1 ^ THirrriiN-KINH NGHIEM
QUY HOACH KHONG GIAN BIEN VAVEN BIEN HAI PHONG
Hl/GfNG TOfI MOT THANH PHO CANG XANH
• PGS,TS NGUYEN CHU HOI Dai hoc Quoc gia Hd Noi
1. Quan nif m ve quy hoach khong gian bien Quy hoach khdng gian biln (QHKGB) dugc thuc hien cdeh day khoang 30 ndm tti y tuong phan viing chiic nang de chia khong gian biln trong pham vi Cdng viln biln qudc te Ddi san hd ldn (Great Barrier Reef Intemational Marine Park) thupc bien San Hd, Dong Bdc Oxtrdyha ra thanh cac "don vi khdng gian" (viing) de quan ly, su dung bleu qua va thich ting vdi chiic ndng tu nhien ciia tung vung. Sau do, phan vung chuc nang duoc ap dung rgng rai trong quan ly va bao tdn biln 6 cap toan cdu, khu vuc va qudc gia vd xem ddy Id cdng cu hiiu hieu trong qua trinh trien khai ke hoach quan ly ngay sau khi n6 dugc co quan nhd nuoc cd tham quyin phe duyet. Quy hoach khdng gian bien dugc xem la mgt "cong cu" quan ly, khai thdc, su dung bien, hd trg sti dimg hgp ly cac viing bien - ven bien va Idem sodt phdt triin kinh tl biln. Trgng dd, phat trien kinh tibiin xanh la mpt trong nhiing ddi tupng tiem nang ddi voi dp dung QHKGB.
Theo B. Elhler va D. Fanny "Quy hoach khong gian bien la mgt qud trinh phdn tich va phan bd (do ca quan nha nuac c6 tham quyin thuc hiln) cdc boat ddng cua con nguoi theo khdng gian vd thai gian 6 cac viing bien nhat dinh dl dat cac muc tieu kmh tl, xd hdi va sinh thdi, va thuang dugc cu thi hda dudi dang rapt quy dinh chinh sdch"'".
Co quan Quan ly Khi quyen va Dai duong Hoa Ky (NOAA) cho rdng: QHKGB khdng chi dl cap den cdc vdn dl vl kinh t l nhu cac tuyen hang hai, khai thdc dau khi, v.v.. ma con ca nhung van de ve moi trudng va cac gia tri vdn hoa.
Tai Hpi nghi Thugng dinh ve Mdi trudng vd Phdt triin {Rio+20) hgp tEu Rio de lanerio thdng 6-2012, cdc qudc gia da cting nhau xac dinh 6 nhom van de cdn glal quyit dl thiic dSy phdt trien bin vimg Trai ddt: tang trudng xanh, nguon vdn tu nhien, dai dirang, do thi xanh, canh quan va nang luang bin v&ng. Co thi noi, 6 vdn de ca ban nay deu phii hgp vdi Hai Phong - mdt viing dat viia co mil riing, vira CO do thi va biln, cung nhu phii hgp vdi huong phat triin "Thanh phd cang xanh".
LfLUAN CHfNHTRI-So 1/2015
ja
2. Loi the cua vung bi^n, ven bien Hai Phong Hdi Phong la thdnh phd ven biln, ndm &
trung tdm viing duyin hai Bdc BO. cdeh thu dd Ha Ndi I02km, c6 tdng dien tieh tu nhien la L523km^. Ndm 6'niit giao ciia hai hanh lang vd mgt vanh dai kuih t l hgp tdc phat triin giiia Viet Nam vd Tnmg Qudc, nen Hdi Phong thudn lgi trong hpi nhdp vd hgp tdc kmh te qudc tl, ddc bilt vdi cdc nudc Ddng A.
Viing bien Hai Phong cd diln tich khoang 4 n^iin km^ gdp 2,6 Idn dien tich ddt dai cua thdnh phd, chiim 5,4% dien ti'eh vinh Bdc B6. Dgc chilu ddi 125km dudng bd' biln Hai Phong cd 6 ciia song chinh dd ra biln va 3 huyen tilp giap vdi biln va 2 huyen dao Id Cdt Hai va Bach Long Vi.
Tu gdc nhin quy hoaeh khdng gian, cd the xem todn bd Hdi Phdng Id mdt viing ven bien.
Viing bien Hdi Phdng eo hon 400 dao, tdp tnmg fy qu& dao Cat Ba (367 dao) vdi diln tich 334,Ikm^ trong dd dao da vdi Cdt Bd la radt trong ba ddo Ion nhdt 6 nudc ta va la dao da vol ldn duy nhdt. Tren cdc dao c6 cdc he smh thdi ring nhiet ddi con giii dupc tinh da dang smh hpc cao. Q u ^ dao dd vdi Cat Ba - Long Chau c6 canh quan dgc ddo, chiia dung cdc gid tri todn cdu. Bach Long Vi thupe Hal Phong la dao xa bd nhdt cua Viit Nam trong vinh Bdc Bd, co diln tich ddt tg nhiln khdng ldn (3,2 km^ khi thtiy trieu kiet), nhung c6 vi tri chiln lupc vd tdm quan trpng dde bi|t ddi voi qudc phdng - an ninh, bdo dam chti quyen qudc gia tren bien.
Ban ddo D6 Son vuon ra bien chung 3 km, chu vi 22,5km. Ven bien, ven dao Hdi Phong co nhilu bai tdm dep, rdt thudn lpi cho phdt triin du lich bien va giai tii. Ddc bilt, cdc tiing, dng (mpt loai hd nudc mdn trong vimg dao da vol) la cac smh canh rat ddc ddo ciia qudn dao da vdi Cat Ba - Long Chau va vinh Lan Ha, noi cd thi lam thanh cdc "Aquarium tu nhien" dl nuoi cdc loai smh vdt canh phuc vu du lich bien, dao'^'.
Khu duOlisinh quyen Cdt Bd (dugc UNESCO cdng nhdn nam 2004) rdng khodng 26.240ha, co I7.040ha rimg trin can vd 9.200ha rimg duoi nudc, trong do cd 570ha ning nguyen smh nhilt doi; CO 745 loai thuc vdt bac cao, thugc 495 chi vd 149 hg thuc vat vdi nhilu loai thuc vat quy hiem; dgng vdt cd 28 loai thu, 37 loai chun va 20 loai bo sdt luong cu, trong dd ed loai ddc biet quy hiim nhuVopc dau trdng.
Theo ddnh gid ciia ESCAP (1987) thi tilm nang dau khi vinh Bdc Bp noi chung va biln Hai Phdng ndi rieng la kha rd'^'. Ngodi ra, Hai Phdng con CO cdc loal hinh khoang sdn khde: da vdi, sihc, phdt phdt, Qudczit, Tectit vd dd philn chdy Asfalt. Nguon nuac khodng ndng dugc phdt hien 6 ddo Cdt Ba va huyen Tiln Lang cd chdt lugng tdt diing di chua benh, rdt thich hgp khai thdc phuc vu du lich nghi dudng.
Trong vting bien Hai Phdng co hai ngu truong quan trpng va ndi tilng Id Bach Long VI vd Cdt Bd - Long Chdu. Cdc he sinh thdi bien quan trpng nhu ran san ho eo chat lugng khd tdt phan bd a ven bo Cat Bd, Long Chau va Bach Long Vi; rimg ngap man va tham rong tao - CO biln phdn bd a vting triiu, trin cdc bai bdi ctia sdng, ven bien, ven dao. Ve da dang loai, viing biln Hdi Phong c6 135 lodi thuc vdt ndi, 138 loai rong, 23 loai thuc vat ngap mdn, 500 loai dpng vat ddy viing trieu, 150 loai san ho, 189 lodi cd, tdm. Hai Phdng ndi tilng trong nudc vdi cdc loai ddc sdn biln nhu: tdm he biln, muc, tu hai, bao ngu, trai ngpc, rong cau vdi hdm lupng Agar kha cao. Hai Phong ndm trong khu vuc nhiet ddi gid mua nin khi hau cd tinh "miia vu" kha rd,... cfe phdi tinh din trong phdt triin kinh te - xa hdi ciia thdnh phd: iing lut, sat 16 bo song va xdi labobiln, sa bdi luong bin, xdm nhdp man ngay cang sau,v.v..
Hai Phong cd nhilu di tieh lich su - van hoa vdi 89 di tich biln - ven biln. Khu vix ven biln
LVLUAN CHfNH TRI-So 1/2015
Tl
T H U C T I I N - K I N H NGHIlMHai Phdng cd nhieu 11 hgi, thudng tap tiling vao nhiing thang ddu nam sau Tit cd truyin va thudng gdn vdi san xudt va cac hoat dpng vdn hoa dan gian nhu Le hpi chpi Trau, Le hgi den Trang, Li hgi xudng biln, Hgi du xuan a Thiiy Nguyin, Hgi dua thuyin tmyen thdng tren bien (dao Cdt Hdi). Li hpi chpi Trau 6 Dd Son la mdt trong nhung 11 hgi tilu bieu cua cd nudc'^'.
3. Phae hoa quy hoach khong gian biin va ven bien huong toi kinh te biln xanh
Hai Phong co nhieu lgi the ve phdt triin kmh tl biln vd trin thuc te kinh t l biln chiera ty trpng rat ddng kl trong co cdu kmh tl cua thanh phd va dupc xdc dmh la thanh phd cang, trung tam kinb te, cong nghiep, thmrngmai, du lich cua vimg duyen hai Bic Bo, la cua cbinb ra bien cua cic tlnh phia Bic, la diu mdi giao thong quan trong cua miin Bic va ci nu&c, la mdt trong cic cue tang truang cua vung kinh ti trong diem Bic Bo va vung ven biin ca nu&c.
Ben canh viec khai thdc hieu qua cdc "lgi thi tinh", Hai Phdng can chti trgng tao ra cdc "lpi the dpng" dl khde phuc cac "yeu thi" va dl biin loi thi thanh lpi ich. Cu thi: tilp tiic tao CO chl md' va moi trudng ddu tu thuan lpi dl phdt triin kinh t l - xd hdi bien; bao toan dugc ngudn vdn tu nhiln va van hoa vdn co cua thdnh phd dl phat huy lpi thi tinh; bao vl mdi trudng bien vd chu dpng thich iing vdi bien ddi khi hau vd bien ddi dai duong; giam phdt thai va xii ly chat thai tren cdc khu vuc dd thi, hai ddo va cang; phdt huy ddy dti, co hieu qua cac ngudn luc ben trong, tranh thu vd thu hdt manh cac ngudn lue ben ngodi de xay dung mgt nin kinh te biln xanh.
Tren ca so cac dac trung phan hda lanh tho, CO thi nhan thdy Hai Phdng hien dien 7 "mang"
(don vi) khdng gian chu yeu, trong do co khdng gian dd tiii Hal Phong, khdng gian ven biln, khong gian biln-dao Cat Ba-Long Chau va
khong gian biln - dao Bach Long VT. Moi don vj khong gian vd cdc he thdng tdi nguyen trong no CO tilm nang vd lgi the khde nhau, nhung cd 3 thudc tinh can phai tinh den khi hoach dinh chien lupc phat trien (khai thdc, sii dung, quan ly) trong ddi han ctia thdnh phd: tinh troi, tinh da dung (miilti-iise)va tmh lien kit (connectivity)'^'; vd khi tilp can he thdng dua vao he sinh thai can phai dugc dp dung trong qud tririh tien hanh QHKGB.
Ming khdng gian bien - dao Cit Ba - Long Chau
Trong mang khdi^ gian nay co su hiln diln dgc dao cua cum quan dao dd vdi Cdt Bd - Long Chdu - Ddu Be quy md Ion, chiia dung cdc gia tri toan cau va qudc gia. Day la cac he tu nhien da dung, CO tinh trpi khde voi cdc mdng khdng gian con lai ciia Hai Phong, va la mpt bg phan cua ehinh thi quan thi dao dd vdi Ha Long - Cdt Bd vdi trin 2 nghin dao da vdi ldn, nho phdn b6 tap trung a vinh Bdi Tu Long, vinh Ha Long, Cdt Ba, vinh Lan Ha, Dau Be vd Long Chau. Khi khai thdc, Sli dung can luu y din tinh hen ket mac dii tren thuc tl chinh the nay da bi phdn cdt bdi hai chti the hanh chmh Id tinh Quang Nmh va TP.
Hai Phong. Cac tinh ehdt vdn cd noi tren cia mang khong gian biln - dao Cdt Ba - Long Chau la tiln dl rat quan trgng de phat triin cdc nganh kinh tl xanh dua vao bao tdn, tiiich iing vol biln ddi khi hau vd nudc biln dang. Ben canh hai nganh kinh te dang phdt triin hien nay la ngh^
cd va du lich, edn chii y ddu tu phat triin nghi ca gidi tri (danh cd giai tri, eau ca giai tii, ea canh san hd); da dang hoa cac loai hinh du lieh nhir du lich lan, du thuyin, td chiic tuyen leo niii (tham chl du lich mao hiem); phdt huy va ton tao cdc gia tri lieh su, truyin thdng, van hda va khao ed hgc tuong xiing, ddng thoi tang cuong cac dich vu chat lugng cao phuc vu du lich, nghi cd, giao thuang.
m
TEIO dung thgm "thuong higu" cho mdng khdng gian bien - dao Cdt Ba - Long Chdu qua vigc: tigp tue de nghi Chinh phil trmh UNESCO c6ng nhdn mo rpngdisdnthign nhign thg gioi vinh Ha Long vm tgn gpi moi "Dl sdn Thign nhign The gioi vinb Ha Long - Cdt Bd", bao gom quan the da vol vinh Bdi Tir Long, vinh Ha Long, qudn dao Cdt Bd, qudn dao da vol Long Chdu, qudn ddo dd v51 Ddu Bg; thigt lap mai "Cong vign Dia chdt todn cdu" trong pham vi qudn thg ddo dd voi noi trgn; qudn ly vd sii dimg hieu qud cdc gid tri bdo ton da dugc qudc tg, qudc gia vinh danh, nhu; Vudn Qudc gia Cat Bd, Khu du tru smh quygn Cdt Bd, Khu bdo tfin bign Cdt Bd;
xdy dimg Bao tang Cdt Bd, bao gdm ca tu nhign vd vdn hda, lich sir; xay dimg mpt Khu thuy cung bign; xay dimg Khu tu6ng nigm nai Bac H6 vg thdm ba con ngu ddn Cdt Bd nam 1959 vdi mgt thdng diep bign dao; "Bign bac cila ta do nhdn ddn talam chii!", v.v.
Dai ven hiin vihe thdng cang - khu kinh tg ven bien
Dai ven bien Hal Phdng cd nhieu lpi thg nhung eflng chiu nhigu tae ddng triie tigp tii cdc ho Jt ddng phdt trign ciia thdnh pho, vd cd mdt trong 5 cijmkhu kmh tgven bign (Dmh Vfl - Cdt Hdi) dupc Chinh phii uu tign dau tu dgn ndm 2020. Van dg sil dung hgp ly dai ven bien Hal Phdng (khu vue phia Bdc Dd Son) cho mue dich phdt trign cdng phii thudc rdt nhigu vdo kha ndng bdo toan cau tnic vd cbiJc ndng uu vi0t eiia mdt vflng cila sdng hinh phgu Bach Ddng ma Ciia Nam Trieu ddng vai trd quygt dinh. Tuy nhign, nam 1981, dap Dmh Vfl (phia dual kgnh Dmh Vfl) dugc xay ddp dd gdy bdi lap cua song Cdm - mpt ttong nhimg ciia ludng ehinh vdo cdng Hal Phdng xua, gdy sa bdi nghigm ttpng ddi vdi vung ciia Nam Trigu (dp sdu hign ehi edn 2,7m). Ludng ehinh vde cdng Hal Phdng hien nay ldm thay ddi todn canh biic ttanh
phdn bd phu sa ttong dign rdng cua viing ciia sdng hinh pMu Bach Ddng (tii Bdc Dd Son dgn Laeh Huyen)'". Dieu nay gdy khd khdn cho tdu thuyen qualai.daebigtldtauttpngtdildn, anh budng khdng nho dgn vai ttd cang chinh ndm sdu ttong thdnh phd.
De gidi quygt nhu can thuc tg vg eang nudc sdu, ttang khi van bao tdn duge edu true vdn ed eua cdc vflng ciia sdng edn phdi chu y dgn hudng dOngliKchudaocfladongthuy trigu vd miie do cd kgt "ygu" eua cac cdn, bd cdt ven sdng de phdt huy dupc khd ndng tu lam saeh ludng vd ttdnh lam "out cdt" bai bo Idp ludng ttong qud trinh khai thdc,sudimg.Ngodira,dg bao dam cang eiia ngd qudc tg Laeh Huygn tuong laikhdnggayracdctdedpngmdi trudng dgn cdc khu bign, ddo ldn can dupc ddnh gid la gidu gia tn bdo tdn, can tign hdnh lap hd so trinh Td chiic Hang hdi Qudc te (MO) edng nhdn vung nudc aia cdng ciia ngd qudc te Laeh Huygn vd bign phia ngoai thdnh Khu vuc bign ddc bigt nhay cam (PSSA) dg dugc hudng che do quan ly nghiem ngat hon theo Cdng ude MARPOL.
Dai ven biin vi phit trign dd thi Khdng gian dd thi Hal Phdng cd mdt hudng mo rdng vg phia bien - qudn Dd San. Do dd, ngoai eac tuygn dudng tnic ndi vol tnmg tdm thdnh phd, cdn ehu y xay dimg tuygn dudng ven bign bien dai ttgn ea sd bdo dam cae khdng gian edng edng venbign.Ddngthdi,deiingphd thign tai va nudc bign dang, ngn tao hdnh lang an toan giira dat va bign (thudng la ddi gian trigu) cho phat trign dai ban, khdng quy hoach xay dimg cac khu dan cu, eac khu kinh tg vd edng nghigp sat bd bign vdi mat dp eao.
Dd thi Hal Phdng ndm d vung dat ven bien cd nhigu sdng, laeh udn khuc manh trudc khi dd ra bign, ttong qud trinh quy hoach phdt trign dd thi can tan dung tinh trdi nay. He thdng
LVLUAN CHfNH TRI-So 1/2015
EL
T H U C T I E N - KINH NGHIEM sdng, laeh s l khdng chi lam dep chg dd thi Hai Phdng ma cdn tao ra yiu td tilu khi hau. Cung vdi do, nhiing cay cau dep se tra thanh net dep cho kiln tnic do thi ven biln, hinh thanh nhiing cdng trinh vdn hda vd Id d i l m d i n ciia du khdch. Hinh mau quy hoach cua thanh phd Sain-Peterbur (Lien bang Nga) vd nhiing cay cdu Idm thay ddi bg mdt cua do thi Da Ndng a nudc ta la nhiing kmh nghiem thuc te rdt ddng hgc tdp.Hien nay, Hai Phong dang trien khai thuc hien Chiln lupc qudc gia ve tang truong xanh'^, Kl hoach hdnh dpng qudc gia vl Tdng tnrong xanh giai doan 2014-2020'^' vd v l "Xdy dung va phat triin thanh phd Hal Phong trong thdi ky CNH, HDH ddt nu6c"theo huong xay dung Hai Phong thdnh "Thdnh phd cang xanh", uong dd cd kinh t l bien'^'. Ddy Id ca hpi d l Hai Phong tai edu tnic nen kinh tl, trong dd cd kinh te bien, phii hpp vdi dinh hudng phat ttiln ben viing thdnh phd •
(1) Elhler B. and Fanny D. aOC/UNESCO): Quy hoach khong gian biin: tiip can timg budc huong tdi quin ly dua vao he sinh thai. Tai lieu dich ra tieng
Vi?t do Bp Tai nguyen va Moi trucmg phdt hanh. Ha Npi, 2010.
(2), (4) UBND thanh phd Hai Phong: Tdng kit "Phat triin kinh ti thi tnrdng dinh huang xa hoi chii nghia" qua 30 nam ddi moi (1986-2016) ciia thanh phdHdi Phdng, 2014.
(3) Nguyin Chu Hoi (Chu bien): Tim nhm kinh ti biin va phit triin nganh thuy san, Ky yiu Hdi thao qudc gia, Ha Noi, 2007.
(5) Nguyin Chu Hdi: "Kinh t l bien xanh: Ly luan va thuc tiin ddi voi Hai Phong 2014", Tap chiHanghai VietNam, sd 7-2014, tr 32-35.
(6) Nguyin Chu Hoi:" Su dting hpp ly vimg ba bien tir gdc nhin phat triin he thdng cang Hai Phdng", Tap chiHanghai VietNam, sd3-2014, d:.12-15.
(7) Quyit dinh 1393/QD-TTg ngay 29-9-2012 ciia Thu tudng Chinh phti vl viec phe duyet Chiln lupc qudc gia vl tang truang xanh, 2012.
(8) Quyit dinh 403/QD-Trg ngay 20-03-2014 cua Thil tuong Chinh phu ve viec phg duyet Kl hoach Hdnh dpng qudc gia vl tang truong xanh giai doan 2014-2020,2014.
(9) Kit luan sd 72-KL/TW cua Bp Chinh tri vl tilp tpc day manh thirc hien Nghi quyet sd 32-NQ/TW (2003), 2013.
