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VAI IWIT VE NO]\G IVGHIEP M Y TIIO - GO COIVG Tlf ]\AM 1 9 5 4 DEI\ ]\AM 1 9 7 5
^'NGUYfiN PHUC NGHI$P' TRAN THI THANH HU£"
1. Chinh s a e h r u o n g d a t c u a c h i n h q u y e n S a i G o n v a svf a p d u n g c h i n h s a e h d o t a i My T h o - Go C o n g
Sau nam 1954, vdi y dd "binh dinh nong thon" va chd'ng pha each mang, dUdc sU cd' va'n cua cae ehuyen gia kinh te Hoa Ky, chinh quyen Ngd Dinh Diem da de ra ehUdng trinh "cdi cdch dien dia" va nang nd len hang "quo'c sdch", xem dd la "khdu then chdi cua cdch mang kinh te d mien Nam", vdi cac Du so 2 (1-1955), Du so 7 (2-1955) vaDu so 57 (10-1956).
Theo tac gia Lam Quang Huyen trong quyen Cdch mang rugng ddt d mien Nam Viet Nam, ndi dung cua cae Du tren bao gdm hai diem chinh ye'u sau day:
"i. Xdc dinh bdng phdp ly mot quan he giUa dia chu vd td dien, cu the Id quy dinh mgt loat mau khe Udc td dien cho cdc trudng hgp mUdn rugng cua dia chu, mUdn rugng cong, hay mUdn rugng bo hoang, trong do co dn dinh mdc to nong ddn phdi nap (Du so'2 vd so'7).
2. An dinh mgt gidi hgn viia phdi, co lgi cho che do sd hUu rugng ddt cua dia chu
giup hg bdn di nhiing rugng ddt qud gidi hgn do (Du so'57)" (1).
The nhUng, tren thUe te, van theo tac gia Lam Quang Huyen, thue chat eiia Du sd' 2 va so' 7 "chi Id thd lugt phdp cho phep dia chu vd thiic ddn chiem doat lgi tren 75 vgn hec ta md chinh quyen cdch mang dd chia cho nong ddn, bdt hdng chue vgn gia dinh nong ddn lao dgng trd lgi dia vi td dien vdi mdc to pho bie'n dd tang len"; cdn Du so' 57 thi "vdn duy tri dgi bg phan giai cap dia chd phong kien vdi 2/3 so'dien tich hg chiem gid vd boc lot td" (2).
Dua vao eae Du tren, chinh quyen Sai Gdn va dia chu 5 tinh My Tho da cUdp doat 46.415 ha rugng da't cac loai ma chinh quyen each mang da chia ca'p cho ndng dan trong thdi ky 9 nam khang chie'n choiig thuc dan Phap. Mdc to tang len td 20 - 25 gia/ ha len de'n 35 - 60 gia / ha. Dien tich bi tang td len de'n 25.000 ha. Nhieu ndi dia chu cdn phuc hdi ca td phu. Cd ndi chung cdn truy thu nhiJng nam khdng thu to dUdc.
Tinh den thang 4-1960 la thdi diem chinh quyen Ngd Dinh Diem tuyen bd' ke't thuc chUdng trinh "cdi cdch dien dia", khoang
^_TS. Dai hoc Tien Giang
" Dai hoc Tien Giang
Vai nel ve nong nghiep HTy Tho... 25 90% dien tich canh tac d My Tho va Gd
Cdng n i m trong tay giai ca'p dia chu, chi cdn laikhoang 10 % dien tich la thudc phu ndng va ndng dan lao dgng (3).
The nhung, tif sau "Ddng khdi", phdng trao each mang d mien Nam phat trien v6 cung manh me. Nhieu vung n6ng thon da dUde giai phdng. Nong dan da gianh quyen lam chu nong thdn va quyen lam chu rudng da't tren mgt quy mo Idn. Vi the', chUdng trinh "cdi cdch dien dia" cua ehinh quyen Diem bi pha san hoan toan.
TrUdc tinh hinh dd, de "tranh thu. trdi tim vd khdi 6c" cua ndng dan n h i m phuc vu eho mUu dd chd'ng Cdng d mien Nam, dUde sU dao dien cua cac cd' va'n My, thang 3-1970, chinh quyen Nguyen Van Thieu ban hanh Luat "Ngudi cay cd rudng". Ndi dimg cua bg luat nay tap trung d ba diem chinh sau day:
1. Dien tich sd hiiu td'i da cua dia ehu la 15 ha d Nam Bd va 5 ha d Trung Bd, thay vi 100 ha dudi thdi Ngd Dinh Diem.
2. Ca'p khdng rudng da't cho ndng dan.
3. Xda bd ehe do ta canh (4).
Ngay sau dd, chinh quyen Nguyen Van Thieu tie'n h a n h viec ca'p "chiing khodn"
rudng da't eho ndng dan. Qua dd, hg mudn phu nhan viec ehinh quyen each mang da chia ca'p rudng da't cho ndng dan va tao nen tam ly: chinh quyen Sai Gdn mdi la ngudi xac nhan quyen sd hCtu rudng da't cua ndng dan.
6 My Tho va Gd Cdng, ldi dung bd luat tren, chinh quyen Sai Gdn da day manh viec eUdp doat rudng da't, nha't la rugng da't ciia gia dinh each mang, de xay dUng cac khu gia binh cho gia dinh binh si quan ddi Sai Gdn va cac can cd quan sU, phuc vu cho muc tieu xam lUdc va chd'ng pha each mang
cua My va ehinh quyen Sai Gdn; dien hinh la •viec hg cUdp 640 ha rudng da't cua ndng dan xa Binh Ddc (huyen Chau Thanh) de xay dung can cd Ddng Tam cho sU doan 9 My. Chinh quyen Sai Gdn cdn bay ra trd vda ca'p "ehdng khoan", vrfa phat sung cho
"nhan dan trf ve" de danh pha cd sd each mang, nhu Phd Td'ng thd'ng Tran Van Hudng da tiing lam d Gd Cdng. Day cQng la ed hdi de bgn te a'p, te xa saeh nhieu, nhiing lam nhan dan. 0 Cai Lay va Gd Cdng, ehung huge ndng dan phai nop tii 6.000 ddng den 15.000 ddng (tien Sai Gdn) de lay mdt "ehdng khoan", ne'u khdng thi ma't rudng. O Chau Thanh, khi lam giay ban rugng, ndng dan ciing phai lo lot td 10.000 ddng de'n 15.000 ddng/ ha (5).
Tuy nhien, luat "ngUdi cay cd rudng" cua chinh quyen Thieu thUe su la mdt bude lui cua lich sU. Thue te la, td sau 'T)dng Kdidi"
(1960), p h i n Idn rugng da't d ndng thdn da thudc quyen lam chu cua ndng dan; dai bd phan dia chu da bd rudng dat chay vao thanh thi, trong dd cd mdt sd' da ehuyen sang kinh doanh cdng - thUdng nghiep, trd thanh giai ca'p tu san; va dd dUde xem la cd sd xa hgi cua che do thUe dan mdi cua My d mien Nam. Cho nen, theo tac gia Lam Quang Huyen, "mgt dieu md My • Thieu hodn todn khong mudn, nhUng khong the ndo Idm khdc hOn, Id phdi mac nhien thiia nhdn nhiing thdnh qud cua cdch mang rugng ddt trong nong thon mien Nam do Ddng ta Idnh dgo tii sau cuoc "Dong Khdi"
1959-1960". Chinh Nghi si T r i n Van Qua, Chu tich Uy ban Canh ndng cua ThUdng vien Sai Gdn, da thu nhan dieu dd tren bao Chinh Ludn sd'ra ngay 23-2-1971 nhu sau:
"That ra hdu he't so'rugng ndy dd dugc Viet cgng cap khong cho nong ddn tii may ndm trUdc, nay lugt "ngUdi cdy co rugng" xem nhu "hgp thdc hoa" tinh trgng dd" (6).
25 Rghien cmi Lich si5r. sd 11.2009 2. C h i n h s a e h r u o n g d a t c u a c h i n h
q u y e n e a c h m a n g t i n h My Tho - Go Cong va nhiJng t h a n h q u a t r o n g e a c h m a n g r u o n g d a t
Thuc hien chu trUdng Trung Udng Cue mien Nam, Tinh uy My Tho va Gd Cdng da de ra nhieu giai phap ve rudng da't nhu sau:
- Rudng da't phat canh thu td cua dia chu, phu ndng deu phai thifc hien giam td dung quy dinh. Td suat td'i da khdng qua 15%; ndi nao tren mUc 15% thi da'u tranh ddi giam xud'ng; ndi nao dudi 15%> thi giii nguyen. Nhu vay, ndng dan chi phai nop td vdi mUc tha'p hdn mdc td do chinh quyen Sai Gdn quy dinh.
- Dd'i vdi rudng da't cua bgn Viet gian va cua dia chu phan dgng thi tich thu de chia eho ndng dan thie'u rugng hoae khdng cd rudng; chi chda lai mgt p h i n cho gia dinh cua d6'i tUdng nay canh tdc de sinh s6'ng.
Ne'u la rugng dat da tieh thu va chia cho ndng dan trong thdi khang chie'n chd'ng thUe dan Phap, ma nay bi dia chu cUdp lai, thi kien quye't da'u tranh khdi phuc quyen sd hiiu cua ndng dan tren sd'rudng dd.
- Ddi vdi rugng da't cua dia chu thudng thi thUa nhan quyen thu td; nhUng huge phai giam td theo quy dinh. Ne'u do hoan canh chie'n tranh ac liet, hg ehay vao thanh thi, thi tam giao rudng da't cho ndng dan quan ly va thu hoa ldi; nhung khi hg trd ve thi dUde nhan lai quyen sd hiiu rugng dat va dudc thu td, nhung phai thue hien hien giam td theo quy dinh; ddng thdi, phai cd nghla \Ti ddng gop cho each mang. Ben canh dd, keu ggi hg hien dien de chia cap cho dan cay ngheo.
^ - Dd'i vdi rudng da't cua trung ndng thi dam bao quyen sd hiiu rudng da't eua tang
Idp nay, khdng la'y rugng da't cua hg trang trai cho b i n , cd'ndng.
- Ddi vdi b i n , cd' ndng, ngoai viec tam cap, tam giao rudng da't cho hg, thi phai chd y hudng dan hg san xua't, td chiie doan ke't, tUdng trd, giup dd phUdng tien, vd'n, gid'ng lan nhau va chd'ng nan eho vay nang lai. Chie'u cd' thich dang dd'i vdi gia dinh each mang va gia dinh giai phdng quan.
- Do'i vdi rugng da't cua cac tdn giao thi bao dam quyen sd hiiu rudng da't chinh dang cua nha thd va nha chua (7).
Nhiing giai phap tren da cd tac dung tich cue trong viec chd'ng lai chinh saeh rudng da't cua My va ehinh quyen Sai Gdn, vifa mang lai quyen ldi rugng da't va dan sinh cho ndng dan; vifa dam bao khd'i dai doan ket dan tgc, phuc vu cho nhiem vu chd'ng My cdu nude.
Td dd, tren linh vife rugng da't, ndng dan tinh My Tho - Gd Cdng da gianh dUdc nhQng t h a n h qua td Idn. Theo tai lieu da d i n eua tac gia Lam Quang Huyen, tai My Tho, thdi chinh quy.en Ngd Dinh Diem (1955-1963), ndng dan bi tUde doat gin he't rudng da't; nhUng de'n cuo'i nam 1965, n5ng dan da gianh lai s6' rugng da't bi cUdp, va cdn md rgng them quyen lam ehu, tdng cdng dUde 126.623 ha, chiem 77% dien tich rudng da't d trong tinh. Ddng thdi, ndng dan cdn dUde chia cap tren 100.000 ha rugng da't. Binh quan mdi nong hd cd td 0,25 - 1,77 ha; rieng d nhiing xa da't rdng, ngUdi thua giap Dong Thap Mudi, mdi ndng hd cd td 4,18 - 6,85 ha. Mdc td dUdc ha xud'ng, phd bie'n td 5 - 20 gia/ha dd'i vdi loai rudng cd nang suat td 80 - 100 gia/ ha; 10 - 20 gia/ha dd'i vdi loai rudng cd nang sua't tCt 1 0 0 - 150 gia/ha (8).
Td dd, sd'ludng va dien tich sd hdu ruong
Vai net ve nong nghiep nTy Tho... 27 da't cua dia chu ngay cang bi thu hep. De'n
cud'i nam 1965, d tinh My Tho chi cdn khoang 500 gia dinh dia chu, chiem 0,5% sd' ndng hd cua toan tinh, sd hiiu 24.498 ha, chiem 15% tdng dien tieh rudng dat trong toan tinh. Cu the nhU d xa My Hanh Ddng (huyen Cai Lay), trUdc nam 1945, h i u he't rugng da't d day deu thudc ve dia chu, nam 1962, ndng dan da gianh dUde quyen lam chu 625 ha, dia chu cdn chiem 439 ha, nhUng chi phat canh 200 ha, de'n nam 1969, dia chu chi edn chiem 73 ha va chi phat canh cd 16 ha. T i n g Idp ban cd' ndng da giam xud'ng rd ret. Do quyen lam chu rudng da't dUdc md rdng va ngay cang cung cd', nen tang Idp trung ndng trd thanh lUe lUdng ddng did nha't d ndng thdn. Vi du nhu nam 1969, tai huyen Cai Lay, sd'trung ndng d xa My Hanh Ddng chiem 74,9% tdng so' ndng hd cua toan xa, d Long Khanh chiem 74,5%, d hai xa Thanh Hda va Long Tien chiem 71,4%. Mdc sd'ng cua tang Idp nay dUde cai thien dang ke. O xa My Hanh Dong, trong so' gia dinh trung ndng ed 21%
sd' hg du an, 70% so' hg du an, ehi cd 9% so' hd thie'u an. Danh gia ve t i n g Idp nay, tae gia Lam Quang Huyen vie't: "Trung nong rdt gdn bd vdi cdch mgng, vdi Ddng, cd tinh thdn chie'n ddu cao, quye't tdm bdo ve thdnh qud cdch mgng, tich ciic dong gop sdc ngiidi, sdc ciia cho khdng chie'n, hdng hdi tham gia cdc phong trdo ddu tranh vu trang, chinh tri, binh van" va "trong viing gidi phong, trung nong dd dong vai trd quan trgng trong sdn xuat vd cdc phong trdo ddu tranh cdch mgng; dd lam cho khdi lien minh cong - nongdugc tdng cUdng, mgt trong nhiing nhdn to'bdo ddm cho thdng ldi cita cuoc khdng chie'n cho'ng My cdu nUdc"
(9)-.
Mac du tinh hinh chie'n sU diin ra ra't ac liet; nhung do Idm chu dUdc rugng dat ma
chinh quyen each mang mang lai, san xua't phat trien, ddi sd'ng dUdc cai thien mdt phan, nen ndng dan ddng gdp cho each mang cang luc cang tang, gdp p h i n thuc day eugc khang chie'n phat trien. Nam 1961, ndng dan huyen Hda Ddng (nay la , huyen Gd Cdng Tay) ddng gdp 10 trieu ddng (tien Sai Gdn), vrfdt chi tieu 4 trieu ddng (tien Sai Gdn); trong dd xa Phu Thanh Ddng ddng 1,3 trieu ddng (tien Sai Gdn), vofdt chi tieu 300.000 dong (tien Sai Gdn),... Nhd the, ngan saeh toan tinh ehi cd vai tram ngan ddng (tien Sai Gdn) vao nam 1960 da tang len de'n 60 - 70 trieu ddng (tien Sai Gdn) vao cud'i nam 1961. Nam 1968, mdt huyen cua tinh My Tho, ehi trong mdt thang, da ddng gdp 50 trieu ddng (tien Sai Gdn) de phuc 'vu cho eugc tdng tie'n cdng va ndi day xuan Mau Than. Nam 1973, ndng dan toan tinh da ddng gdp 305 tieu ddng (tien Sai Gdn); va nam 1974 la 600 trieu ddng (tien Sai Gdn), gdp p h i n vao thang ldi cua cude tdng tien edng va ndi day Xuan nam 1975 (10).
Ben canh dd, do gia dinh dudc chinh quyen each mang chia cap rudng dat, nen thanh nien ndng thdn hang hai gia nhap bd ddi, du kich chien da'u, giai phdng que hUdng. Chi tinh rieng vao cudi nam 1974, toan tinh cd hang ngan thanh nien tham gia lUc lUdng vii trang. Ddng thdi, ndng dan la mdt lUe ludng quan trgng trong da'u tranh chinh tri, ket hdp chat che vdi dau tranh vii trang cua lUc lUdng vii trang, tao thanh sdc manh tdng hdp cua each mang de chien thang ke thu. Ngoai ra, ndng dan edn tham gia di dan cdng tai dan, tai thUdng, phuc vu chie'n trUdng. Trong chie'n dich Mua Khd 1974 - 1975, hang ngan dan cdng da ehuyen chd hang ngan ta'n hang td bien gidi, vUdt Ld 4 (nay la Qud'c Id I A) ve Chd Gao cat giau, dU trii.
2S Rghien cihi Lich sCr. s611.2009 3. H o a t d o n g s a n x u a t n o n g n g h i e p
Viec trdng Ida van la hoat ddng chu yeu trong san xua't ndng nghiep. Dien tich eanh tae Ida (ca My Tho va Gd Cdng) trong thdi ky nay khoang 170.000 ha. NgUdi ndng dan trdng rat nhieu gid'ng lua; vu Ida sdm cd cac gid'ng Sa mo r i n , Sa mo trang, Lua Xiem, Nang Cdc, Ca dun sdm, Lua tieu, Lua nhum, Ca dun ket sdm,...; vu Ida Id cd eae gid'ng Nang Qudt, Ba Xuyen, Chim nghe, c a lay, Lua nd'i, Nang Lai, Nang ehdn, Mong chim, Nang mau, Nang vu, Nang co Id, Ddc vang,...; vu Ida mua ed cac gid'ng Nang Ra, Nang Phat, Nang Gong, Nang co mua, Sdc nau, T r l n g nhd, Tau hUdng, Lua chum, Lua soi, Lua mong chum, Lua nhd, Chum mai. Chum mua. Bong sen, Ca dum,...; vu Ida mudn cd cac gid'ng Lua sa vdt, Ve vang, Nang thdm, Tau chen, Lua trang nhdt, Nang Qudt, Nang ut, Nang Tien, Dd'c phung, Phung lun, Rua vang, Dung ket,... Tuy nhien, cae gid'ng dia phudng a'y ed mgt sd'nhUde diem, nhu nang suat thap, thdi ky sinh trudng dai, hay bi nga vi than eao, la dai va mgc theo chieu ngang nen thie'u anh sang eho quang hdp, kha nang hap thu phan bdn thap, nha't la phan dam.
Do dd, nam 1966, nganh ndng nghiep cua ehinh quyen Sai Gdn da nhap cae gid'ng Ida Than Ndng ngan ngay IR8 va IR5 eua Vien Nghien cdu liia gao qud'c te (IRRI) vao mien Nam. Cac gid'ng liia mdi nay da khae phuc dUdc nhiing nhude diem eua cac gid'ng Ida dia phudng; va nha't la eho nang suat kha cao; tai mdt sd diem trdng thd d Tien Giang, cd 1 ha thi thu dUde 6 - 9 ta'n. Sau dd, cdn cd them cac gid'ng Than Ndng IR20, IR22, IR24. Td nam 1967, viec trdng cac gid'ng lua Than Ndng da trd nen phd bien d trong tinh.
Vdi viec du nhap cac gid'ng Ida nang sua't cao va do tac dgng cua chUdng trinh phat trien ndng nghiep cua chinh quyen Sai Gdn dUdc bao trd bang vien trd My, nen ndng dan sd dung phan hda hge ngay cang nhieu, Ude lUdng khoang 130 - 150 kg phan ure eho mgt ha da't canh tac. NhiJng cai thien dang ke ve cac gid'ng Ida mdi va viec sd di^ng rgng rai phan hda hge da eho ph^p ngudi ndng dan, td nam 1967, trdng dUde hai vu Ida trong mdt nam (vu he thu ca'y vao thang 5 - 6 , thu hoach vao thang 8 - 9 , vu ddng xuan ca'y vao thang 12-1, thu hoach vao thang 4 - 5); sau dd, tang them mdt vu Ida hay mgt vu mau.
Viec sd dung may mdc trong san xuit ndng nghiep ngay cang trd nen phd bien.
Nam 1962, mgt ndng dan d huyen Cai Lay, Ian dau tien, da c6 sang kie'n cai tie'n may dudi tdm dung de chay xudng ghe thanh may bdm nUdc. May dudi tdm dung de chay xudng ghe gdm mgt may chay bang xang (loai 3,5 CV, 4,5 CV, 6 CV), mgt cay true trdn gan lien tif may de'n bg phan ehan vit dai khoang 3 met, bg phan ehan vit cd ba canh g i n gid'ng n h u dudi tdm, nen ngUdi ta ggi la "may dudi tdm". Neu ehan 'vit dUdc gan xudi, may dudi tdm khi chay cd tac dung day nude ra phia sau lam eho ghe xudng ehay. Ne'u g i n ngUde ehan vit lai, khi may chay se day nUdc ngUdc trd lai.
May dudi tdm bdm nUde dUa nUdc len cao de'n 02 met, eho phep ngUdi ndng dan dua nude thoai mai tif kenh mvfdng len ddng rugng.
Tif Cai Lay, may dudi torn bdm nUdc nhanh chong dUdc n h a n rong ra khap ndi.
Theo Sansom Robert trong quyen Kinh te nong nghiep d vung dong bang song Ciiu Long, day la mgt cuoc each mang kinh te thuc sU, giup eho san lUdng thdc gao cl Nam
Vai nef ve nong nghiep 5Iy Tho... 29 Bd cd su gia tang dang ke. Cung td thap
nien 60, ndng dan b i t d i u sd dung mdy cay, nha't la may cay loai nhd, trong khau lam da't, van ehuyen ndng san,...
Ky thuat canh tac cUng cd sU bie'n ddi.
Ben canh viec ca'y lua d nhiing ndi ma rudng da't da t h u i n thue, thi ddi vdi vung da't nhiem phen d bic Lg 4 (nay la Qud'c Id I A) thudc cae huyen Cai Be, Cai Lay, Chau Thanh, ndng dan da nhay ben ap dung phUdng phap sa ngam va sa khd de trdng Ida. Theo tac gia Tran Xuan Kiem trong quyen Nghe nong Nam bg, sa n g l m dUde thUe hien tren nhiing viing da't phen ngap Iii, dng vdi vu ddng xuan; khi nUdc rut cdn 40 - 50 em, ngUdi ta true cd dai va ddi bun ling din; khi nUde edn 10 - 15 em thi sa gid'ng da ngam nay dai m i m , bun se phu kin hat; lua can phai sa ddng loat, tranh quay bun len, ddng thdi tie'n hanh d i p bd n h i m khd'ng che mUc nude rut, de' trong vdng 20 ngay, cay lua phai vUdn khdi mat nude; trong thdi gian dd, nude phai trong de cay lua quang hdp dUde qua Idp nude phu;
cd sd eua each xud'ng gid'ng nay Id nhd giai doan dau, cay Ida hd ha'p bang nang lUdng du trU trdng ndi nhii, khi cd chat xanh, lua hd ha'p nhd dxy quang hdp dUde; khi sU quang hdp manh hdn thi cay Ida da vUdt ra khdi mat nude, khdng sd bi phen lam hai.
Sa khd dUde thUe hien tren vung da't phen cho vu he thu; tai nhiing vung dat nay, vao d i u mua mUa, khi nude vda bao hda thi da't cd hien tUdng tang dot nggt cac ddc cha't gay nguy hiem eho cay trdng ma ndng dan ggi la hien tUdng "Idng phen", do dd, de khac phuc, ndng dan ddt ddng cho saeh cd dai va cae tan tich cua vu trUde; dat dUde cay mdt lin, bda hai lan, rdi sa khd b i n g Ida sdm va bda lap; cay lua nay mIm ngay tu nhOng cdn mUa d i u mua, khi phen long thi da dUdc 1 , 5 - 2 thang tudi; nhu vay, cay
Ilia da qua dUdc giai doan ye'u dt cd the bi ddc td' xam hai; luc nay, cay Ida cd chUng lai, nhUng se nhanh ehdng phuc hdi va phat trien. Hai ky thuat nay gidp cho viec trdng lua tren vung dat phen dat dude nang sua't kha, giam chi phi vat tU (xang diu, thud'c trd sau,...) va edng lao ddng (11).
Chinh vi the. My Tho - Gd Cdng trd thanh mdt trong nhiing viing tham canh thdc gao ndi tieng d Nam bd, vdi san lUdng Udc td 500.000 - 550.000 tan/nam. Khoang 80 % sd' thdc gao nay dudc phuc vu cho nhu ciu ndi tinh; khoang 20 % cdn lai dUde tieu thu ngdai tinh, nha't la dd thi Sai Gdn - Chd Ldn.
Trong thdi ky nay. My Thd - Gd Cdng la mdt trong nhiing dia phUdng ed dien tich vudn cay an trai ldn nha't vung ddng b i n g sdng Cdu Long. Theo tae gia T r i n Xuan Kiem trong tai lieu da d i n , nam 1969, vUdn cay an trai cua tinh chiem hdn 27 % dien tich vUdn d toan mien Nam. Tuy vUdn tap chiem ti le cao trong cd ca'u vUdn cay an trai; nhUng budc diu, d day da hinh thanh nhiing vung ehuyen eanh gan vdi mdt so' loai cay an trai dac san, nhu xoai cat, cam mat, budi, quyt, di xa ly, chdm chdm, sau rieng d Cai Be, Cai Lay, vu siia Id ren d Vinh Kim va mdt sd' xa lan can (Chau Thanh), man hdng dao d vdng Trung Ludng, bao gdm cae xa Dao Thanh, Long An, Trung An (My Tho) va Ludng Hda Lac (Chd Gad), dUa d Chd Gao, Hda Ddng (Gd Cdng Tay), sd ry d Gd Cdng... (12).
Dac biet, ndng dan cd nhieu sang tao va kinh nghiem trong viec cham sdc vudn cay, nhu chiet canh, thap nhanh, lai tao gid'ng, len lie'p, bdn phan (hQu cd va vd cd), tUdi nude, dac kenh mUdng, diet sau ray, bd' tri cay trdng, xd ly cay eho qua trai vu,...
Chinh vi t h e v a cgng vdi dieu kien thien
30 Rghien curu Lich sur. sd 11.2009 nhien Uu dai nen san lUdng trai cay eua
tinh len de'n hang chue ngan tan, chiem 38
% td'ng san lUdng trai cay cua tdan mien Nam vao thdi diem nam 1969.
Do gan nda dien tich vudn cay an trai la mUdng, nen ndng dan, ngoai hoa ldi thu dUde tif trai cay, cdn nudi tdm ca de ed them thu nhap. Cd the ndi, nghe trdng cay an trai dem lai thu nhap cao eho ndng dan, hdn gap nhieu l i n so vdi loai hinh eanh tac rudng. Ddn ed la viec trdng man hdng dao Trung Ludng; thee Bao Thdi Nay, sd 139, ngay 1-7-1965, 1 ha vudn trdng ehuyen loai cay an trai nay, thi mdi nam eho hoa ldi cd tri gia la 200.000 ddng (tien Sai Gdn), tUdng dUdng 20 lUdng vang; cdn trdng 1 cdng (1.000 met vudng) thi thu dUde 20.000 ddng (tien Sai Gdn), du de' "siia sang nhd ciia, chi phi may mac, tet nhdt". Hoae nhU viec trdng vu sUa Id ren Vinh Kim; trong quyen Dinh Tudng xUa vd nay, tac gia Huynh Minh cho bie't: "... Lien tie'p gdn ndm ndm nay tren thi trUdng, cdc viia trdi cdy d cdu Ong Ldnh (Sdi Gdn) dd bie't mat trdi vu sUa lb ren Vinh Kim vi cd thi trUdng tieu thu mgnh, cho nen cdc chu viia ddm gidp vdn cho cdc ong ldi budn di bo tien cgc dgt mua trUdc. Nhieu dng ldi ddm bo vd'n mua hue lgi tii 2 - 3 miia. Vi du: miia ndm 1966, chu. vUdn da bdn cho hg 50.000 dong (tien Sdi Gdn); ndm 1967, mgc du vii. sUa chiia cd hoa, hg chiu mua trade vdi gid 70.000 dong (tien Sdi Gdn) vd miia ndm 1968 vdi gid 90.000 dong (tien Sdi Gdn), cd moi ndm mgt len" (13). Ben canh gia tri cao ve kinh te, nghd vUdn cdn dinh hinh cho mdt Id'i sinh boat van hda cd nhiing net dac sac rieng ma nhieu nha nghien cdu ggi la
"van minh miet vudn".
Ngoai ra, tren cae gidng cat thudc Gd Cdng, Chd Gao, Chau Thanh,... nong dan
^'dn trdng cay hoa mau lUdng thUc (nhu
bap, cac loai khoai,...), cay edng nghiep (nhu dda, dau phdng, mia, thud'c la,...), rau cai (cdn ggi la hang bdng, hang gidng, nhu cac loai dUa, dau, rau, hanh, he, khd qua, dt, ca chua,...). San pham lam ra dUdc tieu thu tai chd va ban di ndi khae.
Ve ehan nudi, td nhiing nam 60 cua the ky XX, ndng dan da bat dau nudi mdt so' gid'ng eon ed nang sua't cao dUde nhap ndi (nhu'heo ed cac gd'ng Duroc, Yorshire; ga cd cac gid'ng Brown Nick, Sasso, Lohmann, Nagoya, Leghorn, Rhode Island, Plymouth, Sussex; vit cd cac gid'ng vit Tau, vit Xiem cd ngudn gd'e tif Nam My, Kaki - Campell, Bic Kinh, Ha Lan) hoae dUde lai tad vdi cae gid'ng dia phUdng. Ddng thdi, hg cUng da tiep can dUde mdt sd' ky t h u a t ehan nudi mdi, nhu lap trai ehan nudi theo hUdng san xua't cdng nghiep, thu y phdng dich, gieo tinh nhan tao, sU dung thdc an hdn hdp,...
So vdi thdi Phap thuge, ehan nudi trong thdi ky nay ed sU p h a t trie'n nhanh ehdng.
Ngoai cac loai gia sue truyen thd'ng, nhu trau, bd, heo, ngUa, ndng dan cdn nudi de vdi sd' lUdng ngay cang nhieu va nudi cdu vdi tinh each thu nghiem. Gia cam dUdc nudi phd bie'n la ga va vit vdi tdng dan eho mdi loai len de'n hang tram ngan con. Dac biet, nghe nuoi vit chay ddng ed sU phat trien manh. NgUdi ta mua vit con ve dm khoang 20 - 25 ngay, rdi de'n khi ddng rugng vifa thu hoach xong, thi mdi tha cho vit chay ddng, de vit an thdc Ida rdi vai sau mua gat, sau bg, ca, tdm, tep, cua, d'e,...
n h i m giam chi phi thdc an; ddng thdi, bd sung ngudn phan hiiu cd, tang do phi cho da't. Hang ngay, ehan tha vit vao budi sang va budi chieu, cdn budi trUa cho vit nghi ngdi trong bdng mat. Lg trinh ehan tha cd khi rat xa ndi xua't phat, nen ddi hdi ngUdi nudi vit chay ddng phai cd ky t h u a t va kinh nghiem ehan tha, su sieng nang, kien n h i n
Vai net ve nong nghiep STy Tho. 31
va chiu k h o . S a u 70 - 90 n g a y tudi t h i vit da den ky t h u h o a c h . Gia sue, gia cam p h i n ldn dUde c u n g Ung cho t h i t r u d n g t r o n g t i n h va mgt p h i n d a n h eho x u a t t i n h .
T u y n h i e n , e h a n n u d i v i n ehUa t a c h khdi n d n g n g h i e p va m a n g t i n h cha't t h u cdng la c h i n h . Sd' l u d n g t r a i e h a n nuoi cd quy md vifa va ldn cdn it. P h i n ldn n d n g d a n e h a n n u o i t h e o quy md nhd. ThUdng mdi n 6 n g hg n u d i d a m con heo, ga, vit de t a n d u n g phe pham t r o n g n d n g n g h i e p , sdc lao ddng n h d n rdi, bd s u n g n g u d n thUe p h a m eho biia a n h a n g n g a y h a y tiec t u n g va t i e t k i e m t i e n bac dudi h i n h t h d c 'TDO d'ng". Vi t h e , t h u n h a p t h u a n nhd vao e h a n nudi cdn d mUc tha'p. Theo tae gia T r i n X u a n K i e m d t a i lieu da d a n , n a m 1967, d
My Tho, mdt con heo gid'ng can n a n g 10 kg cd gia t u 1.000 - 1.500 ddng (tien Sai Gdn), s a u 8 t h a n g n u d i se can n a n g k h o a n g 70 kg va dude b a n vdi gia 6.000 ddng (tien Sai Gdn), s a u k h i t r d chi p h i con gid'ng va thdc a n (3.200 ddng) t h i n g u d i e h a n nudi chi cdn dUdc t u 1.300 - 1.800 ddng (tien Sai Gdn);
dd la c h u a ke cdng lao ddng t r o n g 8 t h a n g , ehi phi thud'c t h u y va r u i ro khi xay r a dich b e n h (14).
N h i n e h u n g , vdi sU bie'n ddi ve cd sd vat cha't - ky t h u a t , sU n a n g ddng, s a n g tao eua n d n g d a n va dieu kien tU n h i e n t h u a n ldi, n e n s a n xua't n d n g n g h i e p d My Tho - Gd Cdng cd su p h a t t r i e n ro net, nha't la t r o n g viec t h a m c a n h cay Ida va t r d n g cay an t r a i .
CHU THICH
(1), (2), (3), (4), (5), (6). Lam Quang Huyen, Cdch mang rugng dat d Miin Nam Viet Nam, N.\b.
Khda hoe xa hdi. Ha Ndi, 1984, tr. 23, 25, 26, 35, 37, 41.
(7). Trin Hoang Dieu - Nguyin Anh Tuan (ehu bien). Dia chi Tiin Giang, Tinh uy - Uy ban nhan dan tinh Tien Giang xuat ban, 2005, tr. 325.
(8), (9). Lam Quang Huyen, Cdch mang ruong ddt a Mien Nam Viet Nam, sdd, 54, 67.
(10). Trin Hoang Dieu - Nguyen 7\nh Tua'n (ehii bien). Dia chi Tien Giang, sdd, tr. 329.
(11), (12). Trin Xuan Kiem. Nghi nong Nam bo, Nxb. Klioa hoe .xa hdi, Ha Ndi, 1992, tr. 110, 123.
(13). Huynh Minh. Dinh Tudng xUa vd nay, Tae gia xua't ban, 1969, tr. 164.
(14) Trin Xuan Kiem. Nghi nong Nam bg, sdd, tr. 147.
