HIEN c d u - T R A O DOI
Nang cao nang lu'c canh tranh nganh du ljch Viet Nam
Brfofc vao thofi ky toan ciu hoa va hdi nhSp ngay cang sau rdng, du lich Vi$t Nam cang canh tranh gay gat hcfn bao gi(f h^'t vdi cac nrfdc trong khu vrfc va qu6'c t^. Trong boi canh do, n^ng cao nang Irfc c^nh tranh la mOt vSfn d l mang tinh chi§'n Irfcfc, quyd't dinh srf phat trien ben vrfng cua du lich nrfdc nha.
THlJC T R A N G
Viet Named bd bien dai 3.260km, vdi 125 bai tam bien, trong dd hau he't la eae bdi tam ra't dep va thuan ldi cho khai thdc du lieh ma khdng phai qud'c gia ndo ciing cd. Cdc bdi Iam ndi tie'ng tff Bdc de'n Nam ed the ke de'n, nhff: Tra Cd, Ha Long, Cat Ba, Sam Sdn, Cffa Ld, Thien Cam, Ldng Cd, Da Ndng, Nha Trang, Cd Na, Mui Ne, Vung Tau, Hd Tien, Phu Qudc... Ben canh dd, Viet Nam da cd 8 di san vdt the vd danh thdng dffde edng nhan Di san thd' gidi la: Quan the di tieh Co dd Hue', Vinh Ha Long, Khu di tieh My Sdn, Khu phd' cd Hoi An, Vudn qud'c gia Phong Nha - Ke Bdng, Khu trung tam Hoang thanh Thdng Long, Thanh Nha Hd, KJiu danh thang Trang An.
Vidt Nam edn cd ca kho tdng di sdn vdn hda phi vat the vdi 191 di san thudc ca 7 loai hinh di san van hda phi vat the cua cde dan tdc sinh sd'ng trdn mpi miln dd't nffdc dffde dffa vdo Danh mue di san van hda phi vat thd qud'c gia. Ddc bidt, dd cd 12 di san dffde edng nhan la di san vdn hda phi vat the dai didn cua nhan loai va di san phi vat the can dffdc bao vd kha'n ca'p, bao gdm: Nha nhac eung dinh Hue', Khdng gian van hda cdng chidng Tay Nguyen, Ddn ea quan hp Bae Ninh, Ca trii, Ld hpi Din Gidng, Hdt Xoan, Tin ngffdng thd eung Hung VUdng, Dan ca tdi iff Nam Bd, Ddn ca vi dam Nghe "Tinh..
Ngoai nhffng ldi the'tren, Viet Nam cdn la nffdc cd che'dd chinh Iri dn dinh, ngffdi dan than thidn.,. tao dieu kien thuan ldi cho du lich phat trien,
Xac djnh du Uch Id mdi trong nganh kinh te' tiem nang va quan trpng cua da't nUde, Chinh phu da tap trung xay difng chid'n lUde, chUdng trinh nham phdt huy tiem nang va thd'manh du Hch, nhU: Chie'n lUdc vd Quy hoach tdng thd phdt trien Du lieh Viet Nam de'n nam 2020, tam nhin 2030; Chffdng trinh Hanh ddng va ChUdng trinh Xue tie'n Du lieh Qud'e gia... Nhieu ehii trUdng, chinh sdeh eung dUdc ban hanh, dd la:
Nghj quye't sd'92/NQ-CP, ngay 08/12/2014 cua Chinh phii ve mdt so giai phdp phdt trien du lieh Viet Nam trong thdi ky mdi; Nghi quye'i sd 39/NQ-CP, ngay
* PGS. TS., Hoc vien tSong nghiep Viet Nam
29/05/2015 ve viec mien thi thUc cd didi han dd'i vdi edng dan 6 qud'e gia: Anh, Phap, Dffc, Y, Tdy Ban Nha vd Belarus;
Chi thi sd 14/CT-TTg, ngay 02/07/2015 cua Tho tudng Chinh phii ve khde phuc cde han che', yd'u kem, nang eao nang Iffc canh tranh de day manh phdt trien du ljch; Nghi dinh sd 82/2015/ND-CP, ngay 24/09/2015 eiia Chinh phii ve vide midn thi Ihffc eho ngffdi Viet Nam dinh cff d nude ngoai vd ngudi nUdc ngoai Id vd, ehdng, eon cua ngudi Viet Nam dinh eU d nUde ngodi hode eiia cdng dan Viet Nam; Nghi quyd't 08-NQ/TW, ngay 16/01/2017 cua Bp Chinh tri ve phat trien du lieh trd thanh nganh kinh te mui nhpn... Ddc biet, viec thdng qua Luat Du lich sffa ddi ndm 2017 la ddng life phat trien manh me eho nganh cdng nghiep khdng khdi d nUde ta.
Vdi SLf quan tdm va tao dilu kidn tff phia Nha nUdc, trong thdi gian qua, du hch Viet Nam da dat dffde nhieu thdnh qua mang tinh toan dien vd chuydn nghiep hdn. Cu the, theo sd' lieu cua Tdng cue Du lich, ndm 2017, Viet Nam ddn dUdc 12,9 tridu lUdt khach qud'c te.
tdng gan 30% so vdi nam 2016 va ed sU tdng trudng iUdt khach d la't ca cac thang trong nam; phue vu 73,2 tridu lUdt khach npi dia, tang hdn 18% so vdi ndm 2016.
Lan dau tidn, Viet Nam Ipt vao danh sach cdc qud'c gia cd td'c dd tdng trUdng du Iich nhanh nha't the'gidi.
Den ndm 2018, du lieh Viet Nam tiep tuc giff dffdc da ldng trffdng hai con so'. Cdc ehi lieu ve khaeh du hch qudc id', khaeh du lich ndi dia va long thu tff khaeh du iieh deu tdng tnfdng td't. Cu the, nganh du lieh ddn 80 tneu Iffdt khach ndi dia va 15.497.791 Iffdl khdch qudc
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te. Tdng ihu tff khach du lich nam 2018 dat 637 nghin ty ddng (tdng 17,7% so vdi ndm 2017). Trong dd, tdng thu tff du lich qud'c te' d^t 383 nghin ty ddng (chiem 60,1%), tdng thu tff du Hch ndi dia dat 254 nghin ty ddng (chie'm 39,9%). Ddng gdp trffc tie'p eua du lieh vdo GDP ndm 2018 dat khoang 8,39%; ddng gdp gidn tid'p dat khoang 7,47%. Tdng ddng gdp (trffc tie'p va gidn tie'p) cHa du lieh vdo GDP nam 2018 dat khoang 15,86%. Dac bidt, Viet Nam dffdc To chffe Du lich The' gidi xd'p thff 3/10 qud'c gia diem de'n ed td'e do tdng Irffdng khdeh qud'e te' nhanh nha't the' gidi nam 2018, sau khi dd xe'p thff 6/10 vao nam 2017 (Tong cue Du lich, 2019).
Bdn canh dd, ke't ed'u ha tang va ed sd vdt cha't ky thuat ngdnh du lieh ngay eang phdt trien. Theo Bang 1, cd sd lffu tni du lieh tang tff 10.406 nam 2008 ldn 28.000 ndm 2018; sdbudngeung tang tff 202.776 ldn 550.000 budng trong vdng 10 ndm. Sd lffdng cd sd lffu tru du lieh tff 3-5 sao trong giai doan 2013-2017 tdng manh, dae biet la khaeh san 5 sao vd tffdng dffdng (Bang 2).
Loai hinh sdn pham, dieh vu du lieh ngay cang phong phu vd da dang. Chd't lUdng va tinh chuydn nghidp tffng bffdc dUde ndng eao, Lue lUdng doanh nghiep du lich cung ngdy eang ldn manh. Trong 10 ndm (2008-2018), doanh nghiep Iff hdnh qud'e td' tdng tff 701 doanh nghiep len 2.178 doanh nghiep, gd'p hdn 3 lan (Bang 3).
Mat khac, thi trffdng du lich Viet Nam da thu hiit dffdc sff quan tam cua nhieu hdng hang khdng qud'e te, nhieu dffdng bay thang de'n Viet Nam dUde md, lieu bieu nhU: Viet Nam - New Zealand;
ThUdng Hai - TP, Ho Chi Minh; Thd Nhi Ky - Ha Ndi, TP. Ho Chi Minh; Dd Ndng - Hong Kdng; Sydney/Melbourne - TP.
Hd Chi Minh; Ddng Hdi - Chiang Mai...
Ngodi ra, mdt sd'sdnbay dUdc nang ed'p, md rdng, nhff: San bay qud'c te Tdn Sdn Nhd't, Cam Ranh, Da Ndng.. da lao dieu kien thuan ldi cho phat trien du lich,
Ngudn nhan life phuc vu du ljch cung ed nhffng eai thien ddng ke. Tinh dd'n hd't nd m 2018. ea nffde cd 24.071 hffdng dan vien, trong dd cd 15.056 hffdng ddn vien du lich qud'c te', 8.746 hffdng ddn vien du lich noi dia va 269 hffdng dan vidn du ljch tai didm (Tdng cue Du Ijeh, 2019). Day la ndm dau tien Viet Nam thffc hidn Luat Du Iich nam 2017, theo
BAMG 1: CO SCf LtfU TRO Dil UCH GlAl DOAN 2008-2018
ram
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
S6'lif<;rngcdsd 10-406 11.467 12.352 13.756 15.381 16.000 19.000 21.000 25.600 28.000
SaTbu^ng 202 776 216.675 237.111 256.739 277.661 332.000 370 000 420.000 508.000 550.000
Cong suS't buSng binh quSn (%) 59.9 56.9 58.3 59.7 5i^.S 69,0 55,0 57.0 56,5
BANG 2:
N3m
2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
SO LddNG Cd s d Lda TRO DU LICH Ttf 3-5 S A O Tdng sd'
S6'ctf sd
598 640 747 784 882 965
So budng
62 002 66 728 82 325 91 250 104 315 126.734
Khach s^n 5 sao va tiftfng dif(fng
So ccf sd
64 72 91 107 118 142
S6' buSng 15 385 17 659 24 212 30 624 34 444 47.905
Khach san 4 sao va tifcfng
ctfsd 159 187 215 230 261 272
Stf bu6ng 20 270 22 569 27 379 29 387 33.764 36.012
Khach s^n 3 sao v^ tiffAig
difffng Sd' ctfsd 375 381 441 442 490 537
S6' buSng
26.347 26.500 30.734 30.902 34.332 38.170
2013-2018) Bi^t thi/ va cSn h$ du Ijch
cao c^p Stf ccf
sd
11 12 14
Stf budng
1,5."^7 1 713 4,647
BANG 3: DOAMH NGHIEP LCf HANH QUOC TE GIAI DOAti 2008-2018
Nam
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
Loai hinh doanh nghidp Doanh nghidp
nha nifdc 69 68 58 13 9 9 8 7 5 5
Cdng ty TNHH
Doanh nghiep CO ph^n
Doanh nghidp tu
nhan 389 227 4 462
527 621 731 845 949 1,012 1,081 1 164 1,363
249 285 327 37]
428 474 475 489 556
i
^
[ b 8 9
to
10 11 7S8] 7
Doanh nghi&p CO vtfn dSu tif nifdc ngoai
12 12 13 15 15 15 15 15 15 16 20
Ttfng so'
701 795 888 980 1,132 1.305 1 456!
1,519 1.600 1,752 2 178
do bdt dau ed'p the eho dd'i tifdng hudng ddn vidn du lich tai diem.
Nliin chung. sU phat irien cua nganh du lich da vii dang gdp phan thuc day ehuyen dich ccf cd'u kinh te va xua't khau tai ehd; bao ton va phdt huy gjd tri di san vdn hda, tai nguyen thidn nhien: tao nhieu viec lam.
nang cao ddi sd'ng nhdn dan: da> manh qua trinh hdi
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ilEN c a a - TRAO DO!
BiEG DO 1: KHACH QaOC TE DEN VIET NAM GlAi DOAN 2014-2018 L t / ^ t khdch
16.000 0 0 0 14.000.000 12.000.000 10.000.000 8.000.000 6.000.000 4.000.000 2.000.000 0
1 5 . 4 9 7 . 7 9 1 12.922.151
•
10.012.735 • [ 7.874 312 B |
, 7.943J65I ~ . ^ „ 1 ' 2 « f l _ » *
>»
4 f l _ _ o . j / ^ ^
2 0 1 4 2 0 1 5 2 0 1 6 2 0 1 7
• E
1 1
19.9 10(
%
90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 2 0 1 8
— So l i / o t k h a c h — Tang trirofne (%)
BlEO D 6 2: Cd CAG THE HCfCfNG D A N VIEN DG LICH QUOC TE CON THOI H A N CHIA THEO NGOAI NGtf Sii DGNG TINH DEN NAM 2018
Tieng Phap
nhdp qud'e Id', quang bd hinh anh dd't nUdc, con ngUdi Vidt Nam, Theo Bao cdo nang life canh tranh nganh Iff hanh va du lich 2019 eiia Dien dan Kinh le the'gidi (WEF), du lich Viet Nam da tdng 4 bae lU vi tri 67/136 ldn 63/140. So vdi cdc nUde ASEAN khde, Viet Nam cd su tang trUdng eao nhd't. Bdo cao chi ra td'c do bUt pha eua Viet Nam de'n tU su eai thien cua dd md qud'e te' (lang 15 bae), trong dd, tang manh nha't Id chi so' yeu eau visa (tdng 63 bae). Kha ndng canh lranh ve gia ca cung tdng 13 bac ldn vi tri 22/140 vdi sU cai thidn v^ gia phdng khach san, gid nhidn lieu, thud' vd Id phi san bay. Ha tang hang khdng tang 11 bdc ldn hang 50 vdi vide gia tang cac hdng hang khdng, cae chuye'n bay va so' km van chuyen ndi dia va qud'e te', phan anh tinh hinh sdi ddng eua thi trUdng hang khdng Viet Nam. MUc do md eiia qud'c Id' tang 15 bae len hang 58, chu yd'u do ehi so' ydu cau thi thuc cua Viet Nam cai thidn ddng ke\ xd'p hang 53...
Mac dii vdy, Bao cao cung chi ra, so vdi cae nUdc trong khu vUe ASEAN, Viet Nam cd mUe thang hang nhieu nha't, song van bi xe'p thd'p hdn cdc nUdc trong khu v\ic. Cu the', Viet Nam dUng thU 63/140, trong khi dd Smgapore dUng thti' 17, Malaysia vi thU 29. Thai Lan vi thU 31. Indonesia dUng thU 40,
Thifc td' cho tha'y, san pham du lich cua chiing ta ehUa thUc noi bdi, cuon hut. Dieu quan trpng bdc nhd't de tdng loi nhudn tU du Uch la chi lieu cila khdch qud'c te', nhung lai Viet Nam, dieu nay lai khd tha'p so vdi cdc nUdc trong khu vUe. Trung binh 1 khdch qud'e td'chi tieu tai Viet Nam la 107 USD/ngay, tha'p hdn nhieu so vdi Thdi Lan la 160 USD/ngay.
Trong dd, ehi neu cho vui chdi giai tri va mua sdm hang hda chie'm cung chie'm ty le rd't thd'p (Qud'c Dinh, 2019).
Tham chi, cdc san pha'm du ljch chUa thuc sU ha'p dan eOng khd ldi keo du khach quay trd lai. Cu the, sau giai doan tang trUdng dot pha, td'c dp tdng trUdng khdch qud'c td' dd'n Viet Nam dang cd xu hudng chdm lai ea ve so' lUdng tuyel dd'i: nam 2018 dat 19,9% (lUdng lUdng gan 2,6 tridu lUdt khach), tha'p hdn so vdi nam 2017 dat 29% (lUcfng dUcfng hdn 2.9 trieu lUdt khaeh) (Bieu do 1).
Nguon nhdn life phuc vu du lich cung cdn han chd', chua dap Ung nhu cau. Lay Vl du, Viet Nam ed 15,056 hUdng dan vien du lich qud'c td', nhUng da phan chi ndi dUdc tid'ng Anh (52,3%) hay de'ng Trung (24,3%). Cdc thj irUdng khac cd so' lUdng khdch dd'n Viel Nam dong dao va kha ndng chi tra cao, nhU: Nga, Nhdt Ban,,, thi lai ed it hUdng ddn vien thanh thao ngdn ngU (Bieu do 2).
Ngodi ra, cdng tdc xue tid'n qudng bd du lich cdn nhieu han ehe' ve nguon luc, sU phd'i hop va tinh chuyen nghi?p.
Mdi trUdng du lich, ke't cd'u ha tang cung dang edn nhffng bat cap.
DE XUAT GIAI PHAP Trong thdi gian tdi, de nang eao ndng lUe canh tranh cho nganh du lich, tac gia de xud't mpt sd'giai phdp trong tam sau' Mgt Id, tid'p luc ddy nhanh, manh cai each cd ehe', thii tuc, chinh sdch, he thdng luat va cac van ban quy pham phdp ludt lien quan, trong dd ddc biel la cdc chie'n luoe phat tnen du lich, quy hoach tong the phdt trien du lich, chinh saeh visa,,, dd ldi thdi khdng cdn dap iJng nhu c^u thue tidn.
Hai Id, quang bd, tuydn truyen vc gia tri, y nghTa vdn hda, lich sijT. truyen thd'ng cde diem tham quan du lich tren ta't ea cdc phUdng nen thdng tin dai ehiing, nhd't la qua intemet. dd' du khdch nghien eUu, chon lUa cdc diem du lich hdp ly nhu mong mud'n. Tang ngan sach
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eho xiic tie'n, quang bd du lich, dp dung cd chd' linh hoat, md vdn phdng dai dien du lich Viet Nam trUdc tien tai cdc thi trudng trpng diem.
Ba Id, dao tao va phdt trien nhan life du lich dam bao cha't lUdng, so' lUdng, cdn dd'i ve ed ca'u nganh nghe va trinh dd ddo tao dap Ung yeu eau phdt trien du lich. Phat trien mang lUdi ed sd ddo tao vl du lich manh vdi cd sd vdt chat ky thuat, thid't bi giang day dong bo, hien dai; chu^n hda ehd't lUdng gidng vien va chUdng trinh ddo tao. Xay dUng vd to chUe thuc hidn chie'n lUde, quy hoach, ke' hoach phat trien nhdn lUe du lieh phil hdp vdi nhu eau phdt trien du lieh tUng thdi ky, tUng vung, mien trong ea nUde;
tii'ng budc thUe hien ehuan hda nhan lUc du lich hdp chuan vdi khu vife va qud'e Id', ddc bidt chu trong nhdn lUe quan ly va lao dong cd tay nghe cao; da dang hda phUdng thUc ddo tao; khuyd'n khich dao tao tai chd, tu dao tao theo nhu cau.
Cae doanh nghiep IU hanh phai nang cao nang life eho dpi ngii hUdng dan vidn, tu vd'n vidn ve ky ndng mem, ky ndng Ung dung cdng nghd mdi, ky nang giao tid'p va sii dung ngoai ngff trong hoat ddng kinh doanh.
Bdn than ngUdi lao ddng trong nganh du lieh cung can chii ddng ndng cao ngoai ngff, ky ndng tay nghe, tinh than lien kd't gan vdi cdc nhdm lao ddng dac thu va ldi ich xa hdi khac nhau.
Bd'n Id, cae doanh nghiep Iff hdnh can tap trung nguon life de' hodn thien sdn pham du ljch ehii dao theo hUdng Uu tidn cac san pha'm du lich ddc thia, tid'p can cdc Ihi trUdng edn bd ngd. Phdt trien he thd'ng san phd'm du lich chat lUdng, dae sac, da dang vd dong bd, cd gia tri gia tang cao, dam bdo ddp Ung nhu eau eua khdch du lich noi dia va qud'e te; phdt tnen san pham du lich "xanh", tdn trong yd'u td' tu nhidn va vdn hda dia phUdng.
Quy hoach, dau tu phat tri^n san pham
du lich difa trdn thd' manh noi trdi va hd'p dan ve tdi nguyen du iich; tap trung Uu tidn phdt trien san pham du ljch bie'n, dao, du lieh van hda va du lieh sinh thai;
tifng bude hinh thanh he thd'ng khu, tuye'n, diem du lich qud'c gia; khu, tuye'n, diem du lich dia phUdng va dd thi du lieh,
Da'y manh dau tU, ndng ea'p, cai thien he thd'ng ke't cd'u ha tang, ed sd vdt ehd't ky thudt du lich theo hudng d6ng bd, hidn dai, dap Ung yeu eau eanh tranh, bao gom: he thd'ng san bay, eang bie'n, nhd ga, he thd'ng giao thdng dUdng bd, giao thdng edng edng, he thd'ng nhd hang, khdeh san, buong phdng, hd thd'ng bao tang...
Ndm Id, can da'y manh tuyen truyen, nang eao nhdn thUc loan xa hdi trong phdt trien du lich, keu goi toan thd' mpi ngUdi ehung tay bdo ve mdi trUdng.., gdp phan vide phdt trie'n du lich. Bdn canh do, nganh du Hch Viet Nam can cd sif hdp tdc ke't nd'i vdi eae cd'p cdc ngdnh, ehinh quyln cdc dia phUdng vao cudc mpt each quye'i lidt, dong bp manh me, nhdm ndng cao cha't lUdng cai thidn mdi trUdng du lich, xda bd tinh trang dn chdn, chdt ehem du khaeh, nidm yd't edng khai gid, duy tri cdc dUdng day ndng de kip thdi xii ly cdc phan dnh eua du k h a c h . •
TAI Ll^V THAM KHAO
1. Bd Chinh tri (2017). Nghi quyi't sd 08-NQ/TW. ngdy 16/01/2017 vi pkdt triin du lich trd thdnh ngdnh kinh ti mui nhgn
2. Td'ng cue Du lich (2019). Bdo cdo thudng men du lick Viet Nam nam 2018 3. Td'ng cue Thd'ng kd (2018). Bdo cdo tinh hink kink ti-xd hdi nam 2018
4 Trung tdm Thdng tin du lich - Tong cue Du lieh (2018). CasdlUu tni du lick gioi dogn 2000- 2017 5. Qud'c Dinh (2019). Ndng cao ndng luc cgnh tranh cho ngdnk du ljch. truy cap lU http://
daidoanket.vn/du-lich/nang-cao-nang-luc-eanh-tranh-cho-nganh-du-lieh-imtue44366t 6. WEF (2019). The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Repon 2019
