NGHliN COU
Quan h^ thuong mai \^et Nam - Dai Loan tnroc va sau khi Viet Nam gia nhap WTO
Nguyen Hmi Quy Ki^m toan nha niroc
Sau nhi^u nSm k^ tu khi DM Loan v^ Vi$t Nam b^t d^u c6 su giao Imi v^ kinh t€, thuong mai, Dai Loan luon ducrc coi Ih mot trong nhung ddi lac quan trong v^ thuong mai va dau tu cila Vi^t Nam. Hien nay, DM Loan 1^ d6i t^c thuong mai Idn thii 5 cOa Y\^t Nam. Xet rieng ve nh^p khdu, Dai Loan 1^ doi t^c Vi^t Nam nhap khdiu Ion thu 4, nhimg v^ xu^t kh^u, DM Loan moi chi 1^ doi tac xu^t kh^u 16n thii 16 ciia Viet Nam. Chinh vi vBy, Ai tang cuong quan h$ hop tcic thuong mai giua Vi6t Nam va Dai Loan, Chinh phu v^ cAc doanh nghi$p Viet Nam cAn tSn dung nhOng CO hdi do, dg xay dung va trien khai chl^n lupc xu^t nh$p kh^u mdt each bM ban va cu thi.
1. Boi canh quan he thinmg mai Viet Nam - Dai Loan Thii nhcit, su phat tri^n manh m6 cua kinh te DAi Loan tit nhting nam 1980 la nhSn t6 qucin trong, lam CO so cho su phat tri^n hop tac thuong mai voi ben ngoai, trong d6 c6 Vi6t Nam. Dai Loan cung vol Nhat Ban, Tmng Quoc luc dia, Han Qudc, Hongkong va Xingapo la nhung d4u t^u kinh te 6 khu vuc chau A- Thai Binh Duong. Nam 1994, Dai Loan dua ra "Phuong huong tang cuong hgp tac kinh te va thuong mai v^i D6ng Nam A", con duoc goi la chinh sach "Hudng Nam". Ti^p do, voi ke hoach "Thach thuc nam 2008"
keu gpi cac nha diiu tu trong nuoc nang cao kha nang canh tranh quoc t6' cua Dai Loan, chuong trinh nay c6 muc tieu la cal thi$n toan b6 cac nganh ket cau ha tdng cung nhu dich vu ciJa Dai Loan. Dieu nay c6 nghia la tSng cuong khuy^n khich cac doanh nghiep day nhanh chinh sach "Huong Nam", gop phan tao n^n "lan s6ng" d4u tu va thuong mai o khu vuc.
Thu hai, nhimg bi^n dong manh me cua tinh hinh th^ gioi trong nhung nam cudi th^ ky XX c6 tac dOng manh me den quan h6 thuong mgi Dai Loan - Viet Nam. Do la: i) Su gia tang manh me cua thuong mai toan cau va di kern vdi n6 la xu huong bao h6 mau dich ciia cac khu vuc. ii) Viet Nam luon nhat quan vol chfnh sach "M6t nude Trung Qudc" va duy trt cac mdi hgp tac khdng chinh thuc vdi Dai Loan, dac bi^t la trong linh vuc kinh te. iii) Vi^c Viet Nam chinh thuc gia nhap WTO da tao ra co hoi Idn cho su phat trien hgp tac thuong mai giiia hai b&n. Trong con mat cua cac chfnh quyen va doanh nghiep DM Loan, Vi6t Nam la mot thi trudng ra!t gan gui,
Thtr ba, sau khi th^ng cii chinh quy^n mdi tai Dai Loan cua ba Thai Anh Van de ra "chinh sach Huong Nam mdi" trong nd luc chuy^n ddi md hinh kinh t^
cua Dai Loan, nham da dang hda quan h6 kinh t^ ddi
ngoai trong tinh hinh kinh t^ Dai Loan nhting nam qua qua phu thudc vao kinh t^ Tmng Qudc va cung vdi dieu do la phu thudc v^ chinh tri. Vi6c chinh phii ba Thai Anh Van th&m chu "mdi" vao tdn goi cua chinh sach nay cho thay mdi quan tam mdi ddi vdi phat tri^n qucin he kinh td vdi cac nude ASEAN va 6 nude Nam A, dac bi^t la Viet Nam.
2. Trao ffoi hang hoa Viet Nam - Dai Loan lir 2002 iten nay
2.1. Giai doan tmoc khi Vi^t Nam gia nhap WTO (2002 — 2007)
Nam 2002, DM Loan cung vdi Tmng Qudc chinh thirc trd thanh thanh vi6n thu 144 ciia WTO. Tuy nhien, xet tr6n khia canh tich cue, dieu nay khong cd tac dang nhi^u tdi trao ddi mau dich cQa Viet Nam vdi DM Loan vi trong thdi digm nay, Vi&t Nam chua la thanh vi6n cua WTO.
- Vi kim nggch xudt nhap khdu: Trong giai do^n 2002 - 2007, kim ngach mau dich Vi§t Nam - DM Loan cd chidu hudng tang va tuong ddi 6n djnh qua cac nam. (Bang 1)
Kim ngjili mat nhSp N S m Kim D^ach xust khau Kim Hg^cJi ahnp khau Tong kim ng?oli XNK NliapsiBii
2002
-1708 2003
-2166 2004 S90,6 3698,3 4588,9 -2808
3005 9 ) 5 4304.2 5239.2 -33fi9
2006 968,7 4824.9 6946.
-3856 1-5607 Ngudn: T6ng ci/c Hai quan Vi?l?Jam. 2004 •.
Tu bang so lieu tren cho thay, cDng vdi su tang trudng cOa kim ngach xu^t khau, kim ngach nhSo Ichau cua Vidt Nam tu Dai Loan Icii tang nhanh hon dan d€n nhap sieu ciia Viet Nam tu Dai Loan cQne tang nhanh qua cac nam. Di^u nay phan anh mot thuc trang la hang hda xuat kh^u cua Vi&t Nam trong th^
ky nay chua tham nhap sau vao thi trudng Dai Loan
Nguyen nhan nhap si6u cfla Vidt Nam vdi Dai Loan trong giai doan nay la do hang hda Vidt Nam chua cd sue canh trsmh h-dn thi hucmg nude nay. Tinh ddn 2006, DM Loan gia nh&p WTO da duge 4 nam, h-ong khi dd, d^n 2007, Vidt Nam mdi chinh thiic gia nhap WTO. Do dd, trong thdi ky nay, hang hda cOa Vi^t Nam chua dugc hudng Igi khi Dai Loan thuc hien cam kdt tvt do hda thuong mai. Trong khi dd, Viet Nam lai can nhap kh^u nhi^u cac thidt bi, c6ng ngh^.
- Yi CO cau mat hiing xudt nh6p khdu: Trong giM doan tu 2002 - 2007, nhdm mat hang ndng lam thuy hM san va nhdm mat hang nguyen nhien lieu va khoang san la nhdm chidm ty trong Idn va la cac mat hang xu^t khdu chO lye cOa Vidt Nam. Do cd su chenh lech v^ trinh dd phat tridn kinh t^ ndn co c^u hang hda trJio ddi giua Vidt Nam va Dai Loan kha khac bidt va mang tinh bd sung cao. Cac mat hang xucit khdu chil ydu cQa Viet Nam sang Dai Loan la cac mat hang nhu dien thoai cac loai va linh kidn, hang det may, ndng lam thOy san, cao su, may mdc thidt bi, dung cu phu tijng khac, gidy va cac san phdm tu gidy, gd va san phdm g6, giay dep cac loai, sdn phdm gdm su, may vi tinh va san phdm didn h>, linh kidn...vdi ham lugng gia trj xudt khau thdp.
2.2. Trao ddi hang hoa Vi^t Nam — Dai Loan, sau khi Viet Nam gia nhSip WTO (2008 -2019)
- Vi kim ngach xudt nhap khdu: Ke ti> khi Dai Loan va Vidt Nam thiet lap quan hd kinh td, thuong mai, Ddi Loan ludn dugc coi la mot trong nhung ddi tac quan trong vd thuong mai va ddu tu cOa Vidt Nam. Thong kd dudi day cho thdy si/ thidu can b^ng trong cAn can thuong m^i giiia hai ben, ddng thdi dat ra vdn de cdn phai chu trong ddn vide ddy manh xudt khdu, dd khai thac thi trudng day tiem nang nay, Vidt Nam mdi cd thd cai thien duoc tinh trcing nhdp sieu vdi Dai Loan.
(Bang 2)
Bang 2. Kim
Nam 2003 2009 2010
••Oil 2012 2013 2014 20 !5 2016 -•017 2018
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xuat kliiu 1.4 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2
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5 12 44 34 29 62 56 OS 27 57 71 28
Ngu Kimnggch
8.36 6.11 e.9s 6.38 8.43 8.92 9.98 10.99 11.24 12.71 10,70 10.73 on TSngcvcHdt
Tong kim neacit XyK
9.76 7.23 8,42 9.22 10.72 11.54 12,54 13.07 13,51 15,28 14,41 16,01 :iiian VielNam. 2
a 2008 - 2019 Can cBn xuat
nhSP khdu -6,96 -4.99 - 4 54 -4.53 -5,59 -6.30 -7.42 - 8 . 1 9 -8,97 -9.14 -7.29 -5.45 020
Tii bang tren cho thay, tdng kim ngach xudt nhap khdu ciia Viet Nam vdi DM Loan nam 2008 cd su tdng trudng cao (tang hon 1,7 ly USD so vdi nam 2007). Tuy nhidn nam 2009 lai bi gidm silt nghldm trong (giam khoang 2,5 ty USD so vdri 2008) do tdc ddng ciia cudc khung hoang kinh td toan cdu. Cac nam tidp theo, til nam 2010 -2019 vdi s^ phue hdi cOa cdc nen kinh td.
kim ngach trao doi thuong mai giiia cac nude, trong dd cd trao ddi thuong mai Viet Nam — Dai Loan bdt ddu tdng dan. Trong dd, kim ngach xudt khdu vdn tang cham hon so vdi kim ngach nhdp khdu, ddn ddn nhap sieu cua Viet Nam voi Dai Loan van tang qua cac nam.
Nhap sidu kdo dai cua \^et Nam tu Dai Loan trong thdi gian qua, la tu mOt sd nguyen nhdn chinh sau day:
Thu nhat, hidn cd nhi^u doanh nghiep FDI cOa DM Loan dang hoal dong kinh doanh d Viet Nam va da phan la cac doanh nghiep gia cdng chd bidn xuat khdu. Chinh vi vay, nhu cau nhap khau cac nguydn phu lidu cho gia cdng xuat khdu la rdt Idn.
Thii hM, Vi&t Nam trong thdi gian qua chii yeu la xudt khdu cac san pham ndng, lam, hdi sdn, nguydn lidu thd vd mdt sd mat hang gia cdng che bidn nhu giay dep, may mac, dd gd, linh ki6n didn tu, v.v..
Ngugc lai, Vidt Nam van tidp tuc nhap khdu m6t khdi lugng Idn nguydn phu Ii6u cho cac doanh nghiep gia cdng che bidn cung nhieu chung loai phu tung, may mdc CO khi, didn tii, d td va xe may,v.v..
Thii ba, Vidt Nam chua the tao Idp va hinh thdnh dugc nhimg mang ludi phan phdi du manh cd h$
thdng va cd thuong hi6u d thi trudng Dai Loan; chua nam bdt dugc thi hid'u tieu dung cua ngudi ddn Ddi Loan nhu cac doanh nhdn Dai Loan da nam bat d thj trudng Vidt Nam. Ben canh dd, Viet Nam la mdt thi trudng "d6 tinh" cho nen hdng hod cua Dai Loan khi nhdp vdo Viet Nam dugc de dang chap nhdn hon nhieu so vdi chieu ngugc lai.
Thii tu, hang hda cua Viet Nam khi xam nhdp vao thi trudng Dai Loan gap phai trd ngai Idn tu mot ddi thu khdng 16 Tmng Qudc. Ho khdng chi thudn Igi hon Viet Nam vd giao thQng van tai, ma cdn ve cd quy md, chung loai, dac biet la vd gid cd cung deu vugt tr6i so vdi hang hod cua Vidt Nam. Ddy la mot thuc te trong cudc canh tranh kh6ng khoan nhugng cua "iuat choi"
thi trudng tu do. Giai quydt dugc cdc van de ndy khdng thd mdt sdm mdt chidu.
- Ve CO cdu mat hang xudt nhap khdu: Trong nhung nam 2008 - 2010 co cau mat hang xudt, nhap khdu Met Nam — Dai Loan chua co nhidu thay ddi.
Tuy nhidn ke tu cudi 2011 den nay, co cau xudt khau hdng hda cua Vi^t Nam sang Dai Loan da cd nhung chuyen bidn tich cue theo hudng ben vung hon. Ty trong nhdm mat hang nguydn nhien lidu va khoang san thd xudt khdu giam dan va nhdm mat hdng cdng nghiep che bien vd nhdm mat hdng ndng lam thuy san da dan trd thanh nhdm hang xudt khau chu luc cua Viet Nam sang Ddi Loan. Theo sd lieu ciia Tmng tarn thdng tin, Bd C6ng thuong Vidt Nam, so vdi giai doan tnjdc khi Viet Nam gia nhap WTO, ty trong nhdm hdng ndng, 1dm, thuy san trong tdng kim ngach xuat khau eua Vidt Nam tang tu 18% len 20%. So sanh tuong ty, nhdm nguydn lieu va khoang san gidm tu 0,99% xuong cdn 0,3%, trong khi nhdm hang cdng nghiep che bidn
NGHI^N CUU
tang tir to 35,28% Idn ehiem tdl 41,5% tong kim ngach ehudn, quy djnh khdt khe va thuong xuydn dugc di^"
xudt khau ciia Viet Nam vdi DM Loan. chinh vd an toan ve sinh thuc phdm, ki^m nghi^m Mat khac, do cd su chenh lech ve trinh do phat ^^^ dich ddi v6i hang nOng lam thuy sdn nhdp f*^_"' trien, dac bi^t trong linh vuc khoa hoc cdng nghe, kinh ^^1.^°^^ '| ^° ^ ^ cho cac mat hang n6ng san td tat ydu ddn ddn su khdng tuong dong vd hang hod
xudt nhdp khdu, nen co cdu hang hda trao ddi giiia Viet Nam va DM Loan kha khdc biet va mang tinh bd sung cao.
- Ve xudt khdu: cdc mat hang xudt khdu chu yeu ciia Vidt Nam sang Ddi Loan la nhung san phdm ma Vi6t Nam cd Icri thd nhu: cdc loai tM nguyen khoang sdn trong tu nhien, luc lugng lao ddng, didn thoai cac loai va linh kien, hang det may, ndng lam thiiy san, cao su, may mdc thidt bi, dung cu phu tdng khac, gidy vd cac sdn phdm tu gidy, gd va san phdm g6, gidy dep cdc loai, san phdm gdm sii, mdy vi tinh vd sdn phdm dien tii, linh kien...vdi ham lugng gid tri xudt khau thdp.
3. Mot so giai phap nham thuc flay hop tac thinmg mai Viet - Dai thdi gian tdl
De thuc ddy quan he thuong mai gitra Vidt Nam vd DM Loan, trong dd chu trong ddn vide ddy manh xuat khdu, Chinh phii va cac doanh nghiep Vidt Nam can trien khM thyc hi6n cac giai phdp sau:
Thii nhat, hM ben can cd nhiing thda thuMi dd thao go nhung rao can ve ky thuat, de tang xudt khdu cac mat hdng eda Vi6t Nam sang Dai Loan hai DM Loan van dang id thi trudng nhieu tiem nang ddi vol cac
xudt khau cda Viet Nam. Hang hoa Iu6n phdi dam bdo chdt lugng, ddy du cac chiing tir, chiing chi lien quan nhu C/O, gidy chiing nh^n kiern djch, xdc djnh du lugng hda chdt trong sdn phdm li&n quan den ndng nghiep. Do dd, cdc doanh nghiep Viet Nam can nhan thuc r6 dieu ndy, lu6n ddm bao y^u cau ve chat lugng vd vd sinh an todn ddi vdi sdn phdm xudt khdu.
Thu tu, Chinh phu Vidt Nam can cd nhung chinh sach thich hgp dd day manh cong nghidp chd bidn trong nude nhu da de cdp d trdn de cd thd canh tranh vdi hang hda cua cdc nude khac dang cd mat tren thj trudng Ddi Loan. Viet Nam nen tdn dung ca hdi tii vi^c Dai Loan dang ddy manh "Chinh sach hudng Nam mdi" nhu: Md rdng hgp tdc song phuong; Tao dieu kien cho dau tu song phuong; TSng cuong va lidn kdt cdc thdnh tuu cdng nghiep.. .de thu hut vd hgp tdc dau tu vdi Dai Loan nhdm gia tdng chdt lugng sdn phdm xuat khdu sang thj trudng Ddi Loan.
4. Ket iuan
Co hdi mdi trong quan hd thuong mai vdi Dai Loan ludn rong md ddi vdi Viet Nam, song di kdm vdi co hdi Id khong it thdeh thiic. Dd la tinh quy luat, dac biet trong hop tdc trao ddi thuong mai qudc td ngdy nay.
doarh nghiep Viet Nam, do nhung loi tUi nhu: hang ^"7 H ' ' ^ ? 1 l"? ' " '^"^ """^"^ " " ' ' ' * ''*" ' * h6a Viet Nam dang dugc nguM Ueu dung Dai Loan ua S',"P cho Chinh phu va c4c doanh nghiSp Viet Nam chuOng, trong dd n6ng san pham nhu ca ph6, che, can chu dong trong vl6c nghiSn ciiu, nam chic linh rau, gao... gia rat canh tranh. Chinh vi vay. mat mat, ^ ' P ^ 5 " " " " « °fl-°f- <:<in8 nhuco k( hoach cu the Vi« Nam cJn co dinh huong phat trien c4 vi so" luong ••' ' ' " ! ' ™ , f , ™ 5 ' * ' ' " ^^"S hda sang thj trucmg n4y, va' chat luong cac mat hang nay. Ben canh do, cac f ? V - , " N ,??'•? " * '""^ ' " ^ '*'= "•*° * ' ™*"
mat hang dWn tu, vlSn thdng xuSt khau sang Bai Loan * * ^"^' '*"'"" ^^' Loan trong thdi gian tdl./.
tang, bdl cac doanh nghiep Dal Loan diu tu vao Vl&t Nam nhap trd lai Dai Loan de ho lap rap, xuat khau di cac nude.
Thij hai, nhu tren da phan ti'ch, kim ngach thirong mai hai chi^u giua Viet Nam va Dai Loan tu nam 2009
Tai lieu tliam liliao
van Ngoc Thanh (2011), Quan he thuong mai Viet Nam -pjuloan td 1990 -2010, Hal thao qutfc tS: Viet den nay (2019) llSn tuc tang vdi toe da blnh quan Nam, ASEAN, Dal Loan: Quan he song phuong Hue
CIA, The World Factbook (2019), The following counmes and entities recently had their maps updat ed: Albania, Austria, Bulgaria. Germany, Greece, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kosovo, KuwMt M cronesia PMau. Poland, Serbia. Slovakia, Syria. T a i w a n . l d me European Union, https://www.cia.gov/library publica tions/the-worldfactbook/geos/tw hhnl ^'^^P'"''"^^- Vu HM Ydn (2016), Hd so thi tmong Dai Loan Ban Quan he qudc te VCCl. ' ^ "
Nguydn Thanh (2019), Thinh sdeh huong Nam mdi" dugc thiic ddy manh me http://www.vccinews.vn/news/25906/%E2%80%9Cchi' nh-sach-huong-nam-moi%E2%80%9D-duoc-thuc-(!av
manh-me.html '' 10,4%/nam. Tuy nhidn, de cd thd dieu chinh thich ling
voi nhiing co hdi thi trudng dang rdng md vd khdng it thach thiic mdi dat ra cho cac doanh nghiep Viet Nam khi Viet Nam dugc coi nhu la mdt ddi tac thuong mai binh dang trong WTO trong dd cd Ddi Loan thi vi^c nhdn dien chinh xac ban ddi tdc cua minh la mOt dieu cdn thidt hon bao gid hetcac doanh nghidp Viet can cd su lien he chat ch'? v6\ he thdng phan phdi cua Dai :a hna I cau V^et Nam cd the
•ng tai thi trudng nay.
;^i trudng tuong ddi khd , cac tap quan thi truong , ri ban hang tmydn thdng.
ung ap dung nhung tieu
