CAC NHAN TO ANH HlJOfNG DEN PHAT TRIEN CONG NGHIEP CHE BIEN GO TINH QUANG NAM:
THUC TRANG VA GIAI PHAP
LE TRUNG HIEU
TOM TAT:
Trong chien Iffdc phat trien kinh te - xa hoi, tinh Quang Nam rat chii trpng phat trien cdng nghiep che bien gd (CNCBG). Trong nhttng nam qua, nganh CNCBG eua tinh Quang Nam da cd nhttng bffdc phat trien raanh rae va dat dffdc nhieu thanh tffu to ldn. Tuy nhien, thffc te phat trien Nganh eon nhieu bat cap va gap nhieu khd khan. Bai bao phan tich cac nhan td anh hffdng de'n sff phat trien nganh CNCBG cua tinh, tff dd dffa ra rapt so giai phap nham thiic day sff phat trien ciia nganh CNCBG tinh Quang Nam trong thdi gian tdi.
Tff khoa: Cdng nghiep che bie'n gd, nhan to' anh hffdng, tinh Quang Nam.
1. Dat van dd
Trong nhttng nam qua, nganh CNCBG tinh Quang Nam da cd sff tang trffdng manh me ve sd Iffdng, chat Iffdng cung nhff chiing loai san pham.
Mac dii dat dffdc nhieu thanh tffu va cd ddng gdp dang ke cho kinh te tinh Quang Nam nhffng CNCBG ciia tinh vIn cdn nhieu ye'u kem, hoat ddng san xuat - kinh doanh ciia nganh tren dia ban chffa thffc sff dn dinh va ben vttng. Thffc tiSn cho thay cd nhieu bat cap trong quy hoach xay dffng cac nha may, quy hoach viing trdng nguyen lieu, cac doanh nghiep phat trien nhd le, thieu lien ket dau tff va tam nhin quy hoach dai ban.
Trffde thffc tiln dd, viec nghien cffu thffc trang CNCBG tinh Quang Nara, dac biet nghien cffu chuyen sau de tira hieu nhffng nhan td anh hffdng den sir phat trien ciia nganh la bet sffc can thiet, nhara lam sang td nhffng luan diem ly luan va thufc tiln neu tren, ddng thdi la cd sd de de xuat giai
phap gdp phan phat trien CNCBG ciia tinh trong qua trinh hdi nhap.
2. Do'i tff ffng va phffffng phap nghien cu'u Ddi tuang cda nghien cdu: Thffc trang phai trien va cac nhan to anh hffdng de'n sff phat trieii CNCBG tinh Quang Nam. Ngudn tff lieu chu yen dffdc sff dung trong nghien cffu bao gdm nhiJn?
thdng tin raa tac gia thu thap tff thffc te boat dgng cua cac doanh nghiep che bie'n gd, cac bao caove thffc trang CNCBG, nien giam thdng ke t i Quang Nam, cac bao cao cua Tdng cue Lam nghiep Viet Nam.
Nghien cdu sd dung cdc phucfng phdp nM Phffdng phap phan tich thffc chffng, phan ticl^
chuan tac, thd'ng ke md ta va thdng ke phanticti.
3. Ket qua nghien cffu
3.1. ThUc trang cdng nghiep che bien gd U Quang Nam
Tinh Quang Nara dang trong qua trinh thffc hie!
cdng nghiep hda, hien dai hda va phan dau sdm trd thanh tinh cdng nghiep. Tuy chiem ti trpng khdng ldn trong cd cau kinh te cua tinh nhffng ITnh vffc san xuat, che bien lara san ddng gdp rat ldn vao phat trien kinh te cua tinh va chuyen dich cd cau kinh te d 9 huyen raien nui cua tinh. Trong nhttng nara qua, nganh CNCBG cua tinh Quang Nam da cd sff tang trffdng manh me ve so' Iffdng, chat Iffdng, cung nhff chiing loai san pham. Nam 2016 tinh cd 150 doanh nghiep, chiem 3,44% tdng sd cd sd che bie'n gd cua ca nffdc. So vdi nam 2011 so Iffdng cd sd che bie'n go tinh Quang Nam tang 33 doanh nghiep tffc tang 28,2%. Nam 2016, tdng gia tri xuat khau gd va cac san phara che bien gd tinh Quang Nam dat 74,5 trieu USD. Thi trffdng tieu thu chinh la My, Nhat, Han Qud'c va cac nffdc chau Au.
Bang 1. So lUdng doanh nghiep che bien gd giai doqn 2011 - 2016
Bang 2. Sd lffdng doanh nghiep che bien g6 theo quy nno vdn
Nam
; 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
So lUdng doanh nghigp
117 123 143 146 143 150
!• Qui md ve vd'n: Vd'n dau tff rapt doanh nghiep J vffa bieu hien quy md san xuat theo be rpng; ddng (thdi the hien trinh dp trang hi ky thuat, cdng nghe
•va quan ly.
Cac doanh nghiep che bie'n gd cd quy md nhd 'cua tinh (dffdi Ity ddng) van cdn chiem ty le cao '22% trong tdng so' cac doanh nghiep che' bien gd
•tinh Quang Nam. Cac doanh nghiep nay cd quy md nhd, vd'n it, cdng nghe lac hau, chu ye'u la gia cdng cho cac cdng ty ldn. Day la cac cd sd quy ''•md hd gia dinh, hdp tac xa, cd sd che bie'n gd quy Fmd sieu nhd cd vd'n nhd hdn 1 ty ddng. Phan ldn h a c doanh nghiep cd quy md vffa vdi mffc vd'n 3au tff 1 10 ty ddng, chiem 62,7%. Cac doanh
%ghiep cd quy md ldn (tren 10 ty ddng) cdn :hiem ty le tffdng dd'i nhd 15,3%.
Quy mo von Dadi 0,5 ty dong 0,5 - 1 ty ddng
1 - 5 ty ddng 5 -10 ty ddng Tren 10 ty dong
Soiffdng doanh nghl§p 15
18 63 31 23
Qui md ve lao ddng: Nhff da phan tich d tren eac doanh nghiep che bien gd tinh Quang Nam phan ldn la doanh nghiep vffa va nhd nen so' Iffdng lao ddng tren 1 doanh nghiep la tffdng dd'i it. So' doanh nghiep nhd vdi quy md dffdi 50 ngffdi la 130 doanh nghiep, chiem 86,7%. So' doanh nghiep cd quy md tren 50 ngffdi chi chiem ty le rat nhd la 13,3%.
3.2. Cdc nhdn td'dnh hddng den cdng nghiep che bien gd tinh Quang Nam
Sau khi nghien cffu cac cdng trinh trong nffdc va tren the gidi, tac gia nhan thay cd mot so' nhan to' chii dao anh hffdng den sff phat trien eiia nganh nhff sau:
Nguon nguyen lieu: Dien tich rffng tff nhien cua tinh cd khoang 389.600 ha vdi trff Iffdng gd khoang 30 trieu m^, trong dd rffng giau khoang 10.000 ha, phan bd chu yeu la dinh niii cao. Dien tich rffng cdn lai chu ye'u la rffng ngheo, rffng trung binh va rffng tai sinh. Rffng trdng khoang 60.000 ha. Cd the ndi, ngudn tai nguyen rffng da va dang gdp phan can bang sinh thai mdi trffdng, vffa la ndi cung cap nguyen lieu cho cac lang nghe tren dia ban, nhff:
nghe rape, nghe tre dan, lam hffdng, che bie'n gd...
Ngudn nguyen lieu gd hdp phap tren dia ban tinh hien nay vffa thie'u lai khdng dam bao chat Iffdng, khien nhieu doanh nghiep tren dia ban phai nhap Idiau tren 60% gd nguyen lieu tff nffdc ngoai de che bien. Hien nay, ngudn cung nguyen lieu tren dia ban chffa dap ffng dffdc nhu cau san xuat.
Ben canh dd, dd'i vdi cac doanh nghiep che bien phuc vu xuat khau ddi hdi ngudn nguyen heu phai dffdc chffng nhan ngudn gdc thdng qua chffng chi FSC. Tuy nhien, sd dien tich rffng dffdc cap chffng chi FSC ciia tinh hien nay cdn thap.
Nguon lao ddng: Theo so lieu ciia Cue Thdng ke tinh Quang Nara, hien tai cd gan 4.000 lao dpng
lam viec trong linh vffc CNCBG. Nhin chung, nhffng nam qua so' Iffdng lao dpng ciia nganh thay ddi khdng dang ke. Lffc Iffdng lao dpng cd trinh dp dffdc dao tao chu ye'u tff eac Trffdng Dai hpc Ndng lam Hue, Trffdng Cao dang Kinh te Ky thuat Quang Nam va cac trffdng cao dang nghe cac tinh lan can.
nghiep ldn mdi thanh lap cac phdng nghien cu'u rieng, cdn lai la idng ghep vdi cac bd phan hoac phdng ban khac. Cac may mdc thie^t bi va cong nghe nhin chung dang cdn lac hau, chffa dap iJng dffdc ddi hdi cua sff phat trien.
Qui md thi trUdng tieu thu:
Thi trudng xudt khau: Trong nhttng nam qua,
Bang 3. Sd lao dong trong ngdnh cdng nghiep che bien go tinh Qudng Nann Nam
Sd lao dong (ngadi) So lao dong nO (ngadi)
2011
4.042 1.853
2012
3.668 1.660
2013
3.942 1.407
2014
3.944 1.568
2015
3.908 1.321
Vdi quy md, nang lffc va chat Iffdng dao tao hien cd ciia he thdng cd sd dao tao che bien gd, sd Iffdng cdng nhan ky thuat che bien gd chffa dap ffng nhu cau ciia CNCBG tinh. Mac dii la mdt nganh san xuat quan trpng ddng gdp dang ke vao tdng kim ngach xuat khau ciia tinh nhffng CNCBG hien tai ciia tinh cd ban vIn la nganh thu hut lao dpng gian ddn. Lao ddng cd tiinh dp dai hpc cdn it, chi dat dffdi 10%. Thffc te sd lao ddng cd trinh dp, cd tay nghe cao chi tap trung d rapt so' cdng ty ldn, cdn d cac doanh nghiep, cd sd nhd, so lao ddng da qua dao tao rat thap.
Nhin chung, ngudn nhan lffc cho CNCBG cua tinh cdn yeu va chffa dap ffng dffdc nhu cau cua Nganh, ddng thdi hien chffa cd chinh sach thu hut lao dpng dung mffc de dn dinh san xuat, dpi ngu chuyen gia va cdng nhan ky thuat chffa dap ffng dffdc ddi hdi ngay cang cao cua Nganh.
Mdy mdc thie't bi, cdng nghe: Vdi quy md khac nhau nen cac doanh nghiep tren dia ban sff dung cac loai may mdc thiet bi va cdng nghe khac nhau.
Cac doanh nghiep vffa va nhd chu ye'u sff dung cac may mdc thiet bi va cdng nghe ciia Dai Loan va Trung Qud'c, cac doanh nghiep ldn sff dung may mdc nhap khau tff Chau Au, My va Nhat Ban. Cac may mdc thie't bi hien dai cdn chiem ty le tffdng ddi tha'p, khoang 20%. Cac doanh nghiep che bien dd my nghe chii ye'u san xuat theo cdng nghe thii cdng vdi cdng cu truyen thdng nhff xe tay, due, cham khac bang tay.
Hien nay, hau bet cac doanh nghiep chffa chu trpng cdng tac nghien cffu ffng dung khoa hpc cdng nghe ky thuat vao san xua't, da phan cac doanh
nganh Che bie^n va xua't khau san pham gd ciia tinh da cd nhffng bffdc phat trien vffdt bac vdi kim ngach xua't khau ludn tang trffdng cao. Nam 2014, kim ngach xuat khau ciia nganh Che' bie'n gd cua tinh dat 11,4 trieu USD thi de'n nam 2016 dat 74,5 trieu USD tang 6,5 lan so vdi nam 2014.
Thi trudng tieu thu ndi dia: Trong luc kim ngach xua't khau gd ciia tinh dat dffdc nhffng thanh cong dang ghi nhan thi tai thi trffdng ndi dia nganh go cua tinh dang hi lan at bdi cae san pham nhap khau hoac san pham san xua't theo mSu ma nhap tff nifdc ngoai nhff Trung Qudc, Malaysia, Thai Lan. Thi trffdng tieu thu ndi dia cua eac doanh nghiep che bie'n gd trong tinh chi chiem tff 9% 11% trong tdng doanh thu cua doanh nghiep.
Nhin chung thi trffdng tieu thu dd gd ciia tinh cd nhieu thuan ldi, tuy nhien viec tim kie'm thj trffdng xua't khau hien cdn khd khan, chi mot so cdng ty ldn mdi tie'p can dffdc thi trffdng nay.
Ke't cdu ha tdng kinh te xd hdi: He thdng ket cau ha tang kinh te xa hdi trong nhffng nam qua da dffdc quy hoach, xay dffng mdi, cai tao nang cap rapt bffdc cd ban, dac biet la he thdng giao thdng do thi, ndng thdn, thiiy ldi, cang, mang liidi dien, bffu chinh viln thdng, ha tang Khu kinh te md Chu Lai, cac Khu cdng nghiep... He thdng dffdng qudc Id va tinh Id dffdc nang cap cung vdi he thdng dffdng sat va cang bien Ky Ha tao dieu kien thuan ldi ebo giao thffdng hang hda trong tinh.
Ben canh nhffng thuan ldi thi ke't cau ha tang cung hoc Id rapt sdhan che nhff: Cae cd sd ha tang kinh te chi tap trung phat trien d rapt sd khu viic, Cac tuyen dffdng ke't nd'i eac sd sd san xua't vdi cac
ngudn cung ca'p nguyen lieu chffa phat trien ddng bp, viec van chuyen nguyen lieu tff vung nui cdn gap nhieu khd khan.
Co cdu sdn pham: San pham san xuat dd gd cua tinh chu ye'u cho xuat khau. San pham gd che bie'n ciia tinh tap trung chu yeu la dd gd ngoai trdi, ndi that phdng khach, van phdng, phdng ngu, bep, dd rape my nghe, gia cdng xe phdi, bao bi, pallete, van nhan tao va dam manh. Trong cac san pham ke tren thi dam gd la loai san pham cd gia tri gia tang thap nha't trong sd cac loai san pham che bie'n tff gd. Trong nhttng nam gan day cd xu hffdng chuyen dich tff che bien dara gd xua't khau sang san xua't van ep chat Iffdng cao, cung cap cho thi trffdng trong nffdc va xua't khau.
Cac san phara tuy cd gia tang ve sd Iffdng va chat Iffdng, tuy nhien van chffa phong phu, chffa dap ffng dffdc nhu cau ngay cang cao cua thi trffdng. Ty le cac cdng ty san xua't dam gd - cd gia tri gia tang khdng cao - van cdn chiem ty le ldn.
Chinh sdch phdt trien ngdnh cdng nghiep che bien gd: Cung vdi cac chinh sach phat trien nganh CNCBG cua Chinh phu, tinh Quang Nam da dffa ra nhieu giai phap mang tinh thiet thffc va phii hdp vdi giai doan phat trien mdi, nhff: Tap trung xay dffng ke^t cau ha tang, phat trien ngudn nhan lffc ngay cang cd chat Iffdng cao; khuyen khich phat trien nganh che' bien sau va ffu tien phat trien nganh cdng nghiep cd ldi the', tao ra gia tri gia tang cao, trong dd che bien gd rat dffdc tinh chu trpng.
Ben canh do, tinh tap trung dau tff xay dffng hoan thanh cd sd ha tang cac khu cdng nghiep va cum cdng nghiep trpng diem, dau tff chieu sau, ddi mdi thiet bi cdng nghe tien tie'n; thffc hien td't chinh sach khuyen khich dau tff, khuyen khich cac doanh nghiep vffa va nhd phat trien cdng nghiep trong dd cd cdng nghiep che bie'n gd.
Cac chinh sach nhin chung tuy nhieu, nhffng ket qua dat dffdc cdn chffa cao. Cac quy hoach phat trien nganh cdn nhieu bat cap va thieu nhat quan.
Doanh nghiep gap nhieu khd khan trong viec tiep can ngudn vd'n san xua't cung nhff tim kiera thi trffdng xua't khau.
4. Mot so' giai phap phat trien cong nghidp che bid'n gd tinh Quang Nam
De thuc day sff phat trien nganh CNCBG cua tinh Quang Nam, can giai quyet nhttng khd khan, vffdng mac ve cac mat sau:
Thd nhdt, ve nguyen lieu:
Ddi vdi nguyen lieu nhap khau: Cac doanh nghiep can cd sff lien ke't, hd trd lan nhau trong viec tim ngudn nguyen lieu gd nhap khau. Ddng thdi, Chinh phii can hd trd trong viec ky ket cac thda thuan vdi cac qud'c gia cd ngudn cung gd ddi dao, tao dieu kien thuan ldi ve cac thu tuc phap ly de doanh nghiep de dang tiep can cac ngudn nguyen lieu chat Iffdng, thdng qua cac ffu dai ve thue nhap khau, cac thu tuc hai quan, hd trd cffdc van tai...
Ddi vdi nguon nguyen lieu trong nUdc: De chu dpng ve nguyen lieu, nganh Lam nghiep tinh can cd sff hd trd thffc hien chinh sach phat trien rffng san xua't dd'i vdi rapt so' hang rauc ve xay dffng ngudn gidng, ha tang ky thuat san xua't gidng chat Iffdng, dffdng lara nghiep, chi phi van chuyen lara san. Ben canh do, tinh can cd chinh sach khuye^n khich ngffdi dan dau tff trdng rffng va quan ly rffng ben vttng dat tieu chuan FSC; chinh sach phat trien CNCBG tff rffng trdng, ffu dai ve thue sff dung dat vdi ngffdi trdng rffng kinh doanh gd ldn va xay dffng thffdng hieu vdi san phara xua't khau. Xa hdi hda phat trien nghe rffng tff tao vung nguyen lieu de'n khai thac, tieu thu, che bien; giam dan dau tff cua Nha nffdc.
Thd hai, ve lao ddng:
Doanh nghiep cd the ket hdp vdi cac cd sd dao tao, dat hang lao dpng theo nhu cau thffc tien.
Ddng thdi trong thdi gian dao tao can tao dieu kien cho sinh vien thffc hanh ngay tai doanh nghiep nhara tiep can thffc te. Ben canh dd, cac doanh nghiep cd the dao tao nghe tai chd, vffa dao tao vffa thffc hanh. Ngoai ra, can cd che dp dai ngd, khuyen Idiich nham thu hut ngudn nhan lffc chat Iffdng cao tff cac dia phffdng khac cung nhff cac chuyen gia nffdc ngoai.
Thd ba, ve mdy mdc thiet hi vd cdng nghe:
Cac doanh nghiep can thanh lap bp phan nghien cffu, ffng dung khoa hpc cdng nghe radi vao san xua't. Nghien cffu dau tff trang thiet bi, raay mdc va cdng nghe phu hdp vdi dac diem sat xua't cung nhff nguyen lieu sff dung, dam bao hieu qua cao, tiet kiem nguyen lieu va than thien vdi mdi trffdng. Ben canh do cd the cff cac can bp ky thuat di dao tao, hpc hdi kinh nghiem d cac nffdc cd nganh CNCBG phat trien de ap dung vao tinh hinh san xua't cua doanh nghiep.
Thd tu, vephdt trien thi trUdng:
Mdi thi trffdng se cd nhffng ddi hdi ve san pham khac nhau, do vay cac doanh nghiep can phai nghien cffu ky thi trffdng trong va ngoai nffdc theo tffng yeu to' nhff: nhu cau, sd thich ngffdi tieu diing, gia ea, mlu ma san phara. Dac biet la thi trffdng xua't khau ludn ddi hdi khat khe ve cha't Iffdng, chung loai hang hda. Ddng thdi cac doanh nghiep can cd chinh sach quang ba san phara hieu qua de dffa thdng tin san pham den ngffdi tieu dung.
Thd ndm, ve ket cdu ha tdng - kinh te:
Phat trien he thd'ng giao thdng de ket nd'i cac vung nguyen lieu va khu che bie'n. Tie'p tuc hoan thien cd sd ha tang d cac khu cdng nghiep, tao dieu kien thuan ldi cho doanh nghiep dau tff san xua't.
ThU sdu, ve cd cdu sdn pham:
Nhu cau cua thi trffdng ludn thay ddi, do vay cac doanh nghiep can nam bat dffdc thi hie'u cua ngffdi tieu dung nhara cung cap cac san pham theo nhu cau cua khach hang. Ngoai ra, cac doanh nghiep can chu trpng den xay dffng san pham dac thu cua minh, qua dd xay dffng thffdng hieu cua doanh nghiep. Day raanh chuyen dich cd cau san pham theo hffdng san xua't cac san pham gd che bien tinh, cd gia tri cao, ban che san xuat va xuat khau cac
san phara thd. Ben canh dd, doanh nghiep can xay dffng he thd'ng quan ly chat Iffdng, dam bao yeu cau tat ca cac khau tff nguyen lieu, sd che, tinh che, bao quan va cung cap den khach hang. San pham san xua't ra phai dap ffng cac he thd'ng tieu chuan chat Iffdng ISO 9002, ISO 1400. Day la tieu chuan quan trpng can dat dffdc de cd the xua't khau cac san pham gd vao thi trffdng the gidi.
ThU bay, ve chinh sdch:
La tinh cd the manh ve rffng, Quang Nam can khuyen khich xay dffng cae chinh sach ffu dai ve thue, mat bang san xua't, hd trd dau tff san xuat tai cac vung sau, vung xa; td chffc lai trdng rffng, thu mua nguyen lieu, che bien va tieu thu san pham, chuyen giao cdng nghe mdi, nham nang cao chat Iffdng san pham tinh che, tang kha nang canh tranh tren thi trffdng. Tinh can cd quy hoach ve quy hoach phat trien nganh rapt each cu the, quy hoach vung trdng nguyen lieu dap ffng nhu cau phat trien cung nhff phan bd' cac doanh nghiep rapt each hdp ly. Ben canh dd, tinh can hd trd doanh nghiep trong viec tiep can ngudn vdn dau tff vdi lai suatiTu dai, hd trd nghien cffu, dao tao ngudn nhan lUc, tira kiem thi trffdng xua't khau, ffu dai trong xuat khau san pham va nhap khau nguyen Heu •
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO:
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3. Trdn Vdn Thdng, (2011), ThUc trang vd gidi phdp ndng cao hieu qua hoat ddng cua cdc doanh nghiep gd Viet Nam.
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Trudng hap vdng Ddng Nam Bd. TP. HCM: DH Kinh ti'TP.HCM.
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7. Cue Thd'ng ke Qudng Nam, Nien gidm thdng ke ndm 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017 Qudng Nam.
Ngay nhan bai: 17/9/2018
Ngay phan bien danh gia va sffa chffa: 27/9/2018 Ngay chap nhan dang bai: 7/10/2018
Thdng tin tdc gid:
TS. LE TRUNG HIEU
Khoa Kinh te, Trffcfng Dai hoc Kinh te, Dai hpc Da Nlng
FACTORS AFFECTING THE DEVELOPMENT OF QUANG NAM PROVINCE'S WOOD PROCESSING
INDUSTRY:
CURRENT SITUATION AND SOLUTIONS
• PhD. LE TRUNG HIEU
Faculty of Economics, University of Economics, University of Do Nong
ABSTRACT:
In its socio-economic development strategy, Quang Nara province focuses on the development of the provincial wood processing industry. Over the past years, the provincial industry has developed strongly with great achievements. However, the current reahty shows that the industry has some shortcomings and has faced with difficulties. This article presents the factors affecting the development of the wood processing industry of Quang Nam province and proposes some solutions to proraote the developraent of this provincial industry.
Keywords: Wood processing industry, influencing factors, Quang Nara province.
