay r i t nhd va khdng ed so lieu ehinh xac.

Hien tUdng di cU eiia ngUdi Viet den Lao tang len theo thdi gian tU khi vung d i t nay thude ve thUc dan Phap. De cap tdi v i n de nay cac nha nghien cUu ddng thuan trong quan diem khi n h a n xdt r i n g ; NgUdi Viet

den Lad do 'lUe day" chU khdng phai do

"lUc hut". Tai sao ed hipn tUdng trai quy luat nhu vay? Dd chfnh la do chinh sach cai tri va khai thac eua Phap dd'i vdi xU sd nay phuc vu cho mue dich thUc dan cua hp.

NgUdi Viet den Lao dUdi thdi Phap thupc dupe phan t h a n h hai loai: Di eU tU phat do dieu kipn lam an thuan ldi hdn. Mae dii thien nhien Lac k h i c nghiet, dia hinh hiem trd, nhUng viec Phap sap nhap Lao vao khd'i Ddng DUdng da hinh thanh mpt dia ban thd'ng n h i t va tao dieu kien cho ngUdi dan ehuyin ddi dia ban sinh sdng de dang;

Hinh thfle thU hai la di cU cd td ehUc. Hinh thUe nay phuc vu eho mue dich khai thae thupc dia cua P h i p . Do dae diem dan eU eiia Lao nen P h i p thUe sU khd khan trong v i n de tim kiem ngudn n h a n lUe phuc vu eho cupc khai t h i c thupc dia l i n 1 va lin 2 d xfl Lao. De k h i c phuc tinh trang dd, Phap da dUa ngUdi Vipt sang lao ddng tai Lao.

NgUdi Vipt sang Lao dam trach cae ehflc nang khae nhau: Mot bp phan lam cdng ehUc, phuc vu bp may hanh chfnh ciia Phap. Sd' lupng nay kha ddng. Tinh den thdi dilm nam 1937, ngUdi Vipt chiem 47%

Sd vi tri cic cdng chUe cao c i p ngUdi ban xfl trong bp may hanh chinh tai Lao (3). Mpt bp phan ngUdi Viet k h i c sang Lao lam eu li, phu lam dudng va phuc vu trcng cac ham md. Ddi sd'ng cua hp khd cUc dUdi sfl giam sat chat che cua cac vien quan ly ngudi Phap. Hp sinh sd'ng chii yeu d cae do thi cua Lac. Do khdng ban che vipe di cU va cin nhan lUe phuc vu cho khai t h i c xU Lao eua Phap nen nam 1942 lUdng ngUdi Viet Nam d Lao len tdi eon sd 40.000 ngUdi (4).

Nhu vay, trong thdi ky thupe Phap, ngUdi Viet chiem ti le khdng nho trong dan so' Lao. Day la mpt dae diem xa hpi Lao thupe P h i p ed quan hp tdi sU van dpng ciia each mang Lao.

nr^Y vin ili vi cuQc ddu h>anh. 67

NgUdi Vi$t sdm dinh eU va sdng hoa ddng vdi ngUdi Lao. K§' thUa truyen thdng cua mpt dan tpc anh hung, yeu dpc lap, tu do, ngUdi Vipt da sat canh ciing nhan dan cac bp tpc Lao chdng lai chinh sach thuoc dia cua thuc dan Phap.

Nude Lao, n i m cl phfa Tay B i c ban dao Ddng DUdng, g i n t r u n g tam luc dia Ddng Nam A, n i m an ngfl tren true dUdng tu phfa Tay sang phia Ddng, hai d i u cua nhflng viing d i n cU ddng due, cd nen van hoa lau ddi la Xiem (Thai Lan) va Vipt Nam. Ddng thdi, Lao cung ehung dUdng bien gidi vdi Trung Qudc, mpt nUde ldn b khu vUc chau A. Quan sat tren ban dd khu vUc thi vung d i t Lao n i m b trung tam mang ludi cdng san dUdc hinh thanh tU nhflng nam 20 ciia t h i ky XX. Thdng qua con dudng nay, lanh ty Nguyin Ai Qudc va cac ddng chf ciia NgUdi da dem chii nghia Mac - Lenin d§'n vdi nhflng ngUdi yeu nUde, ti§'n bp va xay dUng nen phong trao each mang Lao.

Nam 1924, ddng chf Nguyen Ai Qudc ve Quang Chau (Trung Qudc) gay ditng cd sd, sang lap hat nhan van dpng each mang Ddng DUdng hudng theo chan ly ciia thdi dai. To' chUc Hdi Vipt Nam each mang thanh nien ra ddi, boat dpng rpng k h i p khdng chl doi vdi nhan dan trong nUde ma ca vdi nUdc ngoai. Thanh vien ciia hoi da din Xiem va hoat dpng manh me trong eong ddng ngUdi Vipt sdng cl vung Ddng Bic Xiem, ndi giap bien vdi Lao. TU dd, ngUdi Viit yiu nUdc d Ldo dd bdt mdi lien lac vdi td chiic cdch mgng bin Xiem.

Do chfnh sach cai tri niia vdi cua thUe dan Phap nen dac dilm eua xa hpi Lao la 81^ p h i n hda giai c i p chUa hoan ehinh. Giai cip cdng n h a n Lao chUa du manh, do dd chUa thuc sU dam dUdng dU(?c sfl mpnh lich 8ii thdi dai cua minh. Chinh vi the

"ngUdi Vi^t da gifl vai trd ndng cdt ban d i u va la xiic tac quan trpng. Vipe tuyen truyen va td ehflc cung dUdc tien hanh trUde tien trong Viet kieu. Phai nhan t h i y r i n g ban d i u dd la phUdng thUe ddn gian va thuan ldi n h i t " (5). D i u nam 1930, Dang Cdng San Viet Nam ra ddi, den thang 10/1930 ddi ten thanh Dang Cong San Dong DUdng tren tinh t h i n qud'e te vd san, g i n ket each mang ba nUde Lao, Vipt Nam va Campuchia hUdng tdi mue tieu ehung giai phdng dan tpc. Viet kieu b Ldo ddng nin hg la cdu ndi quan trgng giUa phong trdo cdch mgng Ldo vdi Dang Cong Sdn Ddng DUOng. Nhflng td ehflc eua Hpi each mang t h a n h nien b hko chuyen thanh cac chi bp Dang. Vipt kieu d Lao theo ddi sat sao tinh hinh chinh tri b trong nUde, hudng Ung phong trao X6 viet Nghp - Tinh, cae phong trao bai cdng da dien ra b cac khu mo, bai thi , bai khoa d eae do thj. Ngay tU "eud'i thang 3/1931 cd quan an ninh Phap da xac dinh rd rang Dang Cong san Ddng DUdng da md boat dpng sang Lao..." (6). Nam 1932, ban chip hanh Dang Cong san toan Xfl Ai Lao dUde thanh lap (gpi la XU uy). NhUng sU kipn nay bi mat tham Phap phat hipn va khiing bd. Nhieu cd sd Dang bj tan vd, p h i n ldn cac dang vien bi b i t va tu day. Sau ddt khiing bd t r i n g , dUde sU ho trd eua Qudc t l Cong san, ban lanh dao Dang d nUde ngoai chinh thUe dUde thanh lap tai Macac (Trung Qudc). Theo tinh t h i n eua hpi nghi ban lanh dao Dang ngoai nUde hpp t u 14 den 26/6/1934 va ngay 7/9/1934 XU uy Ailao l i n 2 dUde thanh lap dam trach vai trd lanh dao each mang Lao. TU cudi nam 1938 d i u nam 1939, thUe dan Phap va tay sai da md n h i l u ddt dan ap va khiing bd d i m mau. Mpt l i n nfla Xfl uy Ai Lao tan vd, each mang Lao di vao giai doan thoai trao.

68 Rghi&n cuu Lich sir. s6 9+10.2008

Nhin lai phong trao each mang b Lko trong nhflng nam 30 cua t h e k y XX ta nhan tha'y Viet kieu da gdp p h i n dUa chii nghia Mic- Lenin den d i t Lao. Nhflng cd sd Dang d i u tien da dUdc gay dung. Mac du lien tiep bi thUc dan Phap khung bd', song phong trao khdng ngUng dUdc phuc hdi va p h i t trien. Qua dd, q u i n ehung dUde tap dUdt lam quen vdi d i u tranh each mang.

Cung vdi sU van dpng ciia each mang Ddng DUdng, tfnh den thdi diem trUde t h i n g 8/1945 b Lao lUc lUdng chfnh tri va vu trang da cd bUdc phat t r i l n manh. Ve phfa Viet kieu, Td'ng hdi Viet kieu da thanh lap ddn vi vu trang d i u tien liy ten la Viet Nam dgc lap qudn (11/5/1945). Thang

6/1945, lUc lupng nay da dUdc dieu dpng ve cac can cU d Vieng Chan, Tha Khet, Xavanakhet c h u i n hi lUc lUdng. Ve phia Lad, nhdm ngUdi Lao yeu nUde luu vong d Thai Lan dUde sU iing he cua Seri Thai cung da xay dUng lUc lUdng cua minh, phan cdng ngUdi ve nUde xay dUng ed sd. V i n de dat ra c i n thd'ng n h i t hanh dpng gifla hai lUc lUdng khi thdi ed each mang den. Tren tinh t h i n Lao- Viet doan ket, Viet kieu d Lao tdn trpng quyen quyet dinh ciia quan chUe Lao. Khi nhan dUde sU iing hp ciia hoang than Phet Xarat va sU tan thanh eua dng Pha nha Kham Mao (tinh trUdng tinh Vieng Chan) vao cudi thang 8/1945, Viet E e u td ehflc mit tinh ldn tai Chd Mdi (trung tam ciia Vieng Chan). Tai cupc mft tinh nay, dng Pha nha Kham Mao thay mat ehinh quyen Lao tuyen bd Lao - Viet doan ket chd'ng ke thu ehung. TU dd, boat dpng ciia Viet kieu tren d i t Lao la hdp phap.

Vipt kieu d Lao da sat canh cung nhan dan Lao gianh dpc lap ngay 12/10/1945.

Do dac diem ciia xa hpi Lao nen lUdng Viet kieu chiem ti lp kha ddng trong dan cU. Hp da ddng gdp cdng sflc cua minh

trong nhflng nam thang chien tranh each mang, gdp p h i n dUa each mang Lao gianh t h i n g ldi, ddng thdi cung md dUdng cho sU phat trien lien minh chien d i u Viet- Lao.

Lien minh vUa mang tfnh dan tpc, vUa mang tfnh giai c i p vo san t h i hipn tinh t h i n quo'c te trong sing, m l u mvfc, thuy ehung. , 3. Vai tro cua D a n g Cong san Dong Diidng doi vdi qua trinh dau tranh e a c h m a n g ciia n h a n d a n cac bo toe Lao.

T h i n g ldi cua each mang do nhieu nhan td tao thanh, nhUng trUde het la do c6 dudng ldi dung d i n . Cich mang Lao la mpt bd phan khang kbit eiia cich mang Ddng Dudng va each mang the' gidi, vi the t h i n g ldi ciia each mang Lao nam 1945 g i n chat vdi sU dao Dang Cong San Ddng DUdng.

Do hoan canh lich sii (nhU da de cap b tren) nen trong q u i trinh v^n dpng each mang d l tap hdp q u i n ehung. Dang bp cdng san d Lao nhan rd q u i n ehung d dd thi bao gdm dan tdc Lao va dan tpc Viet, tuy khae nhau ve dan tpc nhUng cung ehung tren dia ban hoat dpng, cung da'u tranh chdng ke thu ehung la de qudc Phap va phong kiln.

Khi tinh the each mang x u i t hipn, liin minh chien ddu ddn tgc Ldo - Viet da dUdc hinh thanh tao nen mui giap cdng manh me lat do che dp ap bflc gianh dpc lap.

Trong qua trinh each mang. Dang Cong san Ddng DUdng da khdo ldo ket hdp chat che ldi ich dan tpc vdi ldi ich giai c i p khdng chi gifla ngudi Lao, ngUdi Vipt ma cdn vdi nhan dan T h i i Lan yeu nUdc. Hoat dpng eua Dang Cong san Xiem va sU iing hd ciia nhflng ngUdi yeu nUde Thdi thudc phong trao Seri Thai da gdp p h i n thuc d i y "sU phat trien eiia chu nghia cdng san d Ddng Bic Xiem nhU mdt hau cU cua Dang Cong

Way van di vi cuOc da'u franh. 59 san Ddng DUdng" (7) hau t h u i n eho each

mang Lao. Khdu hieu chien lUdc "Vd sdn tdt cd cdc nUdc vd cdc ddn tgc bi dp biic dodn kit lgi!" dd dUOc Ddng Cdng sdn Ddng Duong van dung phu hdp vdi thiic ted nUdc Ldo vd khu vUc.

Trong tien trinh cdch mgng, Ddng dd loi dung mdu thudn hdng ngu dich phdt trien liic lUOng cdch mgng; chdp thdi ccf, kien quyi't phdt dgng qudn chdng ndi day khdi nghia xoa bo bd mdy chinh quyen de qudc vd phong kien nhdm gidnh chinh quyen vi tay nhdn ddn.

Dieu nay the hipn r i t rd trong thdi ky khdi phuc phong trao each mang nam 1942-1944. Dang nhan t h i y va ldi dung mau t h u i n gifla thUe dan P h i p va quan phipt Thai Lan d l tao dieu kien dUa phong trao quin ehung Viet kieu b Thai Lan boat dpng cdng khai khdng chi la hoat ddng ai hflu tUdng trd ma cdn td ehUe xay dUng lUc lUdng vu trang d ehien khu Na-khon, Xa- con (Thai Lan) va p h i t trien cae td ehflc cflu qudc d Lao. Cupc dao ehinh dem ngay 9/3/1945 da chim dUt nhflng thang ngay

"ddng sang di mdng" gifla quan phipt Nhat va thfle dan Phap. Su kipn Nhat h i t cing Phap tao nen tinh the each mang tren toan Ddng DUdng la mpt thu^n ldi ldn cho each mang d Lao. Khi tinh the each mang trUe tiep x u i t hipn, lUc lUdng chfnh tri da qua r^n luypn d i u tranh ket hdp vdi lUe lUdng vu trang khdi nghia gianh chfnh quyen b nhflng dia ban xung yeu (8). Cac dia phUdng mau chdng gianh chfnh quyen tU tay quan phipt Nhat (Vieng Chan, Xavanakhpt...) va anh dung ehien d i u chd'ng thuc dan Phap khi ehung quay trd lai chilm dd tbi .

Cupc tdng khdi nghia thang Tam Lao da nd ra trUdc bet d thu dd rdi nhanh chdng lan rpng k h i p ndi. "TU 23/8 den cuoi thang

9, nhan dan Lao gianh dUde chfnh quyen d Kham Mudn, Xavanakhpt, Xieng Khoang, S i m NUa, Phong Xaly va cudi cung la Luong Prabang" (9). Rieng Ludng Prabang, chfnh quyen thUe sU thupe ve lUc lUdng each mang khi vua Xixavangvdng tuyen bd thoai vi ngay 15/11/1945 (Sau ngay Lao tuyen bddpe lap 12/10). NhU vay, qua trinh khdi nghia thang Tam Lao la qua trinh gidnh quyin ldm chu tii trung Ucfng rdi lgi tiep tuc gidnh chinh quyin d nhiing dia phUcfng khde. Day la dac diem each mang

Lao khae vdi each mang thang Tam cua Vipt Nam vi each mang thang Tam d Viet Nam di tU khdi nghia tUng phin, giai phdng tUng vung thanh lap can cU dia each mang va chinh quyen each mang d dia phUdng mdt thdi gian trUde khi tinh the trUe tiep each mang x u i t hipn tien len tong khdi nghia giai phdng ea nUdc bing bao lUc each mang ket hdp ea lUc lUdng chfnh tri va lUe lupng vu trang, ket hdp ca dd thi va ndng thdn.

Su khae bipt nay la sU sang tao cua each mang Lao d l di tdi dieh ddc lap. Song ehinh nd cung phan anh sU hgn che md Ddng chUa khde phuc dUOc trong qud trinh xdy diing liic lUcfng cdch mgng Id xdy diing lien minh cdng- ndng d Ldo.

6 Vipt Nam, Dang da xay dUng khdi lien minh cdng ndng vflng manh, khi thdi ed each mang trUe tiep x u i t hipn ca nUde n h i t t l ndi day lat dd chinh quyen dieh. Vay tai sao lai cd ban che nay d Lao? ThUe tien khach quan chUng minh r i n g ndng dan va cac dan tdc thilu so' d Lao da kien cUdng, b i t k h u i t chdng phong kien ngoai xam, chdng Phap b i n g nhflng cupc khdi nghia vu trang vdi quy md ldn trUdc khi cd Dang. Sfl ban che nay ed t h i giai thieh d khia canh do dac dilm eiia xa hdi Lao thude Phap nen sU eiu thanh giai cip vd san d Lao phin

70 Rghito eiru Lich sir. s6 9+10.2008

ldn l i ngUdi Vipt va ho sdng chu yeu b khu vUc thanh thi cua Lao.

Do ehua lien minh dUdc vdi giai ca'p ndng dan nen trong tien trinh each mang d l nhan t h i y nhflng b i t ldi ma each mang Lao phai ddi mat:

Thd! nhdt, can cii each mang phai xay dUng b nUde ngoai (b Thai Lan) trong khi dd vung ndng thdn va rUng niii rdng ldn la nhflng ndi xay dUng can cfl tdt cho each mang khdng dUdc phat huy.

ThU hai, each mang chi phat trien b cac dd thi, khdng cd sU lien he gifla thanh thi vdi ndng thdn. Khi Nhat dao ehinh Phap, ndng thdn - ndi khdng ed ed sd each mang trd thanh ndi tru i n ly tudng ciia thUc dan Phap. Khi cd cd hpi, nong thdn lai la ndi ma ke thu dung d l bao vay lUe lUdng each mang b dd thi.

Rut kinh nghipm tfl han ch^ nay, sau nam 1945, trong thdi ky khang chiln chd'ng Phap, Dang da chii trUdng vfin dpng quin chiing ndng dan va xay dUng cftn cfl 6 ndng thdn tao nen hau phUdng viing chic cho each mang Lao.

Nam 1945, la mot moc lich sii dac bi$t quan trpng doi vdi khu vUc Dong Nam A, bdi day la khu vUc d i u tien tren the gidi tiln hanh khdi nghia, t i & cdng manh me vao h$

thdng thupc dia cua chii nghia de quoc sau khi Chien tranh thS' gidi thfl Hai k i t thiic.

Thanh qua each mang Lao dUiJc coi la hi$n tUdng dac bipt trong lich sii phong trao each mang the gidi va khu vUc. Tai sao each mang lai thanh cong 6 mpt nUdc khi x6t vl lUc lupng chfnh trj va tinh hinh kinh t^ xa hpi khdng c6 nhiJng y l u to c i n vk dii nhU mpt sd nUdc khae trong khu v^Jc? Chiing tdi cho r i n g nhflng vfi'n de da trinh bay cl tren da gdp p h i n giai dap cau hoi nky.

CHU THtCH

(1). Cayxon Phdmvihan (1979), M^t vdi kinh nghiim chinh vd mdt sd vdn di vi phUcfng hUdng mdi cua cdch mgng Ldo. Nxb Si^ Th$it, Hi Ndi, tr.

140.

(2). Xedop, Su phdt triin kinh tdcua Ldo td sau chien tranh the gidi thd hai den nam 1958, Nxb Sil Thit Hi Npi 1961 ( Ban tig'ng Nga).

(3), (4). Vu Thi VSn Anh (2007), Nguyen nh&n vd cdc dot di d&n cda ngUcfi Viet den Ldo, T^p chi Nghign ciiu Dong Nam A, so 2, tr. 39, 41.

(5). LUdng Ninh, Ddt nUdc Ldo lich sd vd van hoa, Nxb. Chfnh trj Qudc gia. Hi Npi, 1996, tr.

197.

(6), (7). Geoffrey C. Gunn (1988), Political struggles in Laos (1930-1954). Edition Duang Kamol. Siam Square, Bangkok, Thailan ( Ban tiifng Anh), tr. 42, 62.

(8). Dia bin xung ylfu chfnh li cic dd thj. Dd thj li cic trung tfim chinh trj cila ca nU6c, li ndi chfnh quyln djch m^nh nhUng cung li ndi li^c lupng cich m^ng phit thin nhi't. NhQng dja bin xung yiu li Vi§ng Chin, Thi Kh?t, Savanakh6t...

[Bao cio tdng keft thcii k^ 1930-1946, Tu h$u vi6n nghien cflu ljch sii Qufin Si;( Vi$t Nam, tr. 79]

(9). Vi$n nghien cliu D6ng Nam A, Lich svt Ldo, Nxb. Khoa hpc Xi h$i, Hi N§i, 1997, tr. 238.