Vi tri dia ly va the che trong phat trien ldnh t l viing Tay Nam Bo
Pham s y An', Tran Thi Mai Thanh^
'• ^ Vipn Kinh ti Vi^t Nam, Vi^n Hin lam Khoa hpc xa hOi Viet Nam.
Email: [email protected]
Nhan ngiy 28 thdng 10 nSm 2019. Chip nhan dSng ngiy 17thing 11 nam 2019.
Tom tat: Vj Iri dja ly va the che kinh le la hai yeu td quan trpng djnh hinh s\; phdt triln cua cac nin kinh te. Bai vilt se dua ra nh&ng phan tich, danh gia vai trd cua vi tri dja ly va thi che kinh te den s\r phat trien kinh te cua cac dnh, thanh phd viing Tay Nam Bp. Cac dia phucmg gan vai viing Ddng Nam Bp - noi cd nen kinh tl phat trien - se co trinh dp phat triln cao hon (thu nhap Uen dau ngudi vCing Ddng Nam Bp) va ca cau kinh te nghieng ve co ty trpng cong nghigp Idn hcm so vai cdc dja phuang xa dan va co ciu kinh te tot han. Do do, bai viet cho thay vj tri dja ly va the chl kinh tl ddng vai trd tich c\rc trong thiic ddy phat Uiln kinh te viing Tay Nam Bp. De nang cao mirc song ngudi dan va chuyen djch co cau kinh te theo chieu hudng tich cue, cac dja phucmg trong viing can cai thign Ihl chl kinh t l vd phat trien ca sd ha tang.
Tir khoa: Phdt triln kinh te, v] tri dia ly, the che kinh te.
Phan Ioai ngdnh: Kinh tl hpc
Abstract: Geographic location and the economic institutional framework are the two important factors that shape the development of economies. The article provides analysis and assessment of their roles in tlie economic development of provinces and cities in Vietnam's southwestern region.
Localities close to the southeastern region, where the economy is developed, have higher levels of development (per capita income in the region) and higher proportions of industry in the economic structure compared to farther localities, and better economic structures. Therefore, the article shows that geographic location and the economic institutional framework play an active role in promoting economic development in the southwestern region. In order to improve the people's living standards and change the economic structure in a positive way, localities in the region need to improve their economic institutional frameworks and develop their infrastructure.
Keyivords: Economic development, geographical location, economic institutional framework.
Subject classification: Economics
1. Gioi thieu
Viet Nam cd khodng 95 trieu dan (nam 2018), dien tich 331.235,7 km^ chia lam 6 vimg, gdm Ddng bdng sdng Hdng, Tnmg du vd mien niii phia Bde, Bde Tnmg Bd va Duyen hdi mien Trung, Tdy Nguyen, Ddng Nam Bp va Tdy Nam Bp. Vung Ddng bdng sdng Curu Long cd 13 linh, thanh phd Id Long An, Ddng Thap, Tien Giang, Ben Tre, VTnh Long, Trd Vinh, An Giang, Kien Giang, Hau Giang, Sdc Trdng, Bgc Lieu, Cd Mau va thdnh pho la Can Tho. Tay Nam Bd chiem 19% tdng ddn sd cd nudc, 12% dien tich quoc gia, cd thi mgnh trong phdt uien ndng nghipp ciia Viet Nam.
Vi tri dia ly Tay Nam Bp cd mdt sd dac dilm dnh hudng nhdt dinh din sy phdt trien cua vimg. Viing dat bang phang, thdp, chi cao hcm muc nudc bien nen khi nudc bien dang, vimg Tay Nam Bd bi dnh hudng rat nang ne. Viet Nam la mdt trong nam qudc gia chju anh hudng nang ne nhat bdi bien ddi khi hau, Tay Nam Bp ciia Viet Nam dupc coi la mpt trong ba vimg ddng bang cua the gidi chiu anh hudng nghiem trpng nliat. Nen Tdy Nam Bd vira cd the manh la phdt trien ndng nghiep (lua, thuy san, trai cay) do vi tri dia ly dem lai nhung vira chiu nii ro do bien ddi khi hdu, nudc bien dang.
Tdy Nam Bd canh Ddng Nam Bd Id vimg phat trien nhat Viet Nam vi the Tay Nam Bp vira duoc hudng loi vira bi chiu thiet d'
\i tri ndy.
Sy phat uiln vd thinh vupng ciia mdt qudc gia, vimg, dia phuong duac quyet dinh bdi 3 nhdn td san xudt chinh la vdn, lao ddng vd cdng nghe/ndng sudt. Nhung
' khac vdn, lao dpng vd "cdng nghe" chi auv la nguyen nhan "thii cap" ciia tdng ^ , va phdt Uiln kinh tl; ddng sau cac nh^n ndy Id cdc nguyen nhdn "nen tang nhu thi chl kinh te hay vi tri dja ly- ^
Thi chl kinh tl - nhihig rang bupc duoc tao ra bdi con ngudi [4] - cd tdc dpng manh me din thinh vucmg cua cdc quoc gia [1]- Acemoglu va Robinson (2012) cho rang the chl la yiu Id quan trpng nhdt tao nSn thinh vupng ciia qudc gia chii khdng phai Id cac yeu td khac - nhu vi tri dia ly [2]-
Ngupc lai, cd nhiiu nghien ciiu ydi cac bdng chiing kinh tl luang lai cho thay vi tri dia ly ddng vai trd quyit dinh den phat trien kinh tl vd thinh vugng cua qudc gia [7].
Bai vilt nay xem xet dnh hudng ciia vj tli dia ly va thi chl kinh tl din thu nhgp ngudi dan ciia cac dia phuong viing Tdy Nam Bp va di den ket luan ca vi tri dia ly va the che kinh te deu cd tac dpng tich cyc den phat trien kinh te. Cd mpt uu diem vd mpt nhuac diem ciia bai viet nay.
Thu nhdt, ve im diem, viec lya chpn cac dia phuong vimg Tay Nam Bd vdo phan tich dnh hudng ciia the che kinh te va vi tri dia ly den phdt trien kinh tl se Ioai bd nhiing yeu td phiic tap khac nhu sy khac biet trong chinh sach .thuong mgi, chinh sach phdt trien cdng nghiep, thi chl chinh tri trong phan tich anh hudng ciia thi chl kinh te va vi tri dia ly din phat uiln kinh tl.
Thir hai. vl nhuac dilm, do han chl vl sd lieu, nghien cim nay khdng xay dung md hinh kinh te lupTig vd cd nhirng ph^n tich dinh lupng nghiem ngat. Bai vilt nay se chi phan tich he sd tuang quan, tnrc quan tir cdc do thi quan he gitra cdc biln s6 v' A
Pham Sy An, Tran Thj Mai Thanh vdo nhimg ly thuyit, bdng chiing thyc
nghiem tu cdc nghien ciiu de cimg cd ket luan cua nghien cuu.
2. Vi tri dia ly trong phat trien kinh te ciia Tay Nam Bp
Vi tri dia ly trong phat trien kinh te dia phuong ciia Ddng bdng sdng Cim Long se dupc do bdng khodng each tir cdc tinh, thdnh Tay Nam Bp den Thdnh phd Hd Chi Minh (Tp. HCM) dugc the hien trong dd thi 1(a). Khodng cdch nay phan dnh chinh xac vj tri dia ly cua cdc tinh, thanh phd trong tuong quan vdi Tp. HCM. Chdng han, Long An sdt Tp. HCM cd khodng cdch ngan nhdt, tiSp d^n la Tien Giang vd Ben Tre. Hai dia phuang c6 khoang each xa nhat la Bac Lieu vd Ca Mau.
Se cd y kien cho rang, khodng each giua cdc tinh, thdnh Tdy Nam Bp va Tp. HCM se khdng phdn dnh chinh xdc chi phi van chuyen vi khoang each giiia dja phuang A den Tp. HCM cd the xa hon khodng each giira dia phuang B den Tp. HCM nhxmg chat lugng dudng se tdt hon nen thdi gian cd the se ngan hcm. De gidi quyet van de nay, chiing tdi lay cd thdi gian di chuyen tir cdc dia phuang Tdy Nam Bp den Tp. HCM de do ludng "khodng cdch". Tuy nhien, cd khodng cdch tinh bdng km va thdi gian cd he sd tuong quan xdp xi bdng 1. Hay ndi each khdc, khodng each tinh bdng km phdn dnh tuong ddi chinh xdc khodng cdch di chuyen tinh bdng thdi gian. Chat lugng dudng ndi chung khdng cd su chenh lech qua ldn. Mang ludi dudng qudc lp ciia Tdy Nam Bd ndi chung thudng rdt nhd be.
(a) Khodng cdch (km)
(b) Khodng cdch vd th&i gian
Do thi 1 • Khodng cdch tir cac tinh, thanh Tay Nam Bp den Thdnh pho Ho Chi Minh [9]
Tgi sao cdc dja phuang gan vdi Ddng Nam BO Iai quan trpng? Vj tri dia ly dem lgi sy doi ddo ve khodng sdn, ddt dai mdu mo hay gan bien se tgo ra lgi the phdt trien cho dia phuong, nhung gdn Ddng Nam Bd cimg dem lgi lgi the rdt ldn, Id nhdn td quan trpng de thu hiit cdc ngudn lyc cho phdt trien.
Thir nhdt, Ddng Nam Bp cd nhimg cdng bien de tir dd cd the xuat khau sang cdc nudc khdc. Vi the, gan Ddng Nam Bp ciing CO nghTa gan vdi nhirng diem dau ndi ra ben ngoai, chi phi giao thong thdp hon. Do dd, doanh nghipp cung mudn ddt try sd, co sd sdn xual tai cdc dia phuong gan Ddng N a m B p .
Thic hai, cdc khu cdng nghiep ciia Ddng Nam Bd (Tp. HCM, Binh Duong, Ddng Nai, Bd Ria - Viing Tdu) sau mpt thdi gian ddi thu hut cdc doanh nghiep dd dan dugc ldp ddy, chi phi thue mat bang trd nen ddt dd hon; vi the, cdc nhd dau tu mudn tim
mpt dja dilm gdn vdi Ddng Nam Bp vdi chi phi thue dat, mdt bdng sdn xuat kinh doanh re hon nhung cting phai ddm bdo gdn vdi cdc diem ket ndi Id cdc cang bien, sdn bay cua Ddng Nam Bp.
Tren thyc te, dd cd lan sdng doanh nghiep ttr Ddng Nam Bp tran v l cdc dia phuong ciia Tay Nam Bp, vi sdt vdi Tp.
HCM, Long An se Id dia phuang dupc ly;a chpn dau tien, tiep den la Tiin Giang va Ben Tre. Sau do, cdc dia phuong cd khoang cdch ke tiep cd khd ndng dupc lya chpn cao hcm nhiing dia phuang cd khodng each xa hon. Tuy nhien, khoang each cang gdn thi dnh hudng ciia vi tri dia ly cang mgnh, nhung khodng cdch cang xa thi quyit dinh doanh nghipp se chiu dnh hudng bdi nhieu yiu td khdc thay vi khoang cdch. Chdng ban, mpt doanh nghiep mudn gan cdng biln ciia Ddng Nam Bp thi ho se quyit dinh lya chpn Long An hay Tien Giang thay vi Ca Mau hay Bgc Lieu. Nhung mot doanh 14
Pham Sy An, Tran Thj Mai Thanh nghiep phai quyet dinh giira Ca Mau hay
Bgc Lieu hay Kien Giang thi hp se khong dua bien sd "khoang each vdi Ddng Nam Bp" vao trong quyit dinh md quyit dinh se chiu dnh hudng bdi nhieu ydu td khdc.
Vay, cd mdi tuong quan ndo giiia thu nhdp (GDP/ngudi) vd khoang cdch tir Tp.
HCM den cac tinh, thdnh Tdy Nam Bp. He
sd tuong quan giiia khodng cdch va tdng san phdm/ngudi Id -0,33, cd nghTa la khodng each cdng xa thi thu nhgp ngudi dan cdng gidm. Vi tri dia Iy gdn vdi Ddng Nam Bd ddng vai Ud quan trpng trong phdt trien kinh te tgi dia phucmg vi nhiing lgi ich md Ddng Nam Bd dem lgi nhu nhung lap luan tren [Dd thi 2].
8 0 - •
70 i - i 60 50 j - - - 40 i — 30 y 20 -r 10 i
o o
y = -0,044x + 53,39
- i 2 - . p
00 50 100 Do thj 2. GDP/ngudi va khoang each [8]
Vdi 2 Igi ich gdn Ddng Nam Bd dem lgi cho Tay Nam Bd {gdn cdng bien vd Ian sdng doanh nghiep chuyen ve mdt sd dia phucmg gdn Ddng Nam Bd), ca cau kinh te d cdc dia phuong gan Ddng Nam Bp hon ciing khac vdi cdc dia phucmg d xa Ddng Nam Bp. Dd thi 3 cho thdy cac dia phuong gan Ddng Nam Bd hon thi ty trpng cdng nghiep ciing cd xu hudng cao hon, hay ndi each khac cac dia phucmg cdng xa Ddng Nam Bp thi ty trpng cdng nghiep cdng thap va cdc dia phtrong cang xa Ddng Nam Bp
thi ty trpng ndng nghiep cdng ldn. Cdc dja phuong gdn Ddng Nam Bp se thu hiit cdc doanh nghiep (trong ITnh vyc cdng nghiep), thiic ddy phdt trien cdng nghiep nen mpt mat lam cho san Iugng Uong nganh cdng nghiep tdng manh hon (so vdi san lupng trong nganh ndng nghiep). Nhung mdt khdc, phat trien cdng nghiep se lay ddt ndng nghiep de ldm khu cdng nghiep, xay dung cac CO sd hg tang, dd thi nen bdn than co sd cho sdn xuat ndng nghiep cOing giam. Nhu vay, gan Ddng Nam Bd hcm se lam cho cdu
tnic kinh te nghieng ve cdng nghiep vd nguge lgi xa Ddng Nam Bp sS Idm cho cdu tnic kinh te nghieng ve ndng nghiep. Ciing xin luu y: khdng phdi dia phuang nao gdn Ddng Nam Bp hon ciing cd ty trpng cdng nghiep cao hon nhiing dia phuong xa Ddng Nam Bp hon bdi vi cd nhieu yeu td dinh hinh CO cau ciia nen kinh te cdc dia phucmg.
Nhung d day, yeu td khodng cdch ddng vai trd quan Upng Uong chtmg myc nhat dinh trong vipc dinh hinh cau tnic kinh tl. Vi the, khodng each cang gan Ddng Nam Bp thi dia phucmg do cd xu hudng cd ty trpng cdng nghiep cao hcm vd dja phucmg ndo cdng xa Ddng Nam Bp thi ty trpng ndng nghiep ciia dia phuong dd cd xu hudng thap hcm.
Phdt trien cdng nghipp s§ tgo nhieu cdng dn viec lam vdi miic thu nhdp cao hcm so vdi trong ITnh vyc ndng nghiep. Vi vdy, cd
t h i mudng tugng, nhiing dia phuang cd ty Irpng cdng nghiep ldn hcm se cd GDP/ngudi cao hon. Ngirgc Igi, nhitag dia phuong cd ty upng ndng nghipp trong co cdu kinh t l dia phuang ldn hcm sg cd GDP/ngudi thdp hcm. Dd thi 4 t h i hien mdi tuong quan giua hai dgi Iugng nay tuong ddi rd net. Cdc linh, thdnh cd ty Upng cdng nghiep cao cd mdi quan h§ ducmg vdi GDP/ngudi vd cdc tinh, thdnh cd ty Upng ndng nghiep cao cd mdi quan hp am (ty le nghich) vdi GDP/ngudi.
Cac phan tich fren cho thay, cdc dia phucmg gan Ddng Nam Bd se cd nhieu lgi the de thu hiit doanh nghipp vd phdt trien cdng nghiep, tir dd Idm gia tang sdn Iugng vd thu nhap ngudi dan tai dia phuong. Vi tri dja ly gan Ddng Nam Bp vdi the manh ve CO sd ha tdng Id mpt lgi the cho cac dja phucmg c6 khodng cdch gdn giii.
4 5 4 0 3 5 3 0 2 5 2 0 15 IO 5
y = O
"
a , o ] 7 x O
• T - 2 7
9
J 4
o o
o
50 100 150 20O 2SO 3O0 350 (a) Ty trgng nong nghicp va khoang each
Pham Sv An. Tran Thi Mai Thanh
O
o
V = -O.OSOx * 32,85
o o
" t r - o - _ _ _
(b) Ty trpng cong nghiep vd khodng cdch Do thj 3. Ty trpng ndng nghigp va cdng nghiep vdi khoang each [8], [9]
y = 0 , 9 3 6 x + 2 3 , X e
og-o---^;^
- O
(a) Ty irpng cong nghifp vd GDP/ngu&i
3 0 - 2 0 -
- 0 , 9 j L e x - t - 7 3 , 4 3 6 _ ""rr —^
(b) Ty trpng ndng nghiep vd GDP/ngu&i Do thi 4. Ty trpng cdng nghigp, ndng nghiep va GDP/ngudi [8]
3. The che kinh te trong phat trien kinh te Tay Nam Bp
Nhan td thii hai la vai Ud ciia ndng luc canh tranh cdp linh ddi vdi sy thinh vugng ciia dia phuong. Chi sd ndng luc canh tranh cap tinh (PCI) Id mpt chi sd tdng hgp, bao gdm nhieu thanh phan nhu gia nhdp thi trudng, liep can ddl dai, tinh minh bach, chi phi thdi gian, canh tranh binh ddng, tinh ndng dpng, dich vu ho trp doanh nghiep, dao lao lao ddng va thill chl phdp ly vd an ninh trat ty.
Chi sd PCI dugc 2 id chiic la Phdng Cdng nghiep vd Thuang mgi Viet Nam (VCCI) va Co quan Phdt yien Qudc te ciia Hoa Ky (USAID) phdi hgp xay dyng. Chi sd PCI nhan dugc sy quan lam rat Idn lir phia cac chinh quyen dja phucmg, nhieu dja phucmg da thdnh lap cdc nhdm de cai thien mdi trudng kinh doanh vd nang luc canh tranh cap linh theo ket qud ciia PCI. Chi sd nay phdn dnli chat lugng the che ciia dia phuong.
Theo nhieu nghien cim, nhirng qudc gia cd the che tdt thudng cd miic thu nhap ngudi dan cao hcm so vdi nhung qudc gia cd the che tdi [3], [5], [6]. O day, khi xem
xet cho cdp dp 13 tinh, thdnh phd ciia lay Nam Bd, moi tucmg quan nay cung tuong ddi ro rdng. Dia phuong ndo cd chi sd PCI cao hon ciing thudng cd thu nhap ngudi dan cao hcm (Dd thi 5). N h u v a \ . tir tr^rc quan, Ihl c h l kinh t l tdt hon cung ddng thdi ldm cho thu-nhap ngudi dan cao hon.
Nghien ciiu mdi quan he giu'a the che kinh l l va thu nhdp cho cdc dja phuang cd mot Igi t h i so vdi nghien ciiu mdi quan he nay cho cac qudc gia vi khi nghien ciru cdc qudc gia cd nhieu yeu td dan xen de ldm md nhat hodc gia tang vai Ud ciia t h i c h l kinh te md khi nghien cuu cho cdc dja phuong sS logi bd dugc dieu nay.
Mdt luu y niia khi nhin vdo dd thi dudi cho thdy mdi tuong quan nguge giura PCI vd khoang each. Dia phuang cd khoang each cang xa vdi Ddng Nam Bp thi chi so PCI cang gidm. Cd le cdc dia phuang cang xa vdi Tp. HCM thi cdng il doanh nghiep vd do dd dpng luc cai each mdi trudng kinh doanh se cang gidm. Neu nhu the, cai thien mdi trudng kinh doanh va nang luc canh tranh la do tdc ddng cua khoang each dia ly nen khdng han dugc chii ddng gidi quyet bdi chinh quyen dja phuang.
o o
-- i,o2ax - l a . o so o
(a) PClvd GDP/ngir&i
Pham sy An, Tran Thj Mai Thanh 3 5 0
3 0 0 2 5 O 2 0 0 1 5 0 l O O S O
V = - 1 7 , 8 0 x + 1 2 8 2 ,
• - - c >
o
(b) PCI vd khodng cdch
Do thj 5. Chi so ndng lire cgnh Uanh va GDP/ngudi, khoang each [8], [9]
Tuy nhien, khi bd 3 dja phuong gan vdi Ddng Nam Bp nhat la Long An, Tien Giang va Bin Tre khdi mau thi he sd tuong quan tdng len -0,61 (tir -0,56). Nhu vdy, y i u td chii quan, chu dpng ciia ldnh dao cdc dja phucmg trong vipc cdi thien mdi trudng kinh doanh la rat quan trpng.
4. Ket luan
Tir cdc phan tich tren, chiing tdi nit ra mgt sd ket luan quan trpng. Thii: nhdt, vj tri dia ly - khoang each giiia cdc dja phuang Tay Nam Bd vdi Ddng Nam Bd ddng vai trd quan trpng den miic sdng ngudi dan cdc tinh Tay Nam Bd. Cac dja phuong cang gan vdi Ddng Nam Bp hcm thi cdng phat trien hon. Dieu nay la do Igi the ciia cac dja phuang khi d gdn vdi Ddng Nam Bo. Thir hai, the che kinh te ddng vai trd quan Upng Uong phat trien kinh te khdng kem gi so vdi vj tri dia Iy. Tuy nhien, cac dja phuang can dpng luc de thiic day cai thien co che khuyen khich nhdm thiic ddy n i n kinh t l
phdt trien, ndng cao mirc sdng vd thjnh vugng cua ngudi dan.
Vi tri dja ly vd the che kinh t l Id cdc nhan td quan trpng cho phat triln kinh t l cdc dia phucmg vting Tay Nam Bd. Cdc dia phuong gan Ddng Nam Bp ndi chung se phdt trien hon do gan cdng, gan dilm kit ndi. Cac dja phuong cd the che kinh te tdt han ciing tao nen thjnh vugng nhieu hon.
Tir cdc nlian dinh nay, bdi viet ggi md mpt sd giai phap sau:
Thir nhdt. cdn phdt trien co sd hg tdng tgi vimg Tay Nam Bd de khdng phdi phu thupc vao cang bien, cdng hang khdng ctia Ddng Nam Bp. Cd the xay dyng cang bien nudc sau Tran De (Sdc Trdng), trung tam logistics tai Can Tho de hoat ddng sdn xuat Tdy Nam Bd khdng phdi phu thudc qud mirc vao he thdng cang bien, cdc diem ket ndi tai Ddng Nam Bd.
Thir hai. thdng diep ldn nhat cho cac dja phuong each xa Ddng Nam Bd la: neu khdng cd may man thi phdi nd luc cai thien thi chl. Hay ndi cdch khdc, neu cdc dia
phuang xa Ddng Nara Bp (khong cd ma>- mdn) thi can no luc cdi thien the che kinh te.
Thu ba, ty Upng cdng nghiep cao hcm Idm thu nhdp/ngudi ldn hon vi ldm boat ddng cdng nghiep tao nhieu viec ldm vdi thu nhdp cao hon. Day Id Iy do cdc dia phuong Tdy Nam Bp ludn mudn xdy dyng cac khu cdng nghiep de thu hiit doanh nghiep vdo cho dii ty Ie ldp day Id rat thap.
De phdt trien cdng nghiep d cac dia phuong khdng gdn Ddng Nam Bd, cdc dja phucmg can phdt trien cdng nghiep che bien cac sdn pham ndng nghiep. Hodc, cac dia phucmg cd nhirng dieu kien ty nhien thudn tien cho phat triln ndng lugng tdi tao (ndng Iugng gid, mdt trdi, ddng chdy, sinli khdi...) thi Chinh phu can cd chinh sach thiic day phat uien.
B&i viet 1^ san pham cua de t^i khoa hgc Cdc giai phdp ca ban nham phat irien ben vung vimg Toy Nam Bp trong boi canh mdi, ma s6 KHCN-TNB, DT/14-19/X18, thuOc Chucmg trinh Klioa hoc va Cfing ngh? phyc vy phit trien b^n vUng vung Tay Nam BO.
Tai lieu tham khao
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(2004), Institutions as ihe Fundamenial Cause ofLong-Rvn Growth, NBER Working Paper No. 10481, National Bureau of Economic Research.
[2] Acemoglu, D. \k Robinson, J. (2012), Why Nations Fail: Origins of Power. Poverty and Prosperity, Crown Publishers (Random House).
[3] Dollar, D vk Kraay, A. (2003), "Institutions, Trade, and Growth", Journal of Monetary Economica, Vol. 50, N o . l .
[41 North, D. C. (1991), "Institutions", Journal of Economic Perspectives, Vol. 5, No. I, [51 Hall, R, E., vd Jones, C. I. (1997), "Levels of
Economic Activity Across Countries", The American Economic Review, Vol. 87, No. 2.
[6] Hall, R, E., vk Jones, C. I.. (1999), "Why Do Some Conuntries Produce So Much More Output Per Worker Than Othere?", The Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol. 114, No. 1.
[7] Sachs, J. D. (2001), Tropical Underdevelopment, Working Paper 8119, National Bureau of Economic Research.
[8] hltp://www.gso.gov.vn/DefanIt.aspx?/
tabid-706&itttemlD= 13412 [9] ll ttp ://w WW. goo le.com/mapes
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