sir ma RONG LANH THO DAI VIET
• • • •
Diron THori HAU LE VA TJNH CHAT
SONG JEONG NAM*
V
igc md rgng lanh thd eua Viet Nam dUdc tien hanh ehu yeu ve phia Nam bdi hai nguyen nhan chinh la dung triet ly sde manh vk do yeu to' dia chinh hgc. Nguyen nhan thii n h i t eu the la sii hung manh cua Trung Qud'c, nguyen nhan thd hai la day TrUdng Sdn.Vdi mue dich ehinh tri-kinh te, khi tien hanh qua trinh md mang lanh thd va tang cUdng sdc manh cua minh, Viet Nam da khdng the tien len phia Bic vi cd Trung Qud'c manh hdn minh. Vd hinh trung, Viet Nam khdng cdn each nao khac la phai chdng lai qua trinh md mang lanh thd ve phia Nam eua Trung Qud'c va ket qua la Viet Nam da phai trai qua mgt qua t n n h lich sfl d i u t r a n h lau dai.
Mat khac, Viet Nam ciing da m i y l i n thfl tien ve phia Tay vdi muc dich va nguyen nhan nhU da neu tren nhUng hi ngan can bdi nhiing day nui dai va hiem trd nen khdng dUdc nhU mong mud'n.
Du the, trong lich sfl, dUdi trieu dai Hau Le, Viet Nam (khi dd la Dai Vict) da hdp nha't mgt p h i n da't dai cua ngUdi Thai n i m d phia Tay Bic Viet Nam va Ddng Bic Lao
vao vung lanh thd cua minh. Tuy nhien, mdc do va sd l i n dang t h i n g ve chinh tri 6 phia Tay va Tay Bic, trong dd cd ca vdi Lan Xang (Lao) khdng nhieu va sau sic. D i t chiem linh thi chUa dUde khai thac, dan sd ban dia thi it nen sau khi chiem linh dUde eiing khdng du liic lUdng lao dgng tai cho de khai thac. Hdn niia, cd nhieu ly do nen khdng thu h u t dUde dan nUde minh khai thac vung dd't dd nen viec tie'n sang phia Tay eua Vigt Nam khdng de dang. TUdng tu, trieu Nguyen sau nay da l i y d i t cfla Lao va nhap vao lanh thd cua minh 6 t r i n la T r i n Man, T r i n Bien, T r i n Ninh, T r i n Tinh, T r i n Dinh, Lac Bien va rdi tra lai cho Lao khi Phap tie'n vao (1).
Vi khd tien len phfa Tay B i c nen Viet Nam tie'n ve phia Nam la mgt ket qua t i t yeu. O day, so vdi cdc nUdc d phia Nam, Viet Nam chiem Uu the've siic manh, so vdi phia Tay B i c thi khdng tdn tai trd ngai nao, sau khi chie'm linh cd the khai thac md rgng b i n g lUc lUdng lao dgng phong phu tai chd. Khdng nhiing the, ve mat dia ly, phia Nam nd'i lien vdi dUdng bien r i t thu^n tign nen de tie'n hdn dUdng bg. Viec chinh phuc dUdc Champa hieu chien la dinh eao cua vi ' GS.TS. TrUdng Dai hgc Ngoai ngd Hdn Qudc
S\f mfl rgng lanh thd Dai ViSt dudi thdi. 17
the va sii phat trien cua Vigt Nam.
Ciing nhu lieh sfl trUdng ky eua Viet Nam, viec md rdng lanh thd mat thdi ,gian dai. Trong thdi gian dd, viec md rdng lanh thd b i t d i u tii trieu nha Ly. Bai nghien cflu nay xem xdt viec md rgng lanh thd ve phia Nam cua trieu dai hau Le, thdi ky ma cdng cugc md mang lanh thd dUde tie'n hanh sau rgng va manh me n h i t trong lich sfl Viet Nam.
Tai lieu tham khao cua bai nghien cdu nay la "Dit nUdc Viet Nam qua cdc ddi" cua Dao Duy Anh, "Viet Nam qud'c hieu va cUdng viie qua cac thdi dai" eua Nguyen Dinh Diu, 'Khao sat che do d i t dai va md rgng lanh thd phia Nam Viet Nam' va 'Qudc hieu va lanh thd cua Viet Nam' cua Song Jung Nam (2).
Bai nghien cdu nay mang tinh phdc hdp va xem xdt den eac v i n de lich sfl trong gidi han mgt thdi dai va mgt chu de, ddng thdi cd mue dich phan tich tinh c h i t thdi dai trong viec md rgng lanh thd. De thiic hien mue dich nay, bai viet phan chia thdi ky trUde vk sau khi chua Trinh va chua Nguyen - hai nha quyen liic dUdi mgt trieu dai trong mdt qud'c gia - phan tranh quyen liic va xem xdt bd'i canh, qua trinh trien khai, tinh c h i t eua viec md rgng lanh thd trong tiing thdi ky. 6 thdi ky trUde khi Trinh - Nguyen phan tranh, trong md'i lien hg vdi thdi ky sau, chung tdi xem xet de'n thdi diem vigc md rdng lanh thd dUdc trien khai; Thdi ky sau Trinh - Nguyen phan tranh, bai viet se xem xdt de'n khi ngUdi Phap tien vao xam lUdc Vigt Nam.
L T H d l KY TRir6C KHI PHAN CHL\
NAM-BAC
Ngay sau thdi ky Bic thugc tdc la sau thdi ky thugc dia cua Trung Qud'c thi ranh
gidi phia Nam cua Viet Nam la Ha Tinh.
Ldi dung liic nUde DUdng khd giii dUde An Nam bdi tinh hinh hdn loan nghiem trgng cudi thdi DUdng nhU sii xam chiem Java, Chiem Thanh, Nam Chieu, Chdn Lap va sU ndi ddy eua An Nam... cung la luc ma Chiem Thanh dang d trong thdi ky hUng thinh md rgng lanh thd tU Ai Van (cdn ggi la Hai van) den Hoanh Sdn, nay dUde phdng dodn la da quye't dinh liy Indrapura cua huygn Thang Binh tinh Quang Nam lam thu dd (3).
Viec md rdng lanh thd ve phia Nam dUdc b i t d i u tii thdi ky Viet Nam cd vUdng trieu dgc lap. NhUng vi thdi gian tdn tai cua Ngd, Dinh, Tien Le n g i n va chUa dUdc viing vang, thieu chuan bi nen lanh thd khdng cd thay ddi gi ke ea phia Nam. Trong 3 trieu dai ke tren thi trieu dai Tien Le da vien ehinh den thu dd cua Chiem Thanh nhUng khdng the md rgng dUde lanh thd. NhUng ke tii diy, Chiem Thanh da trd thanh nUdc trieu cd'ng Dai Cd Viet-tdc Viet Nam thdi Dinh, Tien Le (4).
Trong lich sfl Viet Nam, vigc md rgng lanh thd ve phia Nam dUde b i t d i u tii nam 1069 dudi trieu dai Ly - trieu dai d i u tien cd thdi gian tdn tai lau n h i t . Ket qua la Chiem Thanh da nhUdng 3 chau Bd Chdnh, Dia Ly, Ma Linh (5). Can cii viing d i t thudc Dia Ly d huygn Le Ninh, tinh Quang Binh, Ma Linh d huyen Ben Hai, tinh Quang Tri, Bd' Chinh d huygn Quang Trach, Bd Trach, Tuyen Hda tinh Quang Binh thi cd thd ndi la trieu dai Ly da md rdng lanh thd phia Nam den tinh Quang Tri ngay nay. Nam 1075, Dia Ly va Ma Linh da ddi ten thanh chau Lam Binh va Minh Linh (6). Nam 1104, vdi sU xam lUdc eua Chiem Thanh 3 chau ndy bi chiem m i t nhUng ngay sau dd vdi sii tan cdng cua Ly ThUdng Kiet, Dai Vigt da gianh lai dUde (7).
18 R g h i ^ CUU Lieh sfl. sg 3.2010 Nam 1306, thdng qua vi§c ga cdng chua
Huyen Tran cho Che Man - vua cua Chiem Thdnh, T r i n Nhan Tdng da nhan dUdc chau O, Ly. Sach "Dgi Viet si ky todn thW ed ghi 'TrUdc day vua Chiem Thdnh la Che Man dem d i t dd lam le vat d i n cUdi, dan cac thdn La Thuy, Tdc Hdng, Da Bdng khdng phuc, vua ben sai Doan Nhii Hai den dd de tuyen thi diic y cfla trieu dinh, chgn dan d day ban cho chdc quan, c i p cho rudng vUdn, mien td thue 3 nam de vd ve"
(8)'.
Trong lich sfl chinh phuc Chiem Thanh cua Dai Viet, viec nhan dUde lanh thd do nha.trai trao cho nha gai la viec l i y lanh thd thdng qua quan hg hiiu nghi (9). Chiing tdi se de cdp sau, trong lich sfl eung cd sii kien tUdng tii nhU the nhUng lai ke't thuc bdi sii di tru cua ngUdi dan thdng qua quan he hdn nhan. Nam sau do, trieu dai nhd T r i n da dd'i vung d i t nay thanh Thuan Chau (bay gid la Quang Tri), Hda Chau (bay gid la Thiia Thien Hue) (10).
Trieu dai nha T r i n vi phai dUdng d i u vdi 3 cugc xam lUdc quyet liet cua quan Mdng c d nen ciing nhU cac trieu dai trUde va sau dd, ngodi trUdng hdp tren, Dai Viet khdng nhdn dUde mgt t i c d i t nao tii Champa. NgUdc lai, do bi td'n t h i t nang ne trong thdi ky chien tranh chdng Mdng Cd va sU manh len cua Chiem Thanh, Thang Long da vai l i n phai lam vao the tU ve va tham chi nam 1368 cdn bi Chiem Thanh yeu ciu tra lai chau Hda - mgt p h i n trong lanh thd Id le vat hdn thu trUde day.
"Thang 2 nam 1368, Chiem Thdnh sai Mue Ba Ma sang ddi lai dat bien gidi Hda Chau" (11).
Vdi yeu c i u nay cua Chiem Thanh, trUde het nhd sde manh s i n ed cua hg, nhUng cdn ly do niia la Chiem Thdnh ddi
Viet Nam phai bd'i thudng ddi vdi mdt p h i n le hdn thu bi mat. Ket hdn chUa dUdc mdt nam thi vua Chiem Thanh m i t , theo phong tuc Suttee eua An Do, cdng chua phai chet cung vdi vua, nhUng phia Dai Viet da dung mUu lUdc cdu cdng chua (12).
Ngoai viec md rdng lanh thd ve phfa Nam thdng qua hdn nhan, thdi nha T r i n thi tuy Dai Viet la mgt d i t nUdc cd mgt khdng hai tren the gidi cd kha nang diy liii qudn Mdng Co ba l i n nhUng vi hau qua chien tranh, gap phai nhieu khd khan nen khdng the tie'n hdnh md rdng lanh thd b i n g vii lUc.
Vigc md rdng lanh thd ve phfa Nam ciing dUdc tiep tuc vdi trieu dai nhd Hd.
Nam 1402, nha Hd xam chiem Chiem Thanh va lay dUdc dat Chiem Dgng chia thanh hai chau Thang va Hda; ddng thdi l i y dUdc da't Cd Liiy chia t h a n h hai chau Tu va Nghla (13). Chau Thang va Hda ngdy nay thugc huyen Duy Sdn, Que Sdn, Tam Ky, Thang Binh cfla tinh Quang Nam, Chau Tu vk Nghla nay thudc huygn Dflc Phd, Mg Ddc, Tu Nghla, Sdn Tinh, Binh Sdn eua tinh Quang Ngai. Dieu nay cd nghla la lanh thd phia Nam Dai Viet dUdc md rgng den Quang Nam vk Quang Ngai.
NhUng khi n h a Minh cai tri thi khu vUc nay bi Chiem T h a n h chiem lai. Trong "Dgi Viet sd ky todn thi/' cd ghi "Minh Vinh Lac t h d 12, Phfl T h a n g Hoa tuy cd dat quan, nhUng Chiem T h a n h v i n cd trUdng lg chie'm giii, nen n h a Minh chi ghi ten khdng ma thdi (14). Dao Duy Anh da liy d
"Hoang Minh thiic lUc" va dUa ra b i n g chflng ve dieu nay "Nam Vinh Lac thfl 13, t h a n g 11, vua nUde Chiem Thanh la Chiem Ba Dich Lai lai xam doat d i t 4 chau 11 huygn thudc phfl Thang Hoa dudi cUdp nhan dan" (15).
Su mfl rgng lanh thd Bai ViSt dudi thdi... 19 Trong lieh sfl Viet Nam, trieu dai hau
Le la trieu dai ed dUdc nhieu lanh thd n h i t . Ket qua la Viet Nam cd lanh thd gdm p h i n phia Nam ngay nay. Viec md rdng lanh thd cua trieu dai hau Le cd the chia thdnh 100 nam hUng thinh va 260 nam suy vong.
Nam 1470, Le Thanh Tdng dem 26 van dai quan chiem Chiem Thanh va nam 1471 da liy lai 4 chau Thang, Hoa, Tu, Nghla hi m i t trong thdi gian cai tri cua nha Minh dat ten ggi la Quang Nam thiia tuyen (16).
Ngoai ra, qua cudc vien chinh nay, vua Le Thanh Tdng da chie'm dUdc vung d i t tii Hodi Nhan.den deo Cii Mdng (17). Do dd, Dai Viet da md rgng lanh thd den Binh Dinh ngdy nay, va nam 1490 dUa Quang Nam va Thang Hoa nhap vao lanh thd da chiem dUdc (18).
Cugc viin chinh ldn vao eac nam 1470- 1471 da giup cho Dai Vigt sau nay cd ban dap de cd the de ddng hdp n h i t Chiem Thanh. Ngoai lanh thd chiem dUde, Dai Vigt chia Chiem Thdnh thanh 3 khu viic Nam Ban, Hoa Anh, Phien Lung vdn da chiu nhieu t h i t bai nang ne (19) de ed the de dang hdp nhd't khu viic nay vao b i t cd luc nao. Cu the la Dai Vif t cho Nam Ban nhap vao Gia Lai, Kon Tum, Die Lie; Hda Anh vao Phu Yen, Khanh Hda; Phien Luan vao Ninh Thuan thudc Phan Rang. Dai Viet da phan ly Chiem Thanh thanh 3 viing, ban sic phong cho 3 vua va dat nen mdng cho vigc hdp n h i t Chiem Thanh.
Ngoai ra, trong thdi ky hUng thinh, trieu dai hdu Le cung da md rdng lanh thd ve phia Tay. Khac vdi each md rdng lanh thd d phia Nam, lanh thd phfa Tay dUdc md rgng bing vigc tao ra sii lg thugc va hdp n h i t nhieu hdn.
Phia Tay va Tay Bic Dai Viet xUa cd nUde Bdn Man, lanh thd nay gdm p h i n d i t
thudc tinh Hua-Phan phia Ddng nUde Lao, va mgt p h i n thugc cac tinh mien Tay Bic va mien Bic Trung bd Viet Nam.
Tieu qudc ndy cua ngUdi Thai, dUde thanh lap vao khoang nam 1369 sau khi nha Nguyen m i t quyen kiem soat Van Nam vao tay nha Minh (Trung Qudc). Cac tgc ngUdi Thai d phia Nam Van Nam cd dUdc cd hgi ddc ldp vdi lanh tho vdi phfa Tdy va phfa Nam giap vUdng qudc Lan Xang (Lao Qua, Lao), phfa Ddng va phfa Bic la Dai Viet. VUdng qud'c dUdc eac tu trUdng thudc ddng hg C i m cai tri, ddng d S i m Nua (ngdy nay la thi xa S i m NUa cua Lao).
Lanh thd eua Bdn Man tai khu viic ngay nay la cac huygn phfa Tay cua cac tinh Nghg An, Thanh Hda, Sdn La (Vigt Nam) va tinh Hua Phan (Ldo). Tgc hg Cim cai tri khu viic nay nhieu ddi va cd quan he ddi ngoai vdi Dai Viet tU the ky XV. Nam 1447, theo de nghi quy phuc eua Bdn Man, Dai Viet da tiep thu viing d i t nay va ddi thanh chau Quy Hdp (20) nhap vao phu Lam An (21). Cho du bi quy phuc Dai Vigt nhUng Cling nhu luc quy phuc Lan Xang, vung ndy v i n dugc cdng nhan la tii tri nhU tnidc (22).
Dat ndy bi hdp n h i t cho de'n khi Viet Nam bi Phap xam chiem. Khi ngUdi Phap thanh lap Lien bang Ddng DUdng da diia theo dia hinh va c i t tinh Hua Phan giao ve lanh thd Lao (Ai Lao).
Viec md rgng lanh thd cd tfnh hdp n h i t vinh vien da day manh sii phat trien cua Dai Viet thdng qua sii di tru cua ngUdi Viet va chinh sach phai quan lai ngUdi Vigt lam quan ly va tien hanh Viet hda ngUdi ban dia. Vdi sii lg thugc cua Bdn Man, lanh thd Dai Vi^t dUde md rgng ve phia Tay. Tuy chfnh sach phat trien thdng qua sii di tni cua ngUdi dan nhU d phia Nam khdng dUdc thuc hien, nhUng Dai Vigt da phai ngUdi
20 Rghien cUu Lieh sfl. sg 3.2010
quan ly tdi dia phUdng de tnic tiep quan ly da cho t h i y tfnh c h i t chie'm linh vinh vien d day. De dgp yen sii ehdng ddi cua Bdn Man, tii nam 1460 Le Thanh Tdng da nhieu l i n gfli quan dgi den t r i n ap, tham chf thang 8 nam 1479 da dieu dgng 18 van dai quan binh dinh den Luang Prabang (23).
Tdm lai, dae trUng cua viec md rdng lanh thd trong thdi gian nay cd khac vdi thdi ky suy thoai \k ngoai hdp n h i t p h i n ldn lanh thd cua Bdn Man ra, chi gidi han trong khu viic Chiem Thdnh. Ket qua la Chiem Thanh d vung dem nen ed the duy tri quan he dd'i ngoai giiia Thai Lan, Angkor (Campuchia lue b i y gid) vdi Dai Viet. NhUng thdi ky sau, dd'i tUdng md rgng lanh thd den ea Angkor (khu viic Nam Bg, lanh thd eua nUde Phu Nam cu), quan he giiia Dai Viet - Angkor hay Dai Viet - Thai lan trd thdnh md'i quan he ddi ldp sau sic, tham chi Angkor la true chie'n lUdc trong sii canh tranh cua Dai Viet va Thai Lan.
II. T H 6 I KY SAU PHAN CHIA NAM- BAC
Vigc md rgng lanh thd trong lieh sfl Vigt Nam dUdc thiie hign sdi dgng, nhanh va trong pham vi rdng ldn n h i t la vao thdi ky Trinh - Nguyen phan tranh. Vigc md rgng lanh thd trong thdi ky nay hay dUde trien khai vdi muc dfch ed ban vdn cd nhUng ed the t h i y dUdc sii khdc nhau vdi thdi ky trUdc d cho dUdc tien hdnh trong sU chia re va dd'i lap sau s i c ve quyen liic.
Qua trinh md i^ng lanh thd trong thdi gian nay dUdc thiic hign trong thdi gian khoang 250 nam. Mgt mat, viec md rgng lanh thd d thdi ky sau phan chia Nam Bic dUdc thiic hign thdng qua viec sap nhap hoan toan Chiem Thanh va sii md rgng ve phia Angkor.
De thoat khdi sU uy hiep cfla chua Trinh, chua Nguyen di xudng phfa Nam thuc d i y chfnh sach mdt each nang ddng n h u chi'nh sach ddi ngoai thdng thUdng, chfnh sach md rgng lanh thd de xay diing siic manh n h i m khdi phuc quyen lUc da m i t (24).
Do dd, viec md rgng lanh thd cfla chua Nguyen tich cUc tie'p tuc dUde thuc diy khdng quan tam den thdi gian 7 l i n phan tranh vdi chua Trinh nhU trfch doan dudi day.
"Nam 1611, quan Chiem Thdnh xam lin bien gidi. Chua sai chu sU la Van Phong (khdng rd hg) dem quan di danh liy dUdc da't a'y, bdn dat lam mgt phu, cho hai huygn Ddng Xuan va Tuy Hda le thugc vao. Nhan sai v a n Phong lam lUu t h u d i t i y (25).
Su kien nam 1611 da chflng minh r i n g khac vdi thdi ky d i u , dae trUng cfla thdi ky sau la chiem linh ddng thdi sat nhap va hdp nhat lanh thd. Dae t n i n g nay ciing cd the t h i y dUdc qua sU kien xay ra vao nam 1653. "Vua nude Chiem Thanh la Ba Tim q u i y rdi dat Phu Yen. Sai cai cd Hiing Ldc hau ldm tdng binh va xa sai Minh Vo lam tham mUu dem 3000 quan di danh. Den phu Phu Yen, ngay 3 thang 4, nhan dem qua ddo Hd DUdng nui Thach Bi, rudi t h i n g den trai cua Bd T i m , phdng Ifla danh gip, pha tan, dudi dai de'n sdng Phan Lang. Ba T i m sai con la Xac Ba An nop l l xin hang. Phuc T i n cho, b i t chia dia gidi, la'y d i t tu phfa Ddng sdng i y den Phu Yen dat lam hai phfl Thai Khang va Dien Ninh, dat dinh tran thu Thai Khang, phia Tay sdng v i n Ik nUdc Chiem Thanh, khien giii bd cdi ma nop cdng" (26) Thai Khang va Dien Ninh bay gid la Ninh Hda va Dien Khanh, luc nay lanh thd cfla Dai Viet dUdc md rdng den Khanh Hda.
Su mfl rgng lanh thd Bat Vigt dugi thdi.. 21 Thang 8 nam 1692, chua Nguyen chiem
Chiem Thdnh va nhan cd hgi chie'm Dien Ninh cua Chiem Thanh va thang 3 nam sau da b i t dUde vua Chiem Thdnh la Ba Tranh. Luc nay, chua Nguyen da ddi ten Chiem Thanh la Thuan Thanh. Chua Nguyen da sai cai dgi Nguyen Tri Thing, cai cd Nguyen Tan Le, cai dgi Chu Kiem Thing den Phd Hai, Phan Rf, Phan Rang thugc Binh Thuan ngay nay de phdng ngii tan dang cua Thudn Thanh (27). _, .,
D i t nUde Chiem Thdnh de'n bay gid da hoan todn bi bien m i t tren ban dd. Chiem Thanh da bi hdp n h i t hoan toan vao Viet Nam nam 1697 nhUng tren thiie te, vdi tU each la mgt qudc gia thi da bi xda bd vdo nam 1693.
'Thang 8 nam 1693, ddi t r i n Thuan Thanh lam phu Binh Thu^n, liy ta tra vien Ke Ba Tfl lam kham ly, ba ngUdi con Ba An lam de do'c, de lanh vk cai phu, b i t mac quin ao theo ldi ngudi kinh va sai vc de vo yen long dan" (28)
Viec lay ngUdi Chiem Thanh cai tri ngUdi Chiem Thanh la hinh thdc ma lich sfl Viet Nam da dd'i xfl vdi t i t ea cac dan toe thieu sd td trUdc den nay. Cdng nhan sii tii tri nhUng cd nghla Id tii tri dUdi cd ciu cai tri dang piramid trong qud'c gia. Do dd, ke tu bay gid Chiem Thdnh da trd thanh mgt dan tgc thieu so'eua Viet Nam.
NhUng viec loai trii hodn toan Chiem Thanh lam chua Nguyen gap nhieu khd khan va trd thanh ganh nang. TU thang 12 nam 1693 den thang 2 nam sau, ngUdi Thanh A Ban va ngUdi Chiem Thdnh Oc Nha That lien ket vdi nhau gay ra phan loan d Thuan Thanh; Thang 9 nam 1695 ngudi lai budn linh da lien ket Quy Ninh va Quang Phu d Quang Ngai gay phan loan;
thang 3 nam 1697, 5 sach huygn Phu Vang
ndi day... la nhiing vf du cd that gay khd khan eho chua Nguyen (29).
Sau khi chie'm Chiem Thanh vao nam 1693, chua Nguyen da thi hanh mgt sd chfnh sach de giam thieu ganh nang va nhiing mdi lo l i n g dd.
ThU nhd't, hdp n h i t hoan toan da't chiem linh Thuan Thanh vao lanh thd cua minh, dat theo hinh thflc tran hdn la ddn vi hdnh chfnh. Cho dii da dat lanh, phu, huygn, tdng, tu la ddn vi hanh chi'nh dia phUdng ddi vdi khu viic ddng b i n g cua chiia Nguyen lue dd nhUng chua Nguyen da khdng ap dat ma dat Thuan Thanh la t r i n . Day ciing la hinh thde cai tri dan tgc thieu sd trong qua khd. Do dd, ngoai vigc diing phUdng phap ciic doan \k ddn ap phan loan, vao thang 8 nSm 1693, chua Nguyen da ddi t r i n Thuan Thanh thanh phu Binh Thuan rdi thang 5 nam sau lai dd'i thanh t r i n Thuan Thanh (30).
ThU hai, nhU da viet d tren, chua Nguyen da thi hanh chinh sach ddng hda hay liy ngUdi Chiem Thanh cai tri ngUdi Chiem Thanh. Vdi phUdng phap eu the hdn ddi vdi dieu ndy chua Nguyen da dung Ke Ba Tu ldm ta dd ddc eua phu Thuan Thanh va cho tiep tuc cai tri ndi nay, da dinh che do cdng nap eua dng ta vdi tU cdch phien vUdng t r i n Thuan Thanh h i n g nam, va da tra lai nhiing vat liy dUdc trong cugc chien nhu i n , gUdm, yen, ngiia va nhiing ngUdi bi bat trUdc day. Liic nay chua Nguyen chi dinh nhiing danh sach nop edng cho Dai Vigt (tdc Dang Trong luc dd) \k voi diic 2 thdt, bd vdng 20 eon, nga voi 6 cai, sUng te 10 tda, khan vai t r i n g 500 bdc, sap ong 50 can, da cd 20 t i m , cat sui 400 thung, chieu tre t r i n g 500 la, gd mun 200 cay, thuyen dai 1 chiee (31).
Vigc quy dinh dd'i vdi eac vat nop cdng
22 Rghite cihi Lieh sfl. s g 3.2010 va dang phien vUdng cd the ndi Id mdt dien
hinh trong viec nang cao vi the so vdi cac nUde nhd xung quanh cua Dai Viet. Cho den bay gid khi xem xdt den thdng lg ban sic phong cho cac tii trudng cac dan tgc thieu sd thi ed the t h i y dd la m i t xfch dang lUu y trong chfnh sach hdp n h i t Chiem Thanh nhU da neu.
Nhung vao nam 1697, Viet Nam dd'i t r i n Thuan Thanh thanh Binh Thuan va sat nhdp vao mdt ddn vi hdnh chfnh cua Viet Nam ddng thdi hdp n h i t lanh thd cdn lai cua Chiem Thanh tU Phan Rang den Phan Rf dd'i t h a n h 2 huyen An Phuc va Hda Da rdi sat nhap vao Binh Thuan nen da'u tfch cua Chiem Thanh hoan toan da bi xda bd tren ban dd (32).
Vigc hdp n h i t hoan toan Chiem Thanh the hign sii viing vang cfla mgt qudc gia thdng tri nhUng ciing cho t h i y day la mgt m i t xfch trong viec thiic hien y dinh md rdng lanh thd sang Angkor (khu viic Nam Bg). Ke tU trUde dd r i t lau, khi t r i n Thuan Thanh va Phan Rang, Phan Rf vSn cdn la khu viic tu tri cua Chiem Thanh, sii tie'n vao d i t Chan Lap cua Vigt Nam da dUdc thuc d i y qua viec ldi dung nhiing ngUdi di cU cua ngUdi Minh (Trung Qudc) de phat trien lanh thd, nhUng luc nay thi Dai Viet khdng cdn ly do gi de tie'p tuc giii che do tii tri d khu viie ndy.
Tham vgng md rgng lanh thd eua chiia Nguyen khdng diing lai d Chiem Thdnh.
Dieu dd cd the nhin t h i y dUdc vao nam 1621, chua Nguyen da cd quan he hdn thii vdi ddi thd 2 Chey Chettha eua Angkor (33). Luc dd, chua Nguyin da yeu c i u vua Angkor cho ngUdi Viet di tru tU nhien vdi nhiing hinh thdc miin thue, thUdng mai, phat trien. Ket qua la vigc di t n i de'n khu viie ddng b i n g sdng Cflu Long (dang n i m
dudi sU kiem soat cfla Angkor) cfla ngUdi Vigt dUdc b i t d i u tU khu vUc thugc tinh Ddng Nai va Mdi Xoai thugc Ba Ria, Viing Tau bay gid (34). Luc dd Angkor lg thugc vao vUdng qudc Ayuthaya cfla Thai Lan da mUdn sdc manh cua Dai Viet de thoat khdi sii cai tri cua Thai, do vdy chua Nguyin da cd dUde cd hgi tie'n vao ddng b i n g sdng Cflu Long mgt each hdp phap, tren cd sd dd can trd sii tie'n vdo Angkor cfla Thai va md rgng lanh thd Dai Viet den viing dat Nam Bg ngay nay (35). Sau dd, dUdi chi'nh sach ngoai giao "cdn Viet viin Thai" cua Angkor, nam 1658, l i n d i u tien chiia Nguyin cd cd hdi gfli quan dgi theo yeu c i u cua Angkor de giai quyet phan t r a n h vUdng vi va ket qua la nhan dUdc sii cU t n i hdp phap d khu vUc Mdi Xodi, Ddng Nai va nhan nop cdng, t h i n phuc tU chfnh quyen Angkor (36).
Vdo nam 1674, chua Nguyin da gfli quan ddi den Angkor l i n thd hai de giai quye't t r a n h c h i p vUdng vi va cd the tie'n mgt budc sau hdn trong vigc hdp n h i t vung ddng b i n g sdng Cflu Long vao lanh thd cua minh b i n g each dat ra che do "Chfnh vUdng" va "Phd vUdng" ddi vdi Angkor. Luc nay, phd vUdng sdng d Sdi Gdn. Tren cd sd dd, vao thang 1 nam 1679, chua Nguyin da cfl 50 chien thuyen vdi hdn 3 nghin quan, ldi dung nhiing quan lai cua nUdc Minh (Trung Qudc) da quy phuc nix' DUdng Ngan Dich, Hoang Tien, T r i n ThUdng Xuyen, T r i n An Binh... tien h a n h viec phat trien lanh thd den vung My Tho va Bieu Hda (37). Nhiing khu vUc nay la ket qua chien t h i n g trong cugc phan tranh via lUc vdi ngUdi Thai tren lanh thd Angkor cua chua Nguyin, vi mgt p h i n thugc khu viic md Nac Ong Ngn (Phd vUdng) dUde bd nhiem cai tri, nen ngUdi Viet cd the dinh cU d dd. Nam 1679, do Chfnh vUdng va Phd vUdng eua Angkor xung dot, Dai Vigt va
Su mfl rgng lanh th6 Bai Viet dudi thdri... 23 Thai deu gfli quan ddi can thiep nen chien
tranh da xay ra, ket qua la Dai Viet hoan toan khdng the giai quyet v i n de nay theo y minh.
Trong vigc chiem linh viing ddng b i n g sdng Cflu Long, nhiing ngudi cd the liic da tidn hanh khai pha d i t dai, xay diing thanh Ddng Phd vk bien ndi day thanh khu viic thUdng mai qudc te ddng due vdi nhiing thuyen budn cfla ngUdi Trung Hoa - phUdng Tay - Nhdt - Java. Thdi diem nay, ngoai ngudi Viet ra, cdn cd ngUdi Trung Hoa ciing gdp p h i n md mang, phdt trien viing da't ma ngay nay la Nam Bd cua Viet Nam (ma xUa kia vdn thugc Phu Nam, rdi Thuy Chan Lap, Angkor). Tii nam 1680, mgt p h i n viec khai pha ddng b i n g sdng Cflu Long diia vdo Mae Cflu ngUdi Quang Ddng (Trung Hoa). Mac Cflu dUdc bd nhigm lam quan cai tri cua Angkor va da khai pha vung Phu Qud'c, C i n Bgt, Gia Khe, Ludng Cay, HUdng Uc, Cd Mau (38). Khu viie nay vao nam 1810 da ddi thanh t r i n Ha Tien rdi nam 1831 ddi thdnh tinh Ha Tien.
Nam 1688, cudc phan loan cua Hodng Tien da trd thdnh cd hgi cho chua Nguyin thiic hien viec hdp n h i t vung ddng b i n g sdng Cflu Long vao lanh thd Dang Trong.
Hoang Tien gay ra phan loan, qudc vUdng cua Angkor Nac Ong Thu da tU ehd'i t h i n phuc, nop cd'ng cho chua Nguyen va dUdng nggn cd phan loan. Chua Nguyin da gfli quan vdo Sai Gdn de binh dinh vigc ndy nhUng khdng thdnh cdng. Tuy nhien, trong mgt thdi gian dai n i m giii, Dai Viet thiic sU da cd anh hudng d khu vUc ndy. Tiep dd, nam 1691, ngUdi ed thiie quyen d day la Phd vUdng Nac Ong Ndn tfl vong da tao ra mgt khoang trdng quyen liic, giup eho vigc xuc tien qua trinh hdp n h i t eua Dai Viet d khu viic nay. Tren ed sd dd, tU nam 1698, b i t d i u qua trinh hdp n h i t khu vUe Gia
Dinh ma vigc khai thac vd'n dUde diia vao ngUdi Trung Hoa vk ngUdi ban xd trUdc day.
Nam 1698 la nam sau khi Dai Viet hoan thanh viec sap nhdp Chiem Thanh. Dieu nay rat quan trgng vi the hien dUdc tinh quan he tUdng hd trong vigc sap nhap Chiem Thanh va vung d i t ddng bing sdng Cflu Long. Tdc Id, trUdc nam 1698, Dai Viet cd the ldi dung khoang trdng cai tri cua Angkor tren manh d i t do ngUdi Hoa va ngUdi ban xd khai phd va hdp n h i t nhUng trong khi chUa sap nhap hoan toan Chiem Thanh nen ed the gap nhieu khd khan.
Hoae, trong trUdng hdp da sap nhap hoan toan Chiem Thanh nhUng cd kha nang xay ra phan loan vk cho'ng dd'i nen cd the cho r i n g sde lUe se bi phan tan nen da khdng thiic hign va c h u i n bi cho de'n nam 1698 mdi tien hanh vigc sap nhap vung ddng b i n g sdng Cflu Long vdo lanh thd eua minh.
Tdi lieu thU tich cho biet: Chua Nguyin
"Bit d i u dat phu Gia Dinh. Sai thdng s u i t Nguyen Hiiu Kfnh kinh lUdc d i t Chan Lap, chia da't Ddng Phd, liy xd Ddng Nai lam huygn Phuc Long, diing dinh T r i n Bien, liy xd s a i Gdn lam huygn Tan Binh, diing dinh Phien Tran, mdi dinh deu dat cac chdc lUu thu, cai ba, ky luc va cd do thuyen thuy bd tinh binh vk thugc binh. Md rdng d i t dUde nghin dam, dUdc hdn 4 van hg, ben chieu mg nhiing ddn xieu dat td Bd Chfnh trd ve nam cho den d cho ddng. Thiet lap xa thdn phUdng i p , chia c i t gidi phan, khai k h i n rudng nUdng, dinh le thue td dung, ldm sd dinh dien. Lai liy ngUdi Thanh den budn ban d xa Minh Hudng. TU dd ngUdi Thanh d budn ban deu thanh dan hg eua ta" (39).
Ngi dung tren eho tha'y vigc sap nhap vung d i t ddng b i n g sdng Cflu Long (ma lue
24 Rghito cihi L|ch sfl. sg 3.2010
dd dang thudc Angkor) cua chua Nguyen khac vdi phUdng phap hdp n h i t Chiem Thanh trong thdi ky trUde. Khi sap nhdp lanh thd eua Chiem Thanh, da so' dung phUdng phap chiem b i n g vii liic nhUng khi sap nhap viing ddng b i n g sdng Cflu Long thi h i u het la diing ngUdi trong nUde hay ngUdi nUdc ngodi khai k h i n d i t dai trUde rdi mdi ldi dung khi quyen liic cai tri cua Angkor yeu di thi sap nhdp mdt each tii nhien. Khdng nhiing the, d day cdn cho t h i y sii Uu tien phUdng phap nhan lanh thd b i n g each hd trd giai quyet ngi chien cua Angkor hdn la dung vii lUc tnic tiep.
Vao nam 1708, Mac Cflu cam t h i y bat an vdi ngi tinh cua Angkor, ben quay sang t h i n phuc va dang d i t dai ma hg Mac khai pha dUde eho chua Nguyin. Nhd dd, Vigt Nam mdi ed dUdng bien gidi vdi Campuchia nhu hign nay, vk xd Dang Trong cua cac chua Nguyen cd dUdc khu viic d phia cUc Nam bao gdm dao Phu Qud'c, Kien Giang, c a Mau, Bac Lieu (40). Khu vUc nay la mgt trong 6 tinh thudc tinh Hd Tien thdi nha Nguyin. Dieu nay, nhu da de cap d tren, cho t h i y hinh thdc sap nhap d i t dai khdng hen quan den vii liic eua chua Nguyin.
Trong todn bg vung dat ddng b i n g sdng Cflu Long thugc Angkor luc b i y gid (tdc 6 tfnh Nam Ki sau ndy), chua Nguyin da sap nhap dUdc d i t dai nay thugc 3 tinh la Bien Hda, Gia Dinh, Ha Tien. P h i n d i t cdn lai v i n trong tinh trang chUa sap nhap dUde nay thugc cac tinh la Dinh TUdng, Vinh Long, An Giang. P h i n d i t nay d trong dia the hinh rang cUa, n i m xem ke giiia hai khu viic Bien Hda-Gia Dinh va Ha Tien. Vi the, de bao tdn mien d i t Ha Tien n i m d vi tri xa xdi, vigc sap nhap p h i n dat cdn lai la vigc cin thie't. Do dd, qua 3 l i n lien tiep thiie hign sap nhap da't dai, khu viie nay da trd thdnh lanh thd vinh viin cua Dai Viet
(Dang Trong) thdi cac chua Nguyen, nhUng vdi phUdng phap khac vdi trUdc day, dd la b i n g vii lUc.
L i n thfl 1, nam 1732, chua Nguyen da cfl quan dgi tdi, lay My Tho, Sa Ddc 3 phfa Tay Gia Dinh, va dat chau Dinh Viin, Hnh Long Hd (41). Nhiing khu viic nay sau thugc tinh Dinh TUdng, rdi thugc tinh Tien Giang, Ddng Thap. Vdi cd hdi dd, vao nam 1744 chua Nguyin da xac lap khu vUc hanh chfnh vdi cd cd'u 12 linh va 1 t r i n (42).
L i n thd 2, ciing gianh dUdc thanh qua bang vii liie. Chua Nguyen da hai l i n vien chinh phUdng Nam vdo nftm 1753 va 1755.
Nam 1756, qudc vUdng Angkor la Nac Ong Nguyen uy hiep ngUdi Cdn Man (tdc ngUdi Chiem Thanh da di cU vao mien ddng bing sdng Cflu Long dang thugc Angkor), nhUng bi tudng Nguyin Cu Trinh danh bai, phai chay sang Hd Tien nUdng nhd hg Mac. Mac Thien TU dang thU len chua Nguyin, ndi Nac Ong Nguyen cd y mudn dang d i t T i m Bdn, Ldi Lap de "chudc tdi". Chua Nguyin ddng y vk cho ngUdi hg td'ng Nac Ong Nguyen ve nUdc. Hai viing d i t dd trd thanh hai phu Gd Cdng va Tan An (43).
L i n cud'i ciing, nam 1757, Nac Ong Nguyen m i t , ehu hg la Nac Nhuan lam giam qudc, tii lau cd y mudn lam vua Angkor, lien dang hai xfl Preah Trapeang va Basac (tdc viing Tra Vinh, Ba Thic) cho chua Nguyin (44). Ddi vdi sU kign nay, sach sfl ghi chdp la "Nam 1757, Nac 6 n g Nguyen nUdc Chan Lap chet. NgUdi chii ho la Nac N h u a n tam coi vigc nUdc. Bien t h i n tau xin n h a n dd lap Nhuan de td an nghla, cho viing bien cUdng. Chua b i t phai hien hai phfl Tra Vinh, Ba T h i c , rdi sau mdi y cho ..." (45) chung ta cd the t h i y rd hdn. Ndi each khac, cho du da sap nhap d i t Dinh Tudng va Vinh Long nhUng dUdi thdi chua
Sv mfl rgng lanh thd Bai Via dugi thW. 25 Nguyen, chUa cd dat An Giang, eac xd nen
Chau Dde, C i n Thd, Sdc Trang cd dia the nhu "cai rang lUde", do vay chua Nguyin cin cd dUde vung ndy vdi cai gia Id phai ean thiep chfnh tri.
Ngoai ra, ciing nam 1757, Nac Nhuan bi con re giet chet eUdp ngdi. Con trai Nac Nhuan la Nac Ong Tdn lai chay sang ciu ciiu hg Mac d Ha Tien. Mac Thien Td ddng ra s i p xep, xin chua Nguyin eho Nac Ong Tdn ldm vua Angkor. Chua Nguyen thuan va sai Mac Thien TU cung tUdng si nam dinh hg tdng dUa Nac Ong Tdn ve nUdc. De ta dn, Nac Ong Tdn dang d i t T i m Phong Long (vung d i t giiia Sdng Tien vk Sdng Hau) cho chiia Nguyin. Nac Ong Tdn cdn dang d i t 5 phu: HUdng tJc, C i n Bgt, Tnic sam, sai Mat, Linh Quynh (46) cho hg Mac de den dn giup dd. Mac Thien Td dem het d i t i y dang cho chua Nguyin. Chua Nguyin eho sap nhap vao Ha Tien t r i n , giao cho hg Mac cai quan. Mac Thien Td chia d i t dd thanh hai dao: xd Raeh Gia la Kien Giang dao, xd Cd Mau la Long Xuyen dao, dat quan cai tri, chieu ldp dan i p . Khu viic 5 phu ndi tren trong thdi gian vua Tu Dde (1847-1883, nhd Nguyin) tai vi da tra lai cho Angkor (47).
Sau nam 1757, vigc md rgng lanh thd phfa Nam cua chua Nguyin da gap phai mgt so khd khan nen phai tam diing lai.
Thd nhd't, do sdc liic qud'c gia eua chua Nguyin bi yeu di nen khdng du ngi liic de md rdng lanh thd hdn niia. Thd hai, trong thdi gian n g i n khdng du nang liic de khai thdc quan ly viing lanh thd vdn da tang len r i t nhieu (48).
Vigc md rdng lanh thd ve phia Nam cua Viet Nam ciing dUdc tiep tuc dUdi trieu dai
cudi cung trong lieh sfl Viet Nam la trieu dai nha Nguyen.
m . KET LUAN -
Dai Viet da trai qua qua trinh lau dai bdi dudng sdc manh qudc gia rdi tren cd sd do hudng den viec md rgng lanh thd, ket qua la xac lap dUde lanh thd phfa Nam cua Viet Nam nhu bay gid.
Vigc md rgng lanh thd ve phfa Nam da thuc day sii phat trien kinh te cua Dai Viet, cu the la Dang Trong cua eac chua Nguyen, dae biet la trong vigc san xuit ngu cde. Ngoai khf hau nhiet ddi gid mua cd lUdng mUa va lUdng n i n g nhieu thi viing nay cdn cd tai nguyen phong phu, d i t dai mau md va rgng ldn.
O day khdng the bd qua sii ddng gdp eua ngUdi dan di tru Trung Hoa. Trong khi cac chua Nguyin khdng du nhan liic phdt trien thi viec tham gia cua ngUdi Hoa da giam bdt di ganh nang eho ngUdi Viet, thuc day sii phat trien thUdng mai d phia Nam va tang cUdng tfnh dae trUng da van hda - da dan tde cua Viet Nam.
Lien quan den viec tang cUdng tfnh dae trUng da van hda- da dan tgc cua Vigt Nam khdng the loai trd vai trd cua ngUdi Khmer.
Viec hdp n h i t vung d i t Nam Bg (vdn thugc eac qud'c gia cd Phu Nam, Thuy Chdn Lap, Angkor) ngoai tai nguyen d i t dai mau md va rdng ldn cdn cd mgt bd phan dan tgc Khmer sinh sdng, vdi sd lUdng ddng dang ke trong 54 dan tgc Viet Nam, ddng thdi da bien Viet Nam tii mgt nUde ed van hda Phdt giao Dai thda thuan tuy sang mgt nUde cd van hda Phdt giao Tieu thUa d khu viic thugc mien Tay Nam Bd ngdy nay.
26 Rghi&n curu Lich sfl. sg 3.2010
CHUTHlCH
(1). Phan Huy Le, Chu Thien, Vfldng Hoing Tuyen, Dinh Xuan Lim. Lich sii! che do phong kien Viet Nam. T. III. Nxb. Giio due, 1961, tr. 484.
(2). Dio Duy Anh. Ddt nUdc Viet Nam qua cdc ddi, Nxb. Vin hda, 2006; Nguyen Dinh Diu. Viet Nam qudc hieu & cUOng vUc qua cdc thdi dgi, Nxb.
BT, 2003; Song Jung Nam, A study on the land system and territorial expansion in southern part of Vietnam: from the mid-16 century to 18 century SHPS T 36, 1999; Song Jung Nam, The Name and Territory of Vietnam. Tap chf Nghien cdu Ddng Nam A, 16-2, 2007.
(3). Dio Duy Anh. Ddt nUdc Viet Nam qua cdc ddi. sdd, tr. 227 tham khao.
(4). Dgi Viet sd ky todn thU. T. I. Nxb. Khoa hoc xa hdi, 1998, tr. 228 tham khao; Dgi Viet sd ky tiin bien, Nxb. Khoa hpc xa hdi. H i Npi, 1997, tr.l74 tham khao; Song Jung Nam, Lich sd Viet Nam, Nxb. Dai hpc Sfl pham, H i Ndi, 2001, tr.l34.
(5). Dgi Viet sd ky todn thU. T. I. add, tr. 274- 275; Dgi Viet sd ky tiin bien, sdd, tr. 238; Le Quy Ddn todn tap: Phd bien tgp luc. T. I. Nxb. Khoa hpc xa hdi, 1977, tr. 32; Trin Trpng Kim. Viet Nam sd luac, Nxb. Vin hda Thdng tin, 1999, tr. 107;
Song Jung Nam. The Name and Territory of Vietnam. Tap chi Nghien cdu Ddng Nam A, 16-2, 2007, tr. 106.
(6). Dgi Viet sill ky todn thU. T. I. sdd, tr. 278;
Le Qdy Ddn todn tap: Phu bien tgp luc. sdd, tr. 32.
(7). Dgi Viet sH ky todn thU. T. I. sdd, tr. 284;
Dgi Viet sd ky tien bien, sdd, tr. 546; Le Quy Ddn todn tdp: Phu bien tgp luc. T. I. sdd, tr. 32.
(8). Dgi Viet su! ky todn thu. T. H, Nxb. Khoa hpc xa hdi. H i Ndi, 1998, tr. 91; Dgi Viet sd ky tiin bien, sdd, tr. 407; Le Qiiy Ddn todn tap: Phd bien tgp luc. T. I, sdd, tr. 32.
(9). Jung Nam, The Name and Territory of Vietnam. Tap chf Nghien cdu Ddng Nam A, 16-2, 2007, tr.l07.
(10). Dgi Viet sd ky todn thU. T. II, sdd, tr. 91;
Le Quy Ddn todn tap: Phu bien tgp luc. T. I. sdd, tr. 32.
(11). Dgi Viet sd ky todn thU. T. H. sdd, tr.l45;
Dgi Viet sd ky tiin Men. sdd, tr. 458 tham khao.
(12). Dgi Viet sd ky todn thU. T. II. sdd, tr. 91;
Trgn Trpng Kim. Viet Nam sd lUgc, sdd, tr. 170.
(13). Dgi Viet si ky todn thU. T. II. sdd, tr. 202- 203; Dgi Viet sd ky tiin bien. sdd, tr. 512; Dio Duy Anh. Ddt nUdc Viet Nam qua cdc din. Sdd, tr. 127;
Le Quy Ddn todn tap: Phu bien tgp luc. T. I, sdd, tr. 35.
(14). Dgi Viet sii ky todn thU. T II. sdd, tr. 235;
Dgi Viet sd ky tiin bien. sdd, tr. 546; Le Quy Ddn todn tap: Phu bien tgp luc, T. I. sdd, tr. 37-38 tham khao. .V,
(15), (21), (47). Dio Duy Anh. Ddt nUdc Viit Nam qua cdc ddi. Sdd, tr.l68, 199, 243.
(16). Dgi Viet sd ky todn thU. T. II, sdd, tr. 441- 452; Le Quy Ddn todn tap: Phu bien tgp luc. T. I, sdd, tr. 43.
(17). Phan Huy Ld. Lich svt chedS phong kien Viet Nam, T. II, Nxb. Giao dye. H i Ndi, 1960, tr.l82; Dgi Viet su! ky todn thu. T. II, sdd, tr. 464 tham khao.
(18), (20), (23). Dgi Viet si ky todn thU. T. II, sdd, tr. 507, 363, 477.
(19). Dgi Viet sH ky todn thU. T. II, sdd, tr. 450;
Viet sd thdng gidm cUOng muc chinh bien. T. XI.
Sdd, tr. 68-69; Le Quy Ddn todn tap: Phd bien tgp luc, T. I, sdd, tr. 43.
(22). Phan Huy Le. Lich sd che do phong kien Viet Nam, T. II, sdd. tr. 174-177.
(24). Song Jung Nam, A Study on the Development Factor of Trade in Dang Trong in 16th - 18th centuries. Tap chf Nghien cdu Bdng Nam A, 14-1, 2004, tr.l33.
(25;. Dgi Nam thUc luc tiin bien. T. I, Nxb. Sii hpc, 1962, tr. 43-44.
(26). Dgi Nam thUc luc tiin bien. T. I, sdd, tr.
83; Le Quy Ddn todn tdp: Phu biin tgp luc, T. I, sdd, tr. 56 tham khao.
(27). Dgi Nam thUc luc tiin biin. T. I, sdd, tr.
147; Phan Khoang. Viet sd: Xd Ddng Trong 1558- 1777. Nxb. KT, 1969, tr. 217-218.
Su mfl rgng lanh thd Bai Via du6i thdi. 27
(28), (29), (30), (32). Dgi Nam thUc luc tien bien. T. I, sdd, tr. 148, 148-153, 150, 153.
(31). Dgi Nam thUc luc tiin bien. T. I, sdd, tr.
150-151; Phan Khoang, Viet sd: Xd Ddng Trong 1558-1777, sdd, tr. .217-218.
(33). Ld Nguyin, Xd hdi Dgi Viet qua but ky cda ngUdi nudc ngodi, Nxb. Tp. Hd Chf Minh, 2004, tr. 174; Phan Huy Ld, Chu Thien, Vfldng Hoing Tuydn, Dinh Xuan Lam, Lich sd che do phong kie'n Viet Nam. T. Ill, sdd, tr. 105; Song Jung Nam, Quan he gida Viet Nam vd Thdi Lan thcti ky truyin tho'ng. Hpi thao khoa hpc 2007 ciia hdi Vidt Nam hpc H i n Qudc, 2007, tr. 43.
(34). Phan Huy Le, Chu Thien, Vfldng Hoing Tuydn, Dinh Xuin Lam. Lich sd che do phong kie'n Viet Nam. sdd, tr. 105-106; Phan Khoang, Viet sd:
XdDdng Trong 1558-1777, sdd, tr. 400-402.
(35). Phan Huy Ld, Chu Thidn, Vfldng Hoing Tuyen, Dinh Xuin Lim. Lich sd che do phong kie'n Viet Nam. T. Ill, sdd, tr. 105; Yu In Sun, Lich sd Viet Nam viet mdi, Nxb. Y San, 2002, 219 tham khao.
(36). Trjnh Hoii Dflc. Gia Dinh thdnh thdng chi Nxb. Giao due, 1998, tr. 74-75; Dgi Nam thUc luc tiin bien. T. I. sdd, tr. 98 tham khao; Dgi Nam chinh biin Hit truyen sa tdp. Nxb. Thuin Hda, 1993, tr. 542; Le Quy Ddn todn tap: Phu bien tgp luc, T. I, sdd, tr. 58 tham khao.
(37). Dgi Nam thUc luc tiin biin. T. I, sdd, tr.
125; Dgi Nam chinh biin Hit truyin sa tap, sdd, tr.
542; Li Quy Ddn todn tap: Phu bien tgp luc, T. I, sdd, tr. 62 tham khao.
(38), (42). Dgi Nam thUc luc tiin biin. T. I, sdd, tr. 167, 208.
(39). Dgi Nam thUc luc tien biin. T. I, sdd, tr.153-154; Dgi Nam chinh biin Hit truyin sa tap, sdd, tr.^42 tham khao.
(40). Dgi Nam thUc luc tiin bien. T. I, sdd, tr.
167; Song Jung Nam, A study on the land system and territorial expansion in Southern part of Vietnam: from the mid-16 century to 18 century SHBS T 36, 1999, p. 57.
(41). Dgi Nam thUc luc tiin bien. T. I, sdd, tr.
195; Trjnh Hoii Dflc, Gia Dinh thdnh thdng chi, sdd, tr. 78, 241; Dao Duy Anh, Ddt nUdc Viet Nam qua cdc ddi, sdd, tr. 241; Phan Khoang, Viet sd: Xd Ddng Trong 1558-1777, sdd, tr. 232.
(43). Dgi Nam thUc luc tiin biin. T. I, sdd, tr.
224; Dgi Nam chinh bien Hit truyen sa tdp, sdd, tr.
544; Trjnh Hoii Dflc. Gia Dinh thdnh thdng chi, sdd, tr. 78; Lc Quy Ddn todn tap: Phu biin tgp luc, T. I, sdd, tr. 69; Phan Khoang, Viet sd: Xd Ddng Trong 1558-1777, sdd, tr. 242.
(44). Dgi Nam thUc luc tiin biin. T. I, sdd, tr, 226; Dgi Nam chinh biin Hit truyin sa tdp, sdd, tr.
544; Trjnh Hoii Dflc. Gia Dinh thdnh thdng chi, sdd, tr. 79-80; Phan Khoang. Viet sd: Xd Ddng Trong 1558-1777, sdd, tr. 242; Song Jung Nam, A study on the land system and territorial expansion in Southern part of Vietnam: from the mid-16 century to 18 century SHBS T 36, 1999, p.58.
(45). Dgi Nam thiic luc tiin biin. T. I, sdd, tr.
225-226; Trjnh Hoii Dflc. Gia Dinh thdnh thdng chi, sdd, tr. 79; Dgi Viet sd ky tuc bien 1676-1789, Nxb. Khoa hpc xa hdi, 1991, tr. 257-258.
(46). Dgi Nam thiic luc tiin biin. T. I, sdd, tr.
226; Dgi Nam chinh biin Het truyin sa tap, sdd, tr.
544; Trjnh Hoii Dflc. Gia Dinh thdnh thdng chi, sdd, tr. 80.
(48). Song Jung Nam, The Name and Territory of Vietnam. Tap chf Nghiin ciJCu Ddng Nam A, 16- 2, 2007, tr. 110; Phan Huy Ld, Chu Thien, Vfldng Hoing Tuydn, Dinh Xuin Lim. Lich sd che do phong kien Viet Nam. T. Ill, sdd, tr. 479.
