Quy hoach do thj vung ven bien Tay Nam thich ufng vdi bien doi khi hau
Urban planning in the Western coastal zone of the Mekong Delta adapting to climate change
Ngay nhan bai: 16/02/2017 Ngay sift bai: 24/3/2017 Ngay chap nhan dang: 5/4/2017 T O M T A T ;
Noi dung cua bai bao de cap deh quy hoach cau triic khdng gian do thi va cac giai phap kiem sodt sii dung dat do thi vung ven bien Tay Nam thich iing vdi bien doi khi h^u Tong hop, khao sat va phan tich cac cau triic d6 thi ven biln hien nay trong b6i c5nh biln d6i khi hau, phan loai thanh cac nhom do thi dac trilng tai viing ven bien Tay Nam nhii do thi sat biln, do thi gSn biln va do thi ven bien ngap man.
PhSn tich si^ tac dpng cua bien doi khi hau len cau true d6 thi vk nguoc lai. Tr6n ca sd dd, d l xuat cac md hinh c^u true khong gian do thi vi giai phap kilm soat sii dyng dat thich iing v6i bien doi khi h | u . Cac kit qua nay co t h i diJOc iing dung thdc te trong dilu chinh quy ho^ch chung do thi tai khu viic nghiSn ciiu va cac vimg ven bien khac co tinh chat do thi va dilu kien tii nhien tUOng tiJ.
Tii kh6a: Bien doi khi hau (BDKH); niidc biln dSng (NBD); quy hoach do thi (QHDT); quy hoach chung (QHC); cau triic khong gian do thi.
ABSTRACT:
The article mentions the content of urban spatial structure and the measures of urban landuse for coastal tovms in the Western zone of the Mekong Delta adapting to climate change. Summarizing, investigating, and analysing several existing urban structures of these coastal towns in the context of climate change recently, then classifying these towns into three groups of urban characteristic in the research location like seafront towns, littoral towns and coastal mangrove towns. Analysing the impacts of clmiate change on urban structures and vice versa. As a result, the article proposes three models of urban spatial structure and solutions of urban land use adapting to climate change for these coastal towns. This result is likely to be applicated in an adjustment of urban planning in the research location and other locations that have similar feature of identities and natural conditions.
Keywords: Climate change; sea level rise; urban planning; master plan; urban spatial structure.
TS.KTS. Pham Thanh Huy Khoa Quy hoach Do thi va Nong th6n Trildng Dai hpc Kien tnic Ha Noi
Pham Thanh Huy
1. Gidi thieu chung
Vai t h i p k^ gan day, BDKH da va dang cd nhung bieu hien, t i c ddng manh me tren quy md toan cau. Cac nghien cifu cd tinh bude ngoat nhu Bio c i o d i n h gia thil IV (IPCC, 2007);
Nghien cifu ciia Ngan hang T h i gidi (2007) va cac Kjch b i n BDKH cho Viet Nam (2009, 2012), tat c i da chi ra rang Vt^t Nam "dac bi§t d l bi tdn thuong bdi nhOng anh hUdng bat l<?i ciia BDKH"
Cac t i c ddng ciia BDKH, dac bi?t ia mu'c NBD, anh hudng d i n h i thdng do thi khu vUc ven bien Viet Nam ngay c&ng nghi§m trong. Qua trinh phat trien do thi ven faien hi?n nay con han c h i v l cdng t i c idng ghep thich ifng vdi BDKH, viec m d rdng cic khu d i n cu vao c i c khu vifc cd nguy cO thien tai t i l m an n h i l u riii ro trong khi ha tang cd sd chda dap dng difOc nhu cau phat t r i l n do thi.
Viing dong b i n g sdng COlU Long difOc d u doan la viing cd nguy cd chiu i n h hudng n i n g nhat ve BDKH va NBD tai Viet Nam Dja d i l m nghien cifu I i khu vuc sd 7 {viing ven bien Tay Nam thuoc hai tinh Kien Giang v i C i Mau) trong kich ban BDKH va NBD cho Viet Nam difdc cdng b d n a m 2 0 1 2 [ l ] .
Pham vi nghien cifu ciia bai b i o bao gdm 15 do thi ven bien Tay Nam tiep giap vd^ vinh T h i i Lan (Hinh 1)[4];
- Tinh Kien Giang; thanh phd R?ch Gii, thi x i H i Tien, c i c thi tran Kien Lu'ong, Hdn Dat, Minh Lifdng, An Bien va An Minh;
- Ttnh Ca Mau. thanh phd Ca Mau, c i c thi tran U Minh, Song B6c, T r l n V i n Thdi, Cii Ddi Vam, Cai Nifdc, Nam Can va Rach Gdc,
Ddi tUdng n g h i l n cilu ciia bai b i o l i loai hinh QHC do thi, trong do t$p trung nghien cifu md hinh cau triic khdng gian dd thi v i cac g i i i phap quy hoach sif dung dcit. Cic t i c ddng ciia BDKH dd b i o i n h hi/dng den khdng gian dd thi viing ven bien Tay Nam nhU NBD, trieu cUdng, x i m nhap man, bao. sat Id bd bien. sdng (VIUP, 2015) da t i c ddng den cac thanh phan trong cau true khdng gian dd t h i ' trung tam do thi v i he thdng cdng trinh djch vu cdng cdng, khu d.
khdng gian xanh, CO sd kinh te - cdng nghiep, giao thdng v i ha t i n g ky thuat dd thi.
O 4 . 2 O 1 7 0 l ! i n i ; [ | B l ; 7 i
e-r-
Hinh 1 He Ihong IS do thi viing ven biln Tay Nam
Hau het c i c dd i n QHDT tai d i y dUOc thuc hien tif nhifng nam 2000, trifdc khi cd Kich ban BDKH, NBD 2009,2012. Cic do i n QHC dd thi nhif:
QHC Ha Tien n i m 2000, QHC Rach G i i nam 2008, QHC Ca Mau nam 2008, QHC U Minh n i m 2001,. .chda tinh den cac kha nang thich iJng vdi BOKH v l ; cau triic dd thj. sif dyng d i t , khdng gian xanh, h i thdng giao thdng, w . chua k i t hop vdi kiem soat sir dung dat d l d i m b i o thich ling BDKH toi Uu. Do vay neu phat tnen d d t h i theo hudng nay c i c QHC do thi hien cd se khd cd kha n i n g thich ifng vdi BDKH. Neu khdng thuc hien dieu chinh QHDT thich iJng vdi BDKH tai vimg ven b i l n TSy Nam, gan ket vdi kich ban BDKH va NBD theo tifng giai doan thi cac do thi s6 de d i n g bi tdn thuong, ton that kinh t l va i n h hiidng den p h i t tnen ben vOng dd thj.
2. Tam nhin cau trilc khdng gian do thi viing ven bien Tay Nam Bo thich ling Bien ddi khf h|u
Trong qua trinh phat trien c i c yeu t d chii yeu ciia dd thi; c l u tnic do thj, td chiic khdng gian dd thj, sir dung dat, mgt dd x i y dung, giao thdng, khdng gian xanh va sir dung nang luong trong dd thj chiu tac ddng ciia BDKH va chinh cic y l u t d t r l n cung se i n h hu'dng d i n su gia t i n g BDKH [9]. Cic y l u t d chinh cd t i c ddng l i ; hinh thifc dd thi, sir dung dat va khung phat trien ben vifng ciia d d t h j . Theo Kahn (2006), sU t i l n hda ciia c l u trdc khdng gian d d thi trong bdi canh do thi hda toan cau cho th^y cau tnic dd thi q u y l t dinh h i l u q u i sU thich Ung BDKH ciia cac dd thi. Lujia (2009) cOng cho r i n g cau true khdng gian dd thj ven bien ddng thdi ciing t i c ddng den viec gia tang hoac giam nhe BDKH, do dd QHDT xac dinh c l u tnic khdng gian v i li/ong p h i t t h i i C02 ciia d d t h i .
Mdt tam nhin chung cho QHC do thi ven bien Tay Nam la tao cau triic khdng gian dd thi theo hucftig p h i t tnen b i n vifng v i smh thai vl muc tieu thich ifng BDKH. Co cau do thj khu vuc ven biln l i mdt trong nhCing dac tinh CO ban ciia viec td chOfc khdng gian dd thi, nd phan i n h cich bd tri va mdi quan he chat che giOa cac khu chdc nang trong do thi va phii hdp vdi quy md cac dd thi tif loai V d i n loai II tai khu vuc nghignciAi. Cic ddthi viing ven bien Tay Nam duoc phan loai t h i n h cac nhom do thj sit biln, g i n bien va ven bien ngap man theo cac tieu chi tai Bing 1;
Dac trdng cau triic khdng gian nhdm dd thi s i t bien: dd thi t i l p xiic true t l l p vdi b d b i l n , trung tam d d thi tap trung tai ciTa sdng, rach Idn do ra bien, cac khu chifc nang do thj d i n t r i i theo bd b i l n v i sdng, dddng true chinh dd thi chay doc theo ven b d bien va sdng.
Dac trUng cau trdc khdng gian nhdm dd thi g i n b i l n : dd thi khdng t l l p xOc true tiep vdi bd bien. trung t i m dd thi t i p trung tai nga ba hoac nga tU giao nhau ciia sdng, r^ch Idn vdi dUdng chinh do thj, cic kliu chifc nang do thi tap trung xung quanh noi giao nhau cda sdng va racii
Dac trdng cau triic khdng gian nhdm dd thi ven biln n g i p man. 36 tlii khdng tiep xuc true tilp vdi bd biln, he thdng k#nh rach mat do cao c6 xu hudng theo dang v u d n g g d c v i t u d o . T r u n g tam d d t h i phan bd tuong ddi dan t r i i tai khu vdc nga ba hoac nga t d giao nhau ciia kinh rach Idn, cac dudng giao thdng chay ven theo k§nh rach, c i c khu chiic nang dd thi phan lid ddng d l u xung quanh ndi giao nhau ciia kenh rach.
3. De xuat md hinh cau true khdng gian do thj va quy hoach sif dung dat vfing ven b i l n Tay Nam thich iJlng vdi Bien doi khi hiu
Cau true tdng the p h i t tnen khdng gian dd thj la k i t q u i Idng giiip c i c c i u triic t h i n h p h i n v i khung ha t i n g k^ thuat do thj, mang tinh chat v i hinh t h i i ciia dd thi ven bien Tay Nam. De xuat md hinh c i u tnic khdng gian dd thi thich dng BDKH b i n g c i c g i i i p h i p p h i n khu ctiiic nang dd thj hdp ly gan k i t vdi viec kiem soat m^t do sif dung dat vdi cac mile dd cao, trung binh va thSp de thich ifng tdi ilu vdi BDKH, d i p ifng c i c g i i i p h i p b i o ve tdi uu (cip dd 1), thich nghi (cap dd 2) hoac ne tranh (cap do 3) c i c t i c ddng ciia BDKH. Cic t h i n h p h i n trong cau triic nay bao gdm (Bing 2);
Bang 1. Tieu chi Vj tri va nhdm do thi Do thj s i t bien
Dd thj g i n bien
D d t h j ven bien ngap man
phan loai do thi sat bien, gan bien va ven bien ngap rr Ten va p h i n loai do thj R^ch Gia (loai II), Ha Tien (loai 111). Kien Luong (loai IV) thudc tinh Kiln Giang v i Sdng Dde (loai IV) thupc tinh Ca Mau
Ca Mau (loai II). U Minh va T r i n Van Thdi (loai V) thudc tinh Ca Mau; Minh Lifdng [loai IV). An Bien, An Minh va Hon D i t (loai V) thudc tinh Kien Giang Nam Can (loai IV), Cai Ddi Vam, Cai Nifdc va Ngoc Hien (loai V) thudc tinh C i Mau
an [21
Dac diem chinh Dd thi tiep xiic tri/c tiep vdi bd bien.
Nam trong luc dia, cd cdt nen tifdng ddi cao. tap trung ddng d i n , thudng xuySn chju t i c d§ng ciia b i o , lu lut
Nam trong he thdng rifng ngap m i n C i Mau
Khoing cich so vdi dKcfng bd bien T l l p giap vdi ditdng thOy trilu
Cach bien khoing tif 10km trd
!§n
Tif dudng bd bien cho den h i t d i f n tich rifng ngap man Ca Mau
- H§ thdng khu trung t i m dd thj, trung tam c i c khu dd thj v i don vi d.
Phat trien c i c trung t i m khu vi/c vdi chOfc nang thUdng mai, dich vu du lich. He thdng da trung tam, phat trien them cac cdc mdi cd t i c dung hd trd v i phdng tranh rdi ro.
- Cac khu dd thi v i don vj d; p h i n djnh rd khu vifc p h i t trien ndi thi v i ngoai thi. xen ke khdng gian xanh tao viing dem thich dng tdt hdn vdi BDKH.
- He thdng khdng gian xanh dd thi; tang cudng khdng gian xanh trong cau true dd thi. tao hanh lang thoat lu, chda nUdc.
• He thdng giao thdng dd thi va ha tang ky thuat.
- Khu s i n xuat; khu cdng nghiep, kho t i n g , b i n bai.
Bang 2. Cac md hinh cau trtic khdng gian do thj thich ijfng v<M BDKH cho v i m g ven bien Tay Nam SIT
Cic khu chiJc
nang do thj D D thi sat bien
C i u true khdng gian dd thi
Dd thj ven bien ngap rr Mo hinh tdng t h i :
He thdng trung tam dd thi duoc p h i n cap thanh hai tang b i c co b i n la trung tam dd thi (thanh phd, thi x i , thi tran) va trung t i m ddn
Hinh 2. Md hinh cau true khdng gian do thi sat bien thich iJng vdi BDKH
Hinh 3. Md hinh cau true khdng gian gd thj gan bien thich ifng vdi BDKH
Hinh 4 M6 hinh cau true khdng gian do thi ven b i l n n g i p man thich ilng vdi BDKH.
Khu trung tam va cdng trinh dich vu cdng cdng dd thi
- Bd tri t i p trung sat bien vacifa sdng di khai t h i c t h i manh cOa bien.
- A p d u n g g i i i p h a p b a o v e t n e t d l trudc c i c t i c ddng ciia BDKH.
- Cdng trinh djch vy cdng cdng trong don vi 6 cd b i n kinh R < 500m (ddi vdi d d t h i loai III v i II) v i R ^ 1000m (ddthi loaiVva IV)
- Bd tri tap trung tai ven cacdaumdi giao thdng cua cac sdng va dudng Idn
- Ap dung giii p h i p b i o ve tn§t de trifdc cac tac ddng cua BOKH - Cdng trinh dichvu cdng cdng trong don v i d e o ban kinh R< 500m (ddi VOI d d t h i loai 111 va II) v a R <
lOODmlddthiloaiVvalV).
- Bd tri t i p trung tai khu vifc c i c dau mdi giao thdng cua he thdng kenh rach v i dildng Idn.
- Ap dung g i i i p h i p b i o v^ tn§t d l trddc cac t i c ddng ciia BOKH.
- Cdng trinh dich vu cdng cdng ciia ddn v j d c d b i n kinh Rs 1000m (ddi vdi d d t h i loai III va II) va R < 2000m (ddthi loai V v i IV) Cac khu dd thi
va don vi d'
- C i c k h u k l c i n g i n khutrung tam dd thi se cd m i t dd xay dung trung binh,
- Cic k h u d x a k h u t r u n g t a m d d t h i cd m i t dd x i y dung thap.
- C i c k h u k l c i n g i n k h u t r u n g t i m dd thi se cd m i t dd xay dung trung binh.
- C i c k h u d x a k h u t r u n g t a m d d t h i cd mat dd xay ddng thap.
- Csc khu k l c i n gan khu trung tam do thi se c6 mat dd xay dung trung binh.
- Cackhudxa khutrung t a m d d t h i cd m i t d$ x i y dung t h i p
He thdng khdng gian xanh dd thi-
Dien tich c h i l m ti \i nhd trong dd l i .
Tao khdng gian mem giifa dd thj 1 bien.
Tao viing dem han c h i n g i p lut dd thi.
- Dien tich chiem ti le tu'ong do Idn trong dd thi.
- Tao khdng gian mem g ua do thi v i sdng,
- Tao viing d i m han c h i ngap lut do
D en t ch ch em t le idn trong do .
* %
Tao khong gian mem gida do thi va}
kenh rach j Tao vung dem han c h i n g i p lut do I
thL ' i ^ * - " ^ He thdng giao
thong va khung ha tang ky thuat d d t h i
- Dddng true chinh sat b i l n , bd sung them cac true song song vdi b i l n d Idp sau v i dudng hUdng t i m ket ndi cic khu chifc nang dd thi vdi b i l n ; lam g i i m h i n h trinh di chuyen trong do thi, gdp phan g i i m nhe lUOng khi t h i l C02.
- Cic true chinh s i t sdng, c i c true hudng t i m va dddng vanh dai k i t ndi cac khu chifc nang dd thi vdi sdng; lam giam h i n h trinh di chuyen trong dd thi, gdp phan g i i m nhe l u d n g k h i t h i i C 0 2 .
- Song song v i vudng gdc vdi he thdng kenh rach.
- Han che dudng cheo hudng t i m . - Han c h i viec x i t l y k y thuat giao cat giifa dudng bd va kenh rach.
- Cu dan chil y l u di chuyin b i n g dudng thJiy.
A l
i ( > l ^
- - ^
Ol y2Jj [v 1'
%J ^ rfe:5l'-
^ 1 1 '
- Cdng nghiep nang (do thi loai II, III), cdng nghiep nhe, cdng nghiep phu trd.
- MiJcdd b i o vetn&tde vdi BOKH (ddi vdi khu s i n xuat t i p trung).
- Mifc do thich nghi vdi BOKH (ddi vdi khu s i n xuat phu trd)
- Cdng nghiep nang {dd thi loai II), cdng rghi§p nhe. cdng nghiep phu tro,
- Mifc do bao ve triet de vdi BOKH [ddi vdi khu s i n xuat t i p trung).
- Mifc dd thich nghi vdi BDKH (ddi vdi khu s i n xuat phu trd)
- Cdng nghiep phu tro danh bat che bien tiiiiy h i i sin, c h i b i l n ndng lam sin,...
- Miic do thich nghi vdi BDKH.
Quy hoach sCrdung dcit
K i l m soat sif dung dat dUdc i p dung cho t o i n bd hoic mdt phan ciia khu vifc b d bien cd nhieu riii ro, d l x u i t cac khoang Idi x i y difng ven bien tfnh tif difdng thiiy tneu [tdOng tU nhif c i c chi gidi xay dung d dudng phd do thi), x i c dinh c i c difdng chi gidi xay ddng ven b i l n du kien n g i n han den 2020 va xa hon den nam 2030, 2050, 2070 va 2100 (Hinh 5):
5. Till! tifSng Chinh phu [2009). Quyet dinh so 44S/(H)-TTg ngay 7/4/2009 phe duyet flinii huong Phat tnen he ihong do thi Viet Ham den 2025 va tam nhin den 2050.
6 niii tJdng Chinh phu (2013). Quye't dinh s6 2623/(H)-Trg ngiy 31/12/2013 Phe duyet De an phat tri^n cac do Ihi Viet Nam Ung phd v6i BOKH giai doan 2013-2020.
7. VIJP [2015). Nhiem vuxdydt/ngkihoqch tnin khai quy hoach cdc viing lanh te Irong diem tfnh din cicy&tSbih doiithihau Vien Quy hoach dothiva Nong than Ouoc gia. thang 7/2015.
e. Kahn. N. E. [2006). Green Cities - Urban Crowth and the Environment Washington, DC;
Brookings Institution Press, 2006
9. Lulia (2009). Jpfifl/ Planning in Shemheo to Built a Low Carbon Gly. 45tli ISOCAUP Congress, 2009
10. Ralf, K iim). Cities and the Potential for Climate Change Adaptation BTUCo'bus- Department for Urban Planning and Spatial Design. 10/2012,
Ifinii 5 So do phan viing kiem soat si} dung dat do thi ven bien Tay Nam Viing I, Cdng trinh phdng hd b d bien. vimg d i m sinh thai, du lich b i l n , nudi thiiy h i i s i n , . . . nam trong pham vi a 50 - 100 m tinh tif dudng thiiy t r i l u (den 2020). Cam x i y dung cdng trinh trong pham vi nay vi khdng hieu q u i do d u k i l n d i n 2020 se bi t i c ddng true t i l p ciia NBD, trieu cu'dng v i xdi 16 bd b i l n ,
Viing II; Cic cdng trinh tam, phu t r q v i phuc vu du lich ngan han;
Nha 6 ban kiSn cd va dich vu cdng cdng bd biin; Cdng trinh bao ve b d bien nam trong pham vi > 100 - 200m tinh tif dddng thiiy trieu ( d i n 2030), Sif dyng ngan han. khdng sd dung sau 20 n i m vi d u k i l n d i n 2030 se bj t i c ddng trUc tiep ciia NBD, t r i l u cudng v i xdi Id bd bien, Chi nen xay dUng cdng trinh b i c IV.
Viing III: Cic cdng trinh du lich, nha d kien co va dich vu cdng cdng ven bien n i m trong pham vi a 200 - 300 m tinh til dUdng thdy t r i l u (den 2050). Sif dung ngan han, tam thdi va duy tri sif dung d i i han khi cd dieu chinh v l khoa hoc ky t h u i t cd kha nang dng phd BDKH vi dif kien den 2050 se bi t i c ddng true t i l p ciia NBD, trieu cu'dng va xdi Id bd bien. Nen x i y dung cdng trinh £ bae III.
Viing IV v i V: Khi phat trien khu dd thi mdi ven bien nen dUdc dat ben ngoai viing cd nguy co ven b i l n vdi khoang cich £ 300 m tinh t d dddng thiiy tneu ( d i n 2070) va a SOO m (den 2100) de tranh gia tang t l l p xuc vdi c i c mdi nguy hiem tiem nang ven bien. D i e bi§t, c i c cdng trinh benh vien, trddng hoc, c i c co sd dudng l i o khdng nen nam d s i t bien, vung cd nguy co riii ro cao hoac khd khan cho hoat ddng. Viing IV cd mdc dd sif dung dat dn djnh tUdng ddi, xay ddng theo giai doan vl dif kien den 2070 se bi t i c ddng trdc t i l p ciia NBD, t r i l u cUdng va xdi Id bd bien, n l n x i y dung cdng trinh s bae N. Viing V cd mdc do sif dung dat dn dinh lau dai vi d d kien den 2100 mdi bi t i e ddng true t i l p eiia NBD, trieu cifdng va xdi Id bd b i l n . Xiy dung cdng trinh bae I.
4. Ket luan
Ba md hinh eau true khdng gian dd thj thich ifng vdi BOKH da dUdc d l xuat (md hinh dd thi sat bien, md hinh dd thi g i n b i l n va m d hinh dd thj ven b i l n n g i p man) la g i i i p h i p quy hoach c i u true khdng gian tUdng dng cho ba nhdm dd thi cua he thdng dd thi ven b i l n T i y Nam, gan k i t vdi c i c g i i i phap k i l m s o i t sif dung dat la mdt hudng dl can b i n 3i thifc h i f n lap QHC do thj cd ndi dung Idng ghep thieh dng vdi BDKH. Cac md hinh dd thi t r l n cd k h i n i n g ap dung cho cae dd thj ven bien Viet Nam ed dieu kien va tinh chSt tu'ong t d .
TAi UEU THAM KHAO
1. Bd Tai ngu/en va Moi trucmg (2012). Kich ban BBKH, NBD cho Viet Nam 2012. Nha Kua't bjn Tai nguyen - Moi truong va Bin do Viet Nam, 2012
2 BD Xay dung (2010). De an "lighiin cDuphdt tnen cdc do thi ven bien i/iet Nam mg pho vdi biin doi khf hdu".
3. PhamTtianh Huy (2016). Quy hoach do thi ven bien TdyNam B6 thfch ilng vdi bien doi thi h&u. Luan an Tien si, TiUiing Oai iioc Kien tnicHa N6i, 2016
4. Thu tudng Chinh phu (2009). Quylt dinh so 18/2009/(H)-ng ngay 3/2/2009 phe duyM Quy hoach tong the phat tnen kinh te - xa h6i viing bien va ven bien Vift Nam thuoc Vinh Thai Lan thdi ky den nam 2020.
